Palestine Polytechnic University

College of Engineering

Title

Hebron —Al Ezaria 161KV High Voltage

Transmission Line Design of 1GW Power

By

Yazeed Abu Al-Seba Youssef Ghannam

Bahaa Abu-Qarandal

Supervisor

Eng .Nizar Amro

Submitted to the College of Engineering in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the Bachelor degree in Power Electrical Engineering

Hebron,May 2017
 I

Abstract

This project is a Design of High Voltage Transmission system with 161KV and 1GW
between Hebron and Al Ezaria City using E-TAP Simulator, assessment program, and
tools. The core of the project is to Study, Calculate and Simulate all needed of electrical,
mechanical parameter and geographical data .using the E-TAP Simulator program which
has Simulation property, which allows us to analyze and study status of the network more
accurately.

This design faced some problems such as estimation of the load consumption to the
year of 2050, huge amount of current transfer and varied topography in the designed re-
gion. So the solution was to make an estimate of the annual consumption beyond 2016
based on Statistics taken from the Palestinian Bureau of Statistics from 1996 to 2015.

In addition, there is an Effect for mechanical force such as weight, tension and con-
ductor elongation due to change in temperature of surrounded , Number ,type of the steel
tower , install and balanced all devices along the track for line over boundary of the region
,spacing between all component of the system .

For protection, the problem was in the Type, amount, rating, and location of the
protection devices to operate the transmission line in the highest stability and reliability
status.

And finally to approximate the cost of construction for the transmission line per kilo-
meter.
 II

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 III

Dedicated

TO

Our Home Land

Our Fathers & Mothers

Our Brothers & Sisters

Our Friends

And

Every One Who Appreciate The Value of Science

Bahaá

&

Yazeed

&

Youssef
 IV

Acknowledgment

First and for most we should offer our thanks obedience

and gratitude to Allah

Our Appreciation To
Palestine Polytechnic University
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Electrical Power Engineering
Our Supervisor Eng.Nizar Amro
 V

Contents

Abstract I

Dedicated III

Acknowledgment IV

1 Introduction 1
1.1 Overview : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Project General Description : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.3 Project scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.4 Project Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.5 Other Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

2 Conductor and Insulator 3

2.1 Type of Conductor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.1.1 Specific Information for Using Conductor ”ACSR” . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2 Mechanical Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2.1 Sag Requirements on Conductor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2.2 Effect of Ice and Wind on Sag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.3 Corona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.3.1 Corona Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.3.2 Corona Reduction Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.4 Insulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.4.1 Properties of Insulating Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.4.2 Types of Insulators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

3 Steel Tower 13
3.1 Transmission Tower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.2 Types of transmission towers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.3 Tower Accessories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

4 Protection Device 16
4.1 Faults Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.2 Requirements of Protection System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.3 Types of protection devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

5 Design of the Transmission Line System 21

5.1 Load Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
5.2 Conductor size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
CONTENTS VI

5.3 Choice of the number of insulator in a string of minimum insulating dis-

tances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
5.4 Corona losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
5.5 Transmission Tower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
5.6 Tower base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
5.7 Protection of Transmission line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
5.7.1 Differential protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
5.7.2 Distance Protection Relay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

6 Economy 34
6.1 Capital Cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
6.2 Operation and maintenance costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
6.3 Energy loss costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
6.4 Conductor Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

7 E-TAP Program 38
7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
7.2 ETAP Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
7.3 Filling data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
7.3.1 Transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
7.3.2 Transmission line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
7.3.3 Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
7.4 Single Line Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
7.5 E-TAP Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

8 GIS &Sketch up 46
8.1 GIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
8.2 Sketch up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

References 49

A Load Growth i

B GIS Data iii

 VII

List of Figures

2.1 Components of the transmission line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2.2 Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced (A.C.S.R.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.3 supports are at equal levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.4 supports are at unequal levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.5 Effect of wind and ice loading on the conductor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

3.1 Parts of Transmission Towers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

3.2 height of tower in four parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

4.1 How Faults Occur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

4.2 Voltage transformer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.3 The basic circuit of a simple protection system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.4 simple power system divided into protection zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

5.1 Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced (A.C.S.R.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

5.2 shape of Transmission Towers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
5.3 Guy-in tower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
5.4 Tower base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
5.5 the relay interrupted the circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
5.6 the relay activate and make interruption in the circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
5.7 Distance Protection Relay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
5.8 Characteristic curve X (R) for setting zones for distance protection. . . . . 32

7.1 E-TAP configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

7.2 Transformers data in E-TAP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
7.3 Transmission line data in E-TAP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
7.4 Load data in E-tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

8.1 Transmission line path-part(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

8.2 Transmission line path-part(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
8.3 Towers At Equal Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
8.4 Towers Accessories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
8.5 Angle Tower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

A.1 Load Growth for the year of 2050 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i

B.1 Transmission line path-section(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii

B.2 Transmission line path-section(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
B.3 Transmission line path-section(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
B.4 Transmission line path-section(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
LIST OF FIGURES VIII

B.5 Transmission line path-section(5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

B.6 Transmission line path-section(6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi
B.7 Transmission line path-section(7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi
B.8 Transmission line path-section(8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
B.9 Transmission line path-section(9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
B.10 Transmission line path-section(10) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii
B.11 Transmission line path-section(11) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii
B.12 Transmission line path-section(12) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
B.13 Transmission line path-section(13) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
B.14 Transmission line path-section(14) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x
B.15 Transmission line path-section(15) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x
B.16 Transmission line path-section(16) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
B.17 Transmission line path-section(17) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
 IX

List of Tables

5.1 Technical Data of a Standard Insulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

5.2 Clearance (in [m]unit) from line with highest system voltage of: . . . . . . 25

6.1 Quantities Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

A.1 Load Estimation for the year of 2050 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii

 1

Chapter 1

Introduction

1.1 Overview :
The main idea of this project is Design of High Voltage Transmission Line 161KV and1
GW double circuit Between Hebron and Al Eizariya by Using E-TAP Simulator program,
then making the essential calculation and analysis for the transmission line such as esti-
mate the consumption, mechanical and electrical calculation, and reduction effect of the
corona.

1.2 Project General Description :

As we know, in general, most Designs of the Transmission Network in many places (Coun-
tries)in the World are suffering from the amount of transfer power and Voltage levels ,
selection the best bath of Network , make a specific detect for any component ,need as-
sumption to design it , and make an economical study for the project .
But this project detect all parameters, device, tools needed to make a better design And
focus determination of all limitation in the Network by using a new technique which is
the E-TAP Simulator program.

In our project we will Simulate, Analyze the transmission system, detect all problems
and suggest the best solutions.

The project adopts on investigation and analysis of transmission network after plot it
on the simulator program , the program capabilities and properties allow us to study the
network from many side after make it ,show the status of the network component ,solve
the existing problems and weakness in the network .

1.3 Project scope

The scope of this project is to design a new high voltage from Hebron to Al Ezaria
Network .And there are many aims for this project can be summarized as follow:

1. Found a new transmission system independent for the generation company.

2. Estimate the cost of this project and the benefits can get.
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 2

3. Detect most problem can may face us in the network and make strategy prevent it
to happen.

1.4 Project Methodology

• Getting and calculate all required data for design and the simulator .

• Determine and select all component in the network.

• Plot primary path of the transmission line on the design region.

• plot the network with theoretical value on the simulator.

• Study and investigating the network.

• Specify the network problem.

• Solving the network problem and developing its operation.

1.5 Other Study

As we mentioned in the previous that the design was for 161KV, so we looked for a
similar designs but mostly designed and used other values like 132KV, 230KV and 400KV,
and most of this designs used the same things we used such as the type of conductors,
insulators, protection devices, and double circuit. But there is a different in the towers,
its normal because its designs for another values of voltage and another topography. So,
we tried in our design to followed the previous studies, specially American and European
cases.
 3

Chapter 2

Conductor and Insulator

A transmission line is the bulk transfer of electrical energy, from generating power plant
to electrical substations located near demand centers. [2, 5, 6, 4]

Components of the transmission line

• Conductor
The electricity is transmitted at high voltages to reduce the energy lost in long
distance transmission.

• Overhead Ground Wires

Shield wires are use to protect the tower from lighting.

• Spacers
Spacers are designed to keep the individual wires in a bundle separated by a fixed
distance.

• Insulators
Transmission line insulators are devices used to contain, separate or support elec-
trical conductors on high voltage electricity supply networks.

(a) A shield wire (b) Spacers (c) Insulators

Figure 2.1: Components of the transmission line

CHAPTER 2. CONDUCTOR AND INSULATOR 4

2.1 Type of Conductor

Transmission line conductors :

1. Can be made of Copper or aluminum.

2. However, aluminum conductor have completely replaced Coper for over head line
because of the much lower cost and lighter weight of an aluminum conductor com-
pared with a coper conductor of the same resistance

3. Symbols identifying different types of aluminum conductor are as follows :

• All-Aluminum Conductors (A.A.C.)

• All-Aluminum Alloy Conductors (A.A.A.C.)
• Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced (A.C.S.R.)

Figure 2.2: Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced (A.C.S.R.)

2.1.1 Specific Information for Using Conductor ”ACSR”

Types of conductors for high-voltage transmission lines:

1. All-Aluminum Conductors (A.A.C.)

All Aluminum bare conductors are used for aerial distribution lines - having rela-
tively short spans, aerial feeders and bus bars of substations.

Advantage

(a) It has lesser strength and more sag per span length than any other category
(b) Cost of ACSR is equal to AAC.

2. All-Aluminum Alloy Conductors (A.A.A.C.)

A.A.A.C. are mainly used for overhead lines, in transmission and distribution elec-
trical networks, having relatively long span. They are also used a messenger to
support overhead electrical cables.
CHAPTER 2. CONDUCTOR AND INSULATOR 5

Advantage

(a) The presence of alloy makes it expensive.

(b) It’s conductivity is less than ACSR .

3. Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced (A.C.S.R.)

A.C.S.R conductors are widely used for electrical power transmission - over long
distances, since they are ideal for long overhead lines spans. They are also used as
a messenger for supporting overhead electrical cables.

Advantage

(a) It is used for longer spans keeping sag minimum.

(b) It may consist of 7 or 19 strands of steel surrounding by aluminum strands
concentrically.
(c) Strands provide flexibility, prevent breakage and minimize skin effect.
(d) The number of strands depends on the application, they may be 7, 19, 37, 61,
91 or more.
(e) Expanded ACSR has larger diameter and hence lower corona losses.

2.2 Mechanical Calculation

2.2.1 Sag Requirements on Conductor
Sag is defined as the different in level between points of supports and the lowest point
on the conductor.

Sag Provision is Mandatory in Transmission Line Conductors

It is because of providing safety of the conductor from not to be subjected to excessive ten-
sion. In order to permit safe tension in the conductor, conductors are not fully stretched;
rather they are allowed to have sag.

[5, 3] Factors Affecting Sag

1. Weight of conductor.

2. Location of conductor.

3. Length of span.

4. Temperature.

5. Tensile strength.

6. Tension.

Here we discuss briefly about various factors sag and tension in electrical transmission
lines .
CHAPTER 2. CONDUCTOR AND INSULATOR 6

• Weight of conductor The sag of an overhead line is directly proportional to

the weight of the conductor.This is because the weight of any body acts vertically
downwards.i.e.,more the weight of the conductor more the force acting vertically
downwards and hence greater is the sag value in transmission lines.

• Location of conductor Sag also depends on the location of conductors.If the

conductors are present in area where ice formation takes place,then due the ac-
cumulation of ice on the conductor its overall weight increases.This increases the
weight of the conductors which in turn increases the value of sag.

• Length of span Sag is proportional to the square of length of span . Hence, longer
the span greater will be the sag provided the tension and weight of the conductor
is constant.

• Temperature The value of sag greatly affected by the temperature. If the tem-
perature is high sag will be more because rise in temperature causes the conductors
to expand. Is the temperature is low, the conductor (being metallic) contracts and
hence sag is less due to which the tension in the conductor is increases.

• Tensile strength Sag inversely proportional to the tensile strength of the conductor
provided the other parameters are constant.

• Tension Tension on the conductor is inversely proportional to sag. If the tension

is more the conductors are connected very tightly between the tower structure and
hence sag is less. On the other hand is tension is less the conductors are connected
loosely hands sag is more.

Sag Calculate
Sag calculation is classified to two cases:

• When supports are at equal levels

• When supports are not at equal levels

Case 1:When supports are at equal levels

Let us consider a line conductor between two equal height line supports. Line supports
are A and B with O as the lowest point as shown in figure. Point O will be the lowest
point as two levels are equal lowest point will be at the mid-span.
CHAPTER 2. CONDUCTOR AND INSULATOR 7

Figure 2.3: supports are at equal levels

Let
L= Length of span.
w = Weight per unit length of conductor.
T = Tension in the conductor.
Now consider any point on the conductor.Lets say point ’P’.By considering lowest point
O as the origin, let the co-ordinates of point P be x and y. Assuming that the curvature
is so small that curved length is equal to its horizontal projection (i.e., OP = x), the two
forces acting on the portion OP of the conductor are :

• The weight wx of conductor acting at a distance x/2 from O.

• The tension T acting at O.

Equating the moments of above two forces about point O, we get,

x
Ty = w x (2.1)
2
or
x2
y=T (2.2)
2T
The maximum dip (sag) is represented by the value of y at either of the supports A
and B. At support A, x = L2 andy = S
Sag,
w( L2 )2
S= (2.3)
2T
wL2
S= (2.4)
8T

Case 2 : When supports are at unequal levels

When transmission lines run on steep inclines as in the case of hilly areas, we generally
come across conductors suspended between supports at unequal levels.The shape of the
conductor between the supports may be assumed to be a part of the parabola. In this
case, the lowest point of the conductor will not lie in the middle of the span.
CHAPTER 2. CONDUCTOR AND INSULATOR 8

Consider a conductor suspended between two supports A and B which are at different
levels as shown in the following figure.

Figure 2.4: supports are at unequal levels

Let
L = Span length
h = Difference in levels between two supports
x1 = Distance of support at lower level (i.e., A) from O
x2 = Distance of support at higher level (i.e. B) from O
T = Tension in the conductor.
w = the weight per unit length of the conductor
s1 = sag at point A .
s2 = sag at point B.

wx21
S1 = (2.5)
2T
wx22
S2 = (2.6)
2T
also

x1 + x2 = l
then ,
l Th
X1 = − (2.7)
2 wl
l Th
X2 = + (2.8)
2 wl

2.2.2 Effect of Ice and Wind on Sag

• The weight per unit length of the conductor is changed when wind blows at a certain
force on the conductor and ice accumulate around the conductor.

• Wind force acts on the conductor to change the conductor self weight per unit length
horizontally in the direction of the air flow.
CHAPTER 2. CONDUCTOR AND INSULATOR 9

• Ice loading acts on the conductor to change the conductor self weight per unit length
vertically downward.

• Considering wind force and ice loading both at a time, the conductor will have a
resultant weight per unit length.

• The resultant weight will create an angle with the ice loading down ward direction.

Let us assume, w is the weight of the conductor per unit length. wi is the weight of ice
per unit length
wi = density of ice × volume of ice per unit (2.9)
= density of ice × πt(t + d)
where ,
density of ice =0.9167 g cm3
t = thickness of the coating ice = 0.5 cm.
d = diameter of the conductor = 20.46 mm.

the expression for sag and tension derived was under normal conditions at normal temper-
ature and the weight acting on the conductor was only its own weight. But in cold places
there is a ice coating formed on the conductor and also wind pressure nets horizontally
on the line conductor. The ice coating on the line conductor increases the total diameter
of the conductor and also the weight of the Conductor increases.

The total weight of the conductor i.e., both the conductor weight and the weight of the
ice acts vertically downwards whereas the wind force acts horizontally on the conductor.
Therefore, the vector sum of horizontal and vertical forces acting on the conductor gives
the total force shown in figure

Figure 2.5: Effect of wind and ice loading on the conductor

W = weightof conductorperunitlength
= conductor material density × volume per unit length
q
Wt = (W + W i)2 + (W w)2 (2.10)

ww = wind f orce per unit length

= wind pressure per unit area × projected area per unit

Ww = wind pressure × [(d + 2t) × 1] (2.11)

CHAPTER 2. CONDUCTOR AND INSULATOR 10

2.3 Corona
It is defined as ionization of air due to higher voltage (usually voltage above critical
voltage) which causes violet light around the conductor and hissing sound. It also produces
ozone gas therefore it is undesirable condition.

2.3.1 Corona Effect

Factors effecting Corona :
1. Atmosphere
2. Conductor size
3. Spacing between conductors
4. Line voltage
• Atmosphere Corona is affected by the physical state of atmosphere. In the stormy
weather, the number of ions is more than normal. and this leads to corona occurs
at much less voltage as compared with fair weather.
• Conductor size The corona effect depends upon the shape and conditions of the
conductors.The rough and irregular surface will give rise to more corona because
unevenness of the surface decreases the value of breakdown voltage.Thus a stranded
conductor has irregular surface and hence gives rise to more corona than a solid
conductor.
• Spacing between conductors If the spacing between the conductors is made very
large as compared to their diameters, there may not be any corona effect. Larger
distance between conductors reduces the electro-static stresses at the conductor
surface, thus avoiding corona formation.
• Line voltage The line voltage greatly affects corona.If it is low, there is no change in
the condition of air surrounding the conductors and hence no corona is formed.However,
if the line voltage has such a value that electrostatic stresses developed at the con-
ductor surface make the air around the conductor conducting, then corona is formed.
Advantages of Corona
• Due to corona formation, the air surrounding the conductor becomes conducting
and hence virtual diameter of the conductor is increased. The increased diameter
reduces the electrostatic stresses between the conductors.
• Corona reduces the effects of transients produced by surges.
Disadvantages of Corona
• Corona is accompanied by a loss of energy.This affects the transmission efficiency
of the line.
• Ozone is produced by corona and may cause corrosion of the conductor due to
chemical action.
• The current drawn by the line due to corona is non-sinusoidal and hence non-
sinusoidal voltage drop occurs in the line. This may cause inductive interference
with neighbouring communication lines.
CHAPTER 2. CONDUCTOR AND INSULATOR 11

2.3.2 Corona Reduction Method

• By increasing conductor size.

An increase in diameter reduces the surface field gradient and it helps to decrease
the Corona loss. Higher is the conductor size, the greater is the probability of
roughness of the conductor . the probability of increased corona loss is thus directly
related with the conductor surface for increased sizes of the conductors.

• By increasing spacing conductor

• By increasing number of conductor per phase

in bundled conductor, the mutual shielding effect of the sub conductors reduce the
potential gradient on the individual conductors leading to decrease in corona loss .

2.4 Insulator
An electrical insulator is a material whose internal electric charges do not flow freely, and
therefore make it nearly impossible to conduct an electric current under the influence of
an electric field. This contrasts with other materials, semiconductors and conductors,
which conduct electric current more easily. [7]

2.4.1 Properties of Insulating Material

The materials generally used for insulating purpose is called insulating material . For
successful utilization, this material should have some specific properties as listed below

1. It must be mechanically strong enough to carry tension and weight of conductors.

2. It must have very high dielectric strength to withstand the voltage stresses in High
Voltage system.

3. It must possesses high Insulation Resistance to prevent leakage current to the earth.

4. The insulating material must be free from unwanted impurities.

5. It should not be porous.

6. There must not be any entrance on the surface of electrical insulator so that the
moisture or gases can enter in it.

7. There physical as well as electrical properties must be less effected by changing

temperature.

2.4.2 Types of Insulators

Porcelain Insulator
Porcelain is commonly used material for over head insulator. The porcelain is aluminum
silicate. The aluminum silicate is mixed with plastic kaolin, feldspar and quartz to obtain
final hard and glazed porcelain insulator material. The surface of the insulator should
CHAPTER 2. CONDUCTOR AND INSULATOR 12

be glazed enough so that water should not be traced on it. Porcelain also should be free
from porosity since porosity is the main cause of deterioration of its dielectric property. It
must also be free from any impurity and air bubble inside the material which may affect
the insulator properties.

Glass Insulator
Now days glass insulator has become popular in transmission and distribution system.Annealed
tough glass is used for insulation purpose . Glass insulator has numbers of advantages
over conventional porcelain insulator.

Polymer Insulator In a polymer insulator has two parts, one is glass fiber reinforced
epoxy resin rod shaped core and other is silicone rubber or EPDM (Ethylene Propylene
Diene Monomer) made weather sheds. Rod shaped core is covered by weather sheds.
Weather sheds protect the insulator core from outside environment. As it is made of two
parts, core and weather sheds, polymer insulator is also called composite insulator. The
rod shaped core is fixed with Hop dip galvanized cast steel made end fittings in both sides.
Advantages of Polymer Insulator

• It is very light weight compared to porcelain and glass insulator.

• As the composite insulator is flexible the chance of breakage becomes minimum.

• Because of lighter in weight and smaller in size, this insulator has lower installation
cost.

• It has higher tensile strength compared to porcelain insulator.

• Its performance is better particularly in polluted areas.

• Due to lighter weight polymer insulator imposes less load to the supporting struc-
ture.

• Less cleaning is required due to hydrophobic nature of the insulator.

Disadvantages of Polymer Insulator

• Moisture may enter in the core if there is any unwanted gap between core and
weather sheds. This may cause electrical failure of the insulator.

• Over crimping in end fittings may result to cracks in the core which leads to me-
chanical failure of polymer insulator
 13

Chapter 3

Steel Tower

The main parts of transmission towers are:[6, 4, 3]

• Peak of transmission tower.

• Cross arm of transmission tower.

• Cage of transmission tower.

• Transmission Tower Body.

1. Peak of Transmission Tower

The portion above the top cross arm is called peak of transmission tower. Generally
earth shield wire connected to the tip of this peak.

2. Cage of Transmission Tower

The portion between tower body and peak is known as cage of transmission tower.
This portion of the tower holds the cross arms.

(a) Peak (b) Cage (c) Body & Cross Arm

Figure 3.1: Parts of Transmission Towers

CHAPTER 3. STEEL TOWER 14

3. Body of Transmission Tower

The portion from bottom cross arms up to the ground level is called transmission
tower body. This portion of the tower plays a vital role for maintaining required
ground clearance of the bottom conductor of the transmission line.

3.1 Transmission Tower

To determine the actual transmission tower height by considering the above points, we
have divided the total height of tower in four parts.

1. Minimum permissible ground clearance (H1).

2. Maximum sag of the conductor (H2).

3. Vertical spacing between top and bottom conductors (H3).

4. Vertical clearance between ground wire and top conductor (H4).

Figure 3.2: height of tower in four parts

3.2 Types of transmission towers.

According to different considerations, there are different types of transmission towers. The
transmission line goes as per available corridors. Due to unavailability of shortest distance
straight corridor transmission line has to deviate from its straight way when obstruction
comes. In total length of a long transmission line there may be several deviation points.
According to the angle of deviation there are four types of transmission tower

1. A Type tower angle of deviation 0 to 2.

2. B Type tower angle of deviation 2 to 15.

CHAPTER 3. STEEL TOWER 15

3. C Type tower angle of deviation 15 to 30.

4. D Type tower angle of deviation 30 to 60.
As per the force applied by the conductor on the cross arms, the transmission towers
can be categorized in another way
• Tangent suspension tower and it is generally A type tower.
• Angle tower or tension tower or sometime it is called section tower. All B, C and D
types of transmission towers come under this category.
Apart from the above customized type of tower, the tower is designed to meet special
usages listed below; these are called special type Towers:
1. Tension Towers: The benefits in tensile thread.
2. Suspension Towers. The towers constitute about 80% of the total number of
towers in the font used in the load conductor.
3. Transposition Towers: They are exchanged phases on equal distances along
the line to occur equal to or equal to the power capacitance and inductance of the
three-line length phases.
4. Angle Towers. Benefits and change the font path.
5. Crossing Towers: Used when crossing rivers or at least lines low voltage lines
effortlessly.
6. Terminal Towers: Used at the beginning and end of the transmission line or inlet
and outlet transport stations, a tightening of electrical towers and utility withstand
tensile from one side.
Classification of Transmission Tower
Based on numbers of circuits carried by a transmission tower, it can be classified as:
1. Single circuit tower
2. Double circuit tower
3. Multi circuit tower.

3.3 Tower Accessories

• Danger boards
• Number plate
• Phase plate
• Anti Climbing Device
• Anti perch / Bird guards for suspension towers
• Hanger rods
 16

Chapter 4

Protection Device

Power-system protection is a branch of electrical power engineering that deals with the
protection of electrical power systems from faults. The objective of a protection scheme
is to keep the power system stable and to minimize the damage of the equipments and
property that would be caused by system faults, and maintain the delivery of electrical
energy to the consumers and protect humans from any electrical risks.[9, 10, 11, 2, 4]

4.1 Faults Classification

Faults have two main types according to the symmetry of the system:

• Symmetrical Faults.
In the balanced system the system impedance in each phase are identical and the
three-phase voltages and currents through the system are completely balanced.
Faults under symmetrical conditions are caused in the system accidentally through:

1. Insulation failure of equipment.

2. Flash over of lines initiated by lighting stroke.
3. Accidental faulty operation.

• Asymmetrical Faults.
Unbalanced system can result due to unsymmetrical faults, then system operation
may also become unbalanced when load not balanced. Most faults in the system
are unsymmetrical so it’s very important to pay attention.

The asymmetrical faults can be classified as follow:

• Shunt Type Faults:

– Single line to ground fault (L-G).

– Line to line fault (L-L).
– Double line to ground fault (L-L-G)

• Series Type Fault:

It is the open conductor fault.
CHAPTER 4. PROTECTION DEVICE 17

Figure shows these types of faults.

Figure 4.1: How Faults Occur

Faults may occur as a cross country fault. Phase to earth fault has a current that
depends on the earthling system. Most faults on the transmission lines are caused by
lightning which results in the flash over of insulations.

4.2 Requirements of Protection System

• Sensitivity: It means the ability of the protection system to detect all faults and
abnormal conditions in the protective zone where the detection needed for the min-
imum fault current. In this requirement there are three cases:

• Selectivity: The circuit breaker must be able to detect and isolate the fault item
only.

• Fast operating: It means the ability of the protection system to isolate the faulty
part quickly, which leads to minimize the effect of the fault and increase the stability
of the power system.

• Reliability: It means the dependability, in other word we can depends in the

protection system in all cases such as the arc rare, and it must operate even after
years of operation.

• Economical It means obtaining the maximum protection with lower cost, but we
have to use a high quality protection devices which means more cost needed.

• Simplicity The protection system must be simple to help us during maintenance,

but the protection level increase the complexity of the protection system.

4.3 Types of protection devices

1. Circuit breaker
The circuit breaker is one of the most important devices that used in the protection
system. The circuit breakers are generally classified based on the way of extinguish
CHAPTER 4. PROTECTION DEVICE 18

the spark resulting from arc. Accordingly, there are four types of circuit breakers are:

(a) Oil circuit breakers The oil circuit breaker is widely used in industrial fields.
This type used the oil in the process of extinguish the electrical spark when the
electric arc occurrence of bubbles forming working to extinguish the sparks.
(b) Air-blast circuit breakers
These circuit breaker used mainly in the high voltage applications. When the
fault happens cause separate the contacts then the electric arc is formed and
this leads to rush of air which acts to cool the spark and thus extinguish.
(c) Sulphur hexafluoride circuit breakers
This type of circuit breakers used SF6 gas, which has a great tendency to gain
electrons . Upon separation of the gas starts to flow contractors transforms
gas to negative ions. Lost electrons leads to the weakening of the electric arc
and thus extinguish the spark.
(d) Vacuum circuit a breaker
In this type of circuit breakers uses a vacuum that could be up to 10-7 Tor.
This vacuum provides a very high isolation. This isolation leads to extinguish
the spark too quickly.
2. Autorecloser
Is a self-controlling circuit breaker equipped with mechanism to being able to re-
connect the circuit after separating because of a fault in the system.
3. Current transformer (CT)
This type of transformer is used within the system of equipment protection. This
transformer works to step down the current that flowing in it for measurement
processes and also protect protection devices where this transformer connected in
series with an electrical system.
4. Voltage transformer
Like the current transformer, this transformer works to step down the voltage be-
tween its parties for different measurement processes where the transformer is con-
nected in parallel with the system.

Figure 4.2: Voltage transformer

CHAPTER 4. PROTECTION DEVICE 19

5. Surge Arresters
Surge arresters are equipment used to eliminate the sudden impact of the lightning
on the system. Surge arresters used to protect a variety of devices and equipment
in the transmission system such as transformers.
6. Relays
Relays are developed and installed to protect the lines. The transmission line pro-
tection Relays, in the industry, are based on the fundamental frequency components
of the voltages and currents.

Principle of Operation

Figure 4.3: The basic circuit of a simple protection system

Where;
• Protective relay.
• Circuit breaker (CB).
• Current transformer (CT).
• Voltage transformer (VT)
• Coil of tripping the CB.
• Battery.
• Auxiliary switch.
• Circuit of tripping the CB
In summary the basic function of protection is to detect faults and to clear them as
soon as possible. It is also important that in the process the minimum amount of
equipment should be disconnected. Faults cause large amounts of currents to flow in
the components that would burn out if current flows are not promptly interrupted.
The voltages of the faulted phases decrease on the occurrence of a fault.
7. Protection zone:
As mentioned before, the aims of the power system is to generate, transmit, and
distribute the electrical energy, these aims need several equipment such as genera-
tors, transformers, transmission lines all these equipment are important so we have
to protect it to provide a continuity and safety supplying. We cannot protect it
randomly, so we divide the system into zones each zone called protection zone. The
figure below shows a simple power system divided into protection zones.
CHAPTER 4. PROTECTION DEVICE 20

Figure 4.4: simple power system divided into protection zones

 21

Chapter 5

Design of the Transmission Line

System

5.1 Load Growth

The estimated consumption will be equal to 8.8 GW,Based on that we decided to
transfer 1 GW in the transmission line system. ”To more details see APPENDIX
A ”[12, 5]

5.2 Conductor size

At the beginning we calculated the current that would flow the transmission line by
the equation below: √
P = 3V ICOS(Θ) (5.1)
When,
V = 161KV ,COS(Θ) = 0.92 , P = 1GW
p
I=√ = 3897.854A (5.2)
3V COS(Θ)

We noticed that the current is too high and the cross section area for the chosen
conductor is too large ,so we decides to choose double circuit, and the current will
be
I
Icircuit = = 1948.93A (5.3)
2
Even after selecting to divide the current into two circuits the current still high so
we decided to use three bundles for each phase
Icircuit
Ibundle = = 649.64A (5.4)
2

Referred to the ACSR product catalog ,We choose flicker conductor

CHAPTER 5. DESIGN OF THE TRANSMISSION LINE SYSTEM 22

Figure 5.1: Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced (A.C.S.R.)

For ground conductor Usually for selection the ground conductor we take the half
of the bundle current referred to equation
Ibundle
Iground = = 324.82A (5.5)
2
Referred to the ACSR product catalog ,We choose Pigeon conductor

5.3 Choice of the number of insulator in a string

of minimum insulating distances
Tension insulator used to insulate 11 Kv , and
161
= 14.63 ∼
= 15
11

So we chose 15 pieces of ball-and-socket insulators attached to each other to form a

string by inserting the ball in the socket and securing the connection with a locking
key.
CHAPTER 5. DESIGN OF THE TRANSMISSION LINE SYSTEM 23

Table 5.1: Technical Data of a Standard Insulator

Diameter 25.4 cm (10 in.)

Spacing 14.6 cm (5-3/4 in.)
Leakage distance 305 cm (12 ft)
Typical operating voltage 10 kV
Mechanical strength 75 kN (15 klb)

And we chose polymer insulator as the data sheet in the appendix The polymer
catalog number is 5110091201

5.4 Corona losses

The disruptive critical voltage is given by :
D
Vd = gd md r δ ln (5.6)
r

where
gd = disruptive critical voltage gradient (Crest KV/cm)
md = roughness factor =0.98 to 0.93 for roughened and weather wires
r = radius of the conductor
δ = relative air density
D = separation between phase wire
Disruptive critical voltage ( The Peel’s formula )

D
Vd = 123 md r δ log KV to neutral (RM S) (5.7)
r
• The dielectric of air is proportional to its relative air density (δ)
where
0.386p
δ= (5.8)
273 + t
where
p = atmospheric pressure (mm of Hg )
t = temperature pressure (C)
When
p=950 mm of Hg, t =25 c ;
δ = 1.23

note :
1. Any increase in temperature raises ionisation and Corona starts at lower
voltage
2.any decrease in pressure increases the Volume and decreases the density .This
result in increased free-paths and there for decreased ionsation .
CHAPTER 5. DESIGN OF THE TRANSMISSION LINE SYSTEM 24

when
D = 31 cm , r = 1.023 cm , δ = 1.23 , md = 0.95,
31
Vd = 123 × 0.95 × 1.023 × 1.25 log( ) = 221.36 KV to neutral
1.023
Vd = 383.41 KV to line (RM S)

when
161
D = ? cm , r = 1.023 cm , δ = 1.23 , md = 0.95, Vd = √
3
= 93KV to neutral
V
( 123 md )
D = r 10 drδ = 4.29 cm

5.5 Transmission Tower

During Design of transmission tower the following points to be considered in mind.
(a) The minimum ground clearance of the lowest conductor point above the ground
level.
(b) The length of the insulator string.
(c) The minimum clearance to be maintained between conductors & between con-
ductor and tower.
(d) The location of ground wire with respect to outer most conductors.
(e) The distance between the first circuit and, the second circuit.
In our project, we will work on 161-kv towers, this towers under national electrical
standards.

(a) Diffrent Shape (b) Selected tower

Figure 5.2: shape of Transmission Towers

CHAPTER 5. DESIGN OF THE TRANSMISSION LINE SYSTEM 25

• The vertical distance between the first cross-arm and the second cross-arm =
5.085 m.
• The vertical distance between the second cross-arm and the third cross-arm =
5.085 m.
• The vertical distance between the third cross-arm and the ground = 19 m.
• The horizontal distance between the first circuit and, the second circuit = 1.1
m.
• The horizontal distance from the end of cross arm to the tower cage = 4.2 m.
• The height of the tower = 30 m.
• The horizontal distance between the tower legs = 4 m.
• weight of the tower =2570kg.

Typical Overhead line clearances (based on maximum conductor temper-

ature the load EN 50341)

Table 5.2: Clearance (in [m]unit) from line with highest system voltage of:

Clearance consideration 161kV

To ground in unobstructed
countryside 6.2

To rock face or
steep slope 3.2

To trees which cannot be climbed 1.2

To trees which can be climbed 2.7

To buildings with fire-resistance

roofs and roofs with slope < 15o to horizontal 5.2

To buildings with fire-resistance roofs

and roofs with slope > 15o to horizontal 3.2

Horizontal clearance to buildings 3.2

To fire sensitive installations 11.2

To antennae, lamp posts, etc.

which cannot stoop upon 3.2

Line crossing of minor roads,

railways and waterways 3.2-7.2 depending on nature of roads, railways
CHAPTER 5. DESIGN OF THE TRANSMISSION LINE SYSTEM 26

The normal span between towers is 350 m.

disnance
N umberof towers = (5.9)
span between towers + horizantal tower base
75km
= = 212 tower
350m + 4m
So, we will use 212 tower and it will be contain:

• Suspension towers.
• Tension towers.
• Angle towers.
• End tower.

Tension

w g L2
T =
8S
where ,
w= weigh of conductor per unit length (kg/m)
L= span of the conductor (m)
g = gravitational constant ( 9.81 N)
S= sag(m)

w=926.5kg/km
L=350m
g=9.81N
so,
we take the min. sag = 3m.
so,
the tension
926.5kg/km × 9.81 × 3502
T = = 46.39 kN f or each conductor.
8.3

For the sag, we take the min. sag which give the max tension.
Guy and stay wire

Stay wires or guys wire are galvanized steel wire strands that are used for sustaining
mechanical load. Generally, they are made up of 6 wires stranded around 1 wire,
twisting 7 wires together.
CHAPTER 5. DESIGN OF THE TRANSMISSION LINE SYSTEM 27

Figure 5.3: Guy-in tower

T1 h1 + T2 h2 + T3 h3
Th = (5.10)
hg

1
Th = (46.39 × 29 + 46.39 × 24 + 46.39 × 19) = 222.672 KN.
15
Where,
Th= is the horizontal component of guy wire tension.
T1 =is the horizontal load at height h1.
T2 =is the horizontal load at height h2.
T3 =is the horizontal load at height h3.
hg= is the height of attachment point of guy.
h1 =is the height of horizontal load T1.
h2 =is the height of horizontal load T2.
h3 =is the height of horizontal load T3.

hg
tan β = (5.11)
L

15
tan β = =3
5

hg
β = arctan = 71.5
L

L= is the lead of the guy.

Th
Tg = (5.12)
cosβ
222.672 kN
Tg = 701.7 KN
cos 71.5
CHAPTER 5. DESIGN OF THE TRANSMISSION LINE SYSTEM 28

This tension will be for the first guy for the first circuit, we will use two guy wire for
the tower who will have tension from one side or, tension from two side but, with
angle between them.

Tower grounding
Used to reduce earth wire potential and stress on insulators at the time of stroke
and also for safety.
Tower footing resistance will be 10 and should not be more than 20Ω under any
condition throughout the year.
Earth resistance depend upon soil resistivity (general 100 Ω-m).

(a) Buried conductor

one or more conductor is connected to towers legs and buried in back filled of
tower foundation. Used where soil resistivity is low.
(b) Counterpoise wire
A length of wire of 50 m is buried horizontally at depth of 0.5 m below ground.
This wire is connected to tower legs. Used when earth resistance is very high
and soil conductivity is mostly confined to upper layer.

5.6 Tower base

First case: when we have tension from one side.

• For rocky soil. The dimension for this base is (6.5×6.5)m in X-Y,with depth
3.5 m.
• For sandy soil. The dimension for this base is (7.5×7.5) m in X-Y, with depth
4 m.

Second case: when we have tension from two side.

• For rocky soil. The dimension for this base is (55) m in X-Y, with depth 2.5
m.
• For sandy soil. The dimension for this base is (66) m in X-Y, with depth 3 m.

We used for the two cases, reinforced concrete type 350B.

CHAPTER 5. DESIGN OF THE TRANSMISSION LINE SYSTEM 29

Figure 5.4: Tower base

5.7 Protection of Transmission line

5.7.1 Differential protection

This protection system is use the current difference as criteria. The differential
protection system consisting of:

• Current transformer (CT).

• Relay.

The differential protection is used for the very high devices cost such as power
transformer which have rating higher than 5 MVA because the cost of this system
is very high and there are two type of this protection:

(a) Balanced current The principle of this type of protection system is shown in
the figure. The current transformers are connected in series with the system.
The Relay connected across the midpoint between them and the voltage on
the relay is equal zero. When the fault occurs outside the protective zone,
there is no current flow through the relay. So the differential relay does not
activate. In the case of the fault occurs inside the protective zone, the difference
between the current that flow in the CTs is flow through the relay then the
relay interrupted the circuit as shown in the figure.
CHAPTER 5. DESIGN OF THE TRANSMISSION LINE SYSTEM 30

(a) Internal fault (b) External fault

Figure 5.5: the relay interrupted the circuit

(b) Balanced voltage In this type of differential protection, the current flow
the current transformers produce a voltage on the relays. The voltage on the
two relays is equal when the occurrence of the fault is outside the protective
zone. Accordingly, the Relay does not activate. But if the fault occurs inside
protective zone there is difference in the value of current in the secondary of
CTs. And therefore the relay activate and make interruption in the circuit as
shown in the figure.

(a) Internal fault (b) External fault

Figure 5.6: the relay activate and make interruption in the circuit

5.7.2 Distance Protection Relay

Distance protection relay is the name given to the protection, whose action depends on
the distance of the feeding point to the fault. The time of operation of such protection is
a function of the ratio of voltage and current, i.e., impedance. This impedance between
the relay and the fault depends on the electrical distance between them.
Distance protection relay principle differs from other forms of protection because their
performance does not depend on the magnitude of the current or voltage in the protective
circuit but it depends on the ratio of these two quantities. It is a double actuating quantity
relay with one of their coil is energized by voltage and the other coil is energized by the
current.
The relay operates only when the ratio of voltage and current falls below a set value.
During the fault the magnitude of current increases and the voltage at the fault point
decreases. The ratio of the current and voltage is measured at the point of the current
and potential transformer. The voltage at potential transformer region depends on the
distance between the PT and the fault.
If the fault is nearer, measured voltage is lesser, and if the fault is farther, measured
voltage is more. Hence, assuming constant fault impedance each value of the ratio of
voltage and current measured from relay location comparable to the distance between the
relaying point and fault point along the line. Hence such protection is called the distance
protection or impedance protection.
CHAPTER 5. DESIGN OF THE TRANSMISSION LINE SYSTEM 31

Distance zone is non-unit protection, i.e., the protection zone is not exact. The dis-
tance protection is high-speed protection and is simply to apply. It can be employed as
a primary as well as backup protection. It is very commonly used in the protection of
transmission lines.
Distance relays are used for both phase fault and ground fault protection, and they
provide higher speed for clearing the fault. It is also independent of changes in the
magnitude of the short circuits, current and hence they are not much affected by the
change in the generation capacity and the system configuration. Thus, they eliminate
long clearing times for the fault near the power sources required by over current relay if
used for the purpose.

Design
Distance protection is so called because it is based on an electrical measure of distance
along a transmission line to a fault. The distance along the transmission line is directly
proportional to the series electrical impedance of the transmission line. Impedance is
defined as the ratio of voltage to current. Therefore, distance protection measures distance
to a fault by means of a measured voltage to measured current ratio computation the
philosophy of setting relay at Sonelgaz Group is three forward zones and one reverse zone
to protect HV transmission line between bus bar A and B with total impedance ZAB as
shown in figure.

Figure 5.7: Distance Protection Relay

In our design, we used a distance relay every 5 km. Every relay has four zones, three
of them used for forward protection, the fourth one used as a reverse protection.
First zone In practice it is normal to adjust the first zone relays (Z1) at A to protect
only up to 80% of the protective line (AB). This is a high speed unit and is used for the
primary protection of the protected line. This unit is not set to protect the entire line
to avoid undesired tripping due to over reach. Over reach may occur due to transients
during the fault condition.
CHAPTER 5. DESIGN OF THE TRANSMISSION LINE SYSTEM 32

Second zone It is set to cover about 20% of the second line (BC). The main object
of the second zone unit is to provide protection to the end zone of the first section which
is beyond the reach of the first unit. The setting of the second unit is so adjusted that it
operates the relay even for arcing faults at the end of the line. To achieve this, the unit
must take care beyond the end of the line. In other words its setting must take care of
under reach caused by arc resistance.
Under reach is also caused by intermediate current sources, errors in CT, and VT and
measurement performed by the relay. To take into account the under reaching tendency
caused by these factors, the normal practice is to set the second zone reach up to 20% of
the shortest adjoining line section. The protective zone of the second unit is known as
the second zone of protection. The second zone unit operates after a certain time delay.
Its operating time is 0,3 sec.
Third zone It is provided for back-up protection of the adjoining line. Its reach should
extend beyond the end of the adjoining line under the maximum under reach, which may
be caused by arcs, intermediate current sources and errors in CT, VT and measuring unit
The protective zone of the third stage is known as the third zone of protection.

Figure 5.8: Characteristic curve X (R) for setting zones for distance protection.

Figure represents the tripping time T1, T2 and T3 correspond to these three zones of
operation for circuit breaker installed at bus-bar A and MHO distance relay (RA).
The fourth setting zones for protected transmission line (forward and reverse) without
series FACTS.

Z1 = R1 + jX1 = 80%ZAB = 0, 8(RAB + jXAB )

Z2 = R2 + jX2 = RAB + jXAB + 0, 2(RBC + jXBC )
Z3 = R3 + jX3 = RAB + jXAB + 0, 4(RBC + jXBC )
CHAPTER 5. DESIGN OF THE TRANSMISSION LINE SYSTEM 33

Z4 = R4 + jX4 = −60%ZAB = −0, 6(RAB + jXAB )

The total impedance of transmission line AB measured by MHO distance relay is:

ZAB = KZ ZL
KV T
KZ =
KCT
Where, ZAB is real total impedance of line AB, and KVT and KCT is ratio of voltage to
current respectively.
 34

Chapter 6

Economy

The transmission line Life cycle costing model helps in accessing the total cost of owner-
ship of the project from the beginning to the end of its operational life covering various
stages like design, construction, operation and maintenance, and repair of the line . Each
transmission line project is unique and depends on the geography, regulations and lo-
cal conditions. The factors which influence the life cycle costs also vary from project to
project. The typical transmission line life cycle cost model incorporating various stages
is given by

CLC = CCI + COM + CEL (6.1)

where,CLC is life cycle cost, CCI is capital investment cost, COM is operation and mainte-
nance cost and CEL is cost due to energy loss.

6.1 Capital Cost

The capital investment for a new transmission line consists of cost of structures, conduc-
tors, civil works, engineering, administration and management. The factors influencing
the costs are right of way , local regulations, land rights and issues, construction mate-
rial and labor cost escalations etc. Out of these, right of way and land rights are highly
variable and site specific. Based on the data collected from the utilities the various cost
components of the lines which make up the capital investment are summarized in Table
1. All costs are expressed in US$/km . The capital investment cost for constructing the
lines can be assigned to one or more years before the lineis energized . In this study,
it is assumed that all the capital costs occur in the construction starting year. right
of way costs are not included in capital investment. The cost assumptions used in this
paper for calculation purposes do not refer to any specific project and are merely rough
approximations, which helps in demonstrating the methodology.
CHAPTER 6. ECONOMY 35

Table 6.1: Quantities Table

Type Quantities Price/unit Price

Towers & Foundation 310 4187585 4187585
Acsr 1098 Km 2.75$/m 3019500
Ground Wire 61 Km 1.23$/m 75303
Earth Wire 3720 1.85$/m 6882
Hanger Rods 11800 3.5$/unit 41300
Insoulators 5890 135$/unit 795150
Currents transformer 50 800$/unit 40000
Voltage Transformer 10 500$/unit 5000
Relays 30 74$/unit 2220
Power Transformers 6 100000$/unit 600000
Bus Bars 15 215$/unit 3225
Data Cable 61 Km 1.5$/m 91500
Aerial Marker Balls 700 14$/unit 9800
Damper 1856 4$/unit 7424
Spacer 3700 9$/unit 33300
Unti-Bird 310 10$/unit 3100
Surge Arrestor 160 25$/unit 4000
Warning Plate 310 10$/unit 3100
Number Plate 310 5$/unit 1550
Unti Clamping 310 18$/unit 5580
Pine 3720 1$/unit 3720
Total : 8939239

6.2 Operation and maintenance costs

Operation and maintenance costs(COM ) are estimated as a percentage of the total capital
investment. Operation and maintenance of the line is essential to supply power to the
consumers reliably and economically and is generally a preventive measure. The Operation
and maintenance expenses include charges of personnel for operating and controlling the
line according to schedule, personnel deployed for inspection of the line as part of routine
maintenance activity, labor cost for tree removal on right of way , general repairs and
replacement of damaged items due to adverse climate conditions, live line maintenance
activities, testing of cable joints, verifying soil conditions, on line monitoring and other
necessary activities to keep the line in proper operating condition. The factors which
impact the Operation and maintenance costs are age of the line, weather conditions and
length of the line. In the present study, the Operation and maintenance costs are assumed
as 1.5% of capital investment cost, for Over head Transmission line . The Present Value
(PV) of the annual Operation and maintenance costs is given by

COM = 1.5% × 116000 = 174$

(1 + i)2 − 1
P V of COM = COM (6.2)
i (1 + i)2
CHAPTER 6. ECONOMY 36

6.3 Energy loss costs

The cost of energy losses (CEL ) reflects to the cost of resistive electrical energy loss
occurring in a line during operation. Some of the important factors which influence the
losses in the line are line length, conductor parameters, loading of the line, loss factor,
load growth and voltage level. The PV of the annual cost of energy loss is given by
(1 + i)2 − 1 n
P V of CLn = CL (6.3)
i (1 + i)2
The initial cost of losses is computed according to the formula given

CIL = 3 × I 2 × R × CIE × Lf (6.4)

where, CIL is the initial cost of losses, I is the peak load current in amperes, R is the
resistance of the conductor in Ω/km, CIE is the incremental cost of energy in $/kWh and
Lf is the loss factor. The cost of losses for any year during the useful life can be calculated
using
CLn = CIL × CEE × Lg (6.5)
where, CLn is the cost of losses for any year n, CIL is the initial cost of losses, CEE is the
energy cost escalation and Lg is the load growth. [13]

6.4 Conductor Material

• Annual capital cost for conductor conductor materials= K.A $/annual
M
• Annual cost of energy loss = A
” Kilven law”
where,
KA :fixed cost .
M
A
= variable cost .

• Total annual cost = K A + MA

+ N ”modified Kilven law ”
where,
N=Cost of tower,cost of insularities.
Then, s
M
A=
K0
• If we have transmission line delivered certain power ”p” is dependent on the length
of the line ”L”.
P
I=√
3 V cos θ

P
P loss = I 2 R = ( √ )2 R
3 V cos θ

1
P loss ∝
V
CHAPTER 6. ECONOMY 37

Then
s
KV A
Veconomical = 5.5 L + KV
150

Where,
L:length of the line
KVA:transmitted /circuit.
OR

s
KW
Veconomical = 5.5 L + KV
100
•
M
T otal Cost = KA + +N $/annual
A
hr: working hours/annual =8760hr

• For most economical cross-sectional area

d (cost)
= 0.0
d (Area)

Then, s
M
(Economical Area)A = (6.6)
K
Then,
R ckwhr
(Economical Area) = I 2 (hr)2 (6.7)
s.w L cunit
Then, s
M √
Cost of Conductor material = Cc = k = MK (6.8)
K
And also = cost of energy loss
N is Constant ,Then N = k A
M
T otal Cost = K 0 A + (6.9)
A
Where K 0 = k + K, K0 > K
 38

Chapter 7

E-TAP Program

7.1 Introduction
ETAP Power Station is a fully graphical electrical transient analyzer program that can
run under the Microsoft Windows 98. NT. 4.0. 2000. Me. and XP environments. The
Windows NT, 4.0 and 2000 platforms provide the highest performance level for demanding
applications, such as large network analysis requiring intensive computation and online
monitoring and control applications.
Windows NT. 4.0. And 2000 also provide the highest levels of reliability, protec-
tion. And security of critical applications. Large Power Station projects (approximately
500 buses and larger) should be built and maintained via Windows NT. 4.0. Or 2000.
The Windows 98 and me platforms provide excellent performance for analysis of small
and medium size systems (a few hundred buses) and support a variety of other popular
applications.

Figure 7.1: E-TAP configuration

CHAPTER 7. E-TAP PROGRAM 39

7.2 ETAP Description

Modeling:
1. Virtual reality operation.
2. Total integration of data (electrical, logical, mechanical, and physical attributes).
3. Ring and radial systems.
4. Unlimited isolated subsystems.
5. No system connection limitations.
6. Multiple loading conditions.
7. User access control and data validation.
8. Asynchronous calculations, allow multiple modules to calculate simultaneously.
9. 3-phase and single-phase modeling including panels and sub-panels.

7.3 Filling data

To run the program we must to enter the data in filling spaces transmission line, trans-
mission line, transformer, and load.

7.3.1 Transformers
From the data for transformer Specifications and data we can fill this parameter rating.
In the E-TAP window below shows voltage rating and power rating that needed for power
flow calculation and short circuit analysis.

Figure 7.2: Transformers data in E-TAP

CHAPTER 7. E-TAP PROGRAM 40

7.3.2 Transmission line

In this part we can put transmission line parameters and how to put the information of
impedance and how to fill the parameter to calculate the sizing of correct conductor And
we see Conductor resistance vs. temperature and Physical parameter.

Figure 7.3: Transmission line data in E-TAP

7.3.3 Load
In the following parameter that concerning load we put the power in MVA for lumped load
rating and choose a value of resistive load between 15% and 20% in domestic transformer
and smaller or larger value of ” R ” percentage in the industrial region because of induction
and synchronous motors, the E-TAP window show the parameter that filled for a Sponge
factory.

Figure 7.4: Load data in E-tab

CHAPTER 7. E-TAP PROGRAM 41

7.4 Single Line Diagram

7.5 E-TAP Simulation

In the following some sketches of our E-TAP simulation, to see the full line find the
attachment on the CD drive.
CHAPTER 7. E-TAP PROGRAM 42
CHAPTER 7. E-TAP PROGRAM 43
CHAPTER 7. E-TAP PROGRAM 44
CHAPTER 7. E-TAP PROGRAM 45
 46

Chapter 8

GIS &Sketch up

8.1 GIS
A geographic information system (GIS) is a system designed to capture, store, manipu-
late, analyze, manage, and present spatial or geographic data.
The acronym GIS is sometimes used for geographic information science (GIScience) to
refer to the academic discipline that studies geographic information systems and is a large
domain within the broader academic discipline of Geo informatics.
GIS applications are tools that allow users to create interactive queries (user-created
searches), analyze spatial information, edit data in maps, and present the results of all
these operations. Geographic information science is the science underlying geographic
concepts, applications, and systems. To more details and Tower Coordination see ap-
pendix B

Figure 8.1: Transmission line path-part(1)

Figure 8.2: Transmission line path-part(2)

CHAPTER 8. GIS &SKETCH UP 47

8.2 Sketch up
is a 3D modeling computer program for a wide range of drawing applications such as
architectural, interior design, landscape architecture, civil , mechanical and electrical
engineering . The program includes drawing layout functionality, allows surface rendering
in variable ” styles ”, supports third-party ”plug-in” programs hosted on a site called
Extension Warehouse to provide other capabilities.

Figure 8.3: Towers At Equal Level

Figure 8.4: Towers Accessories

CHAPTER 8. GIS &SKETCH UP 48

Figure 8.5: Angle Tower

 49

Refrences

[1] Bougue, Michel, F Mariani, and S Bisnath. High Voltage Overhead Power Lines.
Johannesburg, South Africa: Crown Publications, 2010. Print.

[2] Mehta, V.K. and Mehta, R. (2005) Principles of power system: (including generation,
transmission, distribution, switchgear and protection). 4th edn. New Delhi: Chand (S.)
& Co Ltd ,India.

[3] Policy, IEEE-SA Copyright. IEEE-SA - national electrical safety code (NESC). n.d.
Web. 16 Dec. 2016.

[4] Transmission line design manual: A guide for the investigation, development, and
design of power transmission lines. 1980. Web. 16 Dec. 2016.

[5] Overhead power lines planning, design, construction (2003) Berlin, Heidelberg:
Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

[6] Bayliss, C.R. and Hardy, B.J. (2011) Transmission and distribution electrical engi-
neering. 4th edn. Oxford: Newnes (an imprint of Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd ).

[7] Looms, J S T. Insulators for High Voltages. London: Institution of Engineering and
Technology, 1988. Print.

[8] McDonald, John D. Electric Power Substations Engineering. 2nd ed. Boca Raton:
CRC Press, 2007. Print.

[9] Hewitson, L G, Mark Brown, and Ramesh Balakrishnan. Practical Power Systems
Protection. Amsterdam: Newnes (an imprint of Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd ), 2004.
Print.

[10] McDonald, John D., ed. Electric Power Substations Engieering, Third Edition. 3rd
ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2012. Print.

[11] Glover, Duncan J, Mulukutla S Sarma, and Thomas J Overbye. Power System Anal-
ysis and Design - 5th Edition. 5th ed. Stamford, CT: CENGAGE Learning Custom
Publishing, 2011. Print.

[12] Bisnath, S. The Planning, Design and Construction of Overhead Power Lines. Jo-
hannesburg, South Africa: Crown Publications, 2005. Print.

[13] Farr, John Vail V. Systems Life Cycle Costing: Economics Analysis, Estimation, and
Management. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis, 2011. Print.
 i

Appendix A

Load Growth

Estimation is the process of finding an estimate, or approximation, which is a value that

is usable for some purpose even if input data may be incomplete, uncertain, or unstable.
We have taken the annual consumption of electric power from the Palestinian Statistical
Center from 1996 to 2014. And based on the values that we have obtained we estimated
the expected consumption for 2050.
load development
if we start from real value P0 and built the load grow for its value by x ”average rate of
grow ”.
when
P0 = real value of consumption
then,

P1 = P0 (1 + x) (A.1)
P2 = P1 (1 + x) (A.2)
P2 = P0 (1 + x)2 (A.3)
Pn = P0 (1 + x)n (A.4)
log pn = log p0 + nlog(1 + x) (A.5)

And the estimated consumption will be equal to 8.8 GW,Based on that we decided to
transfer 1 GW in the transmission line system. AS shown in figure A.1

Figure A.1: Load Growth for the year of 2050

APPENDIX A. LOAD GROWTH ii

The table A.1 contain all real and estimation consumption over the period [1996-2050]

Table A.1: Load Estimation for the year of 2050

Year Consumption [GW] Year Consumption [GW]

1996 0.61919800000000003 2024 5.5351334999999997
1997 0.62286200000000003 2025 5.6517819999999999
1998 0.57318999999999998 2026 5.7684305
1999 0.87705 2027 5.8850790000000002
2000 1.5110980000000001 2028 6.0017275000000003
2001 1.351736 2029 6.1183759999999996
2002 1.578244 2030 6.2350244999999997
2003 1.6395947 2031 6.3516729999999999
2004 0.31980370000000002 2032 6.5783215000000004
2005 1.6165639999999999 2033 6.6949699999999996
2006 2.3311099999999998 2034 6.9216185000000001
2007 2.56555 2035 7.0382670000000003
2008 2.7999900000000002 2036 7.1549155000000004
2009 3.1004925000000001 2037 7.2715639999999997
2010 3.2009949999999998 2038 7.3882124999999998
2011 3.4014975000000001 2039 7.504861
2012 4.0019999999999998 2040 7.6215095000000002
2013 3.8686484999999999 2041 7.7381580000000003
2014 4.3352969999999997 2042 7.8548064999999996
2015 4.5852969999999997 2043 7.9714549999999997
2016 4.7019454999999999 2044 8.0881035000000008
2017 4.818594 2045 8.2047519999999992
2018 4.9352425000000002 2046 8.3214004999999993
2019 4.9518909999999998 2047 8.4380489999999995
2020 5.0685395 2048 8.5546974999999996
2021 5.1851880000000001 2049 8.6713459999999998
2022 5.3018365000000003 2050 8.7879944999999999
2023 5.4184850000000004
 iii

Appendix B

GIS Data

The pictures below shows the transmission path from Tarqumia to Al-Ezaria in sections.

Figure B.1: Transmission line path-section(1)

APPENDIX B. GIS DATA iv

Figure B.2: Transmission line path-section(2)

Figure B.3: Transmission line path-section(3)

APPENDIX B. GIS DATA v

Figure B.4: Transmission line path-section(4)

Figure B.5: Transmission line path-section(5)

APPENDIX B. GIS DATA vi

Figure B.6: Transmission line path-section(6)

Figure B.7: Transmission line path-section(7)

APPENDIX B. GIS DATA vii

Figure B.8: Transmission line path-section(8)

Figure B.9: Transmission line path-section(9)

APPENDIX B. GIS DATA viii

Figure B.10: Transmission line path-section(10)

Figure B.11: Transmission line path-section(11)

APPENDIX B. GIS DATA ix

Figure B.12: Transmission line path-section(12)

Figure B.13: Transmission line path-section(13)

APPENDIX B. GIS DATA x

Figure B.14: Transmission line path-section(14)

Figure B.15: Transmission line path-section(15)

APPENDIX B. GIS DATA xi

Figure B.16: Transmission line path-section(16)

Figure B.17: Transmission line path-section(17)