45MG

Ultrasonic Thickness Gage

User’s Manual

DMTA-10022-01EN — Rev. B
October 2013

This instruction manual contains essential information on how to use this Olympus product safely and effectively.
Before using this product, thoroughly review this instruction manual. Use the product as instructed.
Keep this instruction manual in a safe, accessible location.
Olympus NDT, 48 Woerd Avenue, Waltham, MA 02453, USA

Copyright © 2012, 2013 by Olympus. All rights reserved. No part of this

publication may be reproduced, translated, or distributed without the express
written permission of Olympus.

This document was prepared with particular attention to usage to ensure the
accuracy of the information contained therein, and corresponds to the version of
the product manufactured prior to the date appearing on the title page. There
could, however, be some differences between the manual and the product if the
product was modified thereafter.

The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice.

Part number: DMTA-10022-01EN

Rev. B
October 2013

Printed in the United States of America

All brands are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners and
third party entities.
 DMTA-10022-01EN, Rev. B, October 2013

Table of Contents

List of Abbreviations ....................................................................................... ix

Labels and Symbols ........................................................................................... 1

Important Information — Please Read Before Use ..................................... 5

Intended Use .......................................................................................................................... 5
Instruction Manual ................................................................................................................ 5
Repair and Modification ....................................................................................................... 6
Safety ....................................................................................................................................... 6
Safety Symbols ....................................................................................................................... 7
Safety Signal Words ............................................................................................................... 7
Note Signal Words ................................................................................................................. 8
Warnings ................................................................................................................................. 8
Battery Precautions .............................................................................................................. 10
Equipment Disposal ............................................................................................................ 10
WEEE Directive .................................................................................................................... 11
China RoHS .......................................................................................................................... 11
EMC Directive Compliance ................................................................................................ 11
FCC (USA) Compliance ...................................................................................................... 12
ICES-001 (Canada) Compliance ........................................................................................ 12
Regulatory Information ...................................................................................................... 12
Warranty Information ......................................................................................................... 13
Technical Support ................................................................................................................ 14

1. Instrument Description ............................................................................. 15

1.1 Product Description .................................................................................................. 15
1.2 Environmental Ratings ............................................................................................ 17
1.3 Instrument Hardware Components ....................................................................... 18
1.4 Connectors ................................................................................................................. 19

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DMTA-10022-01EN, Rev. B, October 2013

1.5 Keypad Functions ..................................................................................................... 20

2. Powering the 45MG ................................................................................... 25

2.1 About the Power Indicator ...................................................................................... 25
2.2 Using Battery Power ................................................................................................. 26
2.2.1 Battery Operating Time ................................................................................. 26
2.2.2 Battery Level and Storage ............................................................................. 27
2.2.3 Replacing the Batteries .................................................................................. 27

3. Software User Interface Elements ........................................................... 31

3.1 About the Measurement Screen .............................................................................. 31
3.2 About Menus and Submenus .................................................................................. 35
3.3 About Parameter Screens ......................................................................................... 36
3.4 Selecting the Text Edit Mode ................................................................................... 37
3.4.1 Editing Text Parameters Using the Virtual Keyboard .............................. 37
3.4.2 Editing Text Parameters Using the Traditional Method ........................... 39

4. Initial Setup ................................................................................................ 41

4.1 Setting the User Interface Language and Other System Options ...................... 41
4.2 Selecting the Measurement Units ........................................................................... 42
4.3 Setting the Clock ....................................................................................................... 42
4.4 Changing Display Settings ...................................................................................... 43
4.4.1 About Color Schemes .................................................................................... 45
4.4.2 About Display Brightness ............................................................................. 46
4.5 Adjusting the Measurement Update Rate ............................................................. 47
4.6 Changing the Thickness Resolution ....................................................................... 49

5. Basic Operation .......................................................................................... 51

5.1 Setting Up the Transducer ....................................................................................... 51
5.2 About the Calibration ............................................................................................... 54
5.2.1 Calibrating the Instrument ........................................................................... 55
5.2.2 About Test Blocks ........................................................................................... 58
5.2.3 About the Transducer Zero Compensation ................................................ 59
5.2.4 About the Material Sound Velocity and the Zero Calibrations ............... 59
5.2.5 Entering a Known Material Sound Velocity ............................................... 60
5.2.6 About Locked Calibrations ........................................................................... 61
5.2.7 Factors Affecting Performance and Accuracy ............................................ 61
5.3 Measuring Thicknesses ............................................................................................ 64
5.4 Saving Data ................................................................................................................ 65

6. Software Options ....................................................................................... 67

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 DMTA-10022-01EN, Rev. B, October 2013

6.1 Activating Software Options ................................................................................... 68

6.2 About Echo Detection Modes with Dual Element Transducers ........................ 70
6.2.1 Blanking Adjustments in Manual Echo-to-Echo Detection Mode .......... 73
6.2.2 Dual Element Transducer Selection in Echo-to-Echo Modes .................. 74
6.3 Measurements with Optional THRU-COAT, D7906, and D7908 Transducers 76
6.3.1 Enabling the THRU-COAT Function .......................................................... 76
6.3.2 Performing a THRU-COAT Calibration ..................................................... 77
6.4 Waveform Software Option ..................................................................................... 78
6.4.1 About Waveform Rectification ..................................................................... 80
6.4.2 About the Waveform Trace ........................................................................... 82
6.4.3 About the Range of the Waveform Display ............................................... 82
6.4.3.1 Selecting the Range Value .................................................................. 83
6.4.3.2 Adjusting the Delay Value ................................................................. 84
6.4.3.3 Activating the Zoom Function (Available Only with the Waveform
Option) .................................................................................................. 84
6.5 Single Element and High Resolution Option ....................................................... 86
6.5.1 Recalling Single Element Transducer Setups ............................................. 87
6.5.2 Creating Custom Single Element Transducer Setups ............................... 87
6.5.3 High-Resolution Thickness .......................................................................... 87
6.6 High-Penetration Software Option ........................................................................ 88
6.7 Datalogger Option .................................................................................................... 88
6.7.1 About the Datalogger .................................................................................... 89
6.7.2 Creating a Data File ....................................................................................... 92
6.7.2.1 About Data File Types ........................................................................ 93
6.7.2.2 About the Incremental Data File Type ............................................. 94
6.7.2.3 About the Sequential Data File Type ................................................ 96
6.7.2.4 About the Sequential with Custom Point Data File Type ............. 97
6.7.2.5 About the 2-D Grid Data File Type ................................................... 98
6.7.2.6 About the Boiler Data File Type ...................................................... 102
6.7.3 About File Data Modes ............................................................................... 104
6.7.4 Performing File Operations ........................................................................ 105
6.7.4.1 Opening a File .................................................................................... 106
6.7.4.2 Reviewing a File ................................................................................ 107
6.7.4.3 Copying a File .................................................................................... 107
6.7.4.4 Editing a File ...................................................................................... 108
6.7.4.5 Deleting a File or its Contents ......................................................... 110
6.7.4.6 Deleting a Range of IDs .................................................................... 112
6.7.4.7 Deleting All Data Files ...................................................................... 112
6.7.4.8 Viewing the Memory Status ............................................................ 114
6.7.5 Setting the ID Overwrite Protection .......................................................... 114
6.7.6 About the ID Review Screen ...................................................................... 115
6.7.6.1 Reviewing Stored Data and Changing the Active ID .................. 116

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DMTA-10022-01EN, Rev. B, October 2013

6.7.6.2 Editing the ID ..................................................................................... 117

6.7.6.3 Erasing Data in the Active File ........................................................ 119
6.7.7 Generating Reports ...................................................................................... 120

7. Using Special Functions ......................................................................... 127

7.1 Activating and Configuring a Differential Mode ............................................... 127
7.2 Using the Minimum, Maximum, or Min/Max Thickness Mode ...................... 129
7.3 Preventing False Minimum/Maximum Thickness Readings ........................... 131
7.4 Using Alarms ........................................................................................................... 132
7.5 Locking the Instrument .......................................................................................... 136
7.6 Freezing the Measurement or Optional Waveform ........................................... 138

8. Configuring the Instrument ................................................................... 141

8.1 Configuring Measurement Parameters ................................................................ 141
8.2 Configuring System Parameters ........................................................................... 144
8.3 Configuring Communications .............................................................................. 145

9. Using Advanced Gaging Features ........................................................ 149

9.1 Adjusting the Gain with Dual Element Transducers ......................................... 149
9.2 Adjusting the Extended Blank with Dual Element Transducers ..................... 151
9.3 About the B-Scan ..................................................................................................... 153
9.3.1 Using the B-Scan ........................................................................................... 156
9.3.2 Using the B-Scan Alarm Mode ................................................................... 157
9.3.3 Saving B-Scans or Thickness Readings (Optional Datalogger) ............. 157
9.4 About the DB Grid .................................................................................................. 159
9.4.1 Activating and Configuring the DB Grid ................................................. 160
9.4.2 Changing the Highlighted Cell in the DB Grid ....................................... 162
9.4.3 Saving Thickness Readings in the DB Grid .............................................. 163
9.4.4 Viewing an Inserted or an Appended Cell in the DB Grid .................... 164

10. About Custom Setups for Single Element Transducers ................... 165
10.1 Creating a Custom Setup for a Single Element Transducer .............................. 166
10.2 Quickly Adjusting Waveform Parameters For Single Element Transducers . 168
10.3 About the Detection Modes ................................................................................... 170
10.4 About the First Peak ............................................................................................... 172
10.5 About the Pulser Power ......................................................................................... 173
10.6 About the Time-Dependent Gain Curve ............................................................. 174
10.6.1 About the Maximum Gain .......................................................................... 175
10.6.2 About the Initial Gain .................................................................................. 175
10.6.3 About the TDG Slope ................................................................................... 176
10.7 About the Main Bang Blank .................................................................................. 176

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 DMTA-10022-01EN, Rev. B, October 2013

10.8 About the Echo Window ....................................................................................... 178

10.8.1 About the Detection of Echo 1 and Echo 2 ............................................... 179
10.8.2 About the Interface Blank ........................................................................... 180
10.8.3 About the Mode 3 Echo Blank ................................................................... 182
10.9 Saving Setup Parameters ....................................................................................... 183
10.10 Quickly Recalling a Custom Setup for Single Element Transducers .............. 184

11. Managing Communications and Data Transfer ................................. 187

11.1 About GageView ..................................................................................................... 187
11.2 Setting Up USB Communication .......................................................................... 187
11.3 Exchanging Data with a Remote Device ............................................................. 189
11.3.1 Exporting a File to the Memory Card (Datalogger Option Only) ........ 189
11.3.2 Importing Survey Files from the External Memory Card ...................... 190
11.3.3 Receiving Files from a Computer .............................................................. 192
11.4 Capturing Screen Images ....................................................................................... 193
11.4.1 Sending a Screen Capture to GageView ................................................... 193
11.4.2 Sending a Screen Capture to the External MicroSD Card ...................... 195
11.5 Resetting the Communication Parameters .......................................................... 196

12. Maintaining and Troubleshooting the 45MG .................................... 199

12.1 Routine Gage Maintenance ................................................................................... 199
12.2 Cleaning the Instrument ........................................................................................ 200
12.3 Maintaining Transducers ....................................................................................... 200
12.4 Using Instrument Resets ........................................................................................ 201
12.5 Performing Hardware Diagnostic Tests .............................................................. 203
12.6 Performing the Software Diagnostic Test ............................................................ 205
12.7 Viewing the Instrument Status ............................................................................. 206
12.8 Understanding Error Messages ............................................................................ 207
12.9 Resolving Battery Problems .................................................................................. 207
12.10 Resolving Measurement Problems ....................................................................... 208

Appendix A: Technical Specifications ....................................................... 209

Appendix B: Sound Velocities ..................................................................... 217

Appendix C: Accessories and Replacement Parts .................................... 221

List of Figures ................................................................................................. 225

List of Tables ................................................................................................... 229

Table of Contents vii

DMTA-10022-01EN, Rev. B, October 2013

Index ................................................................................................................. 231

viii Table of Contents

 DMTA-10022-01EN, Rev. B, October 2013

List of Abbreviations

2-D two-dimensional
AEtoE automatic Echo-to-Echo
AGC automatic gain control
CSV comma separated variables
DB database
DIAG diagnostic
DIFF differential
EFUP environment-friendly use period
ESS electronic stress screening
EXT extended
FRP fiber-reinforced polymer
GB gigabytes
GRN green
HDPE high-density polyethylene
HI high
ID identification
LDPE low-density polyethylene
LOS loss-of-signal
MAX maximum
MB main bang
MEtoE manual Echo-to-Echo
MIL military
MIN minimum
NiMH nickel-metal hydride
PDF portable document format
PRF pulse repetition frequency
PVC polyvinyl chloride
SE single element
STD standard
SW software
TDG time-dependent gain
TFT thin-film transistor (liquid crystal display technology)
TOF time-of-flight
USB universal serial bus
YEL yellow

List of Abbreviations ix
DMTA-10022-01EN, Rev. B, October 2013

x List of Abbreviations
 DMTA-10022-01EN, Rev. B, October 2013

Labels and Symbols

Safety-related labels and symbols are attached to the instrument at the locations
shown in Figure i-1 on page 1, and Figure i-2 on page 2. If any or all of the labels or
symbols are missing or illegible, please contact Olympus.

To avoid the risk of electric shock, do not touch the inner conductor of the T/R 1 and
T/R 2 connectors. Up to 200 volts can be present on the inner conductor. The danger
symbol between the Transmit/Receive (T/R) connector markings is shown in
Figure i-1 on page 1.

USB symbol Danger symbol

Figure i-1 The symbols on the top of the 45MG

Labels and Symbols 1

DMTA-10022-01EN, Rev. B, October 2013

Instruction label Serial number labels

(see Table 1 on page 3) (two locations)

Figure i-2 Labels attached to the back of the instrument

2 Labels and Symbols

 DMTA-10022-01EN, Rev. B, October 2013

Table 1 Content of the rating plate label

Serial number
label yynnnnnmm

Where:
yy: last two digits of the production year
nnnnn: five-digit non duplicated incrementing number
representing the nth production unit of this product
mm: production month

Instruction label:

Labels and Symbols 3

DMTA-10022-01EN, Rev. B, October 2013

Table 1 Content of the rating plate label (continued)

Contains:

The CE marking is a declaration that this product conforms to

all the applicable directives of the European Community. See
the Declaration of Conformity for details.

The C-Tick label indicates that the product complies with the
applicable standard, and establishes a traceable link between
the equipment and the manufacturer, importer, or agent
responsible for compliance, and for placing it on the
Australian market.

This symbol indicates the location of the membrane vent.

The WEEE symbol indicates that the product must not be

disposed of as unsorted municipal waste, but should be
collected separately.

The China RoHS mark indicates the product’s Environment-

Friendly Use Period (EFUP). The EFUP is defined as the
number of years for which listed controlled substances will not
leak or chemically deteriorate while in the product. The EFUP
for the 45MG has been determined to be 15 years. Note: The
Environment-Friendly Use Period (EFUP) is not meant to be
interpreted as the period assuring functionality and product
performance.

4 Labels and Symbols

 DMTA-10022-01EN, Rev. B, October 2013

Important Information — Please Read Before Use

Intended Use

The 45MG instrument is designed to measure thicknesses of industrial and

commercial materials.

Do not use the 45MG for any purpose other than its intended use. It must never be
used to inspect or examine human or animal body parts.

Instruction Manual

This instruction manual contains complete and essential information on how to use
this Olympus product safely and effectively. Before use, thoroughly review this
instruction manual, and use the product as instructed. Keep this instruction manual
in a safe, accessible location.

The 45MG documents are:

45MG Ultrasonic Thickness Gage — Getting Started (P/N: DMTA-10024-01EN

[U8778520])
A short leaflet containing essential information for quick start-up of the 45MG
instrument.

Important Information — Please Read Before Use 5

DMTA-10022-01EN, Rev. B, October 2013

45MG Ultrasonic Thickness Gage — User’s Manual (P/N: DMTA-10022-01EN)

This document is in PDF format, and contains a detailed description of the
instrument, in addition to the setup and operating procedures for all the
instrument features. The PDF file is available on the documentation CD (P/N:
45MG-MAN-CD [U8147024]) that is shipped with the 45MG, and can also be
downloaded at www.olympus-ims.com.
GageView Interface Program — User’s Manual (P/N: 910-259-EN [U8778347])
The 45MG also works with the GageView interface program. Refer to this
document for detailed information on GageView. The document is available in
PDF format on the GageView CD, and as online help within GageView.

Repair and Modification

Apart from the batteries, the 45MG instrument does not contain any user-serviceable
parts.

In order to prevent human injury and/or equipment damage, do not disassemble,

modify, or attempt to repair the instrument.

Safety

This instrument has been tested according to IEC Publication 61010: Safety
Requirements for Electronic Measuring Apparatus. This instruction manual contains
warnings and safety rules that must be observed by the user to ensure safe operation
of the instrument, and maintain it in safe condition. Please read through these
operating instructions before using the instrument.

6 Important Information — Please Read Before Use

 DMTA-10022-01EN, Rev. B, October 2013

Safety Symbols

The following safety symbols might appear on the instrument and in the instruction
manual:

General warning symbol:

This symbol is used to alert the user to potential hazards. All safety messages that
follow this symbol shall be obeyed to avoid possible harm.

High voltage warning symbol:

This symbol is used to alert the user to potential electric shock hazards greater
than 1000 volts. All safety messages that follow this symbol shall be obeyed to
avoid possible harm.

Safety Signal Words

The following safety symbols might appear in the documentation of the instrument:

The DANGER signal word indicates an imminently hazardous situation. It calls

attention to a procedure, practice, or the like, which, if not correctly performed or
adhered to, could result in death or serious personal injury. Do not proceed beyond a
DANGER signal word until the indicated conditions are fully understood and met.

The WARNING signal word indicates a potentially hazardous situation. It calls

attention to a procedure, practice, or the like, which, if not correctly performed or
adhered to, could result in death or serious personal injury. Do not proceed beyond a
WARNING signal word until the indicated conditions are fully understood and met.

Important Information — Please Read Before Use 7

DMTA-10022-01EN, Rev. B, October 2013

The CAUTION signal word indicates a potentially hazardous situation. It calls

attention to an operating procedure, practice, or the like, which, if not correctly
performed or adhered to, could result in minor or moderate personal injury, material
damage, particularly to the product, destruction of part or all of the product, or loss of
data. Do not proceed beyond a CAUTION signal word until the indicated conditions are
fully understood and met.

Note Signal Words

The following safety symbols could appear in the documentation of the instrument:

The IMPORTANT signal word calls attention to a note that provides important
information, or information essential to the completion of a task.

The NOTE signal word calls attention to an operating procedure, practice, or the like,
which requires special attention. A note also denotes related parenthetical
information that is useful, but not imperative.

The TIP signal word calls attention to a type of note that helps you apply the
techniques and procedures described in the manual to your specific needs, or
provides hints on how to effectively use the capabilities of the product.

Warnings

General Warnings
• Carefully read the instructions contained in this instruction manual prior to
turning on the instrument.

8 Important Information — Please Read Before Use

 DMTA-10022-01EN, Rev. B, October 2013

• Keep this instruction manual in a safe place for further reference.

• Follow the installation and operation procedures.
• It is imperative to respect the safety warnings on the instrument and in this
instruction manual.
• If the equipment is used in a manner not specified by the manufacturer, the
protection provided by the equipment could be impaired.
• Do not install substitute parts or perform any unauthorized modification to the
instrument.
• Service instructions, when applicable, are for trained service personnel. To avoid
the risk of electric shock, do not perform any work on the instrument unless
qualified to do so. For any problem or question regarding this instrument, contact
Olympus or an authorized Olympus representative.

Important Information — Please Read Before Use 9

DMTA-10022-01EN, Rev. B, October 2013

Battery Precautions

• Before disposing of a battery, check your local laws, rules, and regulations, and
follow them accordingly.
• When lithium metal batteries are used, transportation of the batteries are
regulated by the United Nations under the United Nations Recommendations on the
Transport of Dangerous Goods. It is expected that governments, intergovernmental
organizations, and other international organizations shall conform to the
principles laid down in these Regulations, thus contributing to worldwide
harmonization in this field. These international organizations include the
International Civil Aviation organization (ICAO), the International Air Transport
Association (IATA), the International Maritime Organization (IMO), the US
Department of Transportation (USDOT), and others.
Please contact the transporter and confirm current regulations before
transportation of lithium metal battery.

Equipment Disposal

Before disposing of this product, make sure that you follow the regulations and rules
of your local government.

10 Important Information — Please Read Before Use

 DMTA-10022-01EN, Rev. B, October 2013

WEEE Directive

In accordance with European Directive 2002/96/EC on Waste Electrical

and Electronic Equipment (WEEE), this symbol indicates that the
product must not be disposed of as unsorted municipal waste, but
should be collected separately. Refer to your local Olympus distributor
for return and/or collection systems available in your country.

China RoHS

China RoHS is the term used by industry generally to describe legislation

implemented by the Ministry of Information Industry (MII) in the People’s Republic
of China for the control of pollution by electronic information products (EIP).

The China RoHS mark indicates the product’s Environment-

Friendly Use Period (EFUP). The EFUP is defined as the number of
years for which listed controlled substances will not leak or
chemically deteriorate while in the product. The EFUP for the
45MG has been determined to be 15 years.
Note: The Environment-Friendly Use Period (EFUP) is not meant
to be interpreted as the period assuring functionality and product
performance.

EMC Directive Compliance

This equipment generates and uses radio-frequency energy and, if not installed and
used properly (that is, in strict accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions), may
cause interference. The 45MG has been tested and found to comply with the limits for
an industrial device in accordance with the specifications of the EMC directive.

Important Information — Please Read Before Use 11

DMTA-10022-01EN, Rev. B, October 2013

FCC (USA) Compliance

This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A
digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to
provide reasonable protection against harmful interference when the equipment is
operated in a commercial environment. This equipment generates, uses, and can
radiate radio frequency energy, and if not installed and used in accordance with the
instruction manual, might cause harmful interference to radio communications.
Operation of this equipment in a residential area is likely to cause harmful
interference, in which case you will be required to correct the interference at your own
expense.

ICES-001 (Canada) Compliance

This Class A digital apparatus complies with Canadian ICES-001.

Cet appareil numérique de la classe A est conforme à la norme NMB-001 du Canada.

Regulatory Information

The 45MG may display a regulatory screen that lists the specific regulation with
which it complies.

To view the REGULATORY screen

1. In the measurement screen, press [SETUP], and then select SP MENU.
2. In the SP MENU (see Figure 4-2 on page 43), select REGULATORY to display the
REGULATORY screen (see Figure i-3 on page 13).

12 Important Information — Please Read Before Use

 DMTA-10022-01EN, Rev. B, October 2013

Figure i-3 The REGULATORY screen

3. Use the up and down arrow keys to scroll through the different REGULATORY
screens.
4. Press [MEAS] to return to the measurement screen.

Warranty Information

Olympus guarantees your Olympus product to be free from defects in materials and
workmanship for a specific period, and in accordance with the conditions specified in
the Olympus NDT Terms and Conditions available at http://www.olympus-
ims.com/en/terms/.

The Olympus warranty only covers equipment that has been used in a proper
manner, as described in this instruction manual, and that has not been subjected to
excessive abuse, attempted unauthorized repair, or modification.

Inspect materials thoroughly on receipt for evidence of external or internal damage

that might have occurred during shipment. Immediately notify the carrier making the
delivery of any damage, because the carrier is normally liable for damage during
shipment. Retain packing materials, waybills, and other shipping documentation
needed in order to file a damage claim. After notifying the carrier, contact Olympus
for assistance with the damage claim and equipment replacement, if necessary.

This instruction manual explains the proper operation of your Olympus product. The
information contained herein is intended solely as a teaching aid, and shall not be
used in any particular application without independent testing and/or verification by

Important Information — Please Read Before Use 13

DMTA-10022-01EN, Rev. B, October 2013

the operator or the supervisor. Such independent verification of procedures becomes

increasingly important as the criticality of the application increases. For this reason,
Olympus makes no warranty, expressed or implied, that the techniques, examples, or
procedures described herein are consistent with industry standards, nor that they
meet the requirements of any particular application.

Olympus reserves the right to modify any product without incurring the
responsibility for modifying previously manufactured products.

Technical Support

Olympus is firmly committed to providing the highest level of customer service and
product support. If you experience any difficulties when using our product, or if it
fails to operate as described in the documentation, first consult the user’s manual, and
then, if you are still in need of assistance, contact our After-Sales Service. To locate the
nearest service center, visit the Service Centers page at:
http://www.olympus-ims.com.

14 Important Information — Please Read Before Use

 DMTA-10022-01EN, Rev. B, October 2013

1. Instrument Description

This chapter describes the main features and hardware components of the 45MG
instrument.

The 45MG Ultrasonic Thickness Gage — User’s Manual (P/N: DMTA-10022-01EN)

contains the information describing advanced features of the instrument and their
usage, including use of special transducers, management of custom transducer
setups, use of software options, use of the datalogger, and communication with
external devices.

The PDF file for the 45MG Ultrasonic Thickness Gage — User’s Manual (P/N:
DMTA-10022-01EN) is included on the documentation CD (P/N: 45MG-MAN-CD
[U8147024]) that is shipped with the 45MG.

1.1 Product Description

The 45MG by Olympus is a handheld ultrasonic thickness gage designed for a wide
variety of thickness-measurement applications. With the 45MG, you only need access
to one side of a part in order to obtain nondestructive measurements of the thickness
of corroded, pitted, scaled, granular, and other difficult materials.

The 45MG displays a thickness readout and offers an optional A-scan view for
waveform verification. The microprocessor of the 45MG continuously adjusts the
receiver setup so that every measurement is optimized for reliability, range,
sensitivity, and accuracy. An optional advanced internal datalogger can store up to
475000 thickness measurements and 20000 waveforms.

Instrument Description 15
DMTA-10022-01EN, Rev. B, October 2013

With the Single Element option, the 45MG operates with a full line of single element
transducers. Operation with dual element transducers is a standard feature.
Depending on the software options, the 45MG is capable of measuring material
thicknesses between 0.003 in. and 25.0 in. (0.08 mm and 635.0 mm). The temperature
range of measured materials may vary between −4 °F and 932 °F (−20 °C and 500 °C),
depending on the material characteristics, the transducer, and the measurement
mode.

Basic features
• Measurement-related status flags and alarms
• Quarter VGA color transflective LED back-lite display
• Automatic probe recognition for the standard D79X and MTD705 series
transducers
• Warning against calibration doubling (for dual element transducers)
• Calibration for unknown material sound velocity and/or transducer zero
• Fast scan mode with 20 readings per second
• Hold or blank thickness display during loss-of-signal (LOS) conditions
• Hold minimum and maximum functions
• Differential thickness display relative to the set point in absolute values or
percentage ratios
• Selection of password-protected lockout functions
• Selectable resolution: low of 0.01 in. (0.1 mm), standard of 0.001 in. (0.01 mm), or
high (optional) of 0.0001 in. (0.001 mm); [option not available for all transducers]

Optional features
• Single element transducers
• Echo-to-Echo and THRU-COAT measurements
• High Penetration software for low-frequency single element transducers
• A-scan or waveform display
— Real-time A-scan waveform display for verification of critical measurements
— Manual freeze mode with post processing
— Manual zoom and range control of waveform display
— Auto hold on loss of signal (LOS) and auto zoom (measured echo centering)
— Extended blank
— Blank after first received echo in Echo-to-Echo mode

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— Receiver gain readout

— Ability to capture and display waveform associated with minimum thickness
during scanned measurements
— Display of stored and downloaded waveforms (Datalogger option only)
— Manual gain adjustment in 1-dB steps
• Internal datalogger functions
— Internal data storage and possibility to export data to a removable MicroSD
memory card
— Capacity to store 475000 fully-documented thickness readings or
20000 waveforms with thickness readings
— Database enhancements include 32-character file naming and 20-character ID
naming
— Automatic ID number increments following a preset sequence, or manual ID
numbering using the keypad
— Save reading/waveform to an ID number
— Ability to simultaneously display ID number and stored reference thickness
while displaying active thickness and waveform
— Five file formats available
— Erase selected data or all stored data
— Standard USB directional communication

1.2 Environmental Ratings

The 45MG is a rugged and durable instrument that can be used in harsh
environments. The 45MG was designed to meet the requirement of the IP67 rating
(Ingress Protection rating).

Instrument Description 17
DMTA-10022-01EN, Rev. B, October 2013

Olympus cannot guarantee any level of ingress protection rating once the instrument
seals have been manipulated. You must use sound judgment, and take proper
precautions before exposing the instrument to harsh environments.

To maintain the original level of ingress protection, you are responsible for the proper
care of all routinely exposed membrane seals. Additionally, you are responsible for
returning the instrument to an authorized Olympus service center on an annual basis
to ensure that the instrument seals are properly maintained.

1.3 Instrument Hardware Components

The 45MG front panel features a color display and a keypad. The instrument comes
with a wrist strap. An optional protective rubber boot includes a dust flap seal for the
USB communication connector, strap rings at the four corners, and a stand at the back
of the instrument (see Figure 1-1 on page 18).

I/O door protecting USB

Color display connector
Transducer
connectors
Protective rubber
boot Strap rings (at the
four corners)

Keypad

Stand
Power key

Figure 1-1 The 45MG hardware components – Front, top, and side views

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1.4 Connectors

Figure 1-2 on page 19 illustrates the possible connections between the 45MG and
external devices.

Transducer
USB connector

MicroSD memory
card

Figure 1-2 The 45MG connections

The USB and Transmit/Receive transducer connectors are located on the top of the
45MG (see Figure 1-3 on page 19).

Transmit/Receive transducer
connector 2

USB communication Transmit/Receive

connector transducer connector 1

Figure 1-3 The top end connectors

Instrument Description 19
DMTA-10022-01EN, Rev. B, October 2013

The external MicroSD memory card slot is located behind the battery door (see
Figure 1-4 on page 20).

MicroSD memory card

slot Battery door

Battery compartment

Figure 1-4 The MicroSD connector behind the battery door

1.5 Keypad Functions

The 45MG comes either with the English or the international keypad (see Figure 1-5
on page 21). The functions are the same for both keypads. On the international
keypad, the text labels on many keys are replaced by pictograms. In this document,
keypad keys are referred to using the English label in bold and within brackets (ex.:
[MEAS]).

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English keypad International keypad

Figure 1-5 The 45MG keypads

Each key is labelled according to its primary function. The area immediately above
certain keys contains a secondary key function that can be activated by first pressing
[2nd F]. Throughout this document, references to a secondary function are written as
follows: [2nd F], [Primary] (Secondary). For example, the instruction to activate the
REF Value function is written as follows: “Press [2nd F], [SAVE] (REF Value)”.

The [], [], [], and [] keys, along with the [ENTER] key, are used to select menu
items or screen parameters, and to change parameter values. Use the [MEAS] key at
any time to return to the measurement screen. The yellow keys are related to
calibration.

Table 2 on page 21 lists the key functions available on the 45MG keypad. Many
functions are optional, and may not be available depending on which software
options have been purchased.

Table 2 Keypad functions

English International Functions
Measurement — Completes the current operation
and returns to the measurement screen.

Instrument Description 21
DMTA-10022-01EN, Rev. B, October 2013

Table 2 Keypad functions (continued)

English International Functions

Identification number — Accesses several

functions related to the ID numbers for the
thickness-measurement location.

File — Opens the file menu to access file

commands (open, review, create, copy, edit,
delete, send, import, export, memory, and report).
Secondary function — Needs to be pressed prior
to a key to activate the secondary function of the
key.
Save — Stores a measurement and optionally the
corresponding waveform in the datalogger at the
current ID number.
Freeze — Causes the displayed screen or
waveform to immediately hold until the key is
pressed again.
Gain — Initiates the adjustment of the gain value
when using dual element transducers.
Wave adjustment — Toggles the display of a
selectable waveform parameter with an editable
value.

Enter — Selects a highlighted item, or accepts an

entered value.

Up arrow
• In a screen or a list, moves to the previous
element.
• For some parameters, a numerical entry
increases the value.
Down arrow
• In a screen or a list, moves to the next
element.
• For some parameters, a numerical entry
decreases the value.

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Table 2 Keypad functions (continued)

English International Functions
Left arrow
• Selects the previous available value for the
selected parameter.
• In text edit mode, moves the cursor one
character position to the left.
Right arrow
• Selects the next available value for the
selected parameter.
• In text edit mode, moves the cursor one
character position to the right.

Transducer recall — Recalls default or custom

transducer (XDCR) setups.

Reference value — For some functions (ex.:

differential mode, or thickness for velocity mode),
opens a screen allowing you to enter a reference
value.
Velocity calibration
• Switches to the semiautomatic step block
calibration mode.
• With the traditional text edit mode only,
deletes the character at the cursor position.
Velocity
• Opens a screen allowing you to view and
manually change the sound velocity.
• In THRU-COAT mode, pressing the keys a
second time allows you to view/adjust the
velocity for the coating.
Zero calibration
• Compensates for transducer zero, or enables
the step block zero calibration.
• With the traditional text edit mode only,
inserts a character at the cursor position.

Instrument Description 23
DMTA-10022-01EN, Rev. B, October 2013

Table 2 Keypad functions (continued)

English International Functions
Do ZERO — Compensates for transducer delay
for dual element transducers and the M2008
transducer.
Setup menu — Provides access to instrument
parameters (measurement, system, display, alarm,
differential mode, communication, B-scan, DB
grid, password, locks, resets, and SP [special]
menu).

On/Off — Turns the instrument power on or off.

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2. Powering the 45MG

This chapter describes how to power the 45MG using different power options.

2.1 About the Power Indicator

The power indicator is always present on the left side of the screen, and it shows the
type of power source used. The 45MG can be powered by three AA-size batteries, by a
computer through its USB connector, or by a commercially available 5-volt USB
power supply.

When using batteries, the vertical green bar in the power indicator indicates the
remaining battery level (see Figure 2-1 on page 25). Each graduation mark represents
20 % of the level.

MicroSD card indicator

Battery power indicator

(shown at 100 % level)

Figure 2-1 The power indicator when using batteries

Powering the 45MG 25

DMTA-10022-01EN, Rev. B, October 2013

When using a computer or a 5-volt USB power supply, the power indicator is
represented by the USB logo, or by the AC logo, respectively (see Figure 2-2 on
page 26).

45MG powered by computer 45MG powered by USB power supply

Figure 2-2 The power indicator when using a computer or an AC power supply

2.2 Using Battery Power

The 45MG comes with three AA-size alkaline batteries.

The 45MG can also be operated using three AA-size nickel-metal hydride (NiMH)
rechargeable batteries. The 45MG does not recharge NiMH batteries. To recharge the
batteries, you must use a commercially available external battery charger (not
included).

2.2.1 Battery Operating Time

The battery operating time depends on the type of batteries being used, the age of the
batteries, and the instrument settings. To provide realistic battery operating times, the
45MG has been tested with mid-level operating parameters (update rate set to 4 Hz
and display brightness set to 20 %).

The nominal battery operating times for new batteries are:

• Alkaline: 20–21 hours (nonrechargeable)

• NiMH: 22–23 hours (externally recharged)

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• Lithium: 35–36 hours (nonrechargeable)

2.2.2 Battery Level and Storage

When the batteries are full (100 % level), the battery power indicator will show full
bars.

Battery Storage Instructions

• Store batteries in a cool, dry environment.
• Avoid long-term storage under sunlight, or in other excessively hot places such as
the trunk of an automobile.

2.2.3 Replacing the Batteries

The batteries are located in a compartment that is accessible from the back of the
45MG (see Figure 2-3 on page 27).

Batteries

Battery compartment
door

Battery compartment
gasket
Battery compartment
door lock

Figure 2-3 Opening the battery compartment

Powering the 45MG 27

DMTA-10022-01EN, Rev. B, October 2013

Do not replace the batteries while the instrument is on. Dispose of used batteries
promptly. Keep batteries out of reach of children. The batteries used in this device
may present a risk of fire or chemical burn if mistreated. Do not disassemble, heat
above 50 °C, or incinerate the batteries.

To replace the batteries

1. Ensure that the power to the 45MG is turned off.
2. Disconnect any other cables connected to the 45MG.
3. Remove the optional protective rubber boot, if installed.
4. Turn the battery door lock half a turn counterclockwise to the unlock position.
5. Remove the battery compartment cover.
6. Remove the batteries.
7. Insert three new batteries in the battery compartment, making sure that you
observe the correct polarity.
8. Ensure that the gasket inside the battery compartment cover is clean and in good
condition.
9. Reinstall the battery compartment cover on the back of the instrument, push
down on the bottom of the battery door, and then turn the battery door lock half a
turn clockwise to the lock position.
10. Reinstall the optional protective rubber boot, if required.
11. Press to turn on the 45MG instrument.
12. To answer the question appearing at the bottom of the screen (see Figure 2-4 on
page 29):
Select Alkaline when using three AA-size alkaline batteries.
OR
Select NiMH when using three AA-size nickel-metal hydride (NiMH
batteries).
OR
Select Lithium when using three AA-size lithium batteries.

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 DMTA-10022-01EN, Rev. B, October 2013

Figure 2-4 Selecting the battery type

When replacing batteries, make sure that they are full in order to ensure the accuracy
of the estimated remaining battery life shown by the power indicator.

Powering the 45MG 29

DMTA-10022-01EN, Rev. B, October 2013

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3. Software User Interface Elements

The following sections describe the main elements of the 45MG software screens and
menus.

3.1 About the Measurement Screen

The 45MG has two different main measurement screens:

The first screen (see Figure 3-1 on page 31) displays when the Waveform option is
not activated, or when the Waveform option feature is turned off.
OR
The second screen (see Figure 3-2 on page 32) displays when the Waveform
option is purchased and turned on.

ID bar Download indicator

(with Datalogger option)

Battery power indicator

Thickness value

Measurement units

Mode and update rate Gain level

Figure 3-1 The measurement screen – No waveform enabled

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DMTA-10022-01EN, Rev. B, October 2013

ID bar Download indicator

(with Datalogger option)
Battery power indicator
Optional waveform
Rectification indicator display (A-scan)

Delay Range
Thickness value
Measurement units
Mode and update rate
Gain level

Figure 3-2 The measurement screen – Waveform option enabled

The measurement screen is the main screen of the 45MG software. From anywhere in
the 45MG software, simply press [MEAS] to return to the measurement screen. The
power indicator is always present on the left side of the 45MG screen (see section
“About the Power Indicator” on page 25 for details).

The optional waveform trace, called the A-scan, allows a skilled operator to verify that
the signal used to make a thickness measurement is the correct back-wall echo, and
not noise, material anomaly, or the second multiple echo. The A-scan also enables you
to observe indications that may be too small to be measured by the instrument.

The ID bar (available with the Datalogger option), located at the top of the
measurement screen, contains the ID for the actual thickness-measurement location
and the previously stored value (see Figure 3-3 on page 32). The download indicator
( ) appears when the previously stored thickness measurement comes from a file
rather than a newly acquired value.

Previously stored thickness value

ID number
(with Datalogger option) DN flag indicating a
previous thickness

Figure 3-3 The ID bar

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The indicator ( ) of the optional external MicroSD memory card appears at the top
left side of the screen when a MicroSD memory card is inserted in its slot, which is
located in the battery compartment (see Figure 1-4 on page 20). The 45MG will
recognize an external MicroSD memory card, with a maximum capacity of 2 GB,
upon instrument start-up.

Depending on the context, and on the available functions and options, various
indicators and numeric values appear around the waveform display and around the
main measurement value (see Figure 3-4 on page 33 and Figure 3-5 on page 34). A
help text bar will appear upon certain key presses in order to indicate the keys that
can be used to navigate and make selections in the menu structure.

Mode indicator (min/max) Freeze indicator

and value
Alarm level indicator
Gain level

Figure 3-4 Other elements – No Waveform option enabled

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DMTA-10022-01EN, Rev. B, October 2013

Rectification indicator

[WAVE ADJ] parameter

Echo detection marker

Delay value Range value

Zoom indicator
Mode indicator (min/max) Freeze indicator
and value

Alarm indicator Gain

Figure 3-5 Other elements – Waveform option enabled

The loss of signal (LOS) appears and the thickness value is cleared when the 45MG no
longer detects ultrasonic echoes (see Figure 3-6 on page 34).

No thickness value found

Loss-of-signal (LOS)
indicator (or SAT in the
case of saturation)

Figure 3-6 The loss-of-signal (LOS) indicator

In the rare case that the returning signal from the transducer is beyond the upper
receiver-voltage limit, the LOS indicator will be replaced by the SAT flag for
indication of saturation. This situation can normally be corrected by lowering the
pulser voltage.

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3.2 About Menus and Submenus

The 45MG displays menus and submenus when you press certain front panel keys.
The menu appears at the top-left corner of the screen (see Figure 3-7 on page 35). If
applicable, a submenu conveniently showing the parameters available for the
highlighted menu command also appears.

Menu Submenu for the

highlighted menu
command

Figure 3-7 Menu and submenu example

To select a menu or a submenu command

1. Press [SETUP] or [FILE] (with the Datalogger option) to display a menu.
2. Use the [] and [] keys to highlight the desired menu command.
3. If applicable and needed, use the [] key to highlight the submenu, and then use
the [] and [] keys to highlight the desired submenu command.
4. Press [ENTER] to select the highlighted menu or submenu command.

In the remainder of this document, the above procedure is summarized by a simple

instruction to select a specific menu or submenu command. For example: “In the
menu, select MEAS.”

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DMTA-10022-01EN, Rev. B, October 2013

3.3 About Parameter Screens

The 45MG parameters are logically grouped in parameter screens that can be accessed
using front panel keys or menu commands. Figure 3-8 on page 36 shows the MEAS
parameter screen as an example.

Menu from which the Title bar

screen is accessed

Parameters

Help text bars

Figure 3-8 Parameter screen example

The title bar, located at the top of the parameter screen, indicates the parameter
subject. When you access a parameter screen from a menu, a menu button appears on
the left side of the title bar. This menu button can be used to easily return to the
original menu. One or two help text bars appear at the bottom of the screen to indicate
the keys required to select a parameter and edit its value.

To select a parameter and edit its value

1. Use the [] and [] keys to highlight the desired parameter.
2. For parameters with predefined values, use the [] and [] keys to select the
desired value.
3. In parameter screens containing lists or alphanumeric parameters:
• In a list, use the [] and [] keys to highlight the desired list item.
• For an alphanumeric parameter, use the [] and [] keys to enter the desired
characters (see section “Selecting the Text Edit Mode” on page 37 for details).
• Press [2nd F], [] or [2nd F], [] to leave a list or alphanumeric parameter,
and proceed to the next or previous screen element.
4. To exit the parameter screen, press [MEAS] to return to the measurement screen.

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In the remainder of this document, the above procedure is summarized by the simple
instruction to select a specific parameter or list, and its value. For example:
“In the MEAS screen, set MEAS MODE to THICKNESS.”

3.4 Selecting the Text Edit Mode

The 45MG offers two methods of editing the value of alphanumeric parameters.
Either the virtual keyboard or traditional method can be used. The virtual keyboard
appears on the screen to display all the available characters that can be used (see
section “Editing Text Parameters Using the Virtual Keyboard” on page 37 for details).
With the traditional method, you must select each character from a hidden list of
standard sorted letters, numbers, and special characters (see section “Editing Text
Parameters Using the Traditional Method” on page 39 for details).

To select the text edit mode

1. In the measurement screen, press [SETUP], and then select SYSTEM.
2. In the SYSTEM screen, highlight TEXT EDIT MODE, and then select the desired
mode (VIRTUAL or TRADITIONAL).
3. Press [MEAS] to return to the measurement screen.

3.4.1 Editing Text Parameters Using the Virtual Keyboard

When TEXT EDIT MODE is set to VIRTUAL, the virtual keyboard appears when an
alphanumeric parameter is selected (see Figure 3-9 on page 38).

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DMTA-10022-01EN, Rev. B, October 2013

Title bar
Parameter value text
box
Virtual keyboard

Help text bars

Figure 3-9 Example of the virtual keyboard

To edit an alphanumeric parameter value using the virtual keyboard

1. Select an alphanumeric parameter.
The virtual keyboard appears.
2. Use the [], [], [], and [] keys to highlight the character that you wish to
enter, and then press [ENTER].
The selected character appears in the parameter value text box, and the cursor
moves to the next character position.
3. Repeat the previous step to enter other characters.
4. If you need to move the position of the cursor in the value text box, highlight
either the left ( ) or right ( ) arrow button on the virtual keyboard, and then
press [ENTER].
The cursor moves by one character position.
5. When you need to delete a character:
a) Move the cursor to the character you wish to delete.
b) On the virtual keyboard, highlight DELETE, and then press [ENTER].
6. When you need to insert a character:
a) Move the cursor to the character in front of which you wish to insert a
character.
b) On the virtual keyboard, highlight INSERT, and then press [ENTER].
c) Enter the desired character in the inserted space.
7. If you want to cancel the editing operation and return to the original parameter
value, highlight CANCEL on the virtual keyboard, and then press [ENTER].

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 DMTA-10022-01EN, Rev. B, October 2013

8. To complete editing of the parameter value, highlight DONE on the virtual

keyboard, and then press [ENTER].

When editing a multiple line parameter value, highlight DONE and press [ENTER] to
move the cursor to the next line. You can also press [2nd F], [] to accept the text and
move the cursor to the next line.

3.4.2 Editing Text Parameters Using the Traditional Method

When the TEXT EDIT MODE is set to TRADITIONAL, select each character from a
hidden circular list of standard sorted letters, numbers, and special characters (see
Figure 3-10 on page 39). Only uppercase letters are available.

[]
Cycling begins at “A” when the
original character is a letter.

Cycling begins at “0” when the

original character is a digit.
[]

Figure 3-10 The character cycle of the traditional text edit method

To edit an alphanumeric parameter value using the traditional method

1. Select an alphanumeric parameter.

Software User Interface Elements 39

DMTA-10022-01EN, Rev. B, October 2013

2. Use the [] and [] keys to select the character you want to enter. Hold down the
key to quickly cycle through the letters, numbers, and special characters.
3. Use the [] keys to move to the next character.
4. Repeat step 2 and step 3 to enter other characters.
5. If you need to move the position of the cursor in the value text box, use the [] or
[] key.
6. To insert a character at the cursor position, press [CAL ZERO].
The character at the cursor, and all those to the right, move one position to the
right, making space for one new character.
7. To delete the character at the cursor position, press [CAL VEL].
The character at the cursor is deleted, and any characters to the right move to the
left by one position.
8. Press [ENTER] to accept the character string and move to the next parameter.

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4. Initial Setup

The following sections describe basic system configurations.

4.1 Setting the User Interface Language and Other System Options

The 45MG can be configured to display the user interface in the following languages:
English, German, French, Spanish, Japanese, Chinese, Russian, Swedish, Italian,
Norwegian, Portuguese, or Czech. You can also set the character delimiting the radix
of a number.

The 45MG includes a beep tone generator that confirms when a key is pressed and
notifies you of an alarm condition. The beeper can be set to On or Off.

To save battery power while the instrument is not in use, enable the inactive time
function so that the instrument automatically turns off when no key has been pressed
and no measurement has been made within a period of about six minutes.

To change the user interface language and other system options

1. In the measurement screen, press [SETUP], and then select SYSTEM.
2. In the SYSTEM screen (see Figure 4-1 on page 42):
a) Set BEEPER to ON or OFF.
b) Set INACTIVE TIME to ON or OFF.
c) Set LANGUAGE to the desired language.
d) Set RADIX TYPE to the desired character (PERIOD or COMMA) in order to
separate the integer and the decimal digits.

Initial Setup 41
DMTA-10022-01EN, Rev. B, October 2013

Figure 4-1 The SYSTEM screen

3. Press [MEAS] to return to the measurement screen.

4. Turn off the 45MG, and then turn it back on to activate the language change.

4.2 Selecting the Measurement Units

The 45MG can be set to show thickness measurements in inches or millimeters.

To set the measurement units

1. In the measurement screen, press [SETUP], and then select MEAS.
2. In the MEAS screen, set UNIT TYPE to INCH or MILLIMETER.
3. Press [MEAS] to return to the measurement screen.

4.3 Setting the Clock

The 45MG has a built-in date and time clock. You can set the date and the time and
select their format. The 45MG saves all measurement values with their acquisition
date.

To set the clock

1. In the measurement screen, press [SETUP], and then select SP MENU.
2. In the SP MENU (see Figure 4-2 on page 43), select CLOCK.

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 DMTA-10022-01EN, Rev. B, October 2013

Figure 4-2 The SP MENU screen

3. In the CLOCK screen (see Figure 4-3 on page 43), set the parameters to the
current date and time.
4. Set the desired DATE MODE and HOUR MODE, and then select SET.

Figure 4-3 The CLOCK screen

4.4 Changing Display Settings

The appearance of certain display elements, such as colors, brightness, waveform

rectification, and waveform trace, can be changed.

Initial Setup 43
DMTA-10022-01EN, Rev. B, October 2013

To change the display settings

1. In the measurement screen, press [SETUP], and then select DISPLAY.

Many of the display parameters are only visible when the Waveform or Datalogger
options have been activated.

2. In the DISPLAY screen (see Figure 4-4 on page 45), select the desired parameter
and value for the following parameters:
• WAVEFORM ENABLE allows you to activate or deactivate the waveform
display (see section “Waveform Software Option” on page 78 for details).
• ZOOM OPTION allows you to activate or deactivate the zoom function (see
section “Activating the Zoom Function (Available Only with the Waveform
Option)” on page 84 for details).
• RECTIFICATION allows you to select one of the rectification modes (see
section “About Waveform Rectification” on page 80 for details).
• WAVEFORM TRACE is used to select one of the trace types (see section
“About the Waveform Trace” on page 82 for details).
• COLOR SCHEME is used to select either the INDOOR or OUTDOOR
optimized visibility (see section “About Color Schemes” on page 45 for
details).
• DISPLAY BRIGHTNESS is used to select one of the predefined brightness
levels (see section “About Display Brightness” on page 46 for details).
• ID REVIEW LINE is used to activate or deactivate the feature.

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Figure 4-4 The DISPLAY screen

3. Press [MEAS] to return to the measurement screen.

4.4.1 About Color Schemes

The 45MG offers two standard color schemes designed to provide the best display
visibility in indoor or outdoor lighting conditions (see Figure 4-5 on page 46).

To set the color scheme

1. In the measurement screen, press [SETUP], and then select DISPLAY.
2. In the DISPLAY screen (see Figure 4-4 on page 45), set the COLOR SCHEME to
INDOOR or OUTDOOR.
3. Press [MEAS] to return to the measurement screen.

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DMTA-10022-01EN, Rev. B, October 2013

Indoor color scheme Outdoor color scheme

Figure 4-5 Example of the indoor and the outdoor color schemes

The indoor scheme gives the best visibility when the instrument is used indoors or in
low-light conditions. The indoor scheme displays green characters and waveform
trace on a black background.

The outdoor scheme provides the best visibility when the instrument is used in direct
sunlight. The outdoor mode displays black characters and waveform trace on a white
background. For best readability in this document, most screen captures are shown in
the outdoor color scheme.

Colored measurement values corresponding to specific alarm conditions only appear

when the indoor color scheme is selected.

4.4.2 About Display Brightness

The 45MG display brightness can be adjusted by selecting the backlight intensity. The
display brightness can be set in 5 % increments from 0 % to 100 %. Choosing a high
percentage increases the brightness of the display. By default, the display brightness is
set to 20 %.

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To set the display brightness

1. In the measurement screen, press [SETUP], and then select DISPLAY.
2. In the DISPLAY screen (see Figure 4-4 on page 45), set the DISPLAY
BRIGHTNESS to the desired percentage level.
3. Press [MEAS] to return to the measurement screen.
The 45MG uses a transflective color display that reflects ambient light and becomes
brighter in direct light. In brighter ambient conditions, the display brightness can be
set to a lower percentage.

Reducing the display brightness percentage increases the battery life. Battery life
specifications are based on the backlight brightness set to 20 %.

4.5 Adjusting the Measurement Update Rate

It is possible to select a predefined measurement update rate. When using dual

element transducers, the user can select between two measurement update rates:
Normal (4 Hz) or Fast (up to 20 Hz). Normal is the default setting for the
measurement update rate. When the Single Element option is activated and while
using a single element transducer, it is possible to select 4 Hz, 8 Hz, 16 Hz, or Max (up
to 20 Hz). The measurement update rate indicator is permanently displayed on the
left side of the thickness measurement (see Figure 4-6 on page 48).

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Measurement update
rate indicator

Figure 4-6 The measurement update rate indicator

The Fast update rate can be as high as 20 Hz, and is dependent on the measurement
type. This option is useful when making high-temperature thickness measurements in
order to help limit transducer contact time, or for applications where the transducer is
scanned over an area in order to determine the minimum thickness.

The 45MG automatically uses the fastest update rate when put into the Minimum or
Maximum mode (see section “Using the Minimum, Maximum, or Min/Max
Thickness Mode” on page 129).

To adjust the measurement update rate

1. In the measurement screen, press [SETUP], and then select MEAS.
2. In the MEAS screen (see Figure 8-1 on page 142), set the MEASURE RATE to the
desired value.
3. Press [MEAS] to return to the measurement screen.

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4.6 Changing the Thickness Resolution

It is possible to change the thickness-measurement resolution, meaning the number of

digits shown to the right of the decimal point. The resolution selection affects all
displays and data output of values with thickness units. This includes measured
thickness, differential reference value, and alarm set points. The highest thickness
resolution with a dual element transducer is either 0.001 in. or 0.01 mm. The velocity
is always reported with full four-digit resolution.

The resolution can be reduced in certain applications where the extra precision of the
last digit is not required, or where extremely rough outside or inside surfaces make
the last thickness display digit unreliable.

The Single Element including High Resolution software option (P/N: 45MG-SE
[U8147022]) makes it possible to increase the resolution to either 0.0001 in. or
0.001 mm. High resolution is available for measured thickness smaller than 4 in.
(102 mm). High resolution is not active with low-frequency transducers, or when the
High Penetration software option is activated.

To change the thickness-measurement resolution

1. In the measurement screen, press [SETUP], and then select MEAS.
2. In the MEAS screen (see Figure 8-1 on page 142), set RESOLUTION to the
desired option:
• STANDARD: 0.001 in. or 0.01 mm (default)
• LOW: 0.01 in. or 0.1 mm
• Optional HIGH: 0.0001 in. or 0.001 mm
3. Press [MEAS] to return to the measurement screen.

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5. Basic Operation

The following sections describe the basic operation for the 45MG ultrasonic thickness
gage.

5.1 Setting Up the Transducer

The 45MG operates with a full line of single element (optional software) and dual
element transducers. The 45MG automatically recognizes standard D79X dual
element transducers, and automatically loads the appropriate predefined setup. The
predefined setup contains ultrasonic velocity for the stainless steel step block
supplied with the instrument. With dual element transducers, you need to perform a
transducer zero compensation.

For Single Element or High Penetration software options and single element
transducers, you need to manually recall an appropriate setup. The 45MG is factory
shipped with default conditions for the purchased transducers set up using an
approximate sound velocity for the stainless steel test block provided with the
instrument. The default conditions are selected to facilitate instrument usage for your
applications.

To set up the transducer

1. Plug the transducer into the transducer connector(s) on the top of the 45MG case
(see Figure 5-1 on page 52), using only T/R 1 for a single element transducer.

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Standard dual element

transducer connector

T/R 1 connector for a

single element transducer

Figure 5-1 Plugging in the transducer

2. Press to start the instrument.

The measurement screen appears. With a standard D79X dual element
transducer, the “Do--” message appears in the measurement screen (see
Figure 5-2 on page 52).

Figure 5-2 Initial screen with a standard D79X dual element transducer

3. For dual element transducers, perform the transducer zero compensation:

a) Wipe the couplant off the tip of the transducer.
b) Press [2nd F], [CAL ZERO] (Do ZERO).

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4. For the Single Element software option and a single element transducer, load an
appropriate setup:
a) Press [2nd F], [FREEZE] (XDCR RECALL).
b) In the menu, select the default choice for the probe type that you use (ex.:
DEFAULT SINGLE ELEMENT).
c) In the DEFAULT screen for the type of probe you are using (see the example
shown in Figure 5-3 on page 53), highlight the setup in the list of available
default setups for the transducer that you are using.

Default setup naming convention:

D E F M 1 - 2 0 . 0 / M 1 1 6
Probe part number (ex: M116)
Probe frequency (ex: 20.0 MHz)
Mode: 1, 2, 3
Material: M-Metal, P-Plastic
DEF: Default

Figure 5-3 Selecting a default single element transducer setup

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The setups listed as USER-1 through USER-35 can be renamed for special
applications. Refer to chapter “About Custom Setups for Single Element Transducers”
on page 165 for more details on setups.

d) Press [MEAS] to automatically recall the setup parameters for the chosen
setup and return to the measurement screen.

5.2 About the Calibration

Calibration is the process of adjusting the instrument to perform accurate

measurements on a particular material at a given temperature using a known
transducer. Calibration of the instrument is always necessary prior to inspection of a
specific material. The measurement accuracy is only as accurate as the calibration
performed.

The following three types of calibration must be performed:

Transducer zero compensation ([Do ZERO])

For dual element transducers only, calibrate for the sound transit time in each of
the dual transducer delay lines. This compensation varies in each transducer unit,
and with the temperature. The transducer zero-compensation procedure must be
performed whenever the unit is powered on, the transducer is changed, or the
transducer temperature changes significantly (see section “Setting Up the
Transducer” on page 51 and section “About the Transducer Zero Compensation”
on page 59).
Material sound velocity calibration ([CAL VEL])
Perform a velocity calibration using a thick test block of the measured material,
and of known thickness, or by manually entering a previously determined
material sound velocity. You must perform this procedure for each new measured
material (see section “Calibrating the Instrument” on page 55 and section “About
the Material Sound Velocity and the Zero Calibrations” on page 59).
Zero Calibration ([CAL ZERO])
Perform a zero calibration using a thin test block of the measured material, and of
known thickness. Unlike the transducer zero compensation and the material
sound velocity calibration, this procedure is not required unless you need the best

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absolute accuracy (better than ±0.004 in. or ±0.10 mm). The procedure only needs
to be performed once for each new transducer and material combination. It is not
necessary to repeat the zero calibration when the transducer temperature
changes; transducer zero compensation is responsible for that task (see section
“Calibrating the Instrument” on page 55 and section “About the Material Sound
Velocity and the Zero Calibrations” on page 59).

5.2.1 Calibrating the Instrument

To make accurate measurements, you need to perform the following calibrations:

• Material sound velocity calibration

• Zero calibration
The calibrations must be performed using a thick and a thin sample of precisely
known thicknesses. The sample must be made of the same material as the parts to be
inspected (see section “About Test Blocks” on page 58 for details on test blocks).

The following procedure is illustrated using a dual element probe and a five-step test
block. Refer to section “About the Calibration” on page 54 for more details on the
calibration process.

To calibrate the instrument

1. To perform the material sound velocity calibration using an instrument with or
without the Waveform software option (see Figure 5-5 on page 56):
a) Place a drop of couplant on the surface of the thick part of the test block.
b) Couple the transducer to the thick part of the test block using moderate to
firm pressure (see Figure 5-4 on page 56).
The waveform (optional) and the thickness reading appear on the screen.
c) Press [CAL VEL].
d) Once the thickness reading is stable, press [ENTER].
e) Using the arrow keys, edit the thickness value to match the known thickness
of the thick part of the test block.

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0.500 in.

Figure 5-4 Sound velocity calibration on a five-step test block – Thick part

With Waveform option Without Waveform option

Figure 5-5 Performing the sound velocity calibration on a five-step test block

2. To perform the zero calibration using an instrument with or without the

Waveform option (see Figure 5-7 on page 57):
a) Place a drop of couplant on the surface of the thin part of the test block.
b) Couple the transducer to the thin part of the test block (see Figure 5-6 on
page 57), and then press [CAL ZERO].
c) Once the thickness reading is stable, press [ENTER].
d) Using the arrow keys, edit the thickness value to match the known thickness
of the thin part of the test block.

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0.100 in.

Figure 5-6 Sound velocity calibration on a five-step test block – Thin part

With Waveform option Without Waveform option

Figure 5-7 Performing the zero calibration on a five-step test block

3. Press [MEAS] to complete the calibration and return to the measurement screen.

If you turn off the instrument before pressing [MEAS], the velocity will not be
updated to the new value. Instead, the instrument retains the previous value.

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When the 45MG detects an error in the calibration procedure, it successively displays
the following messages in the help text bar before returning to the measurement
screen:
“Potential wrong echo detected!”
“Invalid calibration results!”
In such case, the velocity is not changed. The probable cause is that an incorrect
thickness value was entered, or the incorrect back-wall echo was detected.

5.2.2 About Test Blocks

The 45MG comes with a cylindrical stainless steel test block with two thicknesses.
Two precisely known test-block thicknesses can be used to perform the material
sound velocity and the zero calibrations.

Precision step test blocks are also often used when more than two known thicknesses
are needed (see Figure 5-8 on page 58).

Figure 5-8 Example of a five-step test block

When performing the material sound velocity and zero calibrations, you must use a
test block with the following characteristics:

• Made from the same material as the part to be tested.

• Has two or more precisely known thicknesses.
• Has one part as thin as the thinnest section of the parts to be tested in order to
perform the zero calibration. The surface condition should be similar to that of the
tested parts. Rough surfaces generally reduce the accuracy of measurements, but
simulating actual surface conditions on the calibration block can help to improve
results.
• Has one part as thick as the thickest section of the parts to be tested, in order to
perform the material sound velocity calibration. The front and back surfaces
should be smooth and parallel.

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• Be at the same temperature as the samples to be measured.

5.2.3 About the Transducer Zero Compensation

Perform a transducer zero compensation by pressing [2nd F], [CAL ZERO]
(Do ZERO) whenever the zero indicator (Do--) appears. This procedure should also
be performed when the dual element transducer temperature has changed.

The frequency at which you perform a transducer zero-compensation procedure

depends on the rate of change of the internal temperature of the dual element
transducer. This is related to the material surface temperature, the frequency of
transducer application, the length of time the transducer is held in contact with the
material, and the accuracy that you want to obtain.

When measurements are made on surfaces that are significantly above room
temperature, the zero point should be recalibrated on a regular basis. This is less
important for transducers with part numbers D790-SM, D791-RM, D797-SM, and
D798 than for other transducers with various types of resin delay lines.

For high-temperature measurements, Olympus recommends developing a transducer

zero-compensation schedule that takes these factors into account. For example, use
the D790-SM, D791-RM, or D797-SM for high-temperature applications, thereby
minimizing the frequency of the zero compensation. The D790-SM and D791-RM can
also be used for general-purpose applications.

5.2.4 About the Material Sound Velocity and the Zero Calibrations
The 45MG performs a calibration doubling verification to help prevent mis-
calibration on thin samples. Doubling occurs when the instrument measures the time
of flight to the second back-wall echo rather than measuring the time of flight to the
first back-wall echo. The 45MG compares the measured time of flight to the expected
time of flight based on the current sound velocity. The 45MG displays a warning
message if doubling is suspected. Doubling can occur when measuring a thickness
that is below the minimum range of the transducer, or when using a transducer that is
worn out, or getting low in sensitivity.

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You can also achieve a material sound velocity and zero calibration procedure by
performing the operations in the reverse order, starting with the zero calibration,
followed by the material sound velocity calibration.

5.2.5 Entering a Known Material Sound Velocity

When preparing to measure thicknesses on parts made of a different material, if you
know the sound velocity for the material, you can enter it directly without performing
a material sound velocity calibration procedure.

To enter a known material sound velocity

1. In the measurement screen, press [2nd F], [CAL VEL] (VEL).
2. In the VELOCITY screen (see Figure 5-9 on page 60), use the arrow keys to edit
the velocity to the known value.

Figure 5-9 Entering a known material sound velocity

3. Press [MEAS] to return to the measurement screen.

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5.2.6 About Locked Calibrations

The 45MG includes a password-protected locking function to prevent changes to
setups, and prevent access to certain functions. A change to the calibration is one
action that can be locked. In such case, the message shown in Figure 5-10 on page 61
appears momentarily on the help text bar (see section “Locking the Instrument” on
page 136 for details).

Message

Figure 5-10 The calibration lock message

5.2.7 Factors Affecting Performance and Accuracy

The following factors affect the performance of the instrument and the accuracy of the
thickness measurements.

Calibration
The accuracy of any ultrasonic measurement is only as good as the accuracy and
care with which you calibrate the instrument. The 45MG ships from the factory
with standard setups for a number of transducers and applications. In certain
cases, it may be desirable to optimize these setups for specific measurement
situations. In all cases, it is essential to perform the velocity and zero calibrations
whenever the test material or transducer is changed. Periodic checks with
samples of known thicknesses are recommended to verify that the gage is
operating properly.
Surface roughness of the test piece
The best measurement accuracy is obtained when both the front and back
surfaces of the test piece are smooth. When the contact surface is rough, the
minimum thickness that can be measured will be increased as a result of sound
reverberating in the increased thickness of the couplant layer. Additionally, when
the two test-piece surfaces are rough, the slightly different multiple sound paths
seen by the transducer may cause distortion in the returning echo, resulting in
measurement inaccuracies.

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Coupling technique
In mode 1 (contact transducer) measurements, the couplant layer thickness is part
of the measurement, and is compensated by a portion of the zero offset. If
maximum accuracy is to be achieved, the coupling technique must be consistent.
In order to accomplish consistent measurements, use a couplant of reasonably
low viscosity, employ only enough couplant to achieve a reasonable reading, and
apply the transducer with uniform pressure. Practice will determine the degree of
moderate to firm pressure needed to produce repeatable readings. In general,
smaller-diameter transducers require less coupling force to squeeze out excess
couplant than larger-diameter transducers. In all modes, tilting the transducer
distorts echoes, and causes inaccurate readings, as noted below.
Curvature of the test piece
A related issue involves the alignment of the transducer with respect to the test
piece. When measuring on curved surfaces, it is important that the transducer be
placed approximately on the centerline of the part, and held steadily as close to
the surface as possible. In some cases, a spring-loaded V-block holder may be
helpful in maintaining this alignment. In general, as the radius of curvature
decreases, the size of the transducer should be reduced, and transducer alignment
becomes more critical. For very small radii, an immersion approach is necessary.
In some cases, it may be useful to observe the waveform display as an aid to
maintaining optimum alignment. Observe the best method for holding a
transducer with the aid of a waveform display. On curved surfaces, it is important
to use only enough couplant to obtain a reading. Excess couplant forms a fillet
between the transducer and the test surface where sound reverberates, and
possibly creates spurious signals that may trigger false readings.
Taper or eccentricity
If the contact surface or back surface of the test piece is tapered or eccentric with
respect to the other, the return echo is distorted due to the variation of the sound
path across the width of the beam. The accuracy of the measurement is therefore
reduced. In severe cases, no measurement is possible.
Acoustic properties of the test material
There are several conditions in certain engineering materials that can potentially
limit the accuracy and range of ultrasonic thickness measurements:
• Sound scattering:
In materials such as cast stainless steel, cast iron, fiberglass, and composites,
sound energy scatters from individual crystallites in the casting, or from
boundaries of dissimilar materials within the fiberglass or composite.
Porosity in any material can have the same effect. Adjust the instrument
sensitivity to prevent detection of these spurious scatter echoes. This

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compensation can in turn limit the ability to discriminate a valid return echo
from the back wall of the material, thereby restricting the measurement range.
• Sound attenuation or absorption:
In many organic materials, such as low-density plastics and rubbers, sound
energy is attenuated very rapidly at the frequencies used for ultrasonic
gaging. This attenuation typically increases with temperature. The maximum
thickness that can be measured in these materials is often limited by
attenuation.
• Velocity variations:
An ultrasonic thickness measurement is accurate only to the degree that
material sound velocity is consistent with the instrument calibration. Some
materials exhibit significant variations in sound velocity from point to point.
This happens in certain cast metals due to the changes in grain structure that
result from varied cooling rates, and the anisotropy of sound velocity with
respect to grain structure. Fiberglass can show localized velocity variations
due to changes in the resin/fiber ratio. Many plastics and rubbers show a
rapid change in sound velocity with temperature, and as such, velocity
calibration must be performed at the temperature of the location where the
measurements are made.
Phase reversal or phase distortion
The phase or polarity of a returning echo is determined by the relative acoustic
impedances (density × velocity) of the boundary materials. The 45MG performs
computation based on the customary situation, where the test piece is backed by
air or a liquid, both of which have a lower acoustic impedance than metals,
ceramics, or plastics. However, in some specialized cases, such as measurement of
glass or plastic liners over metal, or copper cladding over steel, this impedance
relationship is reversed, and the echo appears phase-reversed. In such cases, it is
necessary to change the appropriate echo detection polarity in order to maintain
accuracy (see section “About the Detection of Echo 1 and Echo 2” on page 179). A
more complex situation can occur in anisotropic or in homogeneous materials,
such as coarse-grain metal castings or certain composites, where material
conditions result in the existence of multiple sound paths within the beam area. In
such cases, phase distortion can create an echo that is neither cleanly positive nor
negative. Careful experimentation with reference standards is necessary in such
cases in order to determine the effects on measurement accuracy.

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5.3 Measuring Thicknesses

You can start performing thickness measuring as soon as a transducer is connected

(see section “Setting Up the Transducer” on page 51) and the instrument is calibrated
(see section “Calibrating the Instrument” on page 55).

To measure thicknesses
1. Apply couplant to the measurement spot on the test block or tested part.

In general, use a thinner couplant (such as propylene glycol, glycerin, or water) for
smooth material surfaces. Rough surfaces require a more viscous couplant, such as
gel or grease. Special couplants are required for high-temperature applications.

2. Using moderate to firm pressure, couple the tip of the transducer to the surface of
the test material, and keep the transducer as flat as possible on the material
surface (see Figure 5-11 on page 64).

0.500 in.

Figure 5-11 Coupling a dual element transducer

3. Read the measured thickness value for the tested part (see Figure 5-12 on
page 65).

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With Waveform software option Without Waveform software option

Figure 5-12 Reading the measured thickness

5.4 Saving Data

The 45MG optional datalogger is a file-based system, in which one file is opened at a
time. The active file stores a measurement at a thickness-measurement location ID.
Each time you press [SAVE], the displayed value is saved to the active file at the
current ID. The ID is automatically incremented for the next measurement. When you
press [FILE], the name of the active file appears in the ID bar above the menu (see
Figure 5-13 on page 65).

Name of active file

Figure 5-13 The active file name appearing in the ID bar

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The NONAME00 increment-type file, starting with the 001 ID, is the active file by
default when you first use the 45MG, or after resetting the instrument memory.
Various types of files can be created, and IDs can be defined to represent various 1-D,
2-D, or 3-D thickness-measurement locations. When the instrument is restarted, it
automatically opens the last file used.

The following special cases may occur:

• When the thickness value is blank, “———” is saved rather than a value.
• When a measurement is already stored at the current ID, the new value
overwrites the old thickness reading unless the overwrite protection is enabled
(see section “Setting the ID Overwrite Protection” on page 114).
• When the ID increment reaches the end of a sequence and cannot be updated,
Last ID appears on the help text bar, a long beep sound is emitted (when the
beeper is active), and the ID on the display remains unchanged.
Refer to section “Datalogger Option” on page 88 for more information on the
datalogger.

To save data at the current ID in the active file

 While the desired thickness value and waveform are displayed, press [SAVE] to
save the measured thickness value.
OR
To save the measured thickness value and the waveform, set the SAVE KEY
DATA to THICKNESS + WF in the SYSTEM menu (see Figure 4-1 on page 42).

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6. Software Options

The available software options can be used to increase the capability of the already
versatile 45MG (see Table 3 on page 67).

Table 3 45MG software options

Option Part Description

number

Echo-to-Echo & 45MG-EETC Enables the 45MG to make measurements in

THRU-COAT (U8147021) Echo-to-Echo and THRU-COAT modes. These
features are used to measure the remaining
metal thickness when the material is
painted/coated.
Note: Manual Echo-to-Echo is only available
when the Waveform option is also purchased.

Datalogger 45MG-DL Adds a bidirectional alphanumeric file-based

Capability (U8147020) datalogger. This option also includes a USB
communication cable and the GageView
interface program.

Waveform 45MG-WF Provides the added capability of viewing the

(U8147019) live A-scan of the ultrasonic signal.

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Table 3 45MG software options (continued)

Option Part Description

number

Single Element 45MG-SE Enables the 45MG to use single element

including High (U8147022) transducers. With this option, the user can
Resolution recall default single element transducers, and
(see section also create and store custom single element
“Measurements transducer setups. This feature also increases
with Optional the thickness resolution to either 0.0001 in. or
THRU-COAT, 0.001 mm for single element transducers with a
D7906, and frequency ≥2.25 MHz.
D7908
Transducers” on
page 76)

High 45MG-HP Enables the 45MG to use low-frequency single

Penetration with (U8147023) element transducers (as low as 0.5 MHz) for
Single Element thickness measurements in attenuating and
(see section sound scattering materials.
“High-
Penetration
Software
Option” on
page 88)

When you order a software option with your original 45MG purchase, the option
comes preactivated. Software options can also be purchased at a later date. The
software options can be activated by entering an activation code in the instrument,
without the need to return the instrument to the factory. (see section “Activating
Software Options” on page 68).

Contact your local Olympus representative for more information about ordering
software options. Refer to Table 3 on page 67 for the software-option part numbers.

6.1 Activating Software Options

Each 45MG has a unique serial number code. A provided option key specific to a
particular 45MG activates the purchased software options only on that specific 45MG
unit. A single-option key is capable of activating one, several, or all software options.

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To activate a software option

1. In the measurement screen, press [SETUP], and then select SP MENU.
2. In the SP MENU (see Figure 4-2 on page 43), select OPTIONS (see Figure 6-1 on
page 69), take note of the 16-digit alphanumeric serial number appearing in the
E-S/N field.
The OPTION list indicates the actual status of the software options, where the
check mark ( ) indicates that the option is activated.

Alphanumeric serial
number

Option key text box

Figure 6-1 The OPTIONS screen

3. To purchase one or more software options, contact your local Olympus

representative and provide the alphanumeric serial number (E-S/N).
Your Olympus representative will provide you with the corresponding option
key.
4. In the OPTIONS screen (see Figure 6-1 on page 69):
a) Enter the option key in the OPTION KEY text box provided to you from the
Olympus representative.
b) Select ACTIVATE.
5. Restart the instrument to complete the activation.

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6.2 About Echo Detection Modes with Dual Element Transducers

With dual element transducers, the 45MG offers three echo detection modes that
allow you to measure thicknesses in various material conditions. A description of
each of the three echo detection modes (STANDARD, optional AUTO E-TO-E, and
MANUAL E-TO-E) follows:

STANDARD
The standard echo detection mode measures the thickness based on the time of
flight between the main bang and the first back-wall echo. Use this mode for
uncoated materials.
The DE-STD indicator appears to the left of the thickness reading, and a
triangular echo detection marker appears at the back-wall echo, below the
waveform display (see Figure 6-2 on page 70).

Echo detection marker Dual element (DE) standard (STD) echo detection mode

Figure 6-2 Measuring with the standard echo detection mode

AUTO E-TO-E (Optional)

The automatic Echo-to-Echo detection mode measures the thickness using the
time of flight between two consecutive back-wall echoes. Use this mode for
painted or coated materials, because the time interval between consecutive back-
wall echoes excludes the time of flight through a paint, resin, or coating layer.
The DE-AEtoE indicator appears to the left of the thickness reading.
When the Waveform software option is enabled, the triangular marker is replaced

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by an Echo-to-Echo detection bar that indicates the exact pair of back-wall echoes
used to determine the thickness (see Figure 6-3 on page 71). The echo height is
automatically adjusted to a preset level.

Echo-to-echo Dual element (DE) automatic Echo-to-Echo (AEtoE)

detection bar detection mode

Figure 6-3 Measuring with the automatic Echo-to-Echo detection mode

MANUAL E-TO-E (optional and only available when Echo-to-Echo and the
Waveform options are activated)
The manual Echo-to-Echo detection mode also measures the thickness using the
time of flight between two consecutive back-wall echoes. However, the gain and
blanking parameters can also be manually adjusted in this mode. This mode is
useful when material conditions produce noisy signals that could render the
automatic mode less effective.
The DE-MEtoE indicator appears to the left of the thickness reading. The Echo-to-
Echo detection bar is similar to the automatic Echo-to-Echo mode, but includes
the adjustable E1 blank bar that indicates the area to exclude for echo detection
(see Figure 6-4 on page 72). Following the E1 blank, the instrument detects the
next echo with an amplitude of at least 20 % of the waveform display height. In
this mode, press [GAIN/WAVE ADJ], and then use the arrow keys to adjust the
EXT BLANK, the E1 BLANK, and the GAIN parameters.

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[WAVE ADJ] parameter E1 blank bar

Echo-to-Echo detection
bar
Dual element (DE)
manual Echo-to-Echo
(MEtoE) detection mode

Figure 6-4 Measuring with the manual Echo-to-Echo detection mode

In severe corrosion situations where valid multiple echoes are not present, you must
use either the standard or optional THRU-COAT mode in order to be able to measure
thicknesses.

Dual element transducers can be used in all three modes, and all measurement,
display, and datalogger functions can be used with the echo-to-echo modes. The
internal datalogger recognizes all necessary echo-to-echo information, and saves it in
order to upload and download thickness, waveform, and setup data.

It is not necessary to switch between echo detection modes when measuring both
coated and uncoated areas, because it is possible to measure uncoated wall
thicknesses using an echo-to-echo mode.

To change the echo detection mode

1. In the measurement screen, press [SETUP], and then select MEAS.

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2. In the MEAS screen, set the MEAS MODE to the desired echo detection mode:
STANDARD, AUTO E-TO-E (optional), or MANUAL E-TO-E (only available
with the Waveform option).

When switching between standard and Echo-to-Echo modes, it may be necessary to

perform a second [CAL ZERO], because the zero offset is different for each
measurement mode. The 45MG can store two different zero calibrations, one for
standard mode, and the other for Echo-to-Echo mode.

3. To perform the zero calibration again:

a) Place a drop of couplant on the surface of the thin part of the test block.
b) Couple the transducer to the thin part of the test block, and then press
[CAL ZERO].
c) Once the thickness reading is stable, press [ENTER].
d) Using the arrow keys, edit the thickness value to match the known thickness
of the thin part of the test block.

6.2.1 Blanking Adjustments in Manual Echo-to-Echo Detection Mode

The 45MG offers two blanking functions to help detect valid echoes in situations
where material conditions generate unwanted signals:

EXT BLANK
The extended blank creates a blanked zone that begins at the left edge of the
waveform display, and in which no signals are detected. In situations where the
second or third pair of back-wall echoes are stronger or cleaner than the first pair,
use the extended blank to control which pair of echoes are used for measurement.
E1 BLANK
The echo 1 (E1) blank runs for a selected interval following the first detected echo.
Use the E1 blank to exclude any unwanted peaks occurring between the first and
second back-wall echoes. Unwanted peaks may be trailing edges of a large first
echo, or shear-wave reflections on thick test pieces. The E1 blank parameter is
only available in the manual Echo-to-Echo detection mode.

To adjust the extended and the E1 blank parameters

1. Select the manual Echo-to-Echo mode:

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a) In the measurement screen, press [SETUP], and then select MEAS.

b) In the MEAS menu, set the MEAS OPTION to MANUAL E-TO-E, and then
press [MEAS].
2. Press [GAIN/WAVE ADJ].
The wave adjustment parameter appears (see Figure 6-5 on page 74).

[WAVE ADJ] parameter

Poor manual measurement Good manual measurement

Figure 6-5 Comparing manual measurements

3. Use the [] and [] keys to select either the EXT BLANK or the E1 BLANK
parameter.
4. Use the [] and [] keys to adjust the value to exclude unwanted peaks and to
detect the desired echoes.

6.2.2 Dual Element Transducer Selection in Echo-to-Echo Modes

Although the optional Echo-to-Echo modes work with all the 45MG dual element
transducers, Olympus recommends using specific transducers for particular thickness
ranges in steel parts (see Table 4 on page 75).

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Table 4 Recommended transducers for various steel thickness ranges

Transducer type Thickness rangea

D798 0.060 in. to 0.300 in. (1.5 mm to 7.6 mm)

D790/791 0.100 in. to 2.00 in. (2.5 mm to 51 mm)

D797 0.500 in. to 5.00 in. (12.7 mm to 127 mm)

D7906 0.100 in. to 2.00 in. (2.5 mm to 51 mm)

a. Thickness ranges are dependent on the transducer type, material
conditions, and temperature.

In some cases, an error can occur if you are using a D790 transducer to measure
thicknesses above 0.7 in. (18 mm). Typically, this error is due to a mode-converted
shear-wave echo that may appear before the second back-wall echo. If this unwanted
echo is larger than the second back-wall echo, the gage measures the distance to it,
which produces a thinner reading.

You can usually distinguish the unwanted shear-wave echo from the correct back-wall
echo by examining the waveform display. The distance between the first and the
second back-wall echoes is the same as the distance between the zero thickness point
and the first back-wall echo. If there is an echo between the first two back-wall echoes,
it is probably a mode-converted shear-wave echo. Use the manual echo-to-echo
detection mode techniques, and manually adjust the E1 blank to eliminate this error
(see section “Blanking Adjustments in Manual Echo-to-Echo Detection Mode” on
page 73). Using the D797 transducer beyond 0.7 in. (18 mm) helps eliminate the
possibility of this error.

In some cases, the second or third back-wall echo is smaller in amplitude than
subsequent echoes, which causes the instrument to give a double or triple reading. If
you are using a D790 transducer, this effect may occur around 0.2 in. (5 mm) on flat,
smooth steel samples. If this occurs, it is clearly visible on the waveform display, and
you can work around it using the manual Echo-to-Echo detection mode, or by moving
the extended blank beyond the previously detected first echo.

When the 45MG cannot make an echo-to-echo reading, the LOS flag appears on the
screen. In this case, the waveform display shows that either no echoes are large
enough to be detected, or that only one echo is detectable. In the latter case, the Echo-
to-Echo detection bar begins at the detected echo, but extends indefinitely to the right.

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Increase the gain value to make a good echo-to-echo reading. If this does not help, you
can still obtain an approximate measurement by returning to the standard echo
detection mode.

6.3 Measurements with Optional THRU-COAT, D7906, and D7908

Transducers

THRU-COAT is an optional function that measures the true metal thickness of coated
or painted parts. This function only requires a single back-wall echo, and is
recommended for heavy corrosion applications where the outside of the material is
coated or painted. If necessary, the measurement of the coating/paint layer can also be
calibrated to precisely measure the thickness of the coating/paint.

In order for the THRU-COAT function to work properly, the thickness of the coating
or paint must be at least 0.005 in. (0.125 mm) thick. The maximum coating/paint
thickness that THRU-COAT can measure is dependent on the type of coating, but
typically greater then 0.080 in. (2 mm).
If the THRU-COAT function does not display a coating thickness, or if the coating
thickness does not seem realistic, THRU-COAT may not be able to properly resolve
the coating thickness. In such cases, the user should try a different measurement
mode, like Echo-to-Echo or standard.

6.3.1 Enabling the THRU-COAT Function

The THRU-COAT function is only available when you connect a THRU-COAT
transducer (P/N: D7906 [U8450005] or D7908 [U8450008]) to the 45MG.

To enable the THRU-COAT function

1. Connect a THRU-COAT transducer to the 45MG.
2. Turn on the instrument.
3. Wipe the couplant off the transducer tip.
4. Press [2nd F], [CAL ZERO] (Do ZERO) (see Figure 6-6 on page 77).

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Figure 6-6 Opening the THRU-COAT setup dialog box

5. Select YES to answer the Enable THRU COAT? prompt.

6.3.2 Performing a THRU-COAT Calibration

The calibration procedure for a THRU-COAT probe is similar to the procedure for
other probes. As for a normal calibration, you need two uncoated samples with
accurately known thin and thick thicknesses in order to perform the calibration
procedure below. The difference is that towards the end of the procedure, you can
press [CAL VEL] a second time to calibrate the coating thickness measurement on a
sample with an accurately known coating thickness.

To perform a THRU-COAT calibration

1. Ensure that the THRU-COAT function is enabled (see section “Enabling the
THRU-COAT Function” on page 76).
2. Couple the transducer to the thick sample.
3. Press [CAL VEL].
4. Once the reading is stable, press [ENTER].
5. Using the arrow keys, edit the thickness value to match the known thickness of
the sample.
6. Couple the transducer to the thin sample.
7. Press [CAL ZERO].
8. Once the reading is stable, press [ENTER].

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9. Using the arrow keys, edit the thickness value to match the known thickness of
the sample.
10. If the coating thickness-measurement accuracy is important to your application,
perform the following actions (omitting this step does not affect the accuracy of
the metal thickness measurement):
a) Press [CAL VEL] again.
b) Couple the transducer to the coated sample.
c) Once the reading is stable, press [ENTER].
d) Using the arrow keys, edit the thickness value to match the known coating
thickness of the coated sample.
11. Press [MEAS] to complete the calibration.

Pressing [2nd F], [CAL VEL] (VEL) opens the VELOCITY screen, in which you can
see and edit the calibrated metal sound velocity. Pressing [2nd F], [CAL VEL] (VEL)
again opens the VELOCITY screen for the calibrated sound velocity through the
coating.

6.4 Waveform Software Option

The live Waveform option for the 45MG allows the user to view the live ultrasonic
waveform in order to aid alignment of the transducer during difficult applications.
When this option is activated, the user can switch between the standard thickness
display (see Figure 6-7 on page 79) and the optional waveform thickness display (see
Figure 6-8 on page 80).

Other waveform setup features are listed below:

• [GAIN/WAVE ADJ] allows the user to make setup adjustments that are not
available in standard mode.
• With dual element transducers (see chapter “Using Advanced Gaging
Features” on page 149):
• Manually adjust the GAIN in 1 dB increments.
• Set an extended blank.
• Set an Echo1 blank in Manual Echo-to-Echo mode.

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• Adjust the waveform range and delay.

• With the Single Element transducer option (see chapter “About Custom
Setups for Single Element Transducers” on page 165):
• Adjust the pulse-receive parameters (TVG gain and blanks)
• Create custom single element transducer setups.
• Adjust the waveform range and delay.
• Auto Zoom: This mode automatically adjusts the range and delay so that the
measured echo is always on-screen.
• The waveform rectification: Enables the user to switch the waveform between Full
wave, Half+, Half–, and RF display.
• Waveform Fill: Enables the user to show the filled-in waveform. This feature is
not available for RF rectification mode.
• Assigns the [SAVE] key to:
Save only the thickness value.
OR
Save the thickness and waveform (only available when the Datalogger software
option is also purchased).

Figure 6-7 Standard display

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Figure 6-8 Waveform display

To activate the waveform

1. In the measurement screen, press [SETUP], and then select DISPLAY.
2. Set WAVEFORM ENABLE to ON.

6.4.1 About Waveform Rectification

The rectification mode determines the way in which the ultrasonic echoes are
represented on the waveform display (see Figure 6-9 on page 81). The rectification
mode does not affect the thickness measurement in any way. The rectification
indicator (FULL, POS, NEG, or RF) appears on the left edge of the waveform display.
In the measurement screen, press [SETUP], and then select DISPLAY to access the
WAVEFORM RECTIFICATION parameter.

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Full Half–

Half+ RF

Figure 6-9 Examples of the rectification modes

The available rectification modes are:

FULL
This mode shows the negative portion of the echo folded around the baseline, so
that both positive and negative waveform lobes are displayed. This mode
provides the best overall representation of position and magnitude for most
thickness-measurement applications. FULL is the default mode for dual element
transducers.
HALF– (NEG indicator)
This mode shows negative waveform lobes as positive, and does not show the
positive lobes.
HALF+ (POS indicator)
This mode shows positive waveform lobes, and does not show the negative
waveform lobes.
RF
This mode shows negative and positive lobes on either side of the baseline. RF is
the default mode for single element transducers.

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6.4.2 About the Waveform Trace

The 45MG can display the waveform trace as a line (OUTLINE), or as a FILLED area
(see Figure 6-10 on page 82). In the measurement screen, press [SETUP], and then
select DISPLAY to access the WAVEFORM TRACE parameter.

A filled-in waveform trace is only possible when the waveform rectification is set to
FULL, HALF+, or HALF–.

Outline waveform Filled-in waveform

Figure 6-10 Examples of waveform trace modes

6.4.3 About the Range of the Waveform Display

The range of the waveform display (see Figure 6-11 on page 83) is the distance
spanned by the horizontal axis of the waveform display. The left end of the horizontal
axis, the delay, is generally set to zero. The delay value can be manually adjusted to
change the starting point of the range (see section “Adjusting the Delay Value” on
page 84), and to select the end point of the range (see section “Selecting the Range
Value” on page 83). You can also activate the zoom function to automatically set the
delay and the range values for optimum visualization of the echo (see section
“Activating the Zoom Function (Available Only with the Waveform Option)” on
page 84).

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Adjustable delay value Selectable range value

Units

Figure 6-11 The range of the waveform display

6.4.3.1 Selecting the Range Value

There are fixed ranges available for each transducer frequency. The available ranges
are also dependent on material sound velocity. These selectable ranges let you adjust
the thickness span of the waveform display to show only the thickness range being
measured, and thus obtain maximum waveform resolution for each application. The
range setting affects only the waveform display. It is possible to make measurements
even when the display range does not show the detected echo from which the
thickness is measured. The range cannot be manually set while the zoom is active.

To select the range value

1. In the measurement screen, press the [] and [] keys to adjust the range.
The waveform range changes to the next higher available range.
2. Continue pressing the [] key to select the next higher range, or press the [] key
to select the next lower range.
The range value recycles to the minimum range value following the maximum
value.

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When the [GAIN/WAVE ADJ] parameters are active, the range and delay become
items in the parameter list. Use the [] and [] keys to highlight the range parameter,
and the [] and [] keys to adjust the range. Press [MEAS] to stop adjusting the
range.

6.4.3.2 Adjusting the Delay Value

The delay of the waveform display adjusts the beginning of the horizontal span. The
delay can be adjusted to display the waveform of interest in the center of the
waveform display. This function is very useful when using delay line or immersion
transducers, or when measuring thick material, in order to ensure that the measured
echoes can be seen in greater detail.

To adjust the delay value

 In the measurement screen, press the [] and [] keys to adjust the delay.

When the [GAIN/WAVE ADJ] parameters are active, the range and delay become
items in the parameter list. Use the [] and [] keys to highlight the delay parameter,
and the [] and [] keys to adjust the delay. Press [MEAS] to stop adjusting the delay.

6.4.3.3 Activating the Zoom Function (Available Only with the Waveform Option)
The zoom function automatically and dynamically sets the delay and range values to
optimally track and show the detected echo in the waveform display.

To activate the zoom function

1. In the measurement screen, press [SETUP], and then select DISPLAY.
2. In the DISPLAY screen, set the ZOOM OPTION to ON.
The zoom flag ( ) appears on the lower right side of the waveform display, below
the range parameter.

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The resulting zoomed waveform depends on the current measurement mode. The
zoom for D79X dual element transducers and mode 1 single element transducers
centers the first back-wall echo on the screen (see Figure 6-12 on page 85).

Normal display Zoomed display

Figure 6-12 Comparing the normal and zoomed display in mode 1

The zoom with single element transducers in mode 2 adjusts the waveform range and
delay so that the interface echo and the first back-wall echo appear on the waveform
display (see Figure 6-13 on page 85).

Normal display Zoomed display

Figure 6-13 Comparing the normal and zoomed display in mode 2

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The zoom with single element transducers in mode 3 adjusts the waveform range and
delay so that the interface echo and the second measured back-wall echo appear on
the waveform display (see Figure 6-14 on page 86).

Normal display Zoomed display

Figure 6-14 Comparing the normal and zoomed display in mode 3

To deactivate the zoom function

1. In the measurement screen, press [SETUP], and then select DISPLAY.
2. In the DISPLAY screen, set the ZOOM OPTION to OFF.

6.5 Single Element and High Resolution Option

The optional Single Element High Resolution software allows the 45MG to use single
element direct contact, delay line, and immersion transducers. This enables the 45MG
to be used for precision thickness gaging applications. When this option is activated,
the user can select from a set of default single element transducer setups, or create and
store/recall customers’ single element setups.

The 45MG is not able to automatically recognize which single element transducer is
connected. As such, the appropriate default or customer setup must be recalled for
the single element transducer being used.

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6.5.1 Recalling Single Element Transducer Setups

The procedure for recalling single element transducer setups is explained in section
“Setting Up the Transducer” on page 51.

6.5.2 Creating Custom Single Element Transducer Setups

For more information about how to create custom single element transducer setups,
please refer to chapter “About Custom Setups for Single Element Transducers” on
page 165.

6.5.3 High-Resolution Thickness

The 45MG has the ability to display thickness values with its standard resolution of
either 0.001 in. or 0.01 mm, and its low resolution of either 0.01 in. or 0.1 mm. These
resolutions are adequate for most ultrasonic thickness-measurement applications.

For single element transducers, the high-resolution software option provides the
added ability to display thickness readings with a high resolution of either 0.0001 in.
or 0.001 mm. High resolution is not available for all transducers and measurement
modes, and is also limited to the maximum thickness. Although the 45MG is able to
display thickness readings in high resolution, the measurement accuracy is highly
dependent on the material, geometry, surface condition, and temperature, and also
needs to be determined on a case-by-case sample evaluation basis.

High resolution is available for the following transducers and measurement

conditions:

• Single element transducer in the frequency range of 2.25 MHz to 30.0 MHz
• Thickness measurement below 4.00 in. or 100 mm
High resolution is not available for the following transducers or measurement
conditions:

• Dual element transducers

• Low-frequency transducers with a frequency below 2.25 MHz
• Thickness ranges over 4.00 in. or 100 mm
• Once activated, the high-resolution selection appears in the resolution
selection list (see section “Changing the Thickness Resolution” on page 49).

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6.6 High-Penetration Software Option

The 45MG high-penetration software option coupled with low-frequency single

element transducers (down to 0.5 MHz) allows you to make thickness, material sound
velocity, and time-of-flight measurements on materials such as composites, fiberglass,
plastic, rubber, and cast metals that are difficult or impossible to measure using
standard ultrasonic instruments. The M2008 [U8415001] transducer is a special low-
frequency transducer used to measure the thickness of thick fiber-reinforced polymer
(FRP) and composite materials.

With a M2008 transducer only, press [2nd F], [CAL ZERO] (Do ZERO) at any time to
auto-adjust the zero offset and compensate for temperature changes in the delay line.

To use the high-penetration software option with the M2008 transducer

1. Ensure that the high-penetration software option is activated (see section
“Activating Software Options” on page 68 for details).
2. Connect the M2008 transducer to the T/R 1 connector at the top of the 45MG.
3. Press [2nd F], [FREEZE] (XDCR RECALL).
4. In the menu, select DEFAULT HP SINGLE ELEMENT.
5. In the DEFAULT HP SINGLE ELEMENT screen, highlight the default transducer
setup for the M2008 (DEFP1-0.5-M2008), or any custom setup that uses the M2008
transducer.
6. Press [MEAS] to return to the measurement screen with the recalled transducer
setup.
7. Wipe the couplant off the transducer tip.
8. Press [2nd F], [CAL ZERO] (Do ZERO).
9. Perform the material sound velocity and zero calibration (see section “Calibrating
the Instrument” on page 55).

6.7 Datalogger Option

This section describes how to use the 45MG internal datalogger to organize your data.

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The following topics are covered in this section:

• About the Datalogger (see section 6.7.1 on page 89)

• Creating a Data File (see section 6.7.2 on page 92)
• Performing File Operations (see section 6.7.4 on page 105)
• Setting the ID Overwrite Protection (see section 6.7.5 on page 114)
• About the ID Review Screen (see section 6.7.6 on page 115)
• Generating Reports (see section 6.7.7 on page 120)

6.7.1 About the Datalogger

The 45MG datalogger is a file-based system, in which one file is opened at a time. The
active file stores a measurement at a thickness-measurement location ID. Each time
you press [SAVE], the displayed value is saved to the active file at the current ID. The
ID is automatically incremented for the next measurement. When you press [FILE],
the name of the active file appears in the ID bar above the menu (see Figure 6-15 on
page 89).

Name of the active file

Figure 6-15 The active file name appears in the ID bar

The file also contains header parameters that can be defined to better describe the
content of the file. In the file, you can organize the ID range, select the data format,
and select the saved data. Table 5 on page 90 summarizes the contents of a file, and
indicates where you can find more information.

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Table 5 File contents summary

Contents Description See section

Header Extra parameters to describe the contents and “Creating a

the context of the data Data File” on
page 92

Measurement Organized by predefined IDs arranged by file “About Data

data types File Types”
on page 93

Data format defined by the file data mode “About File

Data Modes”
on page 104

Saved data (thickness measurement with or “Saving

without the waveform) configured using the Data” on
setup menu page 65

You can identify the datalogger parameters in the ID bar at the top of the
measurement screen (see Figure 6-16 on page 90).

ID bar Previous thickness

ID number

Figure 6-16 Identifying datalogger parameters

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With each measurement, the 45MG also stores a complete description of the
measurement conditions. Table 6 on page 91 describes the additional data stored with
each thickness measurement and with each waveform.

Table 6 Additional information stored with the data

For a measurement For a waveform

File name Zoom status
File header data Horizontal axis limits
Identifier Detection marker position
Units (in. or mm) Delay
LOS (loss of signal) Range
Differential mode Rectification mode
Differential reference value
Alarm mode
Alarm status
Alarm set points
Minimum or maximum mode
Minimum or maximum reading
Velocity
Resolution
Transducer setup number and information
Coating thickness
(when THRU-COAT is active)

It is possible to store approximately 475000 thickness values without waveforms in

the internal memory, or approximately 20000 thickness values with waveforms. You
can double the storage capacity by using an optional external MicroSD memory card.
The maximum capacity of the external MicroSD card that can be used on the 45MG is
2 GB.

With the datalogger, you can easily create a data file (see section “Creating a Data
File” on page 92), perform a number of file operations (see section “Performing File
Operations” on page 105), and perform data operations (see section “Setting the ID
Overwrite Protection” on page 114).

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6.7.2 Creating a Data File

The following procedure describes how to create a data file in the 45MG.

It is also possible to create a 45MG data file from a computer using the GageView
interface program. Refer to the GageView Interface Program — User’s Manual (P/N:
910-259-EN [U8778347]) for details.

To create a data file

1. In the measurement screen, press [FILE], and then select CREATE.
2. In the CREATE screen (see Figure 6-17 on page 93):
a) In the FILE NAME parameter, enter the desired file name using up to
32 characters.
b) In the DESCRIPTION parameter, optionally enter a description of the
contents of the file.
c) In the INSPECTOR ID, optionally enter an identification of the inspector.
d) In the LOCATION NOTE parameter, optionally enter an identification of
where the measurements are performed.
e) Select the appropriate data FILE TYPE for your application (see section
“About Data File Types” on page 93 for details).
f) Select the appropriate FILE DATA MODE for your application (see section
“About File Data Modes” on page 104 for details).
g) Set the DELETE PROTECTION mode to ON or OFF.
Delete protection locks the file so it cannot be deleted. You can unlock the file
for deletion using the file edit function.
h) Depending on the selected FILE TYPE, refer to the following sections for the
remaining steps of this procedure:
• INCREMENTAL see section “About the Incremental
Data File Type” on page 94
• SEQUENTIAL see section “About the Sequential
Data File Type” on page 96

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• SEQ+CUSTOM PT see section “About the Sequential

with Custom Point Data File Type”
on page 97
• 2D GRID see section “About the 2-D Grid
Data File Type” on page 98
• BOILER see section “About the Boiler Data
File Type” on page 102

Figure 6-17 Example of the CREATE screen

At any time, you can press [2nd F], [] or [2nd F], [] to scroll between parameters on
the screen.

6.7.2.1 About Data File Types

You can create a data file using one of the following five data file types:

• Incremental
• Sequential
• Sequential with Custom Point
• 2-D Matrix Grid
• Boiler

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6.7.2.2 About the Incremental Data File Type

The incremental data file type uses the alphanumeric start ID value (up to
20 characters), and automatically increments to the subsequent ID value using the
following incrementation rules:

• Increments only digits and letters, not punctuation marks or other special
characters.
• Begins incrementation with the right-most character.
• Extends leftward until reaching the first punctuation mark or special character, or
the left-most character, whichever comes first.
• Increments digits from 0, 1, 2,..., 9. Makes the 9 to 0 transition only after
incrementing the character to the left.
• Increments letters from A, B, C,..., Z. Makes the Z to A transition only after
incrementing the character to the left.
• When an ID cannot be incremented after a reading is saved, the Cannot
increment ID! message momentarily appears in the help text bar. Subsequent
saves overwrite the reading of the last possible ID until the ID value range is
changed.

To configure the gage to increment through a range of numbers several digits wide
while beginning with a single-digit ID number, the maximum number of digit
positions must be entered initially using leading zeroes (see examples in Table 7 on
page 94).

Table 7 Resulting ID examples for the INCREMENTAL file type

START ID Resulting IDs
1 1, 2, 3,..., 9
0001 0001 0010
0002 ...
0003 9999
...
0009

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Table 7 Resulting ID examples for the INCREMENTAL file type (continued)

START ID Resulting IDs
ABC ABC ACA
ABD ACB
ABE ACC
... ...
ABZ ZZZ
1A 1A 2A
1B 2B
1C ...
.... 9Z
1Z
ABC*12*34 ABC*12*34
ABC*12*35
ABC*12*36
...
ABC*12*99

To create an incremental data file

1. In the measurement screen, press [FILE], and then select CREATE (see section
“Creating a Data File” on page 92 for details on the first parameters).
2. In the CREATE screen (see Figure 6-18 on page 95):
a) Enter the START ID value.
b) Select CREATE.

Figure 6-18 The CREATE screen for the incremental data file type

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6.7.2.3 About the Sequential Data File Type

The sequential data file type is similar to the incremental type, although it also allows
you to define both starting and ending ID numbers. The resulting file is inclusive of
the starting and ending points, and all incremental points in between (see the
examples in Table 8 on page 96).

Table 8 Resulting ID examples for the SEQUENTIAL file type

START ID END ID Resulting IDs
ABC123 ABC135 ABC123
ABC124
ABC125
...
ABC135
XY-GY XY-IB XY-GY
XY-GZ
XY-HA
...
XY-IB

To create a sequential data file

1. In the measurement screen, press [FILE], and then select CREATE (see section
“Creating a Data File” on page 92 for details on the first parameters).
2. At the bottom of the CREATE screen, select CONTINUE.
3. In the second page of the CREATE screen (see Figure 6-19 on page 97):
a) Enter the START ID and END ID values.
b) Select CREATE.

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Figure 6-19 Selecting the ID range for the sequential file type

6.7.2.4 About the Sequential with Custom Point Data File Type
The sequential with custom point (SEQ+CUSTOM PT) data file type is defined by a
starting and an ending ID number, plus a series of custom points. The resulting file is
inclusive of the start and end points, and all points in between. In addition, multiple
thickness readings per ID number location are assigned using the assigned custom
points.

Use the sequential with custom point data file type when you want, for example, to
measure along a pipe or tube on which, at each ID number location, you can take
measurements at the top, bottom, left, and right of the pipe (see an example in Table 9
on page 97).

Table 9 Resulting ID example for the SEQ+CUSTOM PT file type

START ID END ID Custom point Resulting IDs
XYZ1267 XYZ1393 TOP XYZ1267TOP
BOTTOM XYZ1267BOTTOM
LEFT XYZ1267LEFT
RIGHT XYZ1267RIGHT
XYZ1268TOP
XYZ1268BOTTOM
XYZ1268LEFT
...
XYZ1393RIGHT

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The allowable number of characters for each custom point depends on the number of
ID characters defined in the start and end ID values. The total number of characters of
the ID value plus the custom points cannot exceed 20. For example, when the start
and end ID values are seven characters long, as shown in the example in Table 9 on
page 97, the maximum allowable length for each custom point is thirteen (20 – 7 = 13).

To create a sequential data file with custom points

1. In the measurement screen, press [FILE], and then select CREATE (see section
“Creating a Data File” on page 92 for details on the first parameters).
2. At the bottom of the CREATE screen, select CONTINUE.
3. In the second page of the CREATE screen (see Figure 6-20 on page 98):
a) Enter the START ID and END ID values.
b) Enter two or more CUSTOM POINTS values.
c) Press [2nd F], [] to finish entering CUSTOM POINTS values.
d) Select CREATE.

Figure 6-20 Configuring ID range for a sequential with custom points data file type

6.7.2.5 About the 2-D Grid Data File Type

A 2-D grid is a sequence of ID numbers arranged to describe a path in two
dimensions. Each part of the ID number corresponds to a particular matrix
dimension.

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A 2-D (two-dimensional) sequence begins with the ID number that refers to the first
column and the first row (see Figure 6-21 on page 99). The column (or row) then
increments one value at a time until the sequence reaches the last column (or row)
value, while the other dimension value stays constant. At this point, the other
dimension increments from its first to last value. This continues until the ID number
that refers to the last column and the last row is reached. You have the option to select
whether the columns or the rows will be incremented first.

Figure 6-21 General 2-D grid example

A grid structure may associate one dimension of the grid with the physical parts
whose wall thickness is to be measured. The particular measurement points on each
part are then associated with the other dimension of the grid (see the example in
Figure 6-22 on page 100).

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Measurement location

ID

Row

Column

Figure 6-22 One grid for 75 identical parts

Alternatively, the rows and columns of a grid may refer to a two-dimensional map of
measurement points on the surface of one part. In this case, a different grid is created
for each part (see the examples in Figure 6-23 on page 101).

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Name: Elbow
Rows: 01 through 10
Columns: A through E
IDs: Elbow/A0 through
Elbow/E10

Name: Tee
Rows: 1 through 4
Columns: 1 through 3
IDs: Tee/11 through Tee/34

Figure 6-23 Differently named grid for each part

To create a 2-D grid data file

1. In the measurement screen, press [FILE], and then select CREATE (see section
“Creating a Data File” on page 92 for details on the first parameters).
2. At the bottom of the CREATE screen, select CONTINUE.
3. In the second page of the CREATE screen (see Figure 6-24 on page 102):
a) Enter the START COLUMN, END COLUMN, START ROW, and END ROW
values.

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b) Select the ID FORMAT to determine how letters are incremented after Z:

STANDARD: A, B, C... Z, AA, AB, AC... ZZ.
EPRI: A, B, C... Z, AA, BB, CC... ZZ.
c) In INC 1ST BY, select which parameter increments first (ROW or COLUMN).
d) Select CREATE.

Figure 6-24 Configuring the ID range for a 2-D grid data file type

The 45MG has the capability to add a row or a column, and to change the
incrementation direction after a grid file is created (see section “Editing a File” on
page 108 for details).

6.7.2.6 About the Boiler Data File Type

A boiler file is a special file type designed specifically for boiler applications. A
common method for identifying a thickness-measurement location is to use the
following three dimensional approaches:

Elevation
The first dimension refers to the physical distance from the bottom of the boiler to
the top.

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Tube number
The second dimension refers to the number of the specific boiler tube to be
inspected.
Custom points
The third dimension refers to the actual thickness reading location at the specified
elevation on the specified tube.
The three dimensions are combined in a single ID number to precisely identify the
exact location of each thickness reading. Table 10 on page 103 shows an example in
which incrementation for the custom points was chosen first, the tube number second,
and the elevation third.

Table 10 Resulting ID example for the BOILER file type

CUSTOM
ELEVATIONS START TUBE END TUBE Resulting IDs
POINTS
10FT 01 73 L (left) 10FT-01L
20FT C (center) 10FT-01C
45FT R (right) 10FT-01R
100FT 10FT-02L
...
10FT-73R
20FT-01L
...
100FT-73R

To create a boiler data file

1. In the measurement screen, press [FILE], and then select CREATE (see section
“Creating a Data File” on page 92 for details on the first parameters).
2. At the bottom of the CREATE screen, select CONTINUE.
3. In the second page of the CREATE screen (see Figure 6-25 on page 104):
a) Enter the START TUBE and END TUBE values.
b) Enter two or more CUSTOM POINTS values.
c) Press [2nd F], [] to finish entering the CUSTOM POINTS values.
d) Enter two or more ELEVATIONS values.
e) Press [2nd F], [] to finish entering the ELEVATIONS values.
f) In INC 1ST BY, select which parameter is to be incremented first (POINT,
TUBE, or ELEVATIONS).

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g) In INC 2ND BY, select which parameter is to be incremented second (POINT,

TUBE, or ELEVATIONS).
h) Select CREATE.

Figure 6-25 Configuring the ID range for a boiler data file type

6.7.3 About File Data Modes

When you create a data file on the 45MG, the file data mode must be selected in order
to determine which measured values are stored in the file (see step 2.f in section
“Creating a Data File” on page 92). Table 11 on page 104 describes the available file
data-mode options. Only one type of data can be stored in a file.

Table 11 File data-mode stored measurements

File data mode Stored measurements When to use

THICKNESS Standard thickness When using basic thickness-

Echo-to-echo thicknesses measurement functions.

THRU COAT Coating thickness When using THRU-COAT (see

Material thicknesses section “Measurements with
Optional THRU-COAT, D7906,
and D7908 Transducers” on
page 76).

VELOCITY Velocity When performing velocity

measurements.

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Table 11 File data-mode stored measurements (continued)

File data mode Stored measurements When to use

MIN/MAX Minimum thickness When using the MIN/MAX mode

Maximum thickness (see section “Using the Minimum,
Maximum, or Min/Max Thickness
Mode” on page 129).

TIME OF FLT Time of flight When measuring time of flight

REDUCTION RT Material thickness When the reduction rate

Reduction rate differential mode is activated (see
REDUCTION RT in section
“Using Alarms” on page 132)

The default file data mode can be set to the most frequently used.

To change the default file data mode

1. In the measurement screen, press [SETUP], and then select SYSTEM.
2. In the SYSTEM screen, set DEFAULT FILE MODE to the desired option (see
Table 11 on page 104 for details).
3. Press [MEAS] to return to the measurement screen.

6.7.4 Performing File Operations

Pressing [FILE] opens a menu from which numerous file operations can be performed
(see Figure 6-26 on page 106). The following sections describe how to perform the
operations. Datalogger files are stored in the internal MicroSD memory card, and
these files can be imported/exported from/to an external MicroSD memory card.

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Figure 6-26 The FILE menu

6.7.4.1 Opening a File

You can open an existing file to make it the active file in which new measurements are
saved.

To open a file
1. Press [FILE], and then select OPEN.
2. In the OPEN screen (see Figure 6-27 on page 107):
a) In SORT BY, select the order in which the files appearing on-screen are sorted
(by NAME or by DATE CREATED).
b) In the list of files, select the file you want to open.
The descriptive header for the highlighted file name appears on the lower
section of the display.
c) Select OPEN to return to the measurement screen with the selected file set as
the active file, and the ID number set to the first ID number in the file.

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Figure 6-27 Opening a file

6.7.4.2 Reviewing a File

There are two ways to review the contents of a file stored in the internal datalogger:
by using OPEN or REVIEW in the FILE menu.

To review a file using OPEN

1. Press [FILE], and then select OPEN.
2. Press [2nd F], [FILE] (ID#) to open the file review screen (see section “About the
ID Review Screen” on page 115).

To review a file using REVIEW

1. Press [FILE], select REVIEW, and then press [ENTER].
2. In the OPEN screen, choose SORT BY, and then select NAME or DATE
CREATED to select how files are displayed on-screen.
3. In the list of files, select the file you want to review. The descriptive header for the
highlighted file name appears on the lower section of the screen.
4. Select REVIEW to go to the file REVIEW screen for the selected file.

6.7.4.3 Copying a File

It is possible to duplicate a file that already exists in the datalogger. The file copy
function is useful for creating a new file with the exact same ID number structure as a
previously created file. You can also choose to copy the thickness data.

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The file copy function can only be used to copy an existing file in the internal memory
to the internal memory. Use the file import and export functions to copy data to and
from the internal memory and the external MicroSD card.

To copy a file
1. In the measurement screen, press [FILE], and then select COPY.
2. In the COPY screen (see Figure 6-28 on page 108):
a) In the list, select the source file.
b) In COPY NAME, enter the file name for the destination file.
c) Set COPY THICKNESS DATA? to YES when you also want to copy the
thickness readings from the original file into the new file.
d) Select COPY.

Figure 6-28 Copying a file

3. Open the newly created file in order to make it the active file (see section
“Opening a File” on page 106.)

6.7.4.4 Editing a File

Once a file is created, the edit function can be used to change the following file
parameters:

• File name
• File description
• Inspector ID

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• Location note
• Delete protection (on/off)
• End row, column, or point of a grid file
• Incrementing order of a grid file
The edit function does not allow you to edit the file type, and cannot be used to edit
individual measurement identifiers (ID), or actual thickness readings.

To edit an existing file

1. In the measurement screen, press [FILE], and then select EDIT.
2. In the EDIT screen (see Figure 6-29 on page 109):
a) In the list, select the file you want to edit.

When scrolling through the file names, a descriptive header for the highlighted file
name appears on the lower section of the display. This information can assist in
selecting the proper file if you are uncertain of the exact file name.

b) To rename the file, edit the NAME value.

c) Edit the file description (DESC), the inspector identification (INSP ID), and
the location note (LOC NOTE) values as needed.
d) To change the file lock state, set DELETE PROTECTION to ON or OFF.
e) For a nongrid file, select UPDATE.

Figure 6-29 Entering new file information

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3. For a grid file, select CONTINUE, and then perform the following actions in the
second page of the EDIT screen (see Figure 6-30 on page 110):
a) Increase the END COLUMN and END ROW values as needed. These values
cannot be decreased.
b) If needed, change the INC 1ST BY value.
c) Select UPDATE.

Figure 6-30 Displaying the grid edit screen

6.7.4.5 Deleting a File or its Contents

The file delete function can be used to completely erase the file from the datalogger
memory, or to erase the contents of a file. Files that are delete-protected cannot be
deleted until the delete protection is disabled (see section “Editing a File” on
page 108.)

Once a file is deleted, it is not possible to recover any information previously

contained in that file.

To delete a file stored in the 45MG

1. In the measurement screen, press [FILE], and then select DELETE.

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2. In the DELETE screen (see Figure 6-31 on page 111):

a) Set DELETE ON to FILE in order to delete an entire file.
b) In the list, select one or more files that you want to delete.
A check mark appears on the right of the line of files selected.
c) Press [2nd F], [] to leave the list.
d) Select the desired Delete Stored Data or Entire File option.
e) Set DELETE MODE to DATA if you only want to delete the contents of the
file.
OR
Set DELETE MODE to FILE if you want to completely erase the file from the
memory.
f) Press ENTER to confirm the operation.

Figure 6-31 Deleting a file

If you select multiple files for deletion, and some of those files are delete-protected,
the 45MG will only delete the files that are not delete-protected.

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6.7.4.6 Deleting a Range of IDs

It is possible to delete a range of IDs in the active file by using the clear memory
function. This function deletes both the data and the ID number locations for
incremental and manual (built in GageView) data files. For other data file types, only
the data is deleted, not the ID number locations.

To delete a range of IDs in a file

1. In the measurement screen, press [FILE], and then select DELETE.
2. In the DELETE screen (see Figure 6-32 on page 112), set DELETE ON to ID
RANGE.
3. Edit the STARTING ID and the ENDING ID values to define the range of IDs
you want to delete from the file.
4. Select DELETE.

Figure 6-32 Deleting the data of an ID range in the active file

6.7.4.7 Deleting All Data Files

The reset function can be used to quickly erase all the files stored in the 45MG.

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Using the internal memory reset or master reset erases all files, and the data contained
in those files. The deleted files and the data they contain cannot be recovered. The
datalogger will be completely empty after this procedure.

To delete all files

1. In the measurement screen, press [SETUP], and then select RESETS.
2. In the RESETS screen (see Figure 6-33 on page 113):
a) In the RESETS list, select INTERNAL MEMORY RESET or MASTER
RESET to delete all files on the internal MicroSD memory card.
b) Select RESET to delete all the files.
OR
Select CANCEL, or press [MEAS] to abort the operation.

Figure 6-33 Warning message when resetting measurements

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6.7.4.8 Viewing the Memory Status

To view the memory status

1. Press [FILE], select MEMORY, and then press [ENTER] to display the MEMORY
status screen (see Figure 6-34 on page 114). This screen indicates the number of
files stored in the internal memory, along with its current capacity.

Figure 6-34 The MEMORY status screen

6.7.5 Setting the ID Overwrite Protection

The ID overwrite protection can be activated to warn you every time you attempt to
overwrite an existing measurement in a file. This function can be enabled at any time.

When the ID overwrite protection is enabled, a message appears (see Figure 6-35 on
page 115) on the help text bar when you perform a save to inform you that the existing
thickness readings/waveforms will be overwritten. Select YES to replace the previous
reading with the new one, or NO to leave the original value.

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Figure 6-35 The ID overwrite protection message

To set the ID overwrite protection

1. In the measurement screen, press [SETUP], and then select MEAS.
2. In the MEAS screen, set ID OVERWRITE PROT to ON or OFF.
3. Press [MEAS] to return to the measurement screen.

6.7.6 About the ID Review Screen

To review the data stored in the active file, use the ID review screen. To toggle the
state of the ID review screen, press [2nd F], [FILE] (ID#). The ID review screen shows
the waveform and the data for the active ID.

Figure 6-36 on page 116 shows an example of the ID review screen and describes its
contents. The area under the waveform is reserved for status flags describing the
displayed stored thickness values. The flags are the same single letter abbreviations
for status words transmitted by the gage using the send commands (see section
“Managing Communications and Data Transfer” on page 187).

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Active ID

m: Minimum value
m: MIN / MAX M: Maximum value

Gain when using a

dual element
transducer

Dual element transducer: LOS: Loss-of-signal indicator

DE-STD: Standard
DE-AEtoE: Automatic Echo-to-
Echo Differential mode:
DE-MEtoE: Manual Echo-to-Echo D:X.XXXIN: Normal
D: XX.X%: Percentage
Single element transducer:
SE-M1: Mode 1 Alarm:
SE-M2: Mode 2 LOW: Low alarm
SE-M3: Mode 3 HIGH: High Alarm

Figure 6-36 Identifying the ID review screen

The ID review screen has three purposes, as follows:

• Reviewing datalogger contents by scanning through stored ID locations in the

active file.
• Moving within the data file and changing the current ID location to any location
that already exists in the data file.
• Changing the current ID location to any location that already exists in the data file
for the purpose of editing that ID location.

6.7.6.1 Reviewing Stored Data and Changing the Active ID

The ID review screen is used to review the data in the active file.

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To review stored data and change the active ID

1. Open the file you want to review (see section “Opening a File” on page 106).
2. In the measurement screen, press [2nd F], [FILE] (ID#).
3. While in the ID review screen (see Figure 6-36 on page 116), perform the
following actions:
a) Review the waveform, status flags, and measured values for the active ID.
b) Press [] to display the data for the next ID in the file.
c) Press [] to display the data for the previous ID in the file.
d) Press [2nd F], [] and [2nd F], [] to jump respectively to the last ID and the
first ID in the file.
e) Press [2nd F], [FILE] (ID#) to edit the ID (see section “Editing the ID” on
page 117).
4. Press [MEAS] to return to the measurement screen with the new active ID.

6.7.6.2 Editing the ID

The ID can be edited as follows:

• Change the active ID to quickly jump to an existing ID. This is useful when you
are using a large file, and it would take too long to locate the desired ID using the
arrow keys.
• Change the active ID to a new ID that does not yet exist in the file. This mode is
useful when you want to include additional measurement points in the active file.
Additional IDs can be added anywhere in the database (beginning, middle, and
end).

No stored data is shown while the ID is being edited.

To use the ID edit mode

1. Open the file containing the ID you want to edit an ID (see section “Opening a
File” on page 106).
2. In the measurement screen, press [2nd F], [FILE] (ID#).
3. Select the ID you want to edit (see section “Reviewing Stored Data and Changing
the Active ID” on page 116).

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4. Press [2nd F], [FILE] (ID#) again, and then edit the ID value (see Figure 6-37 on
page 118).

Figure 6-37 Editing the ID # edit mode

5. Press [MEAS] to return to the measurement screen with the new active ID.
6. When the edited ID is not in the database, the help text bar message shown in
Figure 6-38 on page 118 appears. Select INSERT to insert the new ID in front of
the active ID.
OR
Select APPEND to add the new ID to the end of the file.

Figure 6-38 The message when the edited ID is not in the database

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7. Press [SAVE] with or without an active measurement to make the edited ID a

permanent part of the database.
The sequence resumes at the previous active ID.

6.7.6.3 Erasing Data in the Active File

Data erased using the following techniques CANNOT be recovered.

To erase a single measurement

1. In the measurement screen, press [2nd F], [FILE] (ID#).
The ID review screen appears and shows the active ID with its stored data.
2. Select the ID to be erased (see section “Reviewing Stored Data and Changing the
Active ID” on page 116), and then press [MEAS].
3. Press [SAVE] when not getting a reading to save “--.---”, and then erase the single
reading ID.
The displayed ID changes to the next ID in the sequence.

The easiest way to replace a thickness reading is to save a new measurement at the
desired ID in the measurement screen. If you do not want to save a measurement at a
specific ID, press [SAVE] in the measurement screen when you are not taking a
measurement. This stores an LOS condition and —-.—- at the specific ID number.

4. Press [MEAS] to return to the measurement screen.

When a measurement stored in incremental files is deleted, the ID is also deleted. In

all other file types, only the thickness and waveform data is deleted.

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6.7.7 Generating Reports

The 45MG can generate inspection data reports without having to be connected to a
computer or printer. The following reports are available:

File summary
Shows basic statistics for the file (minimum thickness and location, maximum
thickness and location, and high and low alarm conditions along with the mean,
median, and standard deviation).
Minimum/Maximum summary
Shows a list of ID number locations that have the minimum and maximum
thickness in a file.
Alarm summary
Shows a list of all the ID number locations where a low alarm and high alarm
occurred.
File comparison
Allows you to select two files and compare them. The first file contains the
previous inspection data, and the second file contains the current inspection data.
The report indicates the maximum wall loss and any area of greater wall
thickness (growth), and their ID number locations.
Minimum Review
Allows you to select a file, and then review all the minimum thickness locations in
the file. In addition to verifying the thickness at all minimum locations, you can
replace these minimum thickness locations if necessary.

To generate a report
1. In the measurement screen, press [FILE], and then select REPORT.
2. In the submenu, select the desired type of report. If you select:
• FILE SUMMARY, go to step 3
• MIN/MAX SUMMARY, go to step 4
• FILE COMPARISON, go to step 5
• ALARM SUMMARY, go to step 6
• MIN REVIEW, go to step 7
3. In the FILE SUMMARY screen (see Figure 6-39 on page 121):
a) Select the file for which you want to create the report.

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b) Select REPORT.
The FILE SUMMARY report result screen opens (see Figure 6-40 on
page 121).

Figure 6-39 The FILE SUMMARY report screen

Figure 6-40 The FILE SUMMARY report result screen

c) Select CANCEL to return to the measurement screen, or NEW REPORT to

generate another report.
4. In the MIN/MAX SUMMARY screen:
a) Select the file for which you want to create the report.
b) Select REPORT.
The MIN/MAX SUMMARY report result screen opens with the first min ID #

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highlighted (see Figure 6-41 on page 122).

Figure 6-41 The MIN/MAX SUMMARY report screen

c) Press [2nd F], [] or [2nd F], [] to move between the #MINS and #MAXS
lists.
d) Select CANCEL to return to the measurement screen, or NEW REPORT to
generate another report.
5. In the FILE COMPARISON screen (see Figure 6-42 on page 123):
a) In the upper list, select the reference file you want to use in the comparison.
b) In the lower list, select the comparison file (containing newer data for the
same measurement points).
c) Select REPORT.
The FILE COMPARISON report result screen opens with the first maximum
wall-loss ID highlighted (see Figure 6-43 on page 123).

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Figure 6-42 The FILE COMPARISON report screen

Figure 6-43 The FILE COMPARISON report result screen

d) Review the maximum wall-loss location list, and the maximum wall growth
location list.
e) Select CANCEL to return to the measurement screen, or NEW REPORT to
generate another report.
6. In the ALARM SUMMARY screen:
a) Select the file for which you want to generate the report.
b) Select REPORT.
The report page of the ALARM SUMMARY screen opens with the first low
alarm location ID highlighted (see Figure 6-44 on page 124).

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Figure 6-44 The ALARM SUMMARY report result screen

c) Review the low and the high alarm location lists.

d) Select CANCEL to return to the measurement screen, or NEW REPORT to
generate another report.
7. In the MIN REVIEW screen:
a) Select the file for which you want to generate the report.
b) Select REPORT.
The MIN REVIEW report result screen opens with the minimum thickness ID
highlighted (see Figure 6-45 on page 124).

Figure 6-45 The MIN/MAX SUMMARY report result screen

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c) In the list, select an ID.

The 45MG returns to the live measurement screen at the selected minimum
ID in the file (see Figure 6-46 on page 125).

Figure 6-46 Returning to the measurement screen

d) Couple the probe back to the minimum ID location to verify the thickness,
and then press [SAVE] to store the new measurement.
e) Use the [] and [] keys to move to other minimum review list IDs.
Press [MEAS] to exit the minimum review.

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7. Using Special Functions

This chapter describes how to use special 45MG functions and modes. The 45MG has
many thickness-measurement features. Although the features outlined in this section
are not required for basic thickness operation, they can make the gage a more versatile
instrument.

The following topics are covered in this section:

• Activating and Configuring a Differential Mode (see section 7.1 on page 127).
• Using the Minimum, Maximum, or Min/Max Thickness Mode (see section 7.2 on
page 129).
• Preventing False Minimum/Maximum Thickness Readings (see section 7.3 on
page 131).
• Using Alarms (see section 7.4 on page 132).
• Locking the Instrument (see section 7.5 on page 136).
• Freezing the Measurement or Optional Waveform (see section 7.6 on page 138).

7.1 Activating and Configuring a Differential Mode

The 45MG includes differential modes that can be used to easily compare the actual
measurement with an entered reference value. The actual thickness measurement
appears on the thickness display, and the differential value appears in the differential
display area (see Figure 7-1 on page 128).

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Actual thickness

Differential value

Figure 7-1 Normal differential mode (shown with Waveform option activated)

The units and resolution of the differential thickness are the same as those selected for
the thickness measurement.

When you press [SAVE] (with the optional datalogger) while in the NORMAL or
% RATIO differential modes, the 45MG saves the actual thickness value along with
the “D” flag indicating that the Differential mode is active.

To activate and configure a differential mode

1. In the measurement screen, press [SETUP], and then select DIFF.
2. In the DIFF screen (see Figure 7-2 on page 129):
a) Set DIFF ENABLE to ON to activate the differential function.
b) In DIFF MODE, select one of the three differential modes:
• NORMAL: Shows the actual thickness, along with the difference between
the actual thickness measurement and the REF VALUE entered.

Differential Normal = Current thickness – Reference value

• % RATIO: Shows the actual thickness along with the percent difference
from the REF VALUE entered.

Current thickness – Reference value

Differential % Ratio = --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- × 100
Reference value

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• REDUCTION RT: Shows the actual thickness, in addition to the percent

difference between the actual thickness and the former value. The former
value is the thickness of the metal prior to the bending process. Use this
mode for metal bending, or any other application in which you need to
track the percentage of wall thinning.
c) When DIFF MODE is set to either NORMAL or % RATIO, enter the
reference value in the REF VALUE text box.

Figure 7-2 The DIFF screen

When DIFF MODE is set to REDUCTION RT only:

d) In the FORMER THICKNESS text box, enter the original thickness value, as
measured before bending the metal.
e) In the LARGE FONT text box, select which measurement is to appear at the
bottom of the measurement screen with the large type font (THICKNESS or
REDUCTION RT).
3. Press [MEAS] to return to the measurement screen with the displayed differential
value.

7.2 Using the Minimum, Maximum, or Min/Max Thickness Mode

The minimum, maximum, or min/max thickness modes can be activated to display

retained minimum and/or maximum thickness values. The MIN and/or MAX values
appear on the left side of the main thickness reading (see Figure 7-3 on page 130). The

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minimum or maximum thickness value replaces the main thickness display when the
transducer is uncoupled, or when a loss of signal (LOS) occurs. The replacement value
appears in an outlined font.

Active reading Active reading

Minimum thickness Maximum thickness

Active reading Recalled maximum during LOS

Minimum and maximum Maximum thickness
thicknesses

Figure 7-3 Displaying the minimum and/or maximum thickness (shown with the
Waveform option activated)

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The fastest display update rate is automatically activated when entering the minimum
or maximum thickness mode. When leaving the mode, the display update rate is
restored to its previous state.

The minimum and maximum thickness modes display the smallest and largest
thickness value measured from the time you activate or reset the minimum mode. The
modes are useful when determining the thinnest/thickest reading obtained while
making a series of readings on a test piece.

To activate the minimum, maximum, or min/max mode

1. In the measurement screen, press [SETUP], and then select MEAS.
2. In the MEAS screen, set MIN/MAX to the desired mode (OFF, MIN, MAX, or
BOTH).
3. Press [MEAS] to return to the measurement screen.
4. In the measurement screen, press [MEAS] again to reset the held minimum,
maximum, or min/max values.
The thickness display will blank, indicating that the old MIN/MAX value is reset.
Saving or sending a MIN/MAX reading also resets the value.

7.3 Preventing False Minimum/Maximum Thickness Readings

A false minimum or maximum reading can occur when you lift the transducer from
the test piece. This is due to excess couplant (particularly on smooth surfaces), which
causes the instrument to read the thickness of a couplant drop when you lift the
transducer.

To prevent false minimum/maximum thickness readings

1. Activate the minimum or maximum thickness mode (see section “Using the
Minimum, Maximum, or Min/Max Thickness Mode” on page 129).
2. Before uncoupling the transducer, press [FREEZE] to freeze the measurement or
optional waveform.
3. Once the transducer is uncoupled, press [FREEZE] again to unfreeze the display
and recall the minimum thickness and optional waveform.

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7.4 Using Alarms

Any one of the 45MG alarm modes can be activated to help you identify when the
actual thickness measurement is above or below editable reference values.

When an alarm condition occurs, the 45MG warns you, as follows:

• The HIGH or LOW alarm indicator flashes with a red background at the bottom
right corner of the measurement screen (see Figure 7-4 on page 132).
• The thickness value appears in red.
• When the beeper is active (see section “Setting the User Interface Language and
Other System Options” on page 41), the 45MG emits a long beep.

The thickness value and alarm indicator only appear in color when the indoor color
scheme is active (see section “About Color Schemes” on page 45 to change the color
scheme).

Previous thickness

Thickness reading
(turns red during an
alarm condition)
High alarm indicator

Figure 7-4 Example of a HIGH alarm indicator (shown with the Waveform option
activated)

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When the Datalogger option has been purchased, the datalogger records an alarm
condition in the second status box for all stored measurements. An A indicates the
alarm mode, an L indicates a low alarm condition, and an H indicates a high alarm
condition.

There are three different alarm modes (STANDARD, B-SCAN, and REDUCTION
RT):

STANDARD
The standard alarm warns you when the actual measured thickness is below a
low reference value, or above a high reference value. The reference values are
thickness set points using the current instrument units and resolution.

The B-SCAN and REDUCTION RT alarms are only available when the B-scan or
reduction rate (DIFF mode) are activated. These functions must be turned on first
before the B-SCAN and REDUCTION RT alarms can be activated.

B-SCAN
The B-scan alarm mode is similar to the standard alarm mode, except that in the
B-scan alarm mode, lines are shown in the B-scan grid when the reference values
fall within the B-scan thickness range (see Figure 7-5 on page 133). In addition, the
alarms are operational while you review B-scan thicknesses in the B-scan freeze
review mode.

Red alarm limits

Figure 7-5 Example of a B-scan alarm mode

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The thickness value and the alarm indicator only appear in color when the indoor
color scheme is active (see section “About Color Schemes” on page 45 to change the
color scheme).

REDUCTION RT
The REDUCTION RT option only appears when the active file is configured with
FILE DATA MODE set to REDUCTION RT. You set the reduction percentage for
the low (YELLOW ALARM) and high (RED ALARM) limits, following which the
instrument displays (see Figure 7-6 on page 134):
• The RED indicator for reduction rates that are greater than or equal to the
RED ALARM value.
• The YEL indicator for reduction rates that are between the YELLOW ALARM
and the RED ALARM values.
• The GRN indicator for reduction rates that are below the YELLOW ALARM
value.

YEL alarm indicator RED alarm indicator

Figure 7-6 YEL (yellow) and RED alarm indicators (shown with the Waveform
option activated)

To set the alarm

1. In the measurement screen, press [SETUP], and then select ALARM.

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2. In the ALARM screen (see Figure 7-7 on page 135):

a) Set ALARM ENABLE to ON to activate the alarm function.
b) In ALARM MODE, select the desired alarm mode (STANDARD, B-SCAN,
or REDUCTION RT [reduction rate]).
The other parameters vary depending on the alarm mode selection.

The B-SCAN option only appears when the B-scan mode is active (see section “Using
the B-Scan” on page 156).
The REDUCTION RT option only appears when the active file is configured with the
FILE DATA MODE parameter set to REDUCTION RT (see section “About File Data
Modes” on page 104).

Figure 7-7 Setting up the STANDARD alarm

3. When ALARM MODE is set to STANDARD or B-SCAN, set the LOW ALARM
and the HIGH ALARM values.
OR
When ALARM MODE is set to REDUCTION RT, set the YELLOW ALARM and
the RED ALARM values.
4. Press [MEAS] to return to the measurement screen.

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Alarm reference values that were entered in one unit system are displayed as the
equivalent value when the alternate units are selected.

7.5 Locking the Instrument

The 45MG is equipped with an instrument lock that can be used by a supervisor to
restrict access to selected functions. The supervisor can also enter a password to
prevent other users from unlocking the functions. Once a password has been set, you
must reenter the password before you can lock or unlock any function.

The following functions can be locked:

• Calibration with [CAL VEL] and [CAL ZERO]

• Gain and waveform adjustments with [GAIN/WAVE ADJ]
• Transducer setup recall with [XDCR RECALL]
• Setup menu accessed with [SETUP]
• File menu or datalogger operations accessed with [FILE]

When locking [CAL VEL] and [CAL ZERO], the function ([2nd F], [CAL ZERO]
(Do ZERO)) is still available.

Locking the calibration prevents changes to calibration values, thus preventing

parameters from affecting the value of the measurement, including material velocity
and test-block zero calibration. However, you can still view these values, use the
measurement screen, and use the datalogger functions.

Anytime a user attempts to use a locked function, a message appears in the help bar to
indicate that the function is locked (see Figure 7-8 on page 137).

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Figure 7-8 Example of a locked function message in the help bar

To set the password

1. In the measurement screen, press [SETUP], and then select PASSWORD.
2. In the PASSWORD screen (see Figure 7-9 on page 137), enter your password
using up to eight alphanumeric characters.

If you forget your password, you can unlock the instrument and deactivate the
password by entering the master password: “OLY45MG”.
To change the password, you must first use the master password to deactivate the
password, and then set a new password.

3. Select DONE to activate the instrument lock and return to the measurement
screen.

Figure 7-9 The PASSWORD screen

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To lock and unlock instrument functions

1. In the measurement screen, press [SETUP], and then select LOCKS.
2. In the LOCKS screen (see Figure 7-10 on page 138):
a) If a password was set, enter the password in the ENTER PASSWORD text
box.
b) Set the functions you want to lock to LOCKED, and the ones you want to
unlock to UNLOCKED.
c) Select SET to activate the instrument lock and return to the measurement
screen.

Figure 7-10 The LOCKS screen

7.6 Freezing the Measurement or Optional Waveform

Pressing [FREEZE] stops updating the display and optional waveform, and keeps the
waveform and thickness on the display even if you move or uncouple the transducer.
The freeze indicator ( ) appears on the lower right side of the display when the
freeze function is active.

The freeze function is convenient for easily setting the gain parameters, reviewing a
B-scan, or performing a high-temperature measurement without having to keep the
transducer coupled to the test piece.

In order to prevent recording wrong minimum or maximum values, you may also
want to use the freeze function to pause measurements before uncoupling the
transducer from the test piece.

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To freeze the waveform and thickness display

1. Press [FREEZE] while making a measurement.
2. Press [FREEZE] again to unfreeze the waveform and the thickness display.

Pressing [MEAS] or [SAVE] (when the Datalogger option has been activated) also
unfreezes the display.

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8. Configuring the Instrument

This chapter describes how to configure various instrument parameters.

The following topics are covered in this chapter:

• Configuring Measurement Parameters (see section 8.1 on page 141).

• Configuring System Parameters (see section 8.2 on page 144).
• Configuring Communications (see section 8.3 on page 145).

8.1 Configuring Measurement Parameters

The MEAS setup is the most commonly used setup menu screen, and is used to access
global parameters concerning the instrument measurement features.

To configure measurement parameters

1. In the measurement screen, press [SETUP], and then select MEAS.

In the MEAS screen, some parameters differ depending on whether a single or dual
element transducer is connected (see Figure 8-1 on page 142).

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For a single element transducer For a dual element transducer

Figure 8-1 The MEAS screen

2. In the MEAS screen for single element transducers, in the MEAS MODE text box,
select the instrument measures and displays from the following options:
• THICKNESS: The thickness of the inspected part.
• VELOCIMETER: The sound velocity in the material of the inspected part.
• TIME OF FLIGHT: The round trip time of flight (TOF) of the sound in the
inspected part
OR
In the MEAS screen for dual element transducers, in the MEAS OPTION text
box, select the measurement method to be used by the instrument from the
following options:
• STANDARD: Measure to the first back-wall echo.
• AUTO ECHO-TO-ECHO (optional): Measure between the successive back-
wall echoes.
• MANUAL ECHO-TO-ECHO (optional with the Waveform): Measure
between the multiple back-wall echoes with the manual control.
3. In the UNIT TYPE text box, select between the INCH (English) or MILLIMETER
(metric) units.
Time-of-flight measurements are always expressed in microseconds.
4. In the RESOLUTION text box, select between STANDARD, LOW, or HIGH (see
section “Changing the Thickness Resolution” on page 49 for details).
5. In the MIN/MAX text box, select either MIN (minimum), MAX (maximum), or
BOTH to activate a mode (see section “Using the Minimum, Maximum, or

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Min/Max Thickness Mode” on page 129 for details).

6. In the HOLD BLANK text box, configure the instrument to either continue to
show (HOLD), or not hold (BLANK) the last measured thickness and waveform
while a loss of signal (LOS) occurs.

The MIN/MAX and HOLD BLANK functions are mutually exclusive. You must set
MIN/MAX to OFF in order to change the HOLD BLANK function. Similarly, you
must set HOLD BLANK to BLANK in order to change the MIN/MAX function.

7. In MEASURE RATE, adjust the measurement update rate (see section “Adjusting
the Measurement Update Rate” on page 47 for details).
8. For single element transducers only, set AVERAGING to OFF in order to turn
thickness averaging off, set AVERAGING to ON to perform a running average of
the last five thickness readings, or set AVERAGING to On-QBar to display a
quality measurement Q-bar below the measurement screen, indicating the
stability of the averaged reading.
9. Set ID OVERWRITE PROT to ON (with the Datalogger option only) if you want
to see a confirmation message in the help bar when attempting to save a
measurement reading in an ID that already contains a value (see section “Setting
the ID Overwrite Protection” on page 114 for details).
10. For single element transducers only, set QUICK SETUP RECALL to ON in order
to activate the quick recall of the first four custom setups by using a combination
of the [2nd F] and arrow keys (see section “Quickly Recalling a Custom Setup for
Single Element Transducers” on page 184 for details).
11. For single element transducers only, set AGC to ON to configure the automatic
gain control (AGC) function to automatically bring all measured back-wall echoes
to the same amplitude.

The AGC function works well for most standard thickness gage applications, and is
turned on by default. In some thickness applications, the receiver gain is set at or near
its maximum value. In such cases, turn off the AGC function to prevent reading
instability.

12. Press [MEAS] to return to the measurement screen.

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8.2 Configuring System Parameters

The SYSTEM screen, allows you to configure many 45MG system parameters.

To configure system parameters

1. In the measurement screen, press [SETUP], and then select SYSTEM.
The SYSTEM screen appears (see Figure 8-2 on page 144).

Figure 8-2 The SYSTEM screen

2. Set BEEPER to ON or OFF (see section “Setting the User Interface Language and
Other System Options” on page 41 for details).
3. Set INACTIVE TIME to ON or OFF (see section “Setting the User Interface
Language and Other System Options” on page 41 for details).
4. In the LANGUAGE text box, select the desired user interface language (see
section “Setting the User Interface Language and Other System Options” on
page 41 for details).
5. Set RADIX TYPE to the desired character (period or comma) for separation of the
integer and decimal numbers.
6. Set SAVE KEY DATA to save only the thickness measurement (THICKNESS), or
both the thickness and the waveform (THICKNESS + WF).

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The calibration and setup parameters are also always saved/sent along with the
thickness measurement.

7. Set DEFAULT FILE MODE to the desired default file data mode when you create
a file (see section “About File Data Modes” on page 104 for details).
8. Set TEXT EDIT MODE to the appropriate option for entering alphanumeric
values. The two available options are the virtual keyboard (VIRTUAL) and the
legacy character wheel selection (TRADITIONAL) [see section “Selecting the
Text Edit Mode” on page 37 for details].
9. Set SCR TO SD CARD to ON to enable the 45MG to create a BMP image file on
the external MicroSD card for the actual screenshot when you press [2nd F],
[SETUP] (see section “Sending a Screen Capture to the External MicroSD Card”
on page 195 for details).
10. Press [MEAS] to return to the measurement screen.

8.3 Configuring Communications

The 45MG features a USB port that can be used to connect the instrument to a
computer. When connected to a computer, the 45MG can send and receive data, or be
remotely controlled by the computer (when the Datalogger option has been
activated).The remote command document and the FTP (file transfer protocol)
document are available upon request.

Select the communication parameters you want to use.

To configure the communication parameters

1. In the measurement screen, press [SETUP], and then select COMM.
2. In the COMM screen (see Figure 8-3 on page 147):
a) In COMM PROTOCOL, select the remote command set to be used by the
instrument for communication:
• MULTI CHAR: Multi character commands that are used for
communication with a computer running the GageView interface
program.

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• SINGLE CHAR: Single character command is normally used when an

external program is controlling the instrument by sending remote
commands that mimic keystrokes.
b) In OUTPUT FORMAT, select the format of the data being output (F1, F2,
F3,...F10).

Contact Olympus for more information on the following communication parameters:

• Multi and single character remote commands.
• Send formats (F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6, F7, F8, F9, and F10).

c) Set B-SCAN OUTPUT to ON to output the B-scan data when communicating

with the GageView interface program. Set it to OFF when communicating
with other interface programs that do not support the B-scan data. This
parameter only applies to files that have stored B-scan images.
d) Set FTP OUTPUT to 45MG in order to use the 45MG file protocol.
OR
Set FTP OUTPUT to 38DLP in order to use the 38DL PLUS file protocol.
OR
Set FTP OUTPUT to MG2 to use the MG2 file protocol.
e) Set OUTPUT TYPE to FTP for communication with the GageView software
using the standard file transfer protocol.
OR
Set OUTPUT TYPE to CSV to output in a generic comma-separated variables
(CSV) format, which can be integrated into custom software.

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Figure 8-3 The COMM screen

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9. Using Advanced Gaging Features

The 45MG has many advanced thickness-measurement features that contribute to

making the gage a more versatile instrument. This chapter describes how to use these
advanced features.

The following topics are covered in this chapter:

• Adjusting the Gain with Dual Element Transducers (see section 9.1 on page 149)
• Adjusting the Extended Blank with Dual Element Transducers (see section 9.2 on
page 151)
• About the B-Scan (see section 9.3 on page 153)
• About the DB Grid (see section 9.4 on page 159)

9.1 Adjusting the Gain with Dual Element Transducers

With D79X series dual element transducers, you can manually adjust the gain by
pressing [GAIN/WAVE ADJ]. The 45MG offers two types of gain adjustments:

• The standard feature allows the user to set the gain to HIGH (+10 dB),
standard (default), and LOW (−6 dB).
• When the waveform (option) is activated, the user can adjust the gain in 1 dB
increments.
The gain value is expressed in decibels (dB), and appears near the lower-right corner
of the display (see Figure 9-1 on page 150).

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Echo must be above the 20 % Manually adjusted gain

detection threshold of the waveform value
display height in order to be detected.

Figure 9-1 Manually adjusting the gain

When activated, the manual gain adjustment also modifies the way in which echoes
are shown on the waveform display (optional). With the default automatic gain, the
measured echo peak is visible on the display, enabling you to readily observe the
measured echo position, independent of its strength or the gain. When you manually
adjust the gain, the displayed echo height changes proportionally to the actual echo
amplitude at the receiver output, enabling you to readily observe gain changes.

To be processed for thickness calculation, the peak amplitude of measured echoes

must be at or above the threshold.

To view, restore, or change the gain value

When the optional waveform is not activated:

1. Press [GAIN/WAVE ADJ] to change the gain from default gain to HIGH (+10 dB).
2. Press [GAIN/WAVE ADJ] again to change the gain to LOW (−6 dB).
3. Press [GAIN/WAVE ADJ] a third time to change the gain back to default gain (no
gain showing).
When the optional waveform is activated:

1. Press [GAIN/WAVE ADJ] to view the current automatic gain value.

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The gain value appears near the lower-right corner of the display. The waveform
display changes to the amplitude proportional to the gain mode.
2. Press [] or [] to adjust the gain in ±1 dB steps.
The gain value and the height of the echoes change accordingly.
• Increase the gain value when the peak amplitude of the echo that should be
detected is below 20 % of the waveform display height.
This prevents the gage from reading too high a value when skipping one
back-wall echo, and from measuring twice the correct thickness (doubling).
• Reduce the gain value when noise peaks are above 20 % of the waveform
display height.
This prevents the gage from detecting a noise peak rather than the correct
back-wall echo.
3. Press [2nd F], [GAIN/WAVE ADJ] again to restore the default gain value.
4. Press [GAIN/WAVE ADJ] again to return to the automatically adjusted echo
height mode.
The default automatic gain mode is indicated by a blank Gain field.

9.2 Adjusting the Extended Blank with Dual Element Transducers

Olympus recommends using the extended blank parameter only if you are an
experienced operator who thoroughly understands the acoustic properties of the
material being measured. Incorrect use of the extended blank can cause the gage to
misread areas of thin material.

Normally, the 45MG searches for echoes down to nearly zero thickness. However,
some special circumstances, such as a high degree of near-surface corrosion,
aluminum material, enclosed flaws, or laminations, can generate echoes that the
instrument may falsely detect as the low thickness. When these echoes are larger than
the sought after back-wall echo, the manual gain adjustment (see section “Adjusting
the Gain with Dual Element Transducers” on page 149) cannot prevent this false
detection. However, the extended blank parameter allows you to define an early
period, during which the 45MG will not perform echo detection, thereby preventing
erroneous measurements.

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To use the extended blank

1. Press [GAIN/WAVE ADJ] (only available when the waveform is active).
The waveform adjustment parameter and its value appear on the measurement
screen (see Figure 9-2 on page 152).
2. If needed, use the [] and [] keys to select EXT BLANK.
The extended blank becomes active, but initially, its value is zero. The gage
remains in the measurement screen.
3. Use the [] or [] keys respectively to increase or decrease the blank value until
early unwanted echoes are excluded from detection.
The extended blank horizontal bar just above the waveform display indicates the
extended blank length (see Figure 9-2 on page 152).

Extended blank bar

Waveform adjustment
parameter and value

Figure 9-2 Adjusting the extended blank length

4. To turn off the extended blank, use the [] key to bring the extended blank value
back down to zero.

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If the measurement point changes when the extended blank is moved, echoes can
change in height. This is because in the normal waveform display mode, the 45MG
attempts to adjust the height.
The instrument also attempts to make the most accurate measurement by identifying
the beginning of an echo. When the extended blank is positioned within an echo
instead of to its left, the gage is unable to make an accurate detection.

9.3 About the B-Scan

A B-scan is a cross-sectional image of thickness readings. The 45MG can acquire and
display B-scan data (see Figure 9-3 on page 153). When you activate the B-scan, the
thickness reading profile builds up and scrolls on the screen. Once a B-scan is
acquired, you can freeze the screen and review the recorded thickness values.

B-scan

Scan direction B-scan range

Figure 9-3 B-scan example

While the B-scan is running, you can save individual thickness readings, the current
B-scan screen (with all thickness values), or the entire scan (up to 10000 readings) [see
section “Saving B-Scans or Thickness Readings (Optional Datalogger)” on page 157].

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The B-scan can be actively configured from the B-SCAN screen (see Figure 9-4 on
page 154), which is accessible by pressing [SETUP], and then selecting B-SCAN in the
menu.

Figure 9-4 Changing B-scan parameters

The B-SCAN screen contains the following parameters:

DIRECTION:
Choose the B-scan direction to match the direction of transducer movement. A
scan direction arrow appears below the left corner of the B-scan display to
indicate the transducer scan direction (see Figure 9-5 on page 155). The data starts
appearing on-screen in the opposite direction.
LEFT TO RIGHT
The transducer scans the part from left to right, and the data appears on the
right of the screen, scrolling right to left.
RIGHT TO LEFT
The transducer scans the part from right to left, and the data appears on the
left of the screen, scrolling left to right.

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Loss-of-signal (LOS)
indicator

Data scrolls from right to

left

Scan direction
(left to right) Min/Max marker B-scan range

Figure 9-5 B-scan elements

LOS MODE
Determines how the B-scan behaves when a loss of signal (LOS) occurs.
STOP ON LOS
The B-scan stops scrolling when an LOS occurs. When the instrument regains
the measurements, a thin blank vertical line is inserted into the B-scan to
indicate that an LOS has occurred (see Figure 9-5 on page 155).
CONTINUE ON LOS
The B-scan continues scrolling when an LOS occurs.
FREEZE MODE
Determines which thickness readings are displayed when [FREEZE] is pressed
while a B-scan is active.
SHOW MINIMUM
Displays the thickness reading for the minimum reading collected during the
scan.
SHOW MAXIMUM
Displays the thickness reading for the maximum reading collected during the
scan.
SHOW CURRENT
Displays the last thickness reading made before pressing [FREEZE].
FREEZE REVIEW
When this feature is enabled and a B-scan is active, pressing [FREEZE] freezes the
B-scan image in review mode. In this mode, a vertical line (review marker)
appears, indicating the location of the displayed thickness (see Figure 9-6 on

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page 156). The displayed thickness is either the minimum, maximum, or current
thickness, depending on which B-SCAN FREEZE MODE option is selected. Use
the [] and [] keys to move the review marker and read the thickness at the
review marker location.

If the minimum or maximum value moves off the B-scan screen, press [FREEZE] to
center the B-scan and the review marker on the minimum or maximum thickness.

Review marker

Minimum location
marker

Figure 9-6 B-scan freeze review elements

MAX THK MODE:

Determines the vertical scale of the B-scan.

9.3.1 Using the B-Scan

The following procedure describes how to activate and use the B-scan.

To use the B-scan

1. While in the measurement screen, press [SETUP], and then select B-SCAN.
2. In the B-SCAN screen, set B-SCAN ENABLE to ON, and then configure the other
B-scan parameter as desired (see section “About the B-Scan” on page 153).
3. Press [MEAS] to return to the measurement screen with the B-scan active.

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The B-scan begins drawing the cross section of the material as soon as the first
non-LOS reading is collected.
4. To stop the collection of B-scan data:
Press [FREEZE].
OR
With B-SCAN LOS MODE set to STOP ON LOS, simply uncouple the
transducer from the test material.
5. While the B-scan is frozen, if B-SCAN FREEZE REVIEW is set to ON, use the []
and [] keys to move the review marker, and then read the thickness value
corresponding to the marker position.
6. Press [MEAS] again to reset the B-scan and begin a new B-scan.
7. Refer to section “Saving B-Scans or Thickness Readings (Optional Datalogger)”
on page 157 for details on how to save B-scan data.

9.3.2 Using the B-Scan Alarm Mode

You can specify B-scan low and high alarm reference values, and turn the visual and
audible alarm functions ON and OFF. The B-scan alarm mode is similar to the
standard alarm mode (see section “Using Alarms” on page 132), except that the alarm
lines are shown in the B-scan grid if the alarm reference values fall within the B-scan
thickness range. The alarms are also operational as you review B-scan thicknesses in
review mode within a frozen B-scan.

To use the B-scan alarm mode

1. Activate and configure the B-scan (see section “Using the B-Scan” on page 156).
2. While in the measurement screen, press [SETUP], and then select ALARM.
3. In the ALARM screen (see Figure 7-7 on page 135):
a) Set ALARM ENABLE to ON.
b) Set ALARM MODE to B-SCAN.
c) Enter the desired LOW ALARM and HIGH ALARM values.
4. Press [MEAS] to return to the measurement screen.
5. The horizontal red alarm lines appear on the B-scan (see Figure 7-5 on page 133).

9.3.3 Saving B-Scans or Thickness Readings (Optional Datalogger)

The 45MG is capable of performing the following tasks while the B-scan is in use:

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• Save a live thickness reading while the B-scan is running.

• Save any reviewed thickness reading on a frozen B-scan.
• Save all thickness readings for one B-scan screen, along with the minimum or
maximum thickness readings for a held B-scan.
• Save an entire B-scan history of up to 10000 thickness readings, the minimum or
maximum thickness readings, and the held B-scan.

To save a live thickness reading while the B-scan is running

 Press [SAVE].

To save any reviewed thickness reading on a frozen B-scan

1. While the B-scan is running, press [FREEZE] to enter the review mode.
2. Use the [] and [] keys to review any thickness on the frozen B-scan.
3. Press [SAVE] to save the thickness value for the review marker position to the
datalogger.

To save the minimum or maximum thickness reading for a frozen B-scan

1. Set B-SCAN FREEZE MODE to SHOW MINIMUM or SHOW MAXIMUM.
The gage displays the minimum or maximum thickness reading with the
corresponding waveform.
2. While the B-scan is running, press [FREEZE] to enter the review mode.
3. Press [SAVE] while the minimum or maximum thickness reading is displayed.

To save the entire B-scan (B-scan history)

1. In the B-SCAN screen (see Figure 9-4 on page 154), set SAVE KEY DATA to
THK + B-SCAN.
2. While the B-scan is running, or when it is frozen, press [SAVE].
The Save B-Scan history? message appears on the help text bar.
3. Select Yes to save the entire B-scan history, including the Minimum or Maximum
thickness with the corresponding waveforms.
OR
Select No to save the current B-scan screen and the waveform.

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When a B-scan screen is saved to the datalogger, the gage saves the thickness values
for the data points appearing on the display. All thickness values on a saved B-scan
can be reviewed during ID Review. Recall the saved B-scan, and use the [] and []
keys to review each thickness reading.

You can save a maximum of 10000 thickness readings to a B-scan. When the
maximum number of thickness points reaches 10000, the gage prompts you to save
the B-scan history, or to reset the B-scan without saving.

9.4 About the DB Grid

The database grid (DB grid) is a table representation of 2-D data. This representation
enables you to move freely in any direction on a grid, rather than follow a preset list of
IDs. Instead of automatically incrementing to the next ID location, you can use the
arrow keys to move to a location that is more convenient. You can simultaneously
display the A-scan, the DB grid, and the thickness reading (see Figure 9-7 on
page 160). You can configure the grid cells to show a data cell flag and a background
color corresponding to the range in which their thickness reading falls.

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Half-size DB grid

Data cell flag

(only available with
Datalogger option)

Figure 9-7 Example of the half-size DB grid

9.4.1 Activating and Configuring the DB Grid

Activate and configure the DB grid options from the DB GRID screen.

To activate and configure the DB grid

1. In the measurement screen, press [SETUP], and then select DB GRID.
2. In the DB GRID screen (see Figure 9-8 on page 160), perform the following steps.

Figure 9-8 Changing DB grid parameters

3. Set DB GRID ENABLE to ON to activate the DB grid.

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4. Set TRANSPOSE GRID to ON to interchange the rows and columns in a grid

(see Figure 9-9 on page 161).

TRANSPOSE GRID set to OFF TRANSPOSE GRID set to ON

Figure 9-9 Grid transposition example

The ID number increments in the order assigned when the file was initially set up
independent of the TRANSPOSE GRID value.

5. Set LINEARIZE GRID to ON to display the grid IDs in the linear form (see
Figure 9-10 on page 161).

Figure 9-10 Example of a linearized DB grid

6. Set DATA CELL FLAG to one of the available options in order to display a single
data flag with each data cell in the DB grid. The data cell flag is a letter that
appears in a small box to the right of the thickness value in the data cell (see
Figure 9-7 on page 160). The available options are:
NONE
No data cell flag appears.
MIN/MAX
“m” indicates a minimum thickness.
“M” indicates a maximum thickness.

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ALARM
“L” indicates any kind of low alarm condition, including a standard low
alarm condition.
“H” indicates any high alarm condition.
7. Set GRID COLOR OPTION to ON to activate usage of low, mid, and high-range
colors for the grid cell background.
8. Set LO RANGE COLOR to the desired cell background color (RED, YELLOW, or
GREEN) when the cell thickness value is smaller than the LO RANGE VALUE.
9. Set MID RANGE COLOR to the desired cell background color (RED, YELLOW,
or GREEN) when the cell thickness value is between the LO RANGE VALUE and
the HI RANGE VALUE.
10. Set HI RANGE COLOR to the desired cell background color (RED, YELLOW, or
GREEN) when the cell thickness value is higher than the HI RANGE VALUE.

9.4.2 Changing the Highlighted Cell in the DB Grid

Use the arrow keys to easily move the selected cell in the DB grid.

To change the highlighted cell in the DB grid

1. Activate and configure the DB grid (see section “Activating and Configuring the
DB Grid” on page 160).
2. In the measurement screen, press [2nd F], [FILE] (ID#).
3. In the ID review screen (see Figure 9-11 on page 163):
a) Use the [], [], [], and [] keys to highlight the desired grid cell.
b) Press [2nd F], [] to jump to the last ID location in the file.
c) Press [2nd F], [] to jump to the first ID location in the file.
d) Press [ID#] at any time to edit the displayed ID location.

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Highlighted cell

Figure 9-11 The highlighted DB grid cell in the ID review screen

4. Press [MEAS] to return to the measurement screen with the current ID number
changed to the ID location selected in the ID review screen.

9.4.3 Saving Thickness Readings in the DB Grid

To save thickness readings in the DB grid

1. Activate and configure the DB grid (see section “Activating and Configuring the
DB Grid” on page 160).
2. Move to the desired DB grid cell (see section “Changing the Highlighted Cell in
the DB Grid” on page 162).
3. In the measurement screen, while the thickness value is displayed, press [SAVE]
to save the thickness.
The displayed thickness value and setup information are stored at the current ID
location identified by the highlighted cell in the grid. If the thickness display is
blank when you press [SAVE] (Datalogger option only), then “--.---” is saved in
place of a value.
The ID number is automatically updated to the next ID number in the sequence.
The new ID number is indicated on the ID bar, and its cell is highlighted in the
grid. If the ID number cannot be updated, a long beep sound is emitted and the
instrument displays a message indicating why the ID was unable to update. In
this case, the ID number on the display remains unchanged.

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9.4.4 Viewing an Inserted or an Appended Cell in the DB Grid

It is possible to insert or append a cell in the DB grid. To maintain the format of the
grid, the inserted or appended cell does not appear until you are on the cell with the
inserted point. The file will automatically change to the linear form, and then return
back to Grid view when you increment to the next grid location (see Figure 9-12 on
page 164).

Cell with an inserted or

appended cell

Figure 9-12 Example of an inserted cell

To view an inserted or an appended cell in the DB grid

1. Activate and configure the DB grid (see section “Activating and Configuring the
DB Grid” on page 160).
2. Press [2nd F], [FILE] (ID#), and then use the arrow keys to move to the desired
shaded grid cell.
3. Press [ENTER] to change the grid to a linear view, following which the inserted or
appended ID number is displayed (see Figure 9-13 on page 164).

Inserted cell

Figure 9-13 Example of a zoomed inserted cell

4. Press [ENTER] again to return to the normal DB grid view.

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10. About Custom Setups for Single Element

Transducers

Once the Single Element High Resolution option has been activated, the 45MG
includes predefined setups for standard single element transducers. In some cases, a
45MG ships from the factory preprogrammed with one or more custom setups to
meet special customer requirements. You can create your own custom setups to meet
the need of a particular single element transducer, or for a particular application.
Predefined and custom setups allow you to quickly change between transducer and
application setups by selecting a previously saved setup.

Topics are as follows:

• Creating a Custom Setup for a Single Element Transducer (see section 10.1 on
page 166).
• Quickly Adjusting Waveform Parameters For Single Element Transducers (see
section 10.2 on page 168).
• About the Detection Modes (see section 10.3 on page 170).
• About the First Peak (see section 10.4 on page 172).
• About the Pulser Power (see section 10.5 on page 173).
• About the Time-Dependent Gain Curve (see section 10.6 on page 174).
• About the Main Bang Blank (see section 10.7 on page 176).
• About the Echo Window (see section 10.8 on page 178).
• Saving Setup Parameters (see section 10.9 on page 183).
• Quickly Recalling a Custom Setup for Single Element Transducers (see
section 10.10 on page 184).

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10.1 Creating a Custom Setup for a Single Element Transducer

A custom setup should be created when the measurement requirements of a

particular application are not optimally met by one of the standard setups. Once the
adjustments are made, you can name and store this setup in one of the 35 user-defined
setup locations.

The adjustments described in the following procedure and subsections should be

made only by a qualified technician who is familiar with the basic theory of ultrasonic
gaging and the interpretation of ultrasonic waveforms.

Many of the adjustments that can be made in a setup are interactive. All adjustments
have an effect on the measurement range and/or measurement accuracy of the 45MG.
In most cases, do not attempt adjustments without monitoring the waveform.
Additionally, when establishing a custom setup for a specific application, it is
essential to verify the performance on reference standards representing the materials
and thickness range to be measured.

To create a custom setup for a single element transducer

1. Connect the single element transducer to the 45MG (see section “Setting Up the
Transducer” on page 51).
2. Press [2nd F], [FREEZE] (XDCR RECALL).
3. In the menu, select the CUSTOM SINGLE ELEMENT.
4. In the CUSTOM SINGLE ELEMENT screen, select the desired custom setup
location (SE-USER-n) in which you want to save the custom setup.

To reduce the number of changes needing to be made to parameter values, you can
also select an existing single element setup with parameter values that are close to the
desired setup.

5. In the ACTIVE screen (see Figure 10-1 on page 167):

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a) Set DET MODE to the desired detection mode (see section “About the
Detection Modes” on page 170 for details).

Figure 10-1 The ACTIVE screen for the setup of a single element transducer

b) Enter a SETUP NAME that describes the transducer and/or the application to
be used to create the setup.
c) Set MEAS TYPE to the desired measurement type. The available choices are:
• STANDARD: For normal mode 1, 2, or 3 positive or negative peak
measurement.
• FIRST PEAK: For detection of the first of several peaks of similar
amplitudes (see section “About the First Peak” on page 172 for details).
d) Set PROBE TYPE to indicate the transducer type to be used with this setup.
The selected probe type must match the frequency of the transducer being
used for proper pulser/receiver performance.
e) Set VELOCITY to the value of the sound velocity in the material that is to be
tested with this setup (see section “About the Material Sound Velocity and the
Zero Calibrations” on page 59).
f) Set ZERO VALUE to the calibrated zero-offset value (time of flight of the echo
that is not traveling through the material) for this transducer (see section
“Calibrating the Instrument” on page 55).
g) If needed, increase the PULSER POWER to increase the ultrasound wave
penetration in the material. Reduce the value for better near-surface
resolution (see section “About the Pulser Power” on page 173 for details).
h) Set MAX GAIN to the desired maximum gain value (see section “About the
Maximum Gain” on page 175 for details).

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i) Set INIT GAIN to the desired initial gain value (see section “About the Initial
Gain” on page 175 for details).
j) Set TDG SLOPE to the desired time-dependent gain slope value (see section
“About the TDG Slope” on page 176 for details).
k) Set MB BLANK to the desired main bang blank time interval (see section
“About the Main Bang Blank” on page 176 for details).
l) Set ECHO WINDOW to the desired time interval (see section “About the
Echo Window” on page 178 for details).
m) Set ECHO 1 DETECT to –SLOPE to detect the negative peak of the first echo,
or to +SLOPE to detect the positive peak of the first echo (see section “About
the Detection of Echo 1 and Echo 2” on page 179 for details).
6. Press [SAVE].
7. In the SAVE SETUP screen:
a) If needed, in the SAVE AS dialog box, edit the setup name.
b) In the SAVE TO list, select the desired custom setup location in which you
want to save the setup.
c) Select SAVE.
8. Press [MEAS] to return to the measurement screen.
The saved setup becomes the active setup.

10.2 Quickly Adjusting Waveform Parameters For Single Element

Transducers

With single element transducers, you can quickly adjust individual waveform
parameters using the [GAIN/WAVE ADJ] key.

To quickly adjust individual waveform parameters

1. Ensure that a single element transducer is connected to the 45MG.
2. In the measurement screen, press [GAIN/WAVE ADJ].
The waveform adjustment parameter appears above the thickness value on the
measurement screen (see Figure 10-2 on page 169).

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Waveform parameter
Waveform parameter value

Figure 10-2 Adjusting the waveform parameters

3. Use the [] or [] key to select the parameter that you want to adjust. The choices
are as follows:
• DET MODE (see section “About the Detection Modes” on page 170 for
details)
• M3 BLANK in mode 3 only (see section “About the Mode 3 Echo Blank” on
page 182 for details)
• IF BLANK in modes 2 and 3 only (see section “About the Interface Blank” on
page 180 for details)
• ECHO 2 DETECT in modes 2 and 3 only (see section “About the Detection of
Echo 1 and Echo 2” on page 179 for details)
• ECHO 1 DETECT (see section “About the Detection of Echo 1 and Echo 2” on
page 179 for details)
• ECHO WINDOW (see section “About the Detection of Echo 1 and Echo 2” on
page 179 for details)
• MB BLANK (see section “About the Main Bang Blank” on page 176 for
details)
• TDG SLOPE (see section “About the TDG Slope” on page 176 for details)
• INIT GAIN (see section “About the Initial Gain” on page 175 for details)
• MAX GAIN (see section “About the Maximum Gain” on page 175 for details)
• PULSER POWER (see section “About the Pulser Power” on page 173 for
details)
• PROBE TYPE

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• MEAS TYPE (see step 5.c in section “Creating a Custom Setup for a Single
Element Transducer” on page 166 for details)
4. Use the [] or [] keys to select the value for the selected parameter.
5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 to adjust other parameters.
6. Press [GAIN/WAVE ADJ] again to hide the waveform adjustment parameter.

10.3 About the Detection Modes

There are three detection modes (Mode 1, Mode 2, and Mode 3):

Mode 1
Uses a direct contact transducer to measure the time of flight between the main
bang and the first back-wall echo (see Figure 10-3 on page 170).

First back-wall echo

Main bang

Detection marker
Mode indicator

Figure 10-3 Mode 1 detection example

Mode 2
Measures the time of flight between the interface (or delay line) echo and first
back-wall echo using a delay line or an immersion transducer (see Figure 10-4 on
page 171).

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Interface echo

First back-wall echo

Main bang

Detection bar
Mode indicator

Figure 10-4 Mode 2 detection example

Mode 3
Uses a delay line or an immersion transducer to measure the time of flight
between one back-wall echo and the next back-wall echo (see Figure 10-5 on
page 171).

First back-wall echo

Second back-wall
echo
Interface echo

Detection bar
Mode indicator

Figure 10-5 Mode 3 detection example

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Refer to section “About the Echo Window” on page 178 for information on the modes
in relation with the echo window.

10.4 About the First Peak

With single element transducers, the 45MG normally detects peaks on either the
highest positive or highest negative peak of the RF waveform. This feature works well
for most precision thickness applications.

This normal peak detection can be unstable for applications in which the back-wall
echo is irregular and contains several negative or positive peaks that are close in
amplitude. In such cases, the thickness reading can fluctuate as the gage switches
detection from one peak to another. This can happen, for example, in applications
measuring the length of bolts, or the thickness of the gel coat over fiberglass (see
Figure 10-6 on page 172). In such cases, help stabilize the echo detection and thickness
measurements by selecting the first peak algorithm to detect the first of several peaks
of similar amplitudes (see step 5.c in section “Creating a Custom Setup for a Single
Element Transducer” on page 166).

Figure 10-6 Detection of the first or the second negative peak

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10.5 About the Pulser Power

The excitation pulse (main bang) voltage can be set to one of the following values:
60 V, 110 V, 150 V, and 200 V.

Higher voltages may provide greater penetration at the expense of a lower near-
surface resolution, especially in mode 1. Inversely, lower voltages may provide better
near-surface resolution at the expense of a lower penetration.

For most applications, the 110 V value provides the best signal-to-noise ratio for
returning echoes. The pulser power indicates the voltage used to excite the
transducer, and therefore affects the size of the initial pulse (see Figure 10-7 on
page 173), and the amount of energy transmitted into the material.

Initial pulse Initial pulse

Figure 10-7 Comparing pulser powers set to 60 V and 200 V

When the 45MG displays the SAT flag below the thickness reading, the input voltage
from the transducer is above the maximum range, and proper measurements cannot
be made. This can normally be corrected by lowering the PULSER POWER until the
SAT flag no longer appears.

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10.6 About the Time-Dependent Gain Curve

With single element transducers, the 45MG either uses the automatic gain control
(AGC) [see section “Configuring Measurement Parameters” on page 141 for details on
how to activate the AGC] or the time-dependent gain (TDG) functions to
automatically adjust receiver gain to an optimum level when an echo is detected.

The 45MG offers three parameters for drawing a time-dependent gain curve: INIT
GAIN, TDG SLOPE, and MAX GAIN (see Figure 10-8 on page 174). From the initial
gain level, receiver gain slopes up to the maximum gain level at the rate determined
by the TDG SLOPE setting. When you adjust any of the received gain parameters, a
black time-dependent gain curve is displayed that clearly indicates the zones of initial
gain, slope, and maximum gain.

MB BLANK

Time-dependent gain
curve

TDG SLOPE zone

INIT GAIN level zone MAX GAIN
level zone

Figure 10-8 The TDG zones and parameters

The TDG curve can be used to optimize near-surface resolution while providing a
higher maximum gain for thicker samples. You can also use the TDG curve in
measurements of highly scattering materials, such as cast metals and fiberglass, in
order to minimize detection of scattered echoes occurring ahead of the back-wall
echo.

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10.6.1 About the Maximum Gain

The maximum gain indicates the maximum (time-dependent) receiver gain possible.
The maximum gain is used to amplify echoes that are further out in time. In general,
for any given application, the maximum gain should be set high enough that all
echoes of interest are detected.

The maximum available receiver gain can be adjusted from 0.0 dB to 99.0 dB. When
no echo is detected (LOS prompt), the gain rises to the maximum level set by the
initial gain, slope, and maximum gain. When the maximum gain is set too high, the
gage may hang up on transducer noise or other spurious signals; when it is set too
low, returning echoes may not be high enough for detection.

The max gain can never be lower than the initial gain, and has a maximum value of
99.0 dB.

10.6.2 About the Initial Gain

The initial gain sets an upper limit on receiver gain in the vicinity of the excitation
pulse (mode 1) or the interface echo (modes 2 and 3). By effectively making the
excitation pulse or interface echo smaller, the TDG curve allows for detection of
echoes occurring close to the pulse. The initial gain can be adjusted from 0 dB to the
maximum defined by the MAX GAIN setting.

The INIT GAIN setting is most critical in applications where minimum thickness
measurements must be optimized. This setting should always be set with the aid of a
reference standard representing that minimum. In cases where the minimum
thickness capability is less important than penetration, and scatter echoes are not a
problem, the initial gain can be set to be equal to the maximum gain.

The initial gain does the following:

• Indicates the initial (time-dependent) receiver gain currently selected.

• Amplifies echoes that are close to the main bang or interface echoes.
• Starts at time zero and extends to:
• The main bang blank in mode 1.
• The end of the interface blank in modes 2 and 3.

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10.6.3 About the TDG Slope

The TDG slope controls the rate at which the receiver gain slopes up from the initial
gain level to the maximum gain level. The TDG slope starts at the position of the MB
BLANK parameter in mode 1, and at the end of the IF BLANK parameter in mode 2
and mode 3. The TDG slope helps suppress reflections from grain structure or fibers.
Generally, the TDG slope should be set as high as possible in order for it to reach the
maximum gain as quickly as possible without causing the gage to hang up on
spurious signals. The slope can be set from 0.0 dB/µs to 39.95 dB/µs.

10.7 About the Main Bang Blank

The main bang blank is effectively a blank zone that protects the receiver from false
readings generated by the main bang. This blank or dead zone (up to 18 microseconds
from the excitation pulse) prevents the trailing edge echoes of the excitation pulse
from being detected as back-wall or interface echoes. The end of the main bang blank
indicates the point in time at which the gage begins to search for echoes.

In general, set the main bang blank just beyond the point at which the gage hangs up,
and then proceed to test with the transducer both coupled to and uncoupled from the
test material in order to ensure accurate measurements.

In mode 1, however, the length of the main bang blank determines the minimum
thickness that can be measured, and must therefore be positioned with care after
selecting the initial gain level (see Figure 10-9 on page 177). When the main bang
blank is too short, the instrument hangs up on the excitation pulse and readings are
not possible. When the main bang blank is too long, the minimum measurable
thickness is unnecessarily restricted. When using immersion transducers, ensure that
the main bang blank is always set before the interface echo from the shortest water
path.

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Main bang blank

Initial pulse

Figure 10-9 Main bang blank position for mode 1

In mode 2 and mode 3, the setting of the main bang blank is not critical if set to some
point between the end of the excitation pulse and the interface echo (see Figure 10-10
on page 177).

Main bang blank

Interface echo

Figure 10-10 Main bang blank position for mode 2 and mode 3

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10.8 About the Echo Window

The echo window is the time interval after each main bang, during which the
instrument is enabled to detect echoes. The echo window interval begins at the end of
the main bang blank. The echo window ends at x µs following the main bang in
mode 1, or at x µs following the interface blank in mode 2 and mode 3.

In mode 1, you can usually set the echo window to any value greater than the round-
trip pulse transit time in the thickest or slowest piece of material to be measured (see
Figure 10-11 on page 178). The exact setting is not critical as long as it is long enough
to include the farthest echo of interest.

Echo window

Figure 10-11 Echo window setting for mode 1

In mode 2 and mode 3, the echo window is limited to the time interval between
successive interface echoes (see Figure 10-12 on page 179). The end of the echo
window must be set ahead of the second interface echo in order to prevent an
incorrect detection, which in turn determines a maximum measurable thickness. In
applications involving mode 2 and mode 3 immersion measurements, the echo
window placement must apply throughout the range of the water paths to be used.

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Echo window
Interface echo

Second interface echo

Interface blank

Figure 10-12 Echo window setting for mode 2 and mode 3

10.8.1 About the Detection of Echo 1 and Echo 2

It is possible to select the detection polarity (positive or negative) for the first and
second echoes. Depending on the measurement mode and on the type of test material,
the maximum amplitude in an echo can be either a positive or negative peak. Positive
and negative polarity refer to processed echoes displayed on the waveform display
(see Figure 10-13 on page 179). To measure thicknesses with the highest accuracy, it is
important for the 45MG to detect the maximum amplitude peak in an echo.

Negative maximum peak Positive maximum peak

Negative detection of a steel-air interface Positive detection of a plastic-steel interface

Figure 10-13 Negative and positive echo detection examples

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Refer to Table 12 on page 180 for assistance in selecting the appropriate detection
polarity for a given application.

Table 12 Polarity of echoes

Measurement Echo 1 Echo 2

mode

Mode 1 The back-wall echo is Not applicable

using contact normally negative, except
transducer when measuring material of
low acoustic impedance
bonded to a material of high
impedance (such as plastic or
rubber over metal), where the
echo is phase-reversed.

Mode 2 The interface echo is The back-wall echo is

using delay line normally positive for high- normally negative, unless the
or immersion impedance materials such as back-wall echo represents the
transducers metals and ceramics, and sort of low-to-high
negative for low-impedance impedance boundary.
materials such as most
plastics.

Mode 3 The interface echo is The back-wall echo is

using delay line normally positive for high- normally negative, except in
or immersion impedance materials. some special cases involving
transducers difficult geometries in which
phase distortion may cause
the positive side of the back-
wall echo to be better defined
than the negative side.

10.8.2 About the Interface Blank

The interface blank represents a blank or dead zone up to 20 µs long that follows the
leading edge of the interface echo. The interface blank is only available in mode 2 and
mode 3.

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In mode 2, the interface blank prevents the detection of trailing lobes or cycles of the
interface echo which might otherwise be detected as back-wall echoes, which results
in a hang-up condition (see Figure 10-14 on page 181). The interface blank should be
set as short as possible to avoid unnecessarily restricting minimum measurable
thicknesses. The initial gain parameter often helps reduce the interface echo
amplitude, and permits the use of a shorter interface blank. Check the interface blank
settings with the transducer both coupled to and uncoupled from the test material.

Gage reading trailing edge of the Interface blank set correctly

interface echo

Figure 10-14 Examples of the interface blank in mode 2

In mode 3, the interface blank selects which pair of back-wall echoes are measured
(see Figure 10-15 on page 182). In most conditions, the interface blank would be set
just short of the first back-wall echo. However, as a practical matter, the first back-wall
echo from thin materials is often distorted or lost in the interface echo. With some
challenging geometries (such as tight radii), later pairs of back-wall echoes may be
cleaner than early ones. In such cases, set the interface blank to a length that ensures
detection of a clean and well-defined pair of back-wall echoes, even if the echoes are
not the first two.

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Gage reading between back- Interface blank adjusted so the gage measures
wall echoes 1 and 2 between back-wall echoes 2 and 3

Figure 10-15 Examples of the interface blank in mode 3

10.8.3 About the Mode 3 Echo Blank

The echo blank in mode 3 (M3 BLANK) is similar to the interface blank in mode 2, or
to the main bang blank in mode 1. This function creates a blank or dead zone up to
20 µs long following the leading edge of the first detected back-wall echo in order to
prevent detection of trailing lobes or cycles of that echo, and the resulting gage hang-
up (see Figure 10-16 on page 182).

Gage hanging up on trailing edge of back wall 1 M3 BLANK set properly

Figure 10-16 Examples of M3 Blank adjustment

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Because the mode 3 echo blank limits minimum measurable thicknesses, set the
controls to as short a period as possible; typically no longer than a few hundred
nanoseconds. Special cases may be an exception where mode conversion effects on
curved samples cause significant spurious signals between legitimate echo peaks. In
such cases, set the mode 3 echo blank to as long a period as necessary in order to
prevent detection of the spurious signals.

10.9 Saving Setup Parameters

After adjusting selected waveform parameters, it is possible to store the settings for
quick and easy recall. The 45MG can store up to 35 custom setups in its internal
memory.

To save setup parameters

1. Make the appropriate changes to the waveform parameters.
2. Press [2nd F], [FREEZE] (XDCR RECALL).
In the menu, ensure that ACTIVE is highlighted. The changes you made are
located in the active setup.
3. Press [SAVE].
4. In the SAVE SETUP screen (see Figure 10-17 on page 184):
a) In the SAVE AS dialog box, enter a name for the custom setup.
b) In the SAVE TO list, select one of the 35 available custom setup locations.

Setups named SE-USER-1 through SE-USER-35 are empty locations. Use caution
when selecting a location that already contains a custom setup, because the new setup
will replace the old information.

c) Select SAVE to save the custom setup.

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Figure 10-17 Saving custom setups

5. In the ACTIVE screen, review the setup parameters.

6. Press [MEAS] to return to the measurement screen.

10.10 Quickly Recalling a Custom Setup for Single Element Transducers

Normally, you can change the setup for a custom application by pressing
[RECALL XDCR] to select the appropriate setup in the list of available setups), and
then pressing [MEAS]. This process is adequate for typical setups that are changed
infrequently. However, when it is necessary to change between two or more custom
setups on a more frequent basis, use the quick setup recall function instead.

When the quick setup recall function is activated, a simple keypad shortcut can be
used to quickly switch to any of the first four custom setups for single element
transducers.

To activate the quick setup recall function

1. In the measurement screen, press [SETUP], and then select MEAS.
2. In the MEAS screen, set QUICK SETUP RECALL to ON.
3. Press [MEAS] to return to the measurement screen.

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To quickly recall one of the four first custom setups

 While in the measurement screen, with the quick setup recall function activated,
press [2nd F], [] to recall the first custom single element transducer setup.
OR
Press [2nd F], [] to recall the second custom single element transducer setup.
OR
Press [2nd F], [] to recall the third custom single element transducer setup.
OR
Press [2nd F], [] to recall the fourth custom single element transducer setup.

This feature only works when a single element transducer is plugged into the 45MG,
and the single element transducer option has also been purchased.

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11. Managing Communications and Data Transfer

This section describes the process through which the 45MG communicates with a
computer to send, receive, import, and export files. The 45MG comes standard with a
USB cable for communication using the USB 2.0 protocol.

11.1 About GageView

GageView is the Olympus interface program designed to communicate with

instruments such as the 45MG. GageView provides the capability to create inspection
database files, upload and download data files, and generate reports. Olympus
recommends using GageView to communicate with the 45MG, and to manage 45MG
data.

GageView is compatible with Windows XP, Windows Vista, and Windows 7. For
more details, refer to the GageView Interface Program — User’s Manual (P/N: 910-259-
EN [U8778347]).

11.2 Setting Up USB Communication

The communication protocol for the 45MG is USB 2.0.

To set up the USB communication

1. Ensure that the 45MG driver is installed on the computer.
This driver is installed when you install the GageView interface program.

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For more information on installing GageView, refer to the GageView Interface Program
— User’s Manual (P/N: 910-259-EN [U8778347]).

2. If you use a communication program other than GageView, refer to the program
documentation for proper configuration of the program for USB communication.
3. Turn the 45MG on.
4. Connect one end of a USB cable to the USB client connector on the top of the
45MG, and connect the other end to a USB port of the computer (see Figure 11-1
on page 188).

USB cable

Figure 11-1 Connecting the 45MG to a computer

The first time the 45MG is connected to this computer, the computer alerts you
that a new hardware device has been detected, and asks you if you want to install
the driver. Refer to the GageView Interface Program — User’s Manual (P/N: 910-259-
EN [U8778347]) for more information.
The driver loads, after which you can start using a program like GageView to
communicate with the 45MG.

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If you experience problems establishing communication between the 45MG and a

remote device, consider using the 45MG communication reset function to return all
communication parameters to their default values (see section “Resetting the
Communication Parameters” on page 196), and then reconfigure only those
communication parameters that are needed.

11.3 Exchanging Data with a Remote Device

It is possible to exchange 45MG data with a remote device such as a computer.

Data transmitted from the 45MG remains in the 45MG internal memory.

11.3.1 Exporting a File to the Memory Card (Datalogger Option Only)

The 45MG has the ability to export files from the internal memory to the external
MicroSD memory card. Files can be exported in CSV (comma-separated variables),
text (space delimited), or survey (used by the GageView interface program) format. A
MicroSD card reader can then be used to open these files in Microsoft Excel, or any
other program, directly on your computer. Survey files can be imported into
GageView from the MicroSD card reader.

To export files to the external memory card

1. Ensure that a MicroSD memory card is inserted in the designated slot under the
battery door of the 45MG (see Figure 1-4 on page 20).
2. If you inserted the MicroSD memory card when the 45MG was already turned on,
turn off and restart the 45MG to force it to recognize the presence of the memory
card.
3. In the measurement screen, press [FILE], and then select EXPORT.

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4. In the EXPORT screen (see Figure 11-2 on page 190):

a) If necessary, select a different SORT BY parameter to change the way files are
sorted in the file list.
b) In the file list, highlight the file you want to export.
c) Set FILE to the desired file format:
• SURVEY FILE: For import into GageView.
• EXCEL CSV: For data to be opened in CSV text format in Microsoft Excel.
• EXCEL GRID CSV: For data to be opened in grid format in Microsoft
Excel.
• TEXT FILE: For data to be opened in various Windows-based programs.
5. Select EXPORT.
The selected file is created in the following folder on the external MicroSD
memory card: \OlympusNDT\45MG\Transfer.
The instrument then automatically returns to the measurement screen.

Figure 11-2 The EXPORT screen

11.3.2 Importing Survey Files from the External Memory Card

It is possible to import a survey file from the external MicroSD memory card to the
45MG internal memory. This function can be used in conjunction with the GageView
interface program to import survey files that have been exported from GageView to a
MicroSD card. This feature allows you to import files into the 45MG while the
instrument is in the field and cannot be connected to a computer.

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To import survey files from the external memory card

1. Ensure that the \OlympusNDT\45MG\Transfer folder on your external MicroSD
memory card contains the file you want to import into the 45MG’s internal
memory.
2. Insert the MicroSD memory card into its designated slot under the battery door of
the 45MG (see Figure 1-4 on page 20).
3. If you inserted the MicroSD memory card while the 45MG was turned on, turn
the 45MG off, and then back on so that it recognizes the presence of the memory
card.
4. In the measurement screen, press [FILE], and then select IMPORT.
5. In the IMPORT screen (see Figure 11-3 on page 191):
a) Select the file to be imported into the list of available files.
The listed files are those found in the \OlympusNDT\45MG\Transfer folder
on the external MicroSD memory card.
b) Select IMPORT.
c) When a file with the same name already exists in the 45MG, the Overwrite
existing file? message appears. When you still want to import the file, select
YES.
A beep confirms the end of the file transfer and the instrument returns to the
measurement screen.

Figure 11-3 Example of the IMPORT screen

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11.3.3 Receiving Files from a Computer

The same type of datalogger information that can be sent to a computer can also be
received or downloaded from a computer to the instrument. There are two benefits:

• At the next survey date, months or years later, retrieve the previously saved
survey thickness data stored in a computer file with ID numbers. This retrieved
data can be used for the following purposes:
— To guide you through the measurement sequence using the ID numbers.
— To compare current values at the measurement site with previously measured
thickness values.
— To manually or automatically verify that the current measurement setup is
identical to the previously used setup.
• Create ID number sequences in a computer, and then download them to the
instrument. This externally created sequence can guide you through the
prescribed measurement location path. The ID sequence created in the computer
must have setup information. The setup can be the gage default setups, or any
other desired sequence of setups.
The data downloaded to the 45MG must be in the exact same format as the data
transmitted. Olympus recommends using the GageView interface program to
handle all functions of interfacing, storing, and creating 45MG data. Please
contact Olympus for information on additional software data management
programs.

To receive a data file from a computer

1. When using GageView or another program to send the file from the computer
using the USB port (see section “Setting Up USB Communication” on page 187),
turn on the 45MG and make sure that the measurement screen is active.
2. From the computer, begin sending the formatted data.
The 45MG displays a RECEIVING DATA screen while the data is being sent,
after which it returns to the measurement screen.

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11.4 Capturing Screen Images

It is possible to save a screenshot of the full 45MG screen contents to an image file.
This function is useful when you need an exact replica of the display for reporting or
documentation purposes, and can be performed using one of the following two
methods:

• Sending a Screen Capture to GageView (see section 11.4.1 on page 193)

• Sending a Screen Capture to the External MicroSD Card (see section 11.4.2 on
page 195)

11.4.1 Sending a Screen Capture to GageView

It is possible to send the full 45MG screen contents to the GageView interface
program.

Refer to the GageView Interface Program — User’s Manual (P/N: 910-259-EN [U8778347])
for information on how to install and use GageView.

To send a screen capture to GageView

1. Set the USB communication parameters, and then connect the 45MG to the
computer (see section “Setting Up USB Communication” on page 187).
2. On the 45MG, select the screen that you want to capture.
3. On the computer, start up GageView.
4. In GageView, the following tasks are only to be performed the first time you
connect the 45MG to GageView on this computer:
a) On the GageView menu, select Device > Config.
b) In the Device Configuration dialog box (see Figure 11-4 on page 194):
(1) In the Device List, select 45MG, and then click Add.
45MG (USB) appears in the Current Configured Devices list.
(2) Select the Connect at Startup check box to ensure that GageView
automatically attempts to connect to the 45MG upon start-up.
(3) Click OK.

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Figure 11-4 The Device Configuration dialog box

5. In GageView, perform the following tasks:

a) On the menu, select Device > Tools.
b) In the Device Tools dialog box (see Figure 11-5 on page 195), select Screen
Capture, and then click Receive.
The screen image appears once the data transfer is complete.
c) Click Copy to copy the screen capture to the Windows clipboard.
OR
Click Save to save the image as a BMP file using the folder and file name of
your choice.

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Figure 11-5 The Device Tools dialog box with a screen capture

11.4.2 Sending a Screen Capture to the External MicroSD Card

The 45MG has the capability to copy the contents of the current screen to the external
MicroSD card. The resulting screenshot is saved as a bitmap (.bmp) file. You can then
connect the MicroSD card to a computer and open the file in any program capable of
viewing bitmap (.bmp) files.

To send a screen capture to the external MicroSD card

1. Ensure that a MicroSD memory card is inserted in its slot under the battery door
of the 45MG (see Figure 1-4 on page 20).
2. If you inserted the MicroSD memory card while the 45MG was turned on, turn off
and restart the 45MG to force it to recognize the presence of the memory card.
3. Ensure that the function for saving a screen capture to the MicroSD card is
enabled:
a) In the measurement screen, press [SETUP], and then select SYSTEM.
b) Set PRINT SCREEN TO SD CARD to ON.
4. Select the screen you want to capture.

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5. Press [2nd F], [SETUP].

The screen freezes for about 20 seconds as the file is being sent to the following
folder on the external memory card: \OlympusNDT\45MG\Snapshot.
The screenshots are automatically named BMPn.bmp, where n starts at 0 and is
incremented by one each time a new screenshot is added.
6. To transfer the image file:
a) Remove the MicroSD memory card from its slot in the 45MG.
b) Using a MicroSD card reader, connect the memory card to a computer.
c) Copy the file from the \OlympusNDT\45MG\Snapshot folder on the card to
the desired folder on the computer.

11.5 Resetting the Communication Parameters

The communication reset function quickly returns communication parameters to their

factory default values. This function may be useful when you are experiencing
difficulties in establishing communication with a remote device. Table 13 on page 196
summarizes the default values for the communication parameters.

Table 13 Default communication parameter values

Parameter Value
COMM PROTOCOL MULTI CHAR
OUTPUT FORMAT F1
B-SCAN OUTPUT OFF
FTP OUTPUT 45MG
OUTPUT TYPE FTP

To reset the communication parameters

1. Press [SETUP], and then select RESETS.
2. In the RESETS screen (see Figure 11-6 on page 197):
a) In the RESETS list, select COMMUNICATION RESET.
b) Select RESET.

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Figure 11-6 Selecting COMMUNICATION RESET

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12. Maintaining and Troubleshooting the 45MG

This section describes how to maintain your 45MG by carrying out routine care and
maintenance.

Topics are as follows:

• Routine Gage Maintenance (see section 12.1 on page 199).

• Cleaning the Instrument (see section 12.2 on page 200).
• Maintaining Transducers (see section 12.3 on page 200).
• Using Instrument Resets (see section 12.4 on page 201).
• Performing Hardware Diagnostic Tests (see section 12.5 on page 203).
• Performing the Software Diagnostic Test (see section 12.6 on page 205).
• Viewing the Instrument Status (see section 12.7 on page 206).
• Understanding Error Messages (see section 12.8 on page 207).
• Resolving Battery Problems (see section 12.9 on page 207).
• Resolving Measurement Problems (see section 12.10 on page 208).

12.1 Routine Gage Maintenance

The 45MG case is sealed to prevent ingress of environmental liquids and dust when
the battery door is closed. However, the instrument should never be immersed in any
fluid.

The 45MG case is designed to withstand normal field use. However, as with any
electronic instrument, damage is possible if the instrument is not handled with
adequate care. Observe the following instructions in particular:

• Never press a key using a hard or sharp object.

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• When connecting cables to the instrument, first align the connector with the
mating receptacle on the instrument (dual element D79X series transducer center
pin protruding downward), and then carefully insert the connector straight into
the receptacle.
• When disconnecting cables from the instrument, first grasp the connector (not the
cable), and then gently pull it out.
• Do not throw or drop the instrument.
• Do not use strong solvents or abrasives to clean the rubber boot, case, keypad, or
display screen.

12.2 Cleaning the Instrument

First, clean the instrument with a dry damp cloth. If necessary, use a wet damp cloth
with a mild detergent to wash the instrument. Dry the instrument before using it.

12.3 Maintaining Transducers

The ultrasonic transducers used with the 45MG are rugged devices that need little
care. However, they are not indestructible, and some attention to the following items
result in a longer lifespan.

• Take high-temperature measurements only with suitable high-temperature

transducers. Standard transducers can be damaged or destroyed if brought into
contact with surfaces hotter than approximately 125 °F (52 °C).
• Cutting, pinching, or pulling the cables causes damage to them. Take care to
prevent mechanical abuse to the cables. Never leave a transducer in any area
where there is a risk that a heavy object could be placed on the cable. Never
remove a transducer from the gage by pulling on the cable; pull on the molded
connector only. Never tie a knot in the transducer cable. Do not twist or pull the
cable at the point where it connects to the transducer.
• Excessive wear at the tip of the transducer degrades its performance. To minimize
wear, do not scrape or drag the transducer across rough surfaces. Operation of the
transducer may become erratic or impossible in the event that a transducer tip
becomes rough or cracked. Although some wear is normal, severe wear limits
transducer life. Take particular care with plastic delay line transducers; replace
worn delay lines.

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12.4 Using Instrument Resets

The 45MG includes reset functions that can be used to quickly restore the gage to its
default parameters. Resets are useful shortcuts to known configurations. The reset
functions are as follows:

MEASUREMENT RESET
Changes the measurement parameters to the default factory values listed in
Table 14 on page 201.

Table 14 Measurement default settings

Parameter Default value
Measurement mode with differential Fast, min, max, and alarms turned off
Material sound velocity 0.2350 in./s or 5.969 mm/s
(approximate velocity of the included test
blocks)
Differential reference value 0.0 in. or 0.0 mm
Low alarm reference value 0.0 in. or 0.0 mm
High alarm reference value 25.0 in. or 635.0 mm
Display update rate 4 per second
Zoom Off
Range Minimum range
LOS condition Blank thickness display
Resolution 0.001 in. or 0.01 mm

INTERNAL MEMORY RESET

Deletes all stored data on the internal MicroSD memory card and reformats the
card.

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The internal memory reset permanently deletes all thickness readings/waveforms that
are stored in the memory card. However, this reset does not delete any stored
transducer setups.

CLOCK RESET
Resets the date to 01/01/2010 in the MM/DD/YYYY format, and the time to 12:00
A.M. in the 12-hour format.
COMMUNICATION RESET
Changes the communication settings to the default factory values listed in
Table 15 on page 202.

Table 15 Default communication settings

Parameter Default value
COMM PROTOCOL MULTI CHAR
OUTPUT FORMAT F1
B-SCAN OUTPUT OFF
FTP OUTPUT 45MG
OUTPUT TYPE FTP

MASTER RESET
Performs the measurement reset and the internal memory reset in a single step.

The master reset permanently deletes all stored thickness readings/waveforms that
are stored in the internal memory card of the 45MG.

To activate a reset function

1. In the measurement screen, press [SETUP], and then select RESETS.

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2. In the RESETS screen (see Figure 12-1 on page 203):

a) In the RESETS list, highlight the desired reset function.
A warning message appears, indicating the type of data that will be reset.
b) Select RESET.

Figure 12-1 Activating a reset function

12.5 Performing Hardware Diagnostic Tests

The 45MG includes a function that can be used to perform several diagnostic self
tests. The tests can help to localize a suspected hardware problem, or to verify correct
hardware operation. Some tests are designed for Olympus internal testing procedures
during the manufacturing process.

The available tests are as follows:

• Keypad test
• Video test
• Internal MicroSD card test (Pass or Fail)
• External MicroSD card test (Pass or Fail)
• Dual element transducer test
• ESS test (Electronic Stress Screening) [for Olympus internal use only]
• B-scan test (for Olympus internal use only)
• Battery test (for Olympus internal use only)
• One-wire test (for Olympus internal use only)

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To perform a diagnostic test

1. In the measurement screen, press [SETUP], and then press SP MENU.
2. In the SP MENU (see Figure 4-2 on page 43), select TESTS.
3. In the TESTS screen, select the desired test, and then press [ENTER].
4. When KEYPAD TEST is selected, in the KEYPAD TEST screen (see Figure 12-2
on page 204), perform the following steps:
a) Test any key by pressing it on the keypad.
When that specific key is working correctly, the instrument displays the name
of the key in the Last Key pressed box.
b) Press [ENTER] to terminate the keypad test.

Figure 12-2 The KEYPAD TEST screen

5. When VIDEO TEST is selected:

a) In the VIDEO TEST screen, press [MEAS] to start the video test.
The display shows vertical color strips. Any problems with the display show
up as a disruption of the pattern.
b) Press [ENTER] to terminate the video test.
6. When INTERNAL SD CARD TEST or EXTERNAL SD CARD TEST is selected,
in the INTERNAL SD CARD TEST or EXTERNAL SD CARD TEST screen:
a) Press [MEAS] to start the test.
The test result appears under SD Card Test Status. The possible results are as
follows:
• PASS: Indicates that the card is functioning properly.

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• FAIL: Indicates that there is a problem with the memory card. When the
external card fails, reinstall or replace the card, and then restart the
instrument. When the internal card fails, contact Olympus for service.
b) Press [ENTER] to terminate the SD CARD test.
7. When DUAL XDCR TEST is selected, in the DUAL XDCR TEST screen (see
Figure 12-3 on page 205):
a) Press [MEAS] to start the test that measures the time of flight through each
side of a dual element transducer.
The measured parameter values appear.
b) Interpret the Tx and the Rx values as follows:
• Similar values indicate a normal dual element transducer.
• A difference between the values indicates that the delay line wear is not
the same for each element.
• A missing value indicates that a cable is broken, or that the element is not
functioning.
c) Take note of the calculated ZERO VALUE.
d) Press [ENTER] to terminate the dual element transducer test.

Figure 12-3 The DUAL XDCR TEST screen

12.6 Performing the Software Diagnostic Test

The software diagnostic (SW DIAG) function generates an error log documenting all
errors that occurred during instrument operation. Olympus uses this information to
troubleshoot the 45MG operating software.

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To access the software diagnostic

1. In the measurement screen, press [SETUP], and then select SP MENU.
2. In the SP MENU (see Figure 4-2 on page 43), select SW DIAG.
The SW DIAG screen appears, which contains the error log (see Figure 12-4 on
page 206).

Figure 12-4 Example of the SW DIAG screen

3. Press [MEAS] to return to the measurement screen.

12.7 Viewing the Instrument Status

The STATUS screen lists important information about the instrument. The status
screen displays the following information:

• Current instrument internal temperature

• Current battery charge level
• Instrument model
• Software release date (build date)
• Software version
• Hardware version
• Options code (S/N) to be communicated to Olympus for software option
activation

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To view the instrument status

1. In the measurement screen, press [SETUP], then select SP MENU.
2. In the SP MENU (see Figure 4-2 on page 43), select STATUS (see Figure 12-5 on
page 207).

Figure 12-5 Example of the STATUS screen

3. Press [MEAS] to return to the measurement screen.

12.8 Understanding Error Messages

When operating the gage, certain error messages may appear. These messages usually
indicate a problem with the operating procedure, but certain messages might indicate
a physical problem with the gage itself. If you do not understand an error message,
contact Olympus for assistance.

12.9 Resolving Battery Problems

The power indicator (in the upper-left corner of the display) contains bars that
indicate the percentage of remaining battery charge level. When the charge level
becomes low, the gage automatically turns off. If the gage turns off immediately after
you turn it on, or if you are unable to turn it on, the batteries are probably depleted.

Replace the batteries with three new AA-size batteries.

Maintaining and Troubleshooting the 45MG 207

DMTA-10022-01EN, Rev. B, October 2013

12.10 Resolving Measurement Problems

Table 16 Measurement troubleshooting

Symptom Possible explanation

No echoes or weak echoes, • There is insufficient couplant, especially on

and no measurement (LOS) rough or curved surfaces.
• The gain is set too low.
• The material is too attenuating, or the surfaces
are unparalleled or too rough.
• The gage requires service; try the master reset.
• The echo is too low in amplitude to be
detected. Try increasing the gain.

Strong echoes, no • The echo may be in a blank area of the

measurements waveform, and cannot be detected.
• The echo is outside of the echo window.

Strong echoes, incorrect • Out of calibration; perform calibration.

measurements • Differential mode — check DIFF flag.
• Min or Max mode — see section “Using the
Minimum, Maximum, or Min/Max Thickness
Mode” on page 129.
• The material is too grainy, has flaws,
inclusions or laminations, or very high surface
noise; try manual gain adjustment or
extended blank.

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 DMTA-10022-01EN, Rev. B, October 2013

Appendix A: Technical Specifications

Table 17 General EN15317 specifications

Parameter Value
Size Height x Width x Depth (without protective boot):
6.38 in. x 3.59 in. x 1.62 in.
(162.0 mm x 91.1 mm x 41.1 mm)
Weight 0.95 lb (430.9 g)
Power supply types Three AA-size batteries: Alkaline (nonrechargeable), NiMH
(externally rechargeable), or lithium (nonrechargeable)
Probe socket types Dual LEMO with center pin IP67
Battery operating time For continuous measurement at an update rate of 4 Hz with
the backlight set to 20 %:
Alkaline (nonrechargeable) 20–21 hours
NiMH (externally rechargeable) 22–23 hours
Lithium (nonrechargeable) 35–36 hours
Operating temperature 14 °F to 122 °F (−10 °C to 50 °C)
Battery storage temperature −4 °F to 104 °F (−20 °C to 40 °C)
Battery indicator Five-step battery charge level indication
Pulse repetition frequency 1 kHz burst
(PRF) Measurement rates: 4 Hz, 8 Hz, 16 Hz, and Fast or Max (up to
20 Hz)
Alarm indicators Visual high-alarm and low-alarm indicators with audio tone
Thru coating Echo-to-echo and THRU-COAT measurements
Minimum and maximum Single element: 0.004 in. to 25.0 in. (0.1 mm to 635.0 mm)
thickness Dual element: 0.020 in. to 25 in. (0.5 mm to 635.0 mm)
Note: The exact thickness range depends on the transducer
type and measurement mode used.

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Table 18 Display EN15317 specifications

Parameter Value
Type Color graphical TFT, LCD, 320 x 240 pixels
Size [Height] x [Width], [Diagonal]
1.62 in. x 2.15 in., 2.70 in.
(41.15 mm x 54.61 mm, 68.58 mm)

Table 19 Transmitter EN15317 specifications

Parameter Value
Transmitter pulse Adjustable square wave pulser
Pulser voltage Pulse voltages: 60 V, 110 V, 150 V, and 200 V
Pulse rise time Damping in: 5 ns typical
Damping out: 3.5 ns typical (pulse-width dependent)
Pulse duration Adjustable to probe frequency

Table 20 Receiver EN15317 specifications

Parameter Value
Gain control Automatic or manual: 40 dB to 99 dB
Frequency range 0.5 MHz to 24 MHz typical (filter dependent)

Table 21 Other EN15317 specifications

Parameter Value
Data storage Internal and external MicroSD memory cards, maximum
capacity of 2 GB.
Each card:
475000 thickness readings or
20000 waveforms with thickness readings
Data output types 2.0 USB client
Removable MicroSD memory card
Calibration setting storage Default single and dual element transducer setups
35 custom setups (single element)

210 Appendix A
 DMTA-10022-01EN, Rev. B, October 2013

Table 21 Other EN15317 specifications (continued)

Parameter Value
Calibration Single or two-point calibration using a test block
Velocity can be entered manually.
Display response time Normal (4 Hz) or fast (up to 20 Hz) for dual element
transducers
Adjustable: 4 Hz, 8 Hz, 16 Hz, and Max (up to 20 Hz) for
single element transducers
Number of pixels to display a 320 x 240 pixels
waveform

Table 22 Environmental rating specifications

Parameter Value
IP rating Designed for IP67
Explosive atmosphere MIL-STD-810G, Section 511.5, Procedure I
Shock test MIL-STD-810G, Section 516.6, Procedure I
Vibration test MIL-STD-810G, Section 514.6, Procedure I
Drop test MIL-STD-810G, Section 516.6, Procedure IV- Transit Drop

Table 23 Measurement specifications

Parameter Value
Measurement modes Standard dual element: Time between excitation pulse and
first back-wall echo using dual element transducer.
Dual Echo-to-Echo: Time between successive back-wall
echoes using dual element transducers.
THRU-COAT: Time between excitation pulse and first back-
wall echo while ignoring or displaying a coating thickness.
Mode 1: Time between excitation pulse and first echo
following a blank period using contact transducers.
Mode 2: Time between the interface echo and the first back-
wall echo. Normally used with delay line or immersion
transducers.
Mode 3: Time between a pair of back-wall echoes following
the interface echo. Normally used with delay line or
immersion transducers.
V-path correction Automatic, dependent on transducer type

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Table 23 Measurement specifications (continued)

Parameter Value
Measurement resolution Selectable from the keypad:
LOW: 0.01 in. (0.1 mm)
STD: 0.001 in. (0.01 mm)
HI: 0.0001 in. (0.001 mm) with the High Resolution option.
Not all resolutions are available for all measurement modes.
Material sound velocity range 0.0200 in./µs to 0.7362 in./µs (0.508 mm/µs to 18.699 mm/µs)
Material sound velocity 0.0001 in./µs (0.001 mm/µs)
resolution
Alarm set point range 0.00 in. to 20.00 in. (0.00 mm to 500.00 mm)

Table 24 Datalogger specifications

Parameter Value
Storage capacity 475000 thickness readings or
20000 waveforms with thickness readings
ID number length 1 to 20 characters
File name length 1 to 32 characters
File formats Incremental
Sequential (defined by starting and ending ID number)
Sequential with custom points
2-D grid
Boiler
External memory card MicroSD memory card
2 GB maximum capacity

Table 25 Typical ranges and default setups for single element

transducersa
Setup name Transducer Typical measurement range
DEFM1-20.0-M116 M116 Steel: 0.020 in. to 1.500 in. (0.250 mm to 8.000 mm)
DEFM1-10.0-M112 M112 Steel: 0.030 in. to 10.000 in. (0.760 mm to 250.000 mm)
DEFM1-10.0-M1016 M1016 Steel: 0.030 in. to 10.000 in.(0.760 mm to 250.00 mm)
DEFM1-5.0-M110 M110 Steel: 0.040 in. to 15.000 in. (1.00 mm to 380.00 mm)
DEFM1-5.0-M109 M109 Steel: 0.050 in. to 20.000 in. (1.00 mm to 500.00 mm)
DEFM1-2.25-M106 M106 Steel: 0.080 in. to 25.000 in. (2.00 mm to 635.00 mm)

212 Appendix A
 DMTA-10022-01EN, Rev. B, October 2013

Table 25 Typical ranges and default setups for single element

transducersa (continued)
Setup name Transducer Typical measurement range
DEFM1-2.25-M1036 M1036 Steel: 0.080 in. to 25.000 in. (2.00 mm to 635.00 mm)
DEFM3-20.0-M208 M208 Steel: 0.008 in. to 0.200 in. (0.25 mm to 5.00 mm)
DEFP2-20.0-M208 M208 Plastic: 0.005 in. to 0.200 in. (0.12 mm to 5 mm)
DEFM3-10.0-M202 M202 Steel: 0.010 in. to 0.500 in. (0.25 mm to 12.00 mm)
DEFM2-10.0-M202 M202 Steel: 0.030 in. to 0.500 in. (0.75 mm to 12.00 mm)
DEFP2-10.0-M202 M202 Plastic: 0.025 in. to 0.25 in. (0.6 mm to 6 mm)
DEFM3-15.0-V260 V260 Steel: 0.010 in. to 0.200 in. (0.25 mm to 5.00 mm)
DEFM2-15.0-V260 V260 Steel: 0.030 in. to 0.500 in. (0.75 mm to 12.50 mm)
DEFP2-15.0-V260 V260 Plastic: 0.010 in. to 0.120 in. (0.25 mm to 3 mm)
DEFM2-5.0-M201 M201 Steel: 0.050 in. to 1.000 in. (1.50 mm to 25.40 mm)
DEFP2-5.0-M201 M201 Plastic: 0.025 in. to 0.500 in. (0.62 mm to 12.5 mm)
DEFM2-5.0-M206 M206 Steel: 0.050 in. to 0.750 in. (1.25 mm to 19.00 mm)
DEFP2-5.0-M206 M206 Plastic: 0.040 in. to 0.500 in. (1 mm to 12.5 mm)
DEFM2-2.25-M207 M207 Steel: 0.080 in. to 0.750 in. (2.00 mm to 19.00 mm)
DEFP2-2.25-M207 M207 Plastic: 0.080 in. to 0.500 in. (2 mm to 12.5 mm)
DEFM1-0.5-M101 M101 Steel: 0.500 in. to 25.00 in. (12.5 mm to 635 mm)
DEFM1-1.0-M102 M102 Steel: 0.200 in. to 25.00 in. (5.0 mm to 635 mm)
DEFM1-1.0-M103 M103 Steel: 0.100 in. to 25.00 in. (2.5 mm to 635 mm)
DEFP1-0.5-M2008 M2008 Fiberglass: 0.200 in. to 3.00 in. (5.0 mm to 75 mm)

a. The maximum thickness measuring capability depends on the transducer type, material
conditions, and temperature.

Table 26 Setup parameter description

Name Description Units/Resolutions/Range
MEAS Echo detect mode Standard dual
OPTION Dual Echo-to-Echo
THRU-COAT
Mode 1
Mode 2
Mode 3

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DMTA-10022-01EN, Rev. B, October 2013

Table 26 Setup parameter description (continued)

Name Description Units/Resolutions/Range
MEAS TYPE Special measurement modes Standard
First Peak (with Single Element option)
PROBE TYPE Transducer types Dual element
Direct contact (with Single element
option)
Delay line
Immersion
PULSER Pulser power 60 V, 110 V, 150 V, or 200 V
POWER
MAX GAIN Maximum receiver gain 0.0 dB to 99.0 dB, 0.3 dB steps
INIT GAIN Initial TDG gain 0 to Max Gain, 1 dB steps.
TDG SLOPE Time Gain slope (default) 0.0 dB/s to 39.9 dB/s
MB BLANK Main bang blank 0 ns to 225 µs
ECHO Echo detect gate which begins at 0 ns to 224.71 µs., 55 ns, or MB blank
WINDOW end of MB (main bang) blank in time interval, whichever is less.
mode 1, or interface echo in
modes 2 and 3. The value reported
for the end of the echo window is
relative to the main bang.
ECHO 1 Detection polarity of first echo + or –
DETECT
ECHO 2 Detection polarity of second echo + or –
DETECT
IF BLANK Blank after interface echo 0 µs to 20 µs
M3 BLANK Blank after first measured back- 0 µs to 20 µs
wall echo in mode 3
VELOCITY Ultrasonic sound velocity of 0.0200 in./µs to 0.7362 in./µs
material to be measured (0.508 mm/µs to 18.699 mm/µs)
ZERO Zero calibration factor 0.00 to 999.99

214 Appendix A
 DMTA-10022-01EN, Rev. B, October 2013

Table 27 General specifications

Element Description
Keypad Sealed and embossed membrane surface.
Tactile and audible feedback, color-coded graphics, 15 keys.
Dual element Automatically identifies the transducer type and optimizes the gage for
transducers that transducer.
Non-Olympus transducers might work, but performance is not
guaranteed.
The following transducers are supported: D790, D790-SM, D791, D791-
RM, D792, D793, D794, D797, D798, D7906-SM, D7908, D799, and
MTD705.
Single element Can be used with contact, delay line, and immersion transducers from
transducers 2.25 MHz to 30 MHz.
(optional) High Penetration software option expands the frequency range from
0.5 MHz to 30.0 MHz

Technical Specifications 215

DMTA-10022-01EN, Rev. B, October 2013

216 Appendix A
 DMTA-10022-01EN, Rev. B, October 2013

Appendix B: Sound Velocities

The following table lists the sound velocities in a variety of common materials. Use
this table only as a guide. The actual velocity in these materials may vary significantly
due to a variety of causes, such as composition, preferred crystallographic orientation,
porosity, and temperature. Therefore, for maximum accuracy when establishing the
sound velocity in a given material, first test a sample of the material.

Table 28 Sound velocities in common materials

Material V (in./µs) V (m/s)
Acrylic resin (Perspex) 0.107 2730
Aluminum 0.249 6320
Beryllium 0.508 12900
Brass, naval 0.174 4430
Copper 0.183 4660
Diamond 0.709 18000
Glycerin 0.076 1920
Inconel 0.229 5820
Iron, Cast (slow) 0.138 3500
Iron, Cast (fast) 0.220 5600
Iron oxide (magnetite) 0.232 5890
Lead 0.085 2160
Lucite 0.106 2680
Molybdenum 0.246 6250
Motor oil (SAE 20/30) 0.069 1740

Sound Velocities 217

DMTA-10022-01EN, Rev. B, October 2013

Table 28 Sound velocities in common materials (continued)

Material V (in./µs) V (m/s)
Nickel, pure 0.222 5630
Polyamide (slow) 0.087 2200
Nylon, fast 0.102 2600
Polyethylene, high-density (HDPE) 0.097 2460
Polyethylene, low-density (LDPE) 0.082 2080
Polystyrene 0.092 2340
Polyvinyl chloride, (PVC, hard) 0.094 2395
Rubber (polybutadiene) 0.063 1610
Silicon 0.379 9620
Silicone 0.058 1485
Steel, 1020 0.232 5890
Steel, 4340 0.230 5850
Steel, 302 austenitic stainless 0.223 5660
Steel, 347 austenitic stainless 0.226 5740
Tin 0.131 3320
Titanium, Ti 150A 0.240 6100
Tungsten 0.204 5180
Water (20 °C) 0.0580 1480
Zinc 0.164 4170
Zirconium 0.183 4650

References

Folds, D. L. “Experimental Determination of Ultrasonic Wave Velocities in Plastics,

Elastomers, and Syntactic Foam as a Function of Temperature”, Naval Research and
Development Laboratory, Panama City, Florida, 1971.

Fredericks, J. R. Ultrasonic Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1965.

“Handbook of Chemistry and Physics” Chemical Rubber Co., Cleveland, Ohio, 1963.

Mason, W. P. “Physical Acoustics and the Properties of Solids”, D.Van Nostrand Co., New
York, 1958.

218 Appendix B
 DMTA-10022-01EN, Rev. B, October 2013

Papadakis, E. P. Panametrics – unpublished notes, 1972.

Sound Velocities 219

DMTA-10022-01EN, Rev. B, October 2013

220 Appendix B
 DMTA-10022-01EN, Rev. B, October 2013

Appendix C: Accessories and Replacement Parts

Table 29 Software options

Description Part Number
Optional Echo-to-Echo & THRU-COAT 45MG-EETC [U8147021]
(installed in units using an activation code)
Optional Datalogger software 45MG-DL [U8147020]
(installed in units using an activation code)
Optional Waveform software 45MG-WF [U8147019]
(installed in units using an activation code)
Optional Single Element including High Resolution 45MG-SE [U8147022]
(installed in units using an activation code)
Optional Single Element & High Penetration 45MG-HP [U8147023]
software
(installed in units using an activation code)

Table 30 Accessories and replacement parts

Description Part Number
Carrying case 45MG-CC [U8764105]
Protective rubber boot 45MG-RPC [U8779676]
Gage stand 45MG-GS [U8780044]
Chest harness 441-087 [U8902895]
Rectangular rubber boot rings 412-1061LF [U8907259]
45MG documentation CD 45MG-MAN-CD [U8147024]
45MG Getting Started Guide DMTA-10024-01EN [U8778520]
Interface program CD-ROM (standard) GageView [U8147006]

Accessories and Replacement Parts 221

DMTA-10022-01EN, Rev. B, October 2013

Table 30 Accessories and replacement parts (continued)

Description Part Number
Batteries Alkaline, NiMH, or lithium

Table 31 Interface cables and power accessories

Description Part Number
6 ft (1.83 m) USB cable (connection on top EPLTC-C-USB-A-6 [U8840031]
of instrument)
2 GB external MicroSD memory card MICROSD-ADP-2GB [U8779307]

Table 32 Couplants
Description Part Number
Glycerin, 2 oz. (0.06 l) Couplant B-2 [U8770023]
Gel type, 12 oz. (0.35 l) Couplant D-12 [U8770026]
Ultratherm-high temperature up to 1000 °F Couplant E-2 [U8770274]
(538 °C), 2 oz. (0.06 l)
Medium temperature up to 500 °F (260 °C), 2 oz. Couplant F-2 [U8770141]
(0.06 l)

Table 33 Test blocks

Description Part Number
5-step, 1018 steel 2214E [U8880014]
English units: 0.100 in., 0.200 in., 0.300 in., 0.400 in., 0.500 in.
5-step, 1018 steel 2214M [U8880016]
Metric units: 2.5 mm, 5.0 mm, 7.5 mm, 10.0 mm, 12.5 mm
5-step, aluminum 2213E [U8880010]
English units: 0.100 in., 0.200 in., 0.300 in., 0.400 in., 0.500 in.
4-step, 1018 steel 2212E [U8880008]
English units: 0.250 in., 0.500 in., 0.750 in., 1.500 in.
2-step, 303 stainless steel 2218E [U8880022]
English units: 0.050 in., 0.150 in.

222 Appendix C
 DMTA-10022-01EN, Rev. B, October 2013

Table 33 Test blocks (continued)

Description Part Number
2-step, 303 stainless steel 2218M [U8880024]
Metric units: 1 mm, 15 mm
2-step, 303 stainless steel, 2219E [U8880026]
English units: 0.200 in., 1.500 in.
2-step, 303 stainless steel, 2219M [U8880028]
Metric units: 5 mm, 30 mm

Accessories and Replacement Parts 223

DMTA-10022-01EN, Rev. B, October 2013

224 Appendix C
 DMTA-10022-01EN, Rev. B, October 2013

List of Figures

Figure i-1 The symbols on the top of the 45MG ................................................................ 1

Figure i-2 Labels attached to the back of the instrument ................................................. 2
Figure i-3 The REGULATORY screen ............................................................................... 13
Figure 1-1 The 45MG hardware components – Front, top, and side views ................. 18
Figure 1-2 The 45MG connections ...................................................................................... 19
Figure 1-3 The top end connectors ..................................................................................... 19
Figure 1-4 The MicroSD connector behind the battery door ......................................... 20
Figure 1-5 The 45MG keypads ............................................................................................ 21
Figure 2-1 The power indicator when using batteries .................................................... 25
Figure 2-2 The power indicator when using a computer or an AC power supply ..... 26
Figure 2-3 Opening the battery compartment .................................................................. 27
Figure 2-4 Selecting the battery type ................................................................................. 29
Figure 3-1 The measurement screen – No waveform enabled ....................................... 31
Figure 3-2 The measurement screen – Waveform option enabled ................................ 32
Figure 3-3 The ID bar ........................................................................................................... 32
Figure 3-4 Other elements – No Waveform option enabled ........................................... 33
Figure 3-5 Other elements – Waveform option enabled ................................................. 34
Figure 3-6 The loss-of-signal (LOS) indicator ................................................................... 34
Figure 3-7 Menu and submenu example .......................................................................... 35
Figure 3-8 Parameter screen example ................................................................................ 36
Figure 3-9 Example of the virtual keyboard ..................................................................... 38
Figure 3-10 The character cycle of the traditional text edit method ............................... 39
Figure 4-1 The SYSTEM screen ........................................................................................... 42
Figure 4-2 The SP MENU screen ........................................................................................ 43
Figure 4-3 The CLOCK screen ............................................................................................ 43
Figure 4-4 The DISPLAY screen ......................................................................................... 45
Figure 4-5 Example of the indoor and the outdoor color schemes ............................... 46
Figure 4-6 The measurement update rate indicator ........................................................ 48
Figure 5-1 Plugging in the transducer ............................................................................... 52
Figure 5-2 Initial screen with a standard D79X dual element transducer .................... 52

List of Figures 225

DMTA-10022-01EN, Rev. B, October 2013

Figure 5-3 Selecting a default single element transducer setup .................................... 53

Figure 5-4 Sound velocity calibration on a five-step test block – Thick part ............... 56
Figure 5-5 Performing the sound velocity calibration on a five-step test block .......... 56
Figure 5-6 Sound velocity calibration on a five-step test block – Thin part ................. 57
Figure 5-7 Performing the zero calibration on a five-step test block ............................ 57
Figure 5-8 Example of a five-step test block ..................................................................... 58
Figure 5-9 Entering a known material sound velocity .................................................... 60
Figure 5-10 The calibration lock message ........................................................................... 61
Figure 5-11 Coupling a dual element transducer .............................................................. 64
Figure 5-12 Reading the measured thickness ..................................................................... 65
Figure 5-13 The active file name appearing in the ID bar ................................................. 65
Figure 6-1 The OPTIONS screen ........................................................................................ 69
Figure 6-2 Measuring with the standard echo detection mode ..................................... 70
Figure 6-3 Measuring with the automatic Echo-to-Echo detection mode .................... 71
Figure 6-4 Measuring with the manual Echo-to-Echo detection mode ........................ 72
Figure 6-5 Comparing manual measurements ................................................................. 74
Figure 6-6 Opening the THRU-COAT setup dialog box ................................................. 77
Figure 6-7 Standard display ................................................................................................ 79
Figure 6-8 Waveform display .............................................................................................. 80
Figure 6-9 Examples of the rectification modes ............................................................... 81
Figure 6-10 Examples of waveform trace modes ............................................................... 82
Figure 6-11 The range of the waveform display ................................................................ 83
Figure 6-12 Comparing the normal and zoomed display in mode 1 .............................. 85
Figure 6-13 Comparing the normal and zoomed display in mode 2 .............................. 85
Figure 6-14 Comparing the normal and zoomed display in mode 3 .............................. 86
Figure 6-15 The active file name appears in the ID bar ..................................................... 89
Figure 6-16 Identifying datalogger parameters .................................................................. 90
Figure 6-17 Example of the CREATE screen ....................................................................... 93
Figure 6-18 The CREATE screen for the incremental data file type ................................ 95
Figure 6-19 Selecting the ID range for the sequential file type ........................................ 97
Figure 6-20 Configuring ID range for a sequential with custom points data file type 98
Figure 6-21 General 2-D grid example ................................................................................ 99
Figure 6-22 One grid for 75 identical parts ....................................................................... 100
Figure 6-23 Differently named grid for each part ............................................................ 101
Figure 6-24 Configuring the ID range for a 2-D grid data file type .............................. 102
Figure 6-25 Configuring the ID range for a boiler data file type ................................... 104
Figure 6-26 The FILE menu ................................................................................................. 106
Figure 6-27 Opening a file ................................................................................................... 107
Figure 6-28 Copying a file ................................................................................................... 108
Figure 6-29 Entering new file information ........................................................................ 109
Figure 6-30 Displaying the grid edit screen ...................................................................... 110
Figure 6-31 Deleting a file .................................................................................................... 111

226 List of Figures

 DMTA-10022-01EN, Rev. B, October 2013

Figure 6-32 Deleting the data of an ID range in the active file ...................................... 112
Figure 6-33 Warning message when resetting measurements ....................................... 113
Figure 6-34 The MEMORY status screen .......................................................................... 114
Figure 6-35 The ID overwrite protection message ........................................................... 115
Figure 6-36 Identifying the ID review screen ................................................................... 116
Figure 6-37 Editing the ID # edit mode ............................................................................. 118
Figure 6-38 The message when the edited ID is not in the database ............................ 118
Figure 6-39 The FILE SUMMARY report screen .............................................................. 121
Figure 6-40 The FILE SUMMARY report result screen ................................................... 121
Figure 6-41 The MIN/MAX SUMMARY report screen ................................................... 122
Figure 6-42 The FILE COMPARISON report screen ....................................................... 123
Figure 6-43 The FILE COMPARISON report result screen ............................................ 123
Figure 6-44 The ALARM SUMMARY report result screen ............................................ 124
Figure 6-45 The MIN/MAX SUMMARY report result screen ........................................ 124
Figure 6-46 Returning to the measurement screen .......................................................... 125
Figure 7-1 Normal differential mode (shown with Waveform option activated) ..... 128
Figure 7-2 The DIFF screen ............................................................................................... 129
Figure 7-3 Displaying the minimum and/or maximum thickness (shown with the
Waveform option activated) ........................................................................... 130
Figure 7-4 Example of a HIGH alarm indicator (shown with the Waveform option
activated) ........................................................................................................... 132
Figure 7-5 Example of a B-scan alarm mode .................................................................. 133
Figure 7-6 YEL (yellow) and RED alarm indicators (shown with the Waveform option
activated) ........................................................................................................... 134
Figure 7-7 Setting up the STANDARD alarm ................................................................ 135
Figure 7-8 Example of a locked function message in the help bar .............................. 137
Figure 7-9 The PASSWORD screen .................................................................................. 137
Figure 7-10 The LOCKS screen ........................................................................................... 138
Figure 8-1 The MEAS screen ............................................................................................. 142
Figure 8-2 The SYSTEM screen ......................................................................................... 144
Figure 8-3 The COMM screen ........................................................................................... 147
Figure 9-1 Manually adjusting the gain .......................................................................... 150
Figure 9-2 Adjusting the extended blank length ........................................................... 152
Figure 9-3 B-scan example ................................................................................................. 153
Figure 9-4 Changing B-scan parameters ......................................................................... 154
Figure 9-5 B-scan elements ................................................................................................ 155
Figure 9-6 B-scan freeze review elements ....................................................................... 156
Figure 9-7 Example of the half-size DB grid ................................................................... 160
Figure 9-8 Changing DB grid parameters ....................................................................... 160
Figure 9-9 Grid transposition example ............................................................................ 161
Figure 9-10 Example of a linearized DB grid ................................................................... 161
Figure 9-11 The highlighted DB grid cell in the ID review screen ................................ 163

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DMTA-10022-01EN, Rev. B, October 2013

Figure 9-12 Example of an inserted cell ............................................................................. 164

Figure 9-13 Example of a zoomed inserted cell ................................................................ 164
Figure 10-1 The ACTIVE screen for the setup of a single element transducer ............ 167
Figure 10-2 Adjusting the waveform parameters ............................................................ 169
Figure 10-3 Mode 1 detection example .............................................................................. 170
Figure 10-4 Mode 2 detection example .............................................................................. 171
Figure 10-5 Mode 3 detection example .............................................................................. 171
Figure 10-6 Detection of the first or the second negative peak ...................................... 172
Figure 10-7 Comparing pulser powers set to 60 V and 200 V ........................................ 173
Figure 10-8 The TDG zones and parameters .................................................................... 174
Figure 10-9 Main bang blank position for mode 1 ........................................................... 177
Figure 10-10 Main bang blank position for mode 2 and mode 3 ..................................... 177
Figure 10-11 Echo window setting for mode 1 ................................................................... 178
Figure 10-12 Echo window setting for mode 2 and mode 3 ............................................. 179
Figure 10-13 Negative and positive echo detection examples ......................................... 179
Figure 10-14 Examples of the interface blank in mode 2 .................................................. 181
Figure 10-15 Examples of the interface blank in mode 3 .................................................. 182
Figure 10-16 Examples of M3 Blank adjustment ................................................................ 182
Figure 10-17 Saving custom setups ...................................................................................... 184
Figure 11-1 Connecting the 45MG to a computer ............................................................ 188
Figure 11-2 The EXPORT screen ......................................................................................... 190
Figure 11-3 Example of the IMPORT screen ..................................................................... 191
Figure 11-4 The Device Configuration dialog box ........................................................... 194
Figure 11-5 The Device Tools dialog box with a screen capture .................................... 195
Figure 11-6 Selecting COMMUNICATION RESET ......................................................... 197
Figure 12-1 Activating a reset function .............................................................................. 203
Figure 12-2 The KEYPAD TEST screen .............................................................................. 204
Figure 12-3 The DUAL XDCR TEST screen ...................................................................... 205
Figure 12-4 Example of the SW DIAG screen ................................................................... 206
Figure 12-5 Example of the STATUS screen ...................................................................... 207

228 List of Figures

 DMTA-10022-01EN, Rev. B, October 2013

List of Tables

Table 1 Content of the rating plate label ............................................................................ 3

Table 2 Keypad functions .................................................................................................. 21
Table 3 45MG software options ........................................................................................ 67
Table 4 Recommended transducers for various steel thickness ranges ...................... 75
Table 5 File contents summary ......................................................................................... 90
Table 6 Additional information stored with the data .................................................... 91
Table 7 Resulting ID examples for the INCREMENTAL file type ............................... 94
Table 8 Resulting ID examples for the SEQUENTIAL file type ................................... 96
Table 9 Resulting ID example for the SEQ+CUSTOM PT file type ............................. 97
Table 10 Resulting ID example for the BOILER file type .............................................. 103
Table 11 File data-mode stored measurements .............................................................. 104
Table 12 Polarity of echoes ................................................................................................ 180
Table 13 Default communication parameter values ...................................................... 196
Table 14 Measurement default settings ........................................................................... 201
Table 15 Default communication settings ....................................................................... 202
Table 16 Measurement troubleshooting .......................................................................... 208
Table 17 General EN15317 specifications ........................................................................ 209
Table 18 Display EN15317 specifications ........................................................................ 210
Table 19 Transmitter EN15317 specifications ................................................................. 210
Table 20 Receiver EN15317 specifications ....................................................................... 210
Table 21 Other EN15317 specifications ............................................................................ 210
Table 22 Environmental rating specifications ................................................................. 211
Table 23 Measurement specifications .............................................................................. 211
Table 24 Datalogger specifications ................................................................................... 212
Table 25 Typical ranges and default setups for single element
transducers ........................................................................................................... 212
Table 26 Setup parameter description ............................................................................. 213
Table 27 General specifications ......................................................................................... 215
Table 28 Sound velocities in common materials ............................................................ 217
Table 29 Software options .................................................................................................. 221

List of Tables 229

DMTA-10022-01EN, Rev. B, October 2013

Table 30 Accessories and replacement parts ................................................................... 221

Table 31 Interface cables and power accessories ............................................................ 222
Table 32 Couplants .............................................................................................................. 222
Table 33 Test blocks ............................................................................................................. 222

230 List of Tables

 DMTA-10022-01EN, Rev. B, October 2013

Index

Numerics Auto E-to-E 70

2-D grid data file 98 B
A basic operation 51
accessories and replacement parts 221 batteries
acoustic properties of test material 62 compartment door 27
activating compartment door lock 27
DB grid 160 operating time 26
differential mode 128 battery
min/max mode 131 level 25
quick setup recall 184 power 26
resets 202 replacement 28
software options 69 resolving problems 207
zoom 84 storage instructions 27
active file name 65, 89 battery door 20
active ID, changing 117 beeper 41, 144
adjusting blank
delay value 84 adjusting 73
extended and E1 blanks 73 interface 180
extended blank with D79X series transducers main bang 176
151 mode 3 echo 182
update rate 48 thickness value 66
waveform parameters 168 boiler data file 102
advanced gaging functions 149 brightness, display 44
alarm B-scan
setting 134 about the 153
alarm indicator 34 alarm 133
alarms 132 freeze mode 155
alkaline batteries max THK mode 156
operating time 26 saving 157
using 26 scan direction 154
arrow keys 21 using 156
Australia. EMC compliance 4 using the alarm mode 157

Index 231
DMTA-10022-01EN, Rev. B, October 2013

C compliance
calibration 54, 61 C-Tick (Australia) 4
instrument 55 EMC directive 12
locked 61 FCC (USA) 12
material sound velocity 59 ICES-001 (Canada) 12
test block 58 regulatory information 12
THRU-COAT 77 configuring
transducer zero compensation 59 beeper 41
Canada, ICES-001 compliance 12 communications 145
capturing screen with GageView 193 DB grid 160
caution notes differential mode 128
battery replacement 28 inactive time 41
cannot recover data after measurement reset instrument 141
113 measurement parameters 141
cannot recover deleted file content 110 radix type 41
cannot recover erased data 119 system parameters 144
experienced operator only 151, 166 connections 19
ingress protection guarantee 18 copying
internal memory reset deletes all data 202 file 108
master reset deletes all data 202 corrosion applications 76
replacing setup deletes original data 183 couplant types 64
CE marking 4 coupling technique 62
changing creating
active ID 117 custom setups for SE transducers 166
display settings 44 data file 92
echo detection mode 72 C-Tick mark 4
file data mode 105 curvature of test piece 62
highlighted cell in DB grid 162 custom setups 166
language 41 D
thickness-measurement resolution 49
danger notes
character
electric shock 1
cycle in traditional method 39
data
deleting 40
erasing in active file 119
inserting 40
exchange 189
China RoHS 4, 11
saving 66
cleaning, instrument 200
data file
clock
2-D grid 98
reset 202
boiler 102
setting 42
creating 92
coated material 76
incremental 94
color scheme 45
sequential 96
changing 44
sequential with custom points 97
communication
datalogger
configuring 145
about the 89
reset 196, 202
file based system 89

232 Index
 DMTA-10022-01EN, Rev. B, October 2013

file-based system 65 editing

functions 17 file 109
date, setting 42 ID 117
DB grid value with traditional method 39
about the 159 value with virtual keyboard 38
activating and configuring 160 electric shock, danger note 1
changing the highlighted cell 162 EMC directive compliance 12
saving readings 163 enabling THRU-COAT 76
viewing inserted cell 164 English keypad 21
DE-AEtoE indicator 70 entering known material sound velocity 60
default file 66 environmental rating 17
delay 82 EPRI 102
adjusting value 84 erasing data in active file 119
deleting error messages 207
a character 40 calibration 58
all files 113 exchanging data 189
file or content 110 exporting files to memory card 189
range of IDs 112 extended blank 151
DE-MEtoE indicator 71 adjusting 73
DE-STD indicator 70 using 152
detection modes 170
F
detection of echo 1 and 2 179
diagnostic test 204 fast mode 47
differential mode 127 FCC (USA) compliance 12
display file
brightness 44, 46 copying 108
changing settings 44 deleting 110
options 16 deleting all 113
documentation CD 15 editing 109
doubling 75 opening 106
download indicator 32 renaming 109
dual element transducer file data modes 104
connector 19 file name 65, 89
selection for Echo-to-Echo modes 74 filled-in waveform 82
zero compensation 54, 59 first peak 172
freeze indicator 34
E freezing
E1 blank waveform 139
adjusting 73 waveforms 138
description 73 full rectification 81
eccentricity or taper 62
G
echo detection mode 70
changing 72 GageView
echo window 178 about 187
Echo-to-Echo mode installation 188
blanking adjustments 73 manual 6

Index 233
DMTA-10022-01EN, Rev. B, October 2013

gain instruction manual 5

initial 175 instrument
maximum 175 calibrating 55
time dependent 174 cleaning 200
generating configuring 141
report 120 locking 136
status 207
H
interface blank 180
half– rectification 81 internal memory reset 201
half+ rectification 81 international keypad 21
high penetration software option 68, 88 IP67 ingress protection 17
high resolution software option 49, 68
high-temperature measurements 59 K
keypad 20
I
functions 20, 21
ICES-001 (Canada) compliance 12 secondary function 21
ID bar 31, 32 known material sound velocity 60
ID number 32
ID overwrite protection 114 L
ID review screen 115 labels
ID, editing 117 instructions 2, 3
important notes safety 1
forgotten password 137 serial number 3
turning off before procedure completion 57 language, changing 41
user’s manual 15 last ID 66
importing survey files from memory card 191 lithium batteries
inactive time 41 operating time 27
incremental data file 94 loading, setup 53
indicators locked calibration 61
alarm 34 locking
DE-AEtoE 70 instrument 136
DE-MEtoE 71 loss-of-signal indicator 34
DE-STD 70
M
download 32
freeze 34 main bang blank 176
LOS 34 maintenance 199
power 25 gage 199
rectification 32 transducer 200
zoom 34 Manual E-to-E 71
indoor color scheme 46 manual gain adjust with D79X series trans-
initial gain 175 ducer 149, 151
initial screen 52 master reset 202
inserting a character 40 material
instruction label coated or painted 76
content 3 entering sound velocity 60
location 2 sound velocity calibration 54, 55, 59

234 Index
 DMTA-10022-01EN, Rev. B, October 2013

maximum gain 175 creating data file in GageView 92

maximum mode 129 data saved with a B-scan 159
measurement deleting an ID 119
features 16 deleting and delete protection 111
parameters, configuring 141 display brightness and battery life 47
reset 201 display update rate and min/max mode 131
troubleshooting 208 displaying file header 109
update rate 47 entering known material sound velocity 78
measurement mode extended blank effects 153
ID overwrite protection 114 filled-in waveform trace condition 82
supervisor lock 136 freeze to center the B-scan 156
measurement screen 31, 32 fully charge batteries after replacement 29
measuring thickness 64 fully charged battery 27
membrane vent 4 GageView installation 188
memory card grid transposition and ID increments 161
exporting files to 189 high-temperature measurement 59
importing survey files from 191 ID increment number of digit 94
MicroSD 19 max gain always higher than initial gain 175
screen capture 195 menu-selection writing convention 35
slot 20 modes and echo window 172
menus 35 move to the next line in text edit 39
selecting a ~ command 35 mutually exclusive MIN/MAX and HOLD
messages, error 207 BLANK functions 143
min/max no stored data shown while editing ID 117
mode 129 output format details 146
preventing false readings 131 parameter selection, writing convention 37
minimum mode 129 quick setup recall only for single element
mode 1 85 transducers 185
mode 2 85 redo zero with M2008 transducer 88
mode 3 86 saving calibration and setup parameters 145
mode 3 echo blank 182 transmitted data remains in 45MG 189
unfreezing display 139
N
user-defined setups 54
negative detection 179
NiMH rechargeable batteries 26 O
operating time 26 Olympus
noname00 default file 66 technical support 14
notes opening
adding row or column 102 file 106
alarm colors only with indoor color scheme options, software 67
46 outdoor color scheme 46
alarm indicator and color 132, 134 outline waveform 82
alarm reference values and units 136 overwrite protection 115
B-scan appears only when enabled 135
P
calibration error 58
couplant types 64 painted material 76

Index 235
DMTA-10022-01EN, Rev. B, October 2013

parameter review screen 115

screens 36 reviewing stored data 117
selecting 36 RF rectification 81
password RoHS symbol 4, 11
setting 137
S
performing
diagnostic tests 204 safety
THRU-COAT calibration 77 installation category 6
phase instrument class 6
distortion 63 labels and symbols 1
reversal 63 signal words 7
polarity of detection 180 symbols 7
positive detection 179 saving
power B-scan 157
indicator 25 data 66
preventing false min/max readings 131 DB grid readings 163
product description 15 setup parameters 183
protective rubber boot 18 secondary key function 21
pulse power 173 selecting
menu command 35
Q parameter and value 36
quick setup recall, activating 184 range value 83
text edit mode 37
R
sending
radix type 41 screen capture to GageView 193
range 82 screen capture to memory card 195
deleting 112 sequential data file 96
selecting value 83 sequential with custom points data file 97
recalling serial number
quick setup 185 label location 2
receiving serial number label
files from a computer 192 content 3
rectification setting
changing setting 44 alarms 134
indicator 32 clock 42
mode 80 ID overwrite protection 115
regulatory information 12 password 137
renaming a file 109 transducer 51
repair and modification 6 units 42
replacing the battery 28 USB communications 187
report, generating 120 setups
reports 120 creating for SE transducers 166
resets 201 custom for SE transducers 165
resetting loading 53
communication 196 saving parameters 183
resolution, changing 49 shear-wave, unwanted 75

236 Index
 DMTA-10022-01EN, Rev. B, October 2013

slope, TDG 176 text edit

software diagnostic 206 mode selection 37
software options 67, 221 traditional method 39
activating 69 virtual keyboard 37
high resolution 49 thickness
sound measuring 64
attenuation or absorption 63 resolution 49
scattering 62 THRU-COAT
velocities 217 enabling 76
velocity calibration 54, 59 measurement 76
special functions 127 performing calibration 77
specifications time, setting 42
datalogger 212 time-dependent gain 174
EN15317 display 210 tip notes
EN15317 general 209 replacing a thickness reading 119
EN15317 other 210 scroll between parameters 93
EN15317 receiver 210 start with existing setup to create a new one
EN15317 transmitter 210 166
environmental rating 211 switching between echo detection modes 72
measurement 211 try communication reset to solve communi-
stand 18 cation problems 189
standard echo detection mode 70 when to turn off AGC 143
status, instrument 207 title bar 36
step test block 58 traditional text edit method 39
stored data review 117 transducer
strap rings 18 maintenance 200
submenus 35 setting 51
supervisor lock 136 transmitting data 189
support information 14 troubleshooting 199
surface roughness of test piece 61
U
symbol
C-Tick (Australia) 4 units, setting 42
RoHS 4, 11 unlocking, instrument 138
WEEE 4 unwanted shear-wave echo 75
symbols update rate 47
safety 1 adjusting 48
system parameters, configuring 144 USA FCC compliance 12
USB
T communications, setting 187
T/R transducer connector 19 connector 19
taper or eccentricity 62 USB connector 19
TDG slope 176 user interface language 41
technical specifications 209 user’s manual 6
technical support 14 using
test block 58 B-scan 156
test piece, curvature of 62 B-scan alarm mode 157

Index 237
DMTA-10022-01EN, Rev. B, October 2013

extended blank 152 display 32

high penetration with M2008 transducer 88 freezing 139
parameters adjusting 168
V
range 82
velocity rectification 80
calibration 54, 59 rectification, changing 44
variations 63 trace 82
viewing trace, changing 44
inserted DB grid cell 164 WEEE directive 4, 11
instrument status 207 wrist strap 18
virtual keyboard 37
editing value 38 Z
zero calibration 54, 57
W
zero compensation 54
warnings zoom
general 8 activating 84
warranty information 13 indicator 34
waste electrical and electronic equipment 11 zoomed display 85
waveform
delay 82

238 Index