CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
This chapter includes the problem of the study and its background, the
scope and limitation, definition of terms and significance of the study.
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Electricity is important in our daily lives. We accomplished many tasks with
ease and comfort with the help of electricity. Electricity is essential in
providing heat and light and powering appliances in homes and factories. It
must, however, be treated with great care, because the consequences of an
electrical fault can be serious and sometimes fatal. Generally, voltages
greater than 50 volts can present a serious hazard and currents of more than
about 50 milliamps flowing through the human body can lead to death by
electrocution. Electrical hazards, risks of injury or death arising from
exposure to electricity. Harm can be caused to any person when they are
exposed to ‘live parts’ that are either touched directly or indirectly by means
of some
Electrical installation and maintenance work is an essential aspect of modern
society, providing power for homes, businesses, and industries. However, it
also involves significant risks and hazards that can result in serious injury,
death, and property damage if not properly managed
The risks associated with electrical installation and maintenance work
include electrical shock, electrocution, fire, explosion, and arc flash. These
risks can arise from a variety of factors, including improper installation,
inadequate maintenance, faulty equipment, and human error.
To address these risks and hazards, various regulations, standards, and
guidelines have been developed to ensure that electrical work is carried out
safely and effectively. These include requirements for proper training and
education, the use of personal protective equipment, the implementation of
safety procedures and protocols, and the use of specialized equipment and
tools.
Despite these efforts, accidents and incidents continue to occur in the
electrical installation and maintenance industry, highlighting the ongoing
need for vigilance and attention to safety. As such, further research is
needed to better understand the risks and hazards associated with electrical
work, and to develop more effective strategies for managing and mitigating
these risks.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK .
This study presents the theory of Electrical installation & maintenance.
The main protection against electrical shock in and the active measure based
on preventing resistance of the electrical installation limiting the time
duration of the exposure to the electric contact Hazard - is any potential
source of harm (the possibility to cause harm).
Risk - is the probability of harm occurring under defined circumstances.
Safety - is the condition of not being exposed to or being protected from
harm; not likely to be harmed.
It is difficult to explain the concept of risk because it is only a probability or
chance of something happening, we therefore can’t really give concrete
explanatory examples of it. Hazards, in contrast, are all around us in our
familiar physical world, e.g., the bottle of bleach under the sink or the motor
vehicle in the garage. Similarly, it is fairly easy to come up with examples of
possible harms associated with these hazards, e.g., bleach poisoning or an
injury sustained in a traffic accident. Risk is the “probability link” between
hazard and harm. In other words, risk defines the chance that a hazard (car)
will result in a harm (injury) and implies opportunity (access to a car), action
(driving the car), incident (being involved in an accident) and a harmful
result (a broken arm) – generally referred to as a pathway to harm.
In formal, science-based risk assessments the extent of a risk is estimated by
considering both the likelihood and consequence of a harm occurring (risk =
likelihood x consequence). Reducing either of these, e.g. using the car less
often or investing in voice-to-text software, will therefore lower the risk of
you not being able to write your memoirs due to a broken arm sustained in a
traffic accident
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
The conceptual framework that determines the Effects of Hazards in Risk in
Electrical Installation and Maintenance in Malaya Integrated National High School.
The research process that this study utilized is shown in figure 1. It shows the
input variables involved, the process conducted and the result of the study. These
data were gathered through a survey questionnaire. The end goal of this study is
to propose an action plan to expand the knowledge about hazards and risk in
performing electrical installation.
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
we’re gonna film
Effects of Hazards and
ourselves doing electrical
risk in electrical
Survey questionnaire installation and explain
installation and
everything that is need
maintenance
to be explained
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
This study aims the effects of hazards and risk in electrical installations and
maintenance in Malaya Integrated National High school
1. What are the effect of hazards and risk to SHS - EIM learners performance
in terms of:
1.3. academics;
1.2. confidence?
2. Is there a significant difference between the effects of hazards and risk to
SHS - EIM in terms of different variables? (anova)
3. base on the result to the study, what output can be developed?
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Students will gain improvement from their previous electrical installation
performance. They will be more aware of hazards and risk in their future
profession after graduation.
Teachers would benefit from knowing a student’s awareness of hazards and
risk since it would allow them to avoid accident.
Parents should provide their children advice about taking the risk
of performing electrical installation in order to help them succeed their work
Future researchers would benefit from knowing the students’ degree of
electrical proficiency, therefore it would be beneficial for them to have that
information.
SCOPE AND LIMITATION
This study will focus on the effects of hazard and risk in Electrical Installation
and Maintenance of Senior high school students in Malaya Integrated National
high school. The respondents were limited to EIM learners during the school
year 2022-2023
ASSUMPTION OF THE STUDY
The study focus on the hazards and risk of electrical installation and
maintenance of senior high school EIM learners.
1. Researchers and respondents focused onlearning the hazards and risk in
electrical installation because they needed to know what are those.
2. the researchers believe in the knowledge of the respondents when it comes
to electricity.
3. The researchers could help EIM learners to enhance their knowledge about
hazards and risk in electrical installation.
4. The researchers believe that the respondents will receive a thorough
explanation of the objectives of hazards and risk and the researcher also
believes that they will be able to understand them correctly and be able to
carry out the activity they will do.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
HAZARD- a dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity or condition
MAINTENANCE- the process of ensuring that electrical equipment is kept in
good working order
INSTALLATION- the complete system of wiring and apparatus which is used
to feed electrical energy from the position at which it is made available in the
building, concerned to the point or points at which it is to be used
CHAPTER 2
REVIEWS OF RELATED LITERATURE
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This part of the study shows different side, the local and
Foreign study which is relevant to the present study.
FOREIGN LITERATURE
Al-Habaibeh et al.'s study (2020) examined electrical safety
risks in the workplace and the potential application of wearable
technology for risk assessment and hazard identification. The
study made the case that wearable technology can enhance the
security and effectiveness of electrical installations and
maintenance by providing real-time monitoring and reporting
on electrical dangers.
Overall, these studies from outside emphasize the significance
of risk assessment, suitable instruction and training, and the
use of technology in guaranteeing electrical safety at work.
They also stress the importance of continuing to study and
enhance electrical safety procedures and laws.
J. M. Martinez et al. (2017)examined electrical safety standards
and laws in the US and Europe, and it pinpointed loopholes and
difficulties in their implementation. In order to ensure electrical
safety in the workplace, the study stressed the significance of
risk assessment and management.
S. T. Nezhad et al.(2018) conducted a risk assessment of high
voltage distribution networks in Iran, and identified potential
hazards and risks associated with these networks. The study
highlighted the importance of proper design, installation, and
maintenance practices in minimizing electrical hazards and
risks.
P. H. Imbert and T. L. Chow (2017) discuss the various electrical
hazards and risks associated with low voltage installations, and
proposes measures for risk assessment and management.
LOCAL LITERATURE
According to J.J Cruz (2017) that Electrical burns are the fourth
most prevalent type of burn, and they remain one of the most
painful trauma injuries in impoverished countries. The amount
of electrical injuries in the Philippines is often underreported.
Therese in electrical burns could be linked to the country's
growing industrialization,particularly when basic education and
training in electrical safety and handling is neglected. Because
the bulk of the casualties are working-age males, this could
have a-significant impact on the workforce
Normel S. Nabatilan jr (2019) Electrical installation is dangerous
because it involves electricity. To be an effective electrician, one
must follow the rules and regulation of the Philippines Electrical
Code for safety. EIM students are facing different kinds of
challenges while studying. Some problems are really difficult to
handle. Some students can solve the challenges but others
cannot. Building wiring is one of the purposes of Electrical
Installation and Maintenance. It teaches those students about
installing electricity or any activities related to this.
Bautista, M.F. N., (2018)The National Electrification
Administration (NEA) under the umbrella of the Department
of Energy (DoE) has the mandate for rural electrification
program in the country. At present, NEA is continually doing its
best to serve the remaining 2.7 million households without
electricity in the country (Laput, 2019). Clearly, the demand and
consumption of electricity in residential buildings is highly
increasing as it becomes a basic need of the Filipino people.
But with the benefits, convenience and comfort it brings,
the dangers and hazards that electricity might cause should
not be forgotten. Electrical fire is caused by electrical materials
and house wiring systems affected by unexpected faults and
errors such as short circuit, overloading, arcing and unplug
television or other appliances (Campbell, 2019 & Lee et. al,
2016). It is a Class C type of fire in which types ABC Powder,
Water Mist and Clean Agent fire extinguishers are being used
to quench this type of flame (Koorsen Fire & Security, 2017).
Electrical ignition is gradually becoming a serious issue as it
posted a higher percentage of 5,366 electrical-related fires out
of 19,292 fire incidents, which is equivalent to 27.81% last 2018
nationwide
Victor Rosales
Asia Research Network Journal of Education 2 (2), 84-101, 2022
The study aimed to evaluate the acceptability of the
instructional trainer in teaching Electrical Installation and
Maintenance National Certificate Level Two at Dalipuga
National High School-Senior High School Department during the
first semester of 2018-2019. Grade Twelve electrical installation
and maintenance students and licensed electrical practitioners-
experts from the academy and the industry served as
evaluators of the instructional trainer. The researcher used an
adopted and modified questionnaire to determine the
acceptability of the instructional trainer concerning its
effectiveness, workmanship, functionality, safety, and user-
friendly. The level of acceptability of the developed trainer as
evaluated by students and professionals is determined using
descriptive statistics such as frequency count, percentages,
weighted mean, and standard deviation. Based on the result of
the study, the instructional trainer was very good in terms of
effectiveness, workmanship, functionality, safety, and user-
friendly. In terms of ranking, the effectiveness and user-friendly
rank the highest, followed by safety, workmanship, and
functionality. All of these are very good, so the results implied
that the instructional trainer is helpful in the training and
learning the required electrical installation and maintenance
competencies.
FOREIGN STUDIES
Allison haluik, (2016)Electricity is unique among energy sources
in that its use is ubiquitous in everyday life, yet it also has the
potential to be instantly fatal when contacted. Due to its
familiarity and everyday use, people are often complacent to
electrical hazards and underestimate the risks associated with
exposure to electricity. Many veterans in the electrical industry
came of age in an era when best practices for electrical work
had not yet been established, and as a result experienced
firsthand the consequences of electrical incidents. Over the
past several decades there has been a movement in the
industry to improve safe work practices based on these
experiences. This has resulted in great improvements to
electrical safety, making electrical incidents less common. The
challenge faced today is to transfer the knowledge gained from
past experience to workers who may not have witnessed
serious electrical incidents, and as a result, may fail to recognize
the potential for injury associated with electrical work.
A Adekunle, GO Asaolu, K Adiji, HA Bamiduro(2016)
Electrical hazard remains a global occurrence that plagues
construction industries in Nigeria Electricity is one of the most
common causes of fires, electric shocks, electrocutions and
thermal burns in construction industries. Because electricity is a
familiar part of our lives, it is often not treated with enough
caution. As a result, an average of one worker is electrocuted on
the job every day of every year during construction work.
No one can replace a worker or loved one that has died or
suffered an irreparable consequence of an electrical accident.
Researchers are of the opinion that electrical safety in the
construction sector is an indispensable component for
economic development of the country. In the light of the above,
this paper examines the impacts of electrical hazards on the
Nigerian construction industries with a view to provide safety
measures using Kaaptron technologies as case study. The
amount of current the body can withstand, the time it takes a
body to be electrocuted when in contact with electricity and
risk analyses were issues considered in this study. This study
also used a participatory appraisal technique whereby, the
electrical engineers and technicians were made to identify the
types and magnitude of electrical hazards they encounter in
their daily lives. The overall study shows that tasks performed
under wet conditions could draw current as high as 480mA and
that a body of 500â „¦ resistance has just 0.2 s to be
electrocuted when in contact with a 120v supply. The risk
analysis revealed that 6 out of 10 construction devices were not
safe to work on. Safety measures to eliminate injuries or deaths
at construction sites were proffered.
Elisabeth Krausmann, Ana Maria Cruz, Ernesto Salzano Elsevier,
(2016)Natech Risk Assessment and Management: Reducing the
Risk of Natural-Hazard Impact on Hazardous Installations covers
the entire spectrum of issues pertinent to Natech risk
assessment and management. After a thorough introduction of
the topic that includes definitions of terms, authors Krausmann,
Cruz, and Salzano discuss various examples of international
frameworks and provide a detailed view of the implementation
of Natech Risk Management in the EU and OECD. There is a
dedicated chapter on natural-hazard prediction and
measurement from an engineering perspective, as well as a
consideration of the impact of climate change on Natech risk.
The authors also discuss selected Natech accidents, including
recent examples, and provide specific ‘lessons learned’from
each, as well as an analysis of all essential elements of Natech
risk assessment, such as plant layout, substance hazards, and
equipment vulnerability. The final section of the book is
dedicated to the reduction of Natech risk, including structural
and organizational prevention and mitigation measures, as well
as early warning issues and emergency foreword
planning.Teaches chemical engineers and safety managers how
to safeguard chemical processing plants and pipelines against
natural disasters Includes international regulations and explains
how to conduct a natural hazards risk assessment, both of
which are supported by examples and case studies Discusses a
broad range of hazards and the multidisciplinary aspects of risk
assessment in a detailed and accessible style
Huiyuan Yang, Kanjun Zhang, Aihong Tang IEEE,(2022)
In order to ensure the safe and stable operation of the
electricity grid, it is necessary to carry out the risk assessment
of the electricity connection at the substation. In traditional
methods, the influences of the regional power grid on the main
electrical connection method are ignored. This paper aims to
propose a new method of basic risk assessment in electricity
connection related to regional grid safety. First, the traditional
risk indices are modified by considering the load drop in the
regional grid, and the indices of safety constraints are
developed by using severity functions. Second, the analytic
method is adopted to analyze the faults in the substation and
determine the consequences, and the external equivalent of
the substation is situation. Finally, regional grid power flow and
optimal scheduling are calculated, and risk assessment results
are obtained. Prove the professionalism of the proposed
method so that the IEEE-RTBS system and a real 220kV
substation and its adjacent grid are taken for evaluation. results
show that compared to the traditional method, the risk indices
obtained by the proposed method are more conservative, and
the vulnerability of the main electrical connection under the
condition conditions can be obtained, which proves the
feasibility and being the course of the proposed method.
LOCAL STUDIES
Eunice Care lanaja (2018) The main purpose of this study is to
determine the effect of the hazard and risks in the students’
performance. The study considers the students
personal information such as their name, gender, and age. The
researcher limits the study to 50 EIM students only here in
Kidapawan city National High School of school year 2017-2018.
Each of the students is given a questionnaire to answer. The
respondents are selected from students in EIM to prevent bias
and get objective perception
Margarita S.E and Jose Joven V.C (2017) Electrical injury is the
4th most common cause of burn which continues to be one of
the most distressing trauma injuries in developing countries. In
the Philippines, the number of electrical injuries are typically
underreported.
This study is a descriptive retrospective analysis of patients
suffering from electrical burns admitted at the Philippine
General Hospital, Alfredo T. Ramirez Burn Center (PGH-ATR)
from January 2004 to December 2012.
A total of 706 (28.3%) patients with electrical burns were
reviewed. Majority were males of working age and injuries
were work related (80.45%) of which 75.5% were construction
workers. The primary cause in majority of the cases was
accidental contact of overhead electrical power lines by metal
poles. Most of the patients admitted were high voltage
electrical injuries (79.46%), 46.03% had severe electrical burns
and 11.33% had associated traumatic injuries. There was a
delay in time of injury to admission, 48.73% arrived at the
emergency room >8 h after the injury. 40.73% of the patients
underwent surgery, most of which had moderate to severe
burns. The average length of stay was 14–28 days. The overall
morbidity rate and mortality rate were 2.12% and 2.41%
respectively.
The increase in the rate of electrical injuries may be linked to
the country’s rapid pace of industrialization. Prevention must be
prioritized and preventive activities should be aimed to reduce
the incidence. ! 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
According to the Congressional Accountability Office of
Compliance, NFPA’s National Electric Code (NFPA 70 110.26)
also requires a minimum clearance of 3 feet for electrical
equipment with 600 volts or less.
Please take the time to read both OSHA and ANSI’s standards in
their entirety! It is important that your facility follows the
standards put forth by these electrical panel regulations as well
as all the marking requirements. This will help you avoid any
OSHA fines as well as prevent your workers from sustaining
serious injuries or even death.
Nocete R. and Enteria O.C(2020) level of awareness, and
behavior on the basic safety precautions on electrical fire
prevention among residents in the City of Bislig, Philippines.
The study uses descriptive method of research utilizing a
researcher-made survey-questionnaire. Microsoft Excel and
SPSS version 21 were used to analyze the collected data. The
study revealed areas of concern that need immediate
interventions. In terms of practices, respondents have low level
of practice for annual house wiring inspection, poor habit in
securing building permits and clearances; and no structured
house routines for electrical fire prevention. Respondents level
of awareness showed that they are not highly aware of the
correct ampere rating of fuse and circuit breaker, standard size
and type of electrical wire intended for lighting, convenience
outlets, and extension wires. With regards to their behavior,
most of them have a low level of behavioral consistency in
participating activities involving electrical fire prevention and
are not consistent in seeking additional knowledge about fire
prevention.
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH AND SOURCE OF DATA
This chapter presents the research design, the setting of the study, subject
of the study sources of data, procedure of the study, and statistical treatment
RESEARCH DESIGN
The researchers used descriptive research design, which is a type of
research that described a population, situation, or phenomenon study
Descriptive research design is a type of research design that aims to
systematically obtain information to describe a phenomenon, situation, or
population. more specifically it helps answer the what, when, where, and how
questions regarding the research problem rather than the why
The descriptive research design is appropriate to the study because the
researchers used a survey questionnaire or interview to assess the effects of
hazard and risk in Electrical Installation and Maintenance of Senior High
school learners in Malaya Integrated National High school
SETTING OF THE STUDY
The study will be conducted in Malaya Integrated National High school.
MINHS is located at Vicencio Street, Malaya Pililla Rizal, with the population
of 1364, it was established on January 1, 1975; it was formerly named Malaya
Barangay High School, But in 2001, Malaya Barangay High School became
nationally funded and became Malaya National High School, in March 2020, it
became Malaya Integrated National High Schoo
FIGURE 2
Location Map of Malaya Integrated National High School
SUBJECT OF THE STUDY
The subject of the study is the Effects of hazard and risk in Electrical
Installation and Maintenance in Malaya Integrated National High School.
Sampling was used to calculate the ideal sample size of selected learners
Only 30 EIM students will be selected out of 67 EIM students.
THE EFFECTS OF HAZARDS & RISK IN ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION
AND MAINTENANCE IN THE PERFORMANCE OF SINIOR HIGH SCHOOL
EIM LEARNERS IN MALAYA INTEGRATED NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Survey Questionnaire
MALAYA INTEGRATED NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Baranggay Malaya, Pililla, Rizal
Dear students,
THE EFFECTS OF HAZARDS & RISK IN ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION AND
MAINTENANCE IN THE PERFORMANCE OF SINIOR HIGH SCHOOL EIM
LEARNERS IN MALAYA INTEGRATED NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Survey Questionnaire
MALAYA INTEGRATED NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Baranggay Malaya, Pililla, Rizal
Dear students,
We, the grade 12 TVL students are currently conducting a research
entitled “THE EFFECTS OF HAZARDS & RISK IN ELECTRICAL
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE IN THE PERFORMANCE OF SINIOR
HIGH SCHOOL EIM LEARNERS IN MINHS”. In relation to this, we are
asking you to complete the following questions honestly and consistently in
order to meet the goals of the study. You trust that any collected data will only
be use for academic purposes. Thank you.
Name_______________ Date______
QUESTIONNAIRE CHECKLISTS
Direction: Put a () mark on the column of your choice and honestly answer the
questions
Very knowledgeable -5
knowledgeable -4
Tied knowledgeably -3
Somewhat knowledgeable -2
Not knowledgeable -1
Hazards and Risks 5 4 3 2 1
1.I am aware of hazard and risk in electrical installation
2.I am aware that electrocution can lead to major injury
3. I know that electrical installation should not be taken as a
joke
4. I know the types of electrical hazards
5. I can identify 4 colors of wires
6. I know how to prevent electricity hazards
7. I know how to evaluate hazards and risk
8. I know the most important rule to prevent electrical
hazards
9.I know how electrical fire starts and how can they be
prevented
10. I know how to assess electrical hazards
