GENERAL PHYSICS 10/01/2019

ROTATIONAL ANGULAR ACCELERATION Torque

• Unit • Object applied with net
MOTION o Radian/second2 • Produces/ tends to
Rotation (rad/s2) produce rotation
• Motion of body turning o Revolutions/ • Makes an object rotate
about an axis where minute2 • Twist and turn
each particle of the body (rev/min2)
moves along a circular • Formula
𝑤 −𝑤 𝑤
path o ∝= 2∆𝑡 1 = 𝑡
• Analogous to linear
motion, except that If UAM: 𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑎𝑡
linear quantities replace 𝑎𝑡 2
𝑑 = 𝑣𝑖𝑡 + 2 Clockwise: loose
angular quantities which Counterclockwise: tight
𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 2 + 2𝑎𝑑 𝑇
2
can be described by
Then RM: 𝜔𝑓 = 𝜔𝑖 + 𝛼𝑡
kinematics and 𝑎𝑡 2 Concept: Force and Distance
dynamics 𝜃 = 𝜔𝑖 𝑡 + 2
𝜔𝑓 = 𝜔𝑖 2 + 2𝑎𝜃
2
Fulcrum: Pivot Point
KINEMATICS OF ROTATION Radius: Circle
• Angular Displacement Example: An electric motor is Torque: Lever Arm
• Angular Velocity revolving at around 2000 rpm.
• Angular Acceleration After 3 seconds, it is moving at Formula: 𝜏 = 𝐹𝑙
1500 rpm. Determine: LEGEND
ANGULAR DISPLACEMENT a. Angular Acceleration • Torque
• Unit Given: 𝜔𝑖 = 2000 𝑟𝑝𝑚 o Nm
o Radians 𝜔𝑓 = 1500 𝑟𝑝𝑚 o Newton-meter
o Degrees t = 3s ÷ 60 = 0.05 min • Force
𝜔 −𝜔
o Revolution Sol.: ∝= 𝑓 𝑡 𝑖 o N
• Formula ∝=
1500𝑟𝑝𝑚−2000𝑟𝑝𝑚 o Newton
o ∆𝜃 = 𝜃2 − 𝜃1 0.05 𝑚𝑖𝑛
• Lever Arm
o 𝜃 = 𝜃𝑓 − 𝜃𝑖 Ans.: ∝ = 10000 rpm2
o m
o Meter
b. The number of
ANGULAR VELOCITY
revolutions it makes this
• Unit Center of Mass
time
o Deg/s • Weight doesn’t act at a
Sol.: 𝜔𝑓 2 = 𝜔𝑖 2 + 2 ∝ 𝜃
o Rev/m or rpm single point
o Radians/sec 2 ∝ 𝜃 = 𝜔𝑖 2 − 𝜔𝑓 2
𝜔𝑖 2 −𝜔𝑓 2
• It is distributed over the
• Formula 𝜃= entire body
2∝
∆𝜃 15002 −20002
o 𝜔 = ∆𝑡 =
𝑣 2(−10000) LAW OF EQUILIBRIUM
o 𝜔=𝑟 Ans.: 𝜃 = 87.5 𝑟𝑒𝑣
𝜃 • Σ𝜏 = 0
o 𝜔= 𝑡 • 𝜏𝑐𝑐𝑤 + (−𝜏𝑐𝑤 ) = 0
*1 rev = 2𝜋rad • 𝜏𝑐𝑐𝑤 = 𝜏𝑐𝑤

©MONIQUE 1
 GENERAL PHYSICS 10/01/2019

GRAVITY *Bending of Space Time, is what GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL

Point of Reference we referred force, according to ENERGY
𝑚 𝑚
• Origin Einstein • 𝐺𝑃𝐸 = 𝐺 1𝑟 2
2
Mass *Airplanes don’t fly, those
planes stay on the Stratosphere
• How much “stuff” makes Example: What is the
as Earth rotates
up an object gravitational force between the
*Newton concluded that a
Gravity moon and the earth?
force acts to pull objects
• Galileo Given: mE = 5.98 x 1024
straight down toward the
o - 9.8 m/s2 mM = 7.38 x 1022
center of the Earth
o Theorized that d = 384790 km
force exerted by Sol.:
FACTORS AFFECTING GRAVITY
the Earth which
• Mass (6.67𝑥10−11 )(5.98𝑥1024 )(7.38𝑥1024 )
pulls objects
towards it • Distance (384790000)2
Ans.: F = 1.99x1020 N
• Isaac Newton
LAWS OF UNIVERSAL
o Gravitational
GRAVITATION ESCAPE VELOCITY
force 𝑚1 𝑚2 • Initial speed that an
▪ Each 𝐹=𝐺
𝑟2 object must reach to
mass has
• This law states that the escape gravitational
its own
force of gravity acts influence on Earth
o Concluded that a
between all objects in
force acts to pull 2𝐺𝑀
objects straight
the universe • 𝑣= √
• G: Proportionally 𝑅
down toward the o M – Mass of
Constant (6.67 x 10-11
center of the Planet
Nm2/kg2)
Earth o G – Universal
o Gravity is a force Gravitational
GRAVITATIONAL FIELD
that pulls objects Constant
• When you travel in
oward each o R – Radius of the
space, time runs faster
other Planet
• Time is relative
• Albert Einstein
o They are not ESCAPE VELOCITIES
falling • Earth: 11.2 km/s
o There is no force • Venus: 10.3 km/s
acting on them • Mars: 5.0 km/s
o There is no
gravity
16TH CENTURY
*Moon is falling towards the What are the shapes and
Earth, not revolving important properties of the
planetary orbits?

©MONIQUE 2
 GENERAL PHYSICS 10/01/2019

Johannes Kepler A line joins a planet and the sun Simple Harmonic Motion
• Author sweeps out equal areas during • back and forth
o Astronomia Nova equal intervals of time • object has that is moving
o Harmonices towards equilibrium
Mundi • 3rd Law: Harmonic based on restoring
Tycho Brahe Law/Law or Periods forces
• Kepler’s Professor
Oscillation
They drew everything and • goes up and down
discovered that planets don’t
move in circular motion, but
Mass Spring Oscillator
retrograde motion.
Period
KEPLER’S LAWS OF MOTION
• 1st Law: Law of Ellipses Increase Decrease
The square of a planet’s orbital
period is propositional to the mass spring stiffness
cube of the planet’s average
distance from the sun
Period
PERIODIC MOTION • must go back to origin
Periodic Motion to be counted as one
1
• repeats itself in regular • Formula: 𝐸𝑃𝐸 = 2 𝑘𝑥 2
intervals of time on the • Legend
The orbit of every planet follows same path o K – spring
an ellipse with the sun at one of • very different from constant
the two foci. Simple Harmonic o X – distance
Mars Travels along an ellipse Motion stretched
around the sun.
Period = T / Time = t *Velocity and acceleration are
• 2nd Law: Law of Equal Period = P inversely proportional
1
Areas Frequency = 𝑓 = 𝑃 or *All periodic motion can be
𝑓=
𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 depicted as a wave
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑝𝑠𝑒𝑑

Period of Spring
Example: 50450 → 1 hour
n → 1 second 𝑚
• 𝜏𝑠 = 2𝜋√
n=? 𝑘
50450
𝑓 = 3600𝑠 = 14 cycles per sec • Legend
o Ts = period of
spring
o m = mass

©MONIQUE 3
 GENERAL PHYSICS 10/01/2019

o k = spring 𝑙 • Carries energy from one

constant • 𝜏𝑝 = 2𝜋√ place to another
𝑔
• Requires matter to
• Legend travel through
o Tp = period of
Wavelength pendulum TYPES OF MECHANICAL WAVES
• distance between two o l = length a. Transverse Wave
successive crests o g = gravity
• Molecules move
• lambda (𝜆) • Newton’s Cradle is an up and down
example
• Causes medium
Wave to vibrate at right
• motion that goes up and angles to the
down directions in
• motion that transfers which the wave
energy from a point to travels
another b. Longitudinal Wave
• Vibration of
Amplitude medium is
• depicts energy amount TME = PE + KE
parallel to the
*Potential and Kinetic Energies
direction the
Example: An oscillating body are inversely proportional
wave travels
takes 0.8s to complete four • Rarefraction –
cycles. Find: Position: Up - Down/
Left - Right Expanding
a. Period: 0.8/4 • Compression –
= 0.2 second per cycle Velocity: Direction
Acceleration: Center Contract
b. Frequency: 1/0.2 c. Surface Wave
= 5 cycles per second • Travels along a
SHM CONDITIONS
1. Motion must be in a surface
F = Kx → F/x = K separating two
straight line
2. Motion must be periodic media
Pendulum • Motion of
• Weight suspended from 3. Motion must be to and
fro about a fixed position particles is
a pivot circular
4. Acceleration should be
Pendulum directed towards a fixed
position V Sound = 311 m/s
C = 3.0 x 108 m/s
Period
= 300 000 000 m/s
MECHANICAL
Increase Decrease WAVES Wave speed  
Mechanical Waves Wavelength short Long
Length Gravity • Disturbance in matter Frequency  
*mass has no effect

©MONIQUE 4
 GENERAL PHYSICS 10/01/2019

Frequency Doppler Effect 𝑣 : velocity of sound in the

• Measured in cycle/s per • Named after Christian medium, usually air
second or Hertz (Hz) Doppler (Austrian 𝑣s : velocity of source of sound
Physicist) 𝑣o : velocity of observer
Wave Speed • Apparent change in 𝜆′ : apparent wavelength
• V = 𝜆F frequency of sound sue 𝜆 : wavelength of sound from
• Where to the motion of the the source
o V: Wave speed sound source and/or
o 𝜆: Wavelength observer
o F: Frequency • Observer at rest, source
moves
• Solving
SOUND o *V = 331 m.s +
(0.6m/s oC)
Sound o Room
• Longitudinal wave temperature =
• Produced by vibrations 25 oC Example: The frequency of a fire
• Produces auditory o V = 331m/s + engine siren is 1750Hz. Assume
system sensation 15m/s the speed of sound is 340m/s
• Also a mechanical wave o V= 346m/s
• Requires medium to a. what frequency will a
propagate Doppler Effect Formula stationary person hear if
• Observer in motion; the fire truck is moving
AUDIBLE RANGE source at rest towards him at 18.0m/s?
Infrasound 𝑣 340𝑚/𝑠
o 𝑓 ′ = 𝑓 + ( 𝜆𝑜 ) 𝑓′ = ( ) 1750𝐻𝑧
• Below 20 Hz 340 𝑚/𝑠 − 18 𝑚/𝑠
• source in motion 𝑓 ′ = 1847.82 Hz
𝑣 𝑣𝑜
o 𝑓 ′ = (𝑣 )𝑓
𝑣𝑜
b. what frequency will a
o + : moving closer
person hear if he moves
Ultrasound o - : moving
away from the fire truck
• Sound frequency farther
at 8.0m/s?
ranging 20000 Hz and • Fraction 340 𝑚/𝑠 − 8 𝑚/𝑠
above o Observer: 𝑓′ = ( ) 1750𝐻𝑧
340 𝑚/𝑠
• Also used to detect numerator 𝑓 ′ = 1708.827 Hz
foreign objects that o Source:
aren’t parts of the Denominator Example: Compare apparent
human body frequency of a 2550 Hz source
LEGEND moving away from you at 25m/s
Echolocation 𝑓 : frequency of sound from the and when you are moving away
• Head vibration to hear source from the source at 25m/s.
sound around 𝑓′ : apparent frequency assume a temperature at 30oC.

V = 349 m/s

©MONIQUE 5
 GENERAL PHYSICS 10/01/2019

F = 2250 Hz
Vs = 25 m/s
Vo = 25 m/s
349 − 25
𝑓′ = ( ) 2550𝐻𝑧
349 + 25
′
𝑓 = 2209 Hz
𝑓 ′ = 2200 Hz

©MONIQUE 6