ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LAB REPORT
NO. OF EXPERIMENT : 4
TITLE OF EXPERIMENT : REACTIONS OF HYDROCARBONS
DATE OF EXPERIMENT : 19 MAY 2023
GROUP : AS1142A2
PROGRAM : DIPLOMA MICROBIOLOGY
CODE SUBJECT : MIC 207
LECTURER’S NAME : DR. ROPISAH BT ME
STUDENT’S NAME MATRIX NUMBER
NURUL INSYIRAH BINTI SEDEK 2022661492
ARNIEZA SHAFIQA BINTI SUZELI 2022675976
NURUL AQILAH BINTI MOHAMAD YAZID 2022822636
NISRINA NABIHAH RIDWANA BINTI BADRUL SHAHRI 2022483426
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Contents
EXPERIMENT 3 ........................................................................................................................................... 3
Chemicals & Apparatus ..............................................................................................................................4
Method ..........................................................................................................................................................4
CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................................. 9
QUESTIONS ............................................................................................................................................... 10
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EXPERIMENT 3
REACTIONS OF HYDROCARBONS
OBJECTIVES
To study the reactions of hydrocarbons (hexane, cyclohexene and toluene)
HYPOTHESIS
Alkenes are much more reactive than alkanes.
INTRODUCTION
Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that are consists mainly of carbon and hydrogen. The
simplest hydrocarbons are the alkanes, which consist of carbon atoms arranged in a straight or
branched chain with hydrogen atoms bonded to them. Alkanes are often referred to as saturated
hydrocarbons because they contain only single carbon-carbon bonds. Hydrocarbons can also
contain unsaturated bonds, such as carbon-carbon double bonds which is alkenes. Alkenes
possess greater reactivity due to the presence of the double bonds. Aromatic hydrocarbons are
another important class of hydrocarbons. They contain a special ring structure known as an
aromatic ring, which consists of carbon atoms bonded together in a hexagonal pattern with
alternating single and double bonds. Benzene (C6H6) is the most well-known aromatic
hydrocarbon.
Alkanes are the simplest and least reactive hydrocarbon species containing only carbons and
hydrogens. Alkanes are less reactive compared to alkenes. This is because the carbon and
hydrogen atoms in alkanes have identical electronegativity values, resulting in C-H nonpolar
bond. Besides, alkanes are not attacked by nucleophile nor by electrophile. In addition, alkanes
lack of unpaired unshared electrons that allow them to react with acids or electrophiles.
Alkenes, in the other hand, are relatively stable compounds, but are more reactive
than alkanes because of the reactivity of the carbon single bond carbon π-bond. The π-bond has
high electron density and susceptible to react with electrophiles.
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Chemicals & Apparatus
Hexane 1 Tripod stand
Cyclohexene 1 wire gauge
Toluene 1 250 ml beaker
Br2 in CCl4 3 watch glasses
Acidified potassium 1 test tube holder
permanganate solution (0.01M) 1 measuring cylinder
6 test tubes Wooden splint
1 Bunsen burner
Method
A) Combustion
1. 4 drops of hexane were put onto a watch glass.
2. Using lighted wooden splint, the hexane were burned.
3. The colour of the flame were observed.
4. The test were repeated using cyclohexene and toluene.
For diagram: Refer to the jotter (Procedure A)
B) Saturation Test
1. 5 drops of Br2 in CCl4 were added into a test tube containing 2 ml of hexane.
2. The colour changes were observed .
3. The test were repeated using cyclohexene and toluene.
For diagram: Refer to the jotter (Procedure B)
C) Oxidation
1. 3 ml of 0.01 M acidified potassium permanganate solution were added into a
test tube containing 1 ml of hexane.
2. The mixture were shaken.
3. The reaction were observed at room temperature and with heating in the
water bath.
4. The test were repeated using cyclohexene and toluene.
For diagram: Refer to the jotter (Procedure C)
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RESULTS
Observation
Test
n-hexane cyclohexane toluene
Red orange-ish color of Orange color of flame
Bright orange color of
flame and produce and produce very dense
a) Combustion flame and no smoke
smoke smoke
Burnt for 30s
Burnt for 28s Burnt for 36s
Form two layers, pale
Yellow color Yellow color
b) Saturation test yellow at the top and
decolorized decolorized
clear at the bottom
Form two layers, clear
Purple color of KMnO4 Form two layer, brown
at the top while brown
c) oxidation stays the same - no at the top and dark
precipitate appears at
color changes brown at the bottom
the bottom
DISCUSSION
There are three experiment that have been conducted which is com bustion, saturation
test and oxidation. The objectives for this experiment is to learn the reaction of hydrocarbons.
Hydrocarbon is a compound that contained only carbon and hydrogen. Alkanes is a saturated
hydrocarbons that contain only single bond while alkenes are classified as unsaturated
hydrocarbons that contain double bond. Aromatic hydrocarbons are an organic compound that
contains a benzene ring and they are unsaturated hydrocarbons. Hexane , cyclohexene and
toulene are used in this experiment to see the reaction of hydrocarbon.
The first experiment that has been done is combustion. 4 drops of of hexane ,
cyclohexene and toulene were each place onto a watch glass to see the reaction when burned
using lighted wooden splint. From the result, the color of hexane flame is a bright fire color that
is orange color and no smoke is produced. The flame takes 30s to stop burning. Next, the color
of cyclohexene flame is red to orange color and it is bright fire color. The flame of cyclohexene
produce smoke and burn only for 28s. Lastly, the flame of toluene is orange flame and produced
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much dense smoke than cyclohexene. From this test, we can see that all three specimen is highly
flammable, this experiment would produce carbon dioxide and water.
Onto the next experiment which is the saturation test. For this experiment, we didn’t get
as the same as what the theoretical suppose to be. This test involve addition of bromine to the
hydrocarbon. From the result, the color of solution after hexane mix with bromine that we got
was the yellow color from the bromine was decolorized. This is different from the expected
result which we suppose to get dark yellow. Next, the cyclohexene reacts with bromine water
would also decolorized the yellow that would change it from yellow to colorless. Followed by
toluene mixed with bromine water would suppose to formed two layers which is red orange layer
on the top and yellow layer on the bottom. However, the two layers that we got from conducting
the experiment was pale yellow on the top and clear at the bottom. The reason behind our
mistake could be leaving the hydrocarbons open for too long making it to react with the oxygen
before it could react with the bromine water. From this experiment, we can know that what
hydrocarbons that are saturated which is when it is not decolorized when bromine water is added
while hydrocarbons could be categorized as unsaturated when the solution is decolorized when
the bromine water is added.
Figure 1 : result of saturation test
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Followed by the last experiment is oxidation. In this experiment, the pottasium
permanganate will have added to the hexane and then the experiment will have repeated with
cyclohexene and toluene. As a result, the color after hexane mix with pottasium permanganate is
dark purple. Next, the color of solution after cyclohexene mix with pottasium permanganate is
colorless. However, the result that we got is that they form two layers, clear at the top while
brown precipitate appears at the bottom. The purple color didn’t decolorized fully creating the
two layer and precipitate. Then, the color of solution after pottasium permanganate added to
toluene is the solution form two layer, brown at the top and dark brown at the bottom which is
slighly different from the expected result which is clear at the top and purple at the bottom. From
this experiment, we can say that cyclohexene and toluene is react with pottasium permangate
while hexene is not reacting is not reacting with pottasium permanganate, so the purple color
does not change.
In addidtion, before doing an experient, make sure to understand the procedure first.
Then, make sure doing the experiment according to the correct method to get the right result.
When doing the experiment, the apparatus should be use carefully. The precautions when doing
the experiment is to use small amount of organic compound because organic compound is highly
flammable. Make sure to wear the safety goggles and avoid touching the chemicals
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OXIDATION RESULT FIGURE
Figure 2 : Oxidation test before
heating
Figure 3 : oxidation result test after
heating
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CONCLUSION
To conclude all, in this experiment, we are able to differentiate alkanes, alkenes and
aromatic hydrocarbons based on their properties such as unsaturated and saturated bonds. To
distinguish these three hydrocarbons, different solvents were used in this experiment by
observing the reaction happening in the test tubes.
The saturation test used bromine in CCl4 solution gave the result that only cyclohexene
reacts by decolorized the yellow color of Br2. We are able to know that this hydrocarbon
contains double bond , C=C in it. In oxidation test, acidified potassium permanganate solution
was used. KMnO4 oxidized the unsaturated compounds which is cyclohexene meanwhile hexane
and toluene are generally unreactive towards it. This can be observe by the loss of the purple
color of KMnO4 and formation of brown precipitate at the bottom of test tube.
All in all, this experiment can be used to determine what types of unknown hydrocarbon
that is being used in industrial or in laboratory .
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QUESTIONS
1. Write the balance chemical equations for hexane, cyclohexene and toluene in
a) Combustion reaction
i. Hexane
19
C6H14 + 2
O2 → 6CO2 + 7H2O
ii. Cyclohexene
17
C6H10 + 2
O2 → 6CO2 + 5H2O
iii. Toluene
C7H8 + 9O2 → 7CO2 + 4H2O
b) Saturation reaction
i. Hexane
C6H14 + Br2 → no reaction
ii. Cyclohexene Br
+ Br2 → Br
iii. Toluene
CH3 + Br2 → CH3 + HBr
Br
c) Oxidation reaction
i. Hexane
C6H14 + KMnO4 → no reaction
ii. Cyclohexene
OH
KMnO4
OH
H+
iii. Toluene
O
KMnO4
CH3 OH
H+
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2. If benzene is reacted with Br2 in CCl4, is there any color change? Explain your answer.
Benzene will not react with Br2 in CCl4 so there is no color change. This is due to the
benzene’s delocalized pi bonds that remains impaired. The bromine would replace one
hydrogen atom in benzene
3. Write an equation for incomplete combustion of butane.
9
C4H10 + 2 O2 → 4CO + 5H2O
4. Give a chemical test and its observation to differentiate between butane and 1-butene.
Bromine test will be used. By adding few drops of Br2 in CCl4 to butane , there will be no
reaction or decolorization. Whereas, 1-butene will decolorize the bromine solution.
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REFERENCES
https://www.quora.com/Benzene-does-not-decolorize-a-solution-of-bromine-in-CCl4-Why
https://www.vedantu.com/question-answer/describe-two-chemical-tests-that-can-be-used-to-
class-11-chemistry-cbse-611ea73601d8df2a7d94a24f
Lab Report CHM207-Exp4. (2020). Studocu; Studocu.
https://www.studocu.com/my/document/universiti-teknologi-mara/organic-chemistry/lab-
report-chm207-exp4/27843725
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