Art of Emerging

Europe
Reporters:
Leader(Elme Ricardo): Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, Middle
Ages, Renaissance Art, Art Noveau, Fauvism

Jan Marie Remolano: Mannerism, Baroque and the Rococo Art,

Neoclassicism, Romanticism, Cubism

Aila Joy Sastre: Realism, Impressionism, Post-Impressionism,

Neo-Impressionism, Futurism
At the end of this lesson, we would be able to:
a. Trace and examine the major periods in Western art
history.
b. Differentiate the works of art produced during the
various time periods and art movements.
c. Recognize influences of art on the development of
Western culture.
• Art has been an integral part in European History. From the time of the ancient
civilizations like the Greeks and Romans all the way to the modern times, art has
been used to communicate ideologies and belief systems prevalent with their
context.
• Greek and Roman Civilization were also known as the Classical World because
both cultures aimed to embody the highest possible standards of quality in all
aspects of their societies.
•There are different art movements that emerged within the different time periods in
Europe. Each movement has a distinctive characteristic to them highlighting the
different trends and changes as they transition from one period to the next.
•The Greeks were known to excel in various fields in aspects of society. For example, their
political ideals eventually became the framework for the democratic form of government
in modern times.
•The Greeks were known to place prime importance in the use of reason. Humanist ideals
of the Greeks were reflected in their democratic form of government. For this Civilization,
man was the center of society and how they trained their minds could be the very
foundation of how they live their lives. They were notably passionate about natural
phenomenon in believed that nature should be in perfect order.
• The development of Greek art can be divided into four periods: Geometric, Archaic,
Classical and Hellenistic.
o The oldest style of truly Greek art is the
Geometric, a period lasting roughly from 900
to 600 BC. This era saw the development of
the powerful Greek cities, signaling the rise of
Classical Greek civilization.
o The time when Greece was starting to get
back from the onslaught of what seemed to
be their Dark Ages. It is a period for in a
geometric pattern of taking the spotlight in Terracotta krater
most of the artworks.
 o Archaic Age (c. 750–479
BCE), during the Archaic
period, Greek art became
less rigidly stylized and
more naturalistic. In Archaic Greek Art – Kroisos Kouros
sculpture, faces were o The Archaic Period
animated with the on the other hand
characteristic “Archaic place importance on
Archaic Greek Art –
smile,” and bodies were human figures.
rendered with a growing
Archaic Smile
attention to human
proportion and anatomy.
o The development of the Doric and Ionic orders of architecture in
the Archaic period also reflected a growing concern with
harmonious architectural proportions.

The Doric Order of Greek Architecture Porch of the Villa Capra (LaRotunda),
Doric Order Andrea Palladio, Vicenza, c-1566-70
o The Classic period (480-323 BC) of Greek
art is what is most often brought to mind
when thinking about the artistic
achievements of that nation. However, how
we see that art today, in its smooth white
edifices and sculptures, is not what was
seen or intended at the time it was crafted.
The sculpture and statuary of Classical
Greek Art provide standards not only in our
art but in how we view the living human Classical Greek Art – Acropolis of Athens
body. It was during this time when the
Greeks found themselves building temples
and focusing creating artworks.
o Hellenistic (Ancient Greek) art
history; It is the period
denoting Ancient Greek art,
covering the period beginning o The regions of theater
with the death of Alexander and drama can be
the Great in 323 BC and traced back during the
ending in 146 BC, when the Greek Civilization. The
Greek mainland was taken by Lacoon and His Sons
followers of Dionysus-
the Romans. It follows the the god of fertility-
period of classical Greek art. started the Greek
Art was primarily focused on theater.
showcasing emotions and
depicting reality one of the
famous sculptures is the
Lacoon and His Sons.
Dionysus
o The Roman Republic was established around 500
BCE. The civilization eventually transformed into one
of Western Europe's mightiest empires.
o It can be said that Roman Civilization came of during
the Hellenistic Period. Colosseum
o Romans were also known to be master builders,
which earned a reputation for grand monuments and
architectural. One of their architectural achievements
would have to be the Colosseum.
o Ancient Greece had a huge formation of Roman
culture. Perseus and Medusa
o As the term denotes, it is the period between the decline
of the Roman Empire and the Renaissance. It is a period
that is characterized by ignorance and darkness.
o The printing press came later after the Middle Ages so
copies of the scriptures were done by hand.
o During this time great cathedrals were also built. These
cathedrals can be categorized into two periods:
Romanesque (1050-1200) and Gothic (1200-1500)
 Maria Laac Abbey, Germany Rosslyn Chapel is an example of Gothic Architecture

Romanesque (1050-1200), Gothic (1200-1500)

Inspired Medi old empire which had a more northern flavor from
the Gods-vulgar and barbarian.
o During this period artists valued the
"individual" as a subject of arts. The influence
of humanism shifted the focus of some
artworks during the Renaissance Period to
empower the individual.
o Most artwork emphasized naturalism which is
also an influence of humanism since there
was a great proportionality of the human body.
o During the Renaissance Period, there were David (Michelangelo)
also a revival of Roman theatrical plays.
o Mannerism, Italian Manierismo,
Madonna with the
(from maniera, “manner,” or “style”) Long Neck,
o Also known as Late Renaissance Parmigianino
o Most artworks in this period displayed distorted (1534-1540)
figures, two-dimensional spaces, discordant hues
and colors, and lack of defined focal point.
o Mannerist painters wanted to draw attention to the
artificial nature of a painting wherein they made
unnatural figures to force the viewer to think about
the fact it is a painting and nothing more.
o Sculptures are vertically-oriented which created a The Rape of the
twisting upwards spiral (figura serpentinata)to draw the Sabine Women -
eye upwards, so that the viewer cannot just see the Giambologna
statue from one angle.
o The term ”baroque” is derived from the
Portuguese term 'barocco' meaning, 'irregular
pearl or stone’), describes a complex idiom,
originating in Rome, which flowered during the
period c.1590-1720, and which embraced
painting, and sculpture as well as architecture.
o It can be said that lot of artists have developed
styles and techniques different from their
Renaissance predecessors.
o This was the time when in Italy strengthened
not only their religion but also other aspects like Andrea Pozzo: Apotheosis of Saint Ignatius
politics and art. (1685-1694)
o Expansion was the central theme of this period.
o Motion and space were taken into consideration
by artists like the use of dramatic lighting and
concept of time.
The Ecstasy of Saint Teresa St. Peter's Baldachin (1623-34)
The Equestrian Statue of King Louis XIV
Gian Lorenzo Bernini Sculpted bronze canopy above
the high altar in St. Peter's Basilica.
By Bernini.

• In Spain and Italy, it was • France and Germany

devoted to religion. was about glorification
of leaders
o Was a movement in the
Pilgrimage to Cythera (1717)
history of art at the Louvre, Paris.
By Jean-Antoine Watteau
beginning of the 18th
century.
o Artists used soft pastel
colors and lose
brushstrokes.
o Rococo artworks aim to
help the viewers escape
from the routines of life
Jean-Honoré Fragonard’s
and celebrate leisure The Swing (1767)
instead.
 o A movement in Europe that transpired during the
late 18th and early 19th centuries.
o Neoclassical art arose in opposition to the overly
decorative and gaudy styles
of Rococo and Baroque . It brought about a
general revival in classical thought that mirrored
what was going on in political and social arenas of
the time, leading to the French Revolution.
o The primary Neoclassicist belief was that art
should express the ideal virtues in life and could
improve the viewer by imparting a moralizing
Jacques-Louis David, Oath of the Horatii, 1784 message.
o It was the dominant art movement that time which
basically aimed to revive and rekindle the
influence of Greek and Roman into art and
architecture.
o Romanticists have highlighted
heroic elements into their work.
o Tremendous focus on patriotic and
nationalistic movements.
o The major and central theme
includes the goodness of mankind.
o Emotions and feelings of man was
Eugène Delacroix: Liberty Leading the People
also emphasized by artists.
o Realism as a style of work focuses on
the accuracy of details that depicts
and somehow mirror reality. There is a
little room of imagination at this
movement since emphasis is placed
on observable traits that can
concertize through artworks. Realism Burial at Ornans by Gustave Courbet

was heavily influenced by Hellenistic o In addition, since artists worked within the context of
revolutions and social change, artistic works began to
Greek culture since most artworks depict real-life events. Idealistic concepts and images
during that period placed emphasis on were placed by real manifestation of society. This
the human body. movement re-examined existing belief systems and
traditions.
o The Impressionism movement
started in France. Impressionism is
a style of painting that emerged in
the mid- to late 1800s.
Impressionist artists incorporated
scientific principles to achieve a
more distinct representation of The Harbor at Lorient by Berthe Morisot
color. o The distinct representation of this style is that it allows the artist to
emphasize the immediate impression he has of a particular event or scene.
The said impression is communicated by the artist through his work and
can be seen through the brushstrokes, distinction of colors, and the lights
and shadows used by the artist.
 IMPRESSIONISM EXAMPLE:

Impression Sunrise by Claude Monet in 1872

o Post-impressionism is an art movement that emerged in France, which is a result
of both influence and rejection of Impressionism.
o Most artists that belong to this movement
started off as impressionists but later saw the
inherent limitations and flaws of
impressionism. This eventually led to the
development of individual style that gave
emphasis to defining from with the use of
broken colors and short brush strokes.
o Some of the famous post-impressionism
artists include Paul Cézanne, George Seurat,
Still Life with Apples by Paul Cézanne
Paul Gauguin, and Vincent Van Gogh.
POST-IMPRESSIONISM EXAMPLE:

Paul Gauguin, The Seed of the

Areoi.1892.
 o Most painters who subscribe to such movements
rely on systematic and scientific techniques that
have predetermined visual effects not only on the
art itself but also how the audience perceives the
art.
o The leading figure of Neo-impressionism is George
Seurat who recorded optical sensations in a more
scientific manner. His color theories paved the way for
the technique called pointillism. Pointillism is an art
A Sunday on La Grande Jatte by George Seurat technique which basically utilizes discrete dots and
dashes of pure color. These elements are believed to
o Neo-impressionism is considered as blend with the viewer's perspective.
a response to empirical realism of o Aside from Seurat, other neo-impressionist artists
impressionism. include Henri-Edmond Cross, Maximilien Luce, and
Camille Pissaro.
Neo-Impressionism example with the use of Pointillism technique

Paul Signac: Place des

Lices, St. Tropez Seascape at Port-en-Bessin,
Normandy, 1888
o Between 1890 and 1910, countries from
Europe and the United States witnessed the
emergence and flourishing of a new art style.
This ornamental style of art with a break from
the conservative historicism issues prevailing
and dominant theme.
o In most works, defining characteristic of Art
Nouveau is the asymmetrical line that usually is
in the form of insect wings or flower stalk. “Redhead Among Flowers”
by Alphonse Mucha
 o This is a style of painting that emerged in
France around the turn of twentieth century.
They used pure and vibrant colors by applying
straight from the paint tubes directly to the
canvas.

Henri Matisse. Woman with a Hat, 1905

 o Was introduced by French artists Pablo
Picasso and Georges Braque between
1907 and 1914.
o It was made up of Analytical Cubism, a
from of painting that breaks objects down
into geometric shapes and Synthetic
Cubism, which was like a collage art that in
involves building things up.
o Cubism rejected the existing and prevailing
notion that art should imitate nature. They
The Mona Lisa are not anyway obliged to copy texture, Braque’s Synthetic
Smile version of form, color, and space. Cubism of Still Life
Pablo Picasso’s o Cubists presented a new depiction of reality Violin
Analytical Cubism that may appear fragmented objects for
viewers.
o This art movement started in the early twentieth
century in Italy, which highlighted the speed,
energy, dynamism, and power of machines. In
addition, common themes for works in this
movement are restlessness and the fast-pace of
modern life.
o The greatest impact of futurism is evident in poetry and
visual arts. The City Rises by Umberto Boccioni

o Italian poet and editor Filippon Tommaso Marineti coined the term “futurist” to
reflect his purpose of disregarding the traditional methods of the art in the past.
He believes that art should embrace and embody change, innovation, creativity,
and originality.
 Futurism Examples

Fortunato Depero, Gino Severini,Train Blindé (Armored Train in Action), 1915

Il ciclista attraversa la città, 1945 Oil on canvas, Oil on canvas, Museum of Modern Art, New
York
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