> Tension membets cre structured elements that subjected to axl tensie forces. Tension members do not Duce, DESIGN AND ANALYSIS > soa conte vee me fino tion monbes TENSION MEMBERS > They ewe wre varov peso stuchres ong ee truss members, bracing for buling and bridges, cables in suspended roots, cables In suspersion and cable: stayed bridges, hanger and tag rods. towers ond he rod.> The design of stee! members wil primorly involve selecting tne ightes! member of the specified shape that meets the ‘oppropriate stengin and servicedbilly ceria, > The “Best suctural system 5 Include the fotowing: Cost fo owner o Material costs—the smallest ze members Labor cast © Construction time Maintenance costs Desirable column arrangement ‘Max. usable verical space [e.9. minimum beam depth) Sofety—members must have sufficient srengin Serviceabitly—members must not dellect excessively > The ASC Specification provides two acceptable methods for esigning structural steel members and theit connections, These ‘fe Load Resisiance Factor Design (LRFD) and Allowable Sirengih Design (ASD). Both procedures are based on limt states design Principles, which provides the boundaries of shuctural useulnest. i Dest meets criteria that> The term imi state is uied to describe o conestion at which a stucture ‘orpart of a sructure ceases fo perform its intancied function, » Categories of Lin state: 1. Stength Limi State - define load-carrying capacity, including excessive Yelsina, fracture, buckling, fatigue, and gross rigid body motion, 2 Serviceabilty Limit State ~ dine performance, including datiection, racking, siping, vibration, and deterioration, Note: ALL LMT STATE MUST BE PREVENTED, > As load continues to Increase, one af he following occurs: the gross section elds, posiby leading fo excessive deformation, the cross section through the bolt holes ruptures resuting ina ‘ess of integity ofthe stucture, or { cross section through the boll holes foils in a combination of shear and tension called, block shear > The tense load fs unitorm along the length of a member. Since the net cross-section is smallest at the bolted connection, the, sitess Is highest in this location. As the tersie load ono. member is ncreased, the steel adjacent fo the bolt holes yields fst, ‘Sixce the bolt holes represent a small segtnent of the. overall length of the member, the elongation due to the: Yelding adjacent fo the bol holes is negiigisl,Tie tonne tei end enbe ‘ie tee un nn manera a a cc awa seis mp ne 2m os | Beding Ost Agra Areesh AntUahhy 200eget Jammer sng ale nan meer pe rt of 32 Le mien fama] eee emeaione’iors attests ana anak fee, [Seem |] —— econ Uo ca el a TOS is an ca SE fete ie SSS Ah Sete Zee Cena aruursnn cay etoaint sect] oa = es i cae ae Serene | crane = Sas Ae realty = Sangluimume noodle detente tem Ag’ 20869 = Da eum TERT Stone oF Ages RUPTURE oF An Yee ure ning URED ting LePD Re aone — Ber0.ahAy o73Fue 0.89 GR F0.9(oHbNaNIESC Tmt Ay" Ay Ona eae (Ba) ‘Ag? 2096.77 en eee Fos 467.99 8458 ba AGE AND 312 EH Cao TA ae Bee Ag? (B42 mu? £0.05(20%6 77 n= 1784.27 mm > 17 BD. 25mm Use I76E.25 om” 8 Ay cy WAC Aru) Drara(goserimnt) Ae! 1 25 my*C0-60) 8 rm and s sessed in tension by. Be tee Ae 1514.9) em? {Tine fetes ena t28 0 re hon roe near ‘er PY 0.75 (400 M514 tee Scola Aone scam ee ae er Sh ecm itr anni) sete sn ese) or FPP SRTT ANS IE poe 454.47 waste cope!) ‘Satna bate pe conctan te eared lope be ane ot ‘fementor han sadtans al ienaon 2 20 RM pada y wid oa. don £2 Wucten, sume Orin! bot ie = 22mm At tet Fy 298 Pa at 7 W0e foors x25 oops ection iy eetipled the ice te eapled the strength citorcn Using 35 Poe Bute va12 Poe 2420 P9164. 9m (ee) 2 Bis 202.962 Pee (sored Using ASD Pyar” CELL? SORN TBO La 7180 kdl ag To? 246s (Gm ISO) TLS aes 22.653 &N Dip pip DIP BLP > Pore Caage!) Fy+248 sre ott diameter * 18mm 29 RUPTURE OF An RFD Fo) ao7s Aer Ancun . GPUrOTOFUAED Poss “FOr Plates, arto So scie* Graig 2mm Cp st) Soars #5" CF Bra? nt Aq Ose ‘ane Br Coermm) “C2 Ane 320 ren Ayer 0.8509) 1. 8C erm CIcDme "G0 wt C18 men tr ra) Shes €Anetmot, USE Anet "880 mt ype? 820 nt C1.) ‘her 82000? Pu 0.156400 maa)(420 mm" (ir) apus9c en 12) RUPTURE OF An Pet 1 ge Leena 67 = 0.75 Fant coacaee aroKeed mn) CBB) oeeea me srovece tar) ong ae ! aoc th (G04 mn?) (roe 2 Po fe a > Poo 136.8 kw 2, 2? Pore (sore! $2 Foes (core!)STSTEDI Staggered connection & por diagonot/2'g20q orrengement of belts Aaet= Aga yuat 345 € sce (Heriacatat distonce between two pols) a gage (verti! aistonce between to fot) SAMPLE PROBLEM Determine ane moximum design deod tcod OQ A-B-E-F ona tive. tcod ip the ratio ef the lve lead ond dead toad is 3. Consicleriag pocmivaa tre copsciy ape. pate wm Seguered Aye ln (2) Tin? teil rrongement uote Plate dimension ae a tes wien = 14 in Anat *71a?-2 (Zea) $e) FH] thicknees > in © A-e-c-OE-F come at fy: te - ra 2 4( (222 ane eae @a-B-co Pl fa Aret *7 cot -9( Alp) +(Sae (opto |) <7 an A G@ A-BC-E-F ent 9(8)(4)* SEI-(3) * (Sen) (D Anet i 2 Rage? 5948 i Folture Pattems Plate capecity © A-B-E-F Ase Lero: @ A-B-c-D-E-F ego Yietding oF Ag @ A-B-C-D-G 2 2GkETICY — oa Fyag? 0.4CKD @ ar O-c-EF fier? Oe 2236.8 68 Prop * 190.8548 ksi i lupture of An 0.79 Fuse? 0:75(9857 251.034 Kips Rupture of Net Are: uke. SB kst (5. 77lex8) 2 2 aoe Anet (uy) Pains Poor DLtLL 150-898 taps OL 901 = 150. E16 ips [Be aoa 3 Lie aca) (13-178St ‘lure portem® Ano DE net? Ag-SaOnaet Fel % Werte aera 22 Bret * [Wi greee 2 a dt net * (Siam (160re) = 3(1848. 215m) + [EB 1B Jone xem *ae8h net” TEBTREI C089 Ne 69 2040 preasaG Ane 1mm) 2 nen B15 yok ea tend io ne SELB] ‘Sensing Toe ana. 2402 Usmentiggee? tor Lor 1600 Pawem’ 35%. 407 eM auprre i Peer rune © acc, Crome comnt 2 Feat eect 1300 couing, por me OL segs uezoL Page Paton Cage OLtlLe 356.407 putzoL < 356-407 3pLs 3 8-407 pi ge bo kN UE 237.605 bvBLoce SHEAR In ane connection shawn in the igure, the bolts ore 40 in diometer ond 8G steel ie used for el compenente. Consider both the tencion member and the gusset plate fond. compute the design and allowable strength consicering all tienit crores, f LRFO*Tencion Mernbs 5 failure | Te Lins Frase! Yietding op Gross Aree! Pur o.4FyA\ Par 0.9636 He) CGIGE Pur B55 Zed Limit tne: Rupture oF NEF Arco Ana® AE" Prat Aver? Biot 2(4 ent oN) Aree 658 unt £0.85( 8) 2.2800" fe UAaet Pe 6 (858) ut Pe“ seo? Py 0.75 (88 ti) C1858 609 Put 80.867 & fay! 209 on (7 oo] 4.30500 fn, hove 20.53 +4)(5)] Ange a.2e7et sane 2215" (4,9) LAH ENE] Ang 0.480 int Block sear O-GFUAK, Us FLAN £0. Gy Ag, 4 Une Fu Ant 0.658 keine 3-22 in) 410 (58 HeCO.4B0 en) £ 0.6 (367¢4.275)41(5890.926) 160.24 7148.44 & 2 oaepe mex Block cheor capocity Png? (46.44K Pur 0-75 (148.44 ee Posture 2 Age? 4375008 Ange 3227 int r Ags 0.950 in? LAPD: Gusset late 6 Foi aye 05" 41] 10. 875 in? Ay? Ay 20904 FENG I] fangs eT nt ne 2002 (Nod An, 0.797 in? 314)@)1 6.6 (58)2.Ton4 1658960. 797) $0.G6360(3. 75) H1CBECO: TIP Pngg® H4B5I8 k 7127-26 Kodept mex BE Capocity Pur 075 (127-264) PS APE) T me 2tSTSTED (SPLICE CONNECTION. EXAMPLE connection chown ismade © Compute the number or 1a mm diameter belts A cloubie top 5.08 oiGrtsey Gs125.208 EY Ryo mt 05125-2000) + 390751246 m P sg. pne® 827 GOON PEST BGO NY Pram? RESON. oe gen x 6 2 Fae. aemBIe f 2C54000) 200m 5 6 say, a0 Caan) 2 beg 62 tns00m ©3629)" — ie Ler ZENG > 1S Bas Se, Coe) Ler 17.39 €15(20) “200mANALY 61S OF BOLTED CONNECKON (heer hear orl tesien) “Dieqono§ ercing" i eine Tes Ty Tein T ort Th> Toone biten REE, Te) Eo Ssireealgea| a, Fonm Exameur f Ts GH oom Sete wre sen yun (SE) es gs 1 HR ca a) Beam Xe) ook $ ote ope! tte 7 fon T ANALYSIS OF BOLTED CONNECTION Wader sheoring & terse) werocket ”Exauue | 18) Polar moment oF Inertia, J SP Ent ty" Tt versie ; Ste: tence Spee neers fe TOF ana 2 Location cr center op gravity 639 6g oF the bolt group ne ny, tne, an xy Peg, 38+ 20) stam) 3.0% eee nyt py tay ty eran BY FIFE mE CTID aes TB 42m CeO wees anna ormu-@uamnare Fy = 42 Senfpet tye?) 808 ‘Ay Maximum eneoring Ft¢ee of the critical bolt Sa ee Me Mt Peet Bul Cil-4 m) 9570 Kien mille Tn RGFFG.o wy "8.608 fh) te rea Ear * 4.50160 alo Fe [TAPE TE GAT 9,667 . Cee TERPTTEE «4.0370 most cite es ge GARI TETIN™> 205% co & s70 18) Tree 229657 Kips ind method! ef 20 Mpa ta 4.289 “36.89 Hrs whl 118in fo Fy SIO Wien ACD « 71.652 kis Ti eer Ro 96.675 Nps Raoe® Crete a af nan * [GOA Bt OSE frost ALIS ome gay teh eeSeo Otoroten og cenwrord prom tne © masini ercoring sess lower leet corner tott me “a07196)) en @ Polar stommnt oF Inertion’ tear? 20896.268 8 Je net bey? $n cRerermes 1 pom cents) 5 . Ya? 278 418 100) I> 890mm 4mm 446135 Seta e00rm* > @ Dire Shear eres OLN. sense uo Jee ts fe fe fs te fe fe tr @ Mexia keacton oF the critical bolts ae me | eS g Mere) cateen (*3c0.n 170mm + Worm, 5 Pax |!22020-£90 (55. 2010%) (1354901) 400mm ® 145600 Ms Pee? (2000011 440mm Rene? TOS 6.266" 2 59.2 x10" Nem Po a (tant mttan oy (h ras econne 8 bom. om « Mi Cosanemcis on) . ie ent « ft sti wf Sy? My» 65.2 x16" 9mm) tna Romero VM 145 600 mm ine? 10.85G.268 A) fy? 04 074-87 Nyunivensiry oF Baguio CHAPTER BENDING STRESS, SHEARING STRESS, AND DEFLECTION ‘Learning Outcome: The students are able to understand the considerations used in seismic design, recognized the main principles of earthquake-esistant structures, and familiarized themselves ftom modem construction methods used in building earthquake-resistant structures. ‘Summary of the Topics: = Introduction = Defition of terms = Strength and Duciiity Based Response = Basic Concept of Seismic Design ~The Four virtues of an Earthquake-resistant Budings = Modem Methods Used in Building an Earthquake-resistant Structures BENDING STRESS. ‘Types of Beams Boame are stuctial members that support transverse loads, sthor horizontal, sloping or vertical lads, ‘depending upon ther end connections. Simple beams have end connectons which are considered not have any end moments witht end re to rotate. A beam is consklered contnuous beams iit extends continuously acress trae or more supports and ts considered fixed beams Fis ends re rigyatached {© other members so that a moment ean be vansmiled seose the connection. ‘JOIST ~ there ae closely spaced beams supporting the floors and roots of bulings. LINTELS ~ are beams over openings in mecanry wals such as windows and doors. 'SPANDREL BEANS ~ these beams suppor the exierir walls ofthe building. FLOOR BEAMS - these are larger boars found in many bridges porpendillar to the roadway ofthe bridge and they aro used to transfor the for loads fom stinger to the supporing girders ortrusses. SSTRINGERS — these are beams in the flor of bridges which are running parallel io the rod way. 6. GIRDER — those aro large beams into which smaler beams ae framed. Bending Stress Ira beam is subjected to a bending moment, the stress maybe computed using the flexural formula ‘When the stresses are within the knit ofthe material, the procedure is called the elastic design or allowable svess design (ASD). ue na WHERE: f= extreme ber stress (actual bending stress) M = Bonding momenta the secon under consideration {l= Moment of nera ofthe cross-section with respect othe neutal axis (C= distance from the neutral ais to the extreme berPROPERTIES! W193120 ee A i wees os Se ‘soar 12 ZL] (2a2.a56) | 7e7- 300 (4-732)? 650% 12" on? re 72.841 foo fares oes xeeeag pats - a [sea « «foram y fev Py Plcrel eas ane Tae pets From hear ond memnen No hear” 180 ki Mor moment? 4728 44m fer eM Fe ex ereeion modus) foe 272, 91m (EH) 6659 10° mm? fe 7h 021 ro term Les 2oubt » 200282.854 mn) * 3712 mm 5 ca ty we aGL2 Coa e5aicoici * 6896 my 246 (640.79) torte Leda pore Ea a 840.74~ 2 (2.110) *797.206 a Ete Aw crmbrseebipa Aes (200.854) 2717 #4 (AOE 2 (.THD (46 732), A886. To mee ues PoTIRREZEBCIA uN TRORN.10 EBRD 57 Lb, 206m FAL orl us 2.242 + an988 a DLSED, $2062.14, 020x10%mm* Bae 248 saziecon gegen? o°[3- pevekldees)y $ 0.0ry ee fe SSR cree Maro To. EEX") Fe 109.987 MPa < 148.8 MPO Fhe Q21u08cn.At bd per S2EI0t CDSS "90 ¢450) ter lon744 Mee ‘adopt Phe 104.744 MP itonmmom Uniromly distributed, live Wed that Me am coun Carly ‘Wp Seber 78600 een YE <1oa74< Mee eee Sate Mma tem (440 HE MADEN? . WatANALYSIS OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS! agety conditions esr wen Yectuas $ Yolen Aowchie cheer Fron ace! Fer 40% Fy uP VG ce nen * Mam 0 an Actuol sending cies flo Me ompteprablen 1A wiesqe has © cimpie oon oF om The beam Is Apes etticuy ar thud peints- Ure AS0 etect Pryease tre i 2D propernes op WHR HSS farce: 10148 en" pee taere we 208 ame 2th Weis come Te ean are iet om er Boa, are0%on® Determine ame Follewing, fa) maximum load that te beam could carry Minoo! exceeding pleure Lis goson UE eee" 200 (294-451) = $7280 | aun [occ ceidered hort megion 25,4 BE EE goer hc ae BD. 17 wto.795, ‘compet ection Wa Ea Fes C.00FY Fb: 0.46 C249) = 2 16075 ee 42 Mowmum t4ag thar ine beem auld carry veitmour exceeding shear cress, Way* fete welgnt og the beam Woes AGF BIE = 0-942 HH “eee Fes rb M sta2.cp ts Minas HE oma tonicem® ub ence coon cinta’) Ns 4G, 24x10 "Wem Masa. ata farm Gia 40.992) CIM aug 21g tam Lit $0,998) BE CIM cong. 24 Wa? 90-067 Bk 2) Maximum 1080 thot the bee could corey Weithoul ecceeding the afewabse ceptect on iz oe enon > Cat weed Cm) Yuen use peer Yree (0148 tna) jaf 91248 bain Eso oor! REET Wi) Meider Wut 40-267 Gout £ Sater Feat gakt < aceon (abel hug JC) Chocent Sealecceontr 27°09) wat 3.965 £2500