QUALITATIVE ORGANIC ANALYSIS -1
Test for Functional groups present in Organic compounds
Experiment Observation Inference
1.Test for Carboxylic group: Effervescence is observed Carboxyl group is present.
Added a pinch of NaHCO3 to
1ml of organic compound in a
test tube.
Confirmatory Tests for Functional group
Experiment Observation Inference
TEST FOR CARBOXYL GROUP It changes to Carboxylic
1.To a drop of solution of given compound, add a drop of red. group is
blue litmus solution present.
(OR)
Add a drop of solution of compound on a wet blue
litmus paper
2. To the given organic compound add ethyl alcohol and Pleasant fruity Carboxylic
few drops of Conc. H2SO4.Heat it in water bath and smelling group is
transfer the content to a beaker filled with water. compound is confirmed.
formed.
Result:
The functional group present in the organic compound is carboxylic
acid.
QUALITATIVE ORGANIC ANALYSIS -2
Test for Functional groups present in Organic compounds
Experiment Observation Inference
1.Test for Carboxylic group: No Effervescence is Carboxyl group is absent.
Added a pinch of NaHCO3 to observed
1ml of organic compound in a
test tube.
2.Test for Phenolic group:
Added 1ml of organic compound Green or violet colour Phenolic group is present
to 2-3ml of neutral ferric obtained.
chloride solution in a test tube.
Confirmatory Tests for Functional group
TEST FOR PHENOLIC GROUP The colour Phenolic group
1. Put a pinch of solid compound on a piece of moist changes to red. is present.
blue litmus paper.
2. Take 2ml of aqueous or alcoholic solution of Violet Phenolic group
compound and add 2-3 drops of aqueous neutral FeCl3 colouration. is confirmed
solution.
Result:
The given organic compound contains Phenolic group.
QUALITATIVE ORGANIC ANALYSIS-3
Test for Functional groups present in Organic compounds
Experiment Observation Inference
1.Test for Carboxylic group: No effervescence Carboxyl group is absent.
Added a pinch of NaHCO3 to
1ml of organic compound in a
test tube.
2.Test for Phenolic group:
Added 1ml of organic compound No green or violet colour Phenolic group is absent
to 2-3ml of neutral ferric obtained.
chloride solution in a test tube.
3.Test for Alcoholic group: No effervescence. Alcoholic group is absent.
Added a small piece of freshly
cut piece of metallic sodium to
1ml of given organic liquid in a
dry test tube.
4.Test for Carbonyl group: Orange-yellow ppt formed. Carbonyl group is present.
Shake 1ml of organic compound May be aldehyde or ketone
with 2-3 ml 2, 4 - Dinitrophenyl
hydrazine in a test tube.
5.Test for Aldehydic group: Silver mirror formed on Aldehyde is present. Ketone
Warmed 1ml of organic inner side of the test tube. is az1bsent.
compound with 1ml of Tollen’s
reagent in a test tube in a water
bath.
Confirmatory Tests for Functional group
TEST FOR CARBONYL: ALDEHYDIC GROUP Shiny silver -Aldehydic
1. To the given compound in a test tube, add Tollen’s mirror group is
reagent and warm it in a water bath. formation. confirmed.
2. To the given solution add 1ml of each Fehling’s Brick red ppt. Aldehydic
solution A and Fehling’s solution B. Warm it in a water group is
bath. confirmed.
Result:
The functional group present in the organic compound is Aldehyde.
QUALITATIVE ORGANIC ANALYSIS-4
Test for Functional groups present in Organic compounds
Experiment Observation Inference
1.Test for Carboxylic group: No effervescence Carboxyl group is absent.
Added a pinch of NaHCO3 to
1ml of organic compound in a
test tube.
2.Test for Phenolic group:
Added 1ml of organic compound No green or violet colour Phenolic group is absent
to 2-3ml of neutral ferric obtained.
chloride solution in a test tube.
3.Test for Alcoholic group: No effervescence. Alcoholic group is absent.
Added a small piece of freshly
cut piece of metallic sodium to
1ml of given organic liquid in a
dry test tube.
4.Test for Carbonyl group: Orange-yellow ppt formed. Carbonyl group is present.
Shake 1ml of organic compound May be aldehyde or ketone
with 2-3 ml 2, 4 - Dinitrophenyl
hydrazine in a test tube.
5.Test for Aldehydic group: No silver mirror formation. Presence of Ketonic group.
Warmed 1ml of organic
compound with 1ml of Tollen’s
reagent in a test tube in a water
bath.
Confirmatory Tests for Functional group
TEST FOR CARBONYL KETONIC GROUP Formation of red Ketonic group
1. 1ml of organic compound is mixed with a few ml of colouration. is confirmed.
sodium nitroprusside solution, shake and add NaOH
solution drop wise.
2. Warmed 1ml of organic compound with 1ml of No silver mirror Ketonic group
Tollen’s reagent in a test tube in a water bath. formation. is confirmed.
Result:
The functional group present in the organic compound is Ketone.
QUALITATIVE ORGANIC ANALYSIS -5
Test for Functional groups present in Organic compounds
Experiment Observation Inference
1.Test for Carboxylic group: No Effervescence is Carboxyl group is absent.
Added a pinch of NaHCO3 to observed
1ml of organic compound in a
test tube.
2.Test for Phenolic group:
Added 1ml of organic compound Green or violet colour Phenolic group is absent
to 2-3ml of neutral ferric obtained.
chloride solution in a test tube.
3.Test for Alcoholic group: No effervescence. Alcoholic group is absent.
Added a small piece of freshly
cut piece of metallic sodium to
1ml of given organic liquid in a
dry test tube.
4.Test for Carbonyl group: No orange-yellow ppt Carbonyl group is absent.
Shake 1ml of organic compound formed.
with 2-3 ml 2, 4 - Dinitrophenyl
hydrazine in a test tube.
5.Test for Amine group: An offensive smelling gas is Amino group present.
To a small amount of organic evolved.
liquid in a test tube, add 1ml of
conc. HCl and a few drops of
chloroform. Then added 2ml of
alc. KOH solution and warmed
test tube.
Confirmatory Tests for Functional group
TEST FOR AMINO GROUP Amino group is
1. Place a drop/pinch of organic compound on a moist It turns to blue. confirmed.
red litmus paper.
2.Dye test:Few drops of compound + 1ml of conc. Orange or red Primary
HCl.Shake and cool on ice + pinch of NaNO2. Cool again dye. aromatic
+ solution of beta naphthol. amine is
confirmed.
Result:
The functional group present in the organic compound Amine.
QUALITITATIVE TESTS FOR BIOMOLECULES
Test for Carbohydrates
Experiment Observation Inference
Fehling’s Test Reddish precipitate Presence of a reducing sugar.
Take 2 ml of aqueous
solution of the sample in a
test tube and add 1-2 ml
each of Fehling’s solution A
and Fehling’s solution B into
it. Keep the test tube in a
boiling water bath.
Tollen’s test A shinning silver mirror Presence of a reducing sugar
Take 2-3 ml of aqueous
solution of the sample in a
test tube and add 2-3 ml of
Tollen’s reagent. Keep the
test tube in a boiling water
bath for 10 minutes.
Result:
The given biomolecule contains carbohydrate(reducing sugar).
QUALITITATIVE TESTS FOR BIOMOLECULES
Test for Proteins
Experiment Observation Inference
Biuret test Bluish violet colouration Presence of protein
Take a small quantity of the
dispersion of the sample in a
test tube and add 2 ml of
NaOH solution into it. Now
add 4-5 drops of 1%
CuSO4 solution and warm the
mixture for about 5 minutes.
Xanthoproteic test Yellow precipitate Presence of protein
Take about 2 ml of the
sample in a test tube and add
few drops of conc. HNO3 into
it and heat the test tube.
Result:
The given biomolecule contains Protein.
QUALITITATIVE TESTS FOR BIOMOLECULES
Test for Oil and Fats
1. Solubility test
Shake a small amount of the given sample with 5 ml each of water, alcohol and chloroform in
three test tubes.
Solvent Observation Inference
Water Sample is immiscible. Oil or fat is present.
Alcohol Sample forms a lower layer which dissolves on heating. Oil or fat is present.
Chloroform Sample is miscible. Oil or fat is present.
2.
Experiment Observation Inference
Transluscent Spot test On unfolding the filter paper, Presence of oil or fat.
the appearance of
Place a little of the substance transluscent spot on the filter
on a filter paper and press it paper
on the folds of the filter
paper and unfold the filter
paper.
Result:
The given biomolecule contains oil or fat.
To Study the Effect of Concentration on the
Rate of Reaction Between Sodium
Thiosulphate and Hydrochloric Acid
Theory
According to the law of mass action, rate of a chemical reaction is directly proportional
to the product of the molar concentrations of the reactants. In other words, the rate of
reaction increases with the increase in the concentration of the reactants. The effect of
concentration of reactants on rate of a reaction can be studied easily by the reaction
between sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid.
Na2S203 + 2HCl ——–> S(s) + 2NaCl(aq) + SO2(g) + H2O (l)
The insoluble sulphur, formed during the reaction, gives a milky appearance and makes
the solution opaque. Therefore, rate of reaction can be studied by measuring the time
taken to produce enough sulphur to make some mark invisible on a paper kept under
the conical flask in which the reaction is carried out.
Apparatus
Pipette (10 ml), stop-watch, two burettes and five conical flasks (100 ml).
Materials Required
0.1 M Na2S2O3 solution and 1 M HCl solution.
Procedure
1. Wash the conical flasks with water and label them as 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively.
2. With the help of a burette, add 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 ml of 0.1 M Na 2S2O3 solution
to the flasks 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively.
3. Now add 40, 30, 20 and 10 ml of distilled water to the flask 1, 2, 3 and 4
respectively so that volume of solution in each flask is 50 ml.
4. Take 10 ml of 1M HCl in a test tube with the help of a burette.
5. Add 10 ml of hydrochloric acid taken in a test tube to the conical flask No. 1
containing 10 ml of 0.1 M Na2S2O3 and 40 ml of distilled water and start the stop-
watch.
When half of the hydr98kill;’
6. ]ochloric acid solution has been added. Shake the contents of the conical flask
and place it on the tile with a cross mark as shown in Fig.
7. Go on observing from top to downwards in the flask and stop the stop-watch when
the cross mark just becomes invisible. Note down the time.
8. Repeat the experiment by adding 10 ml of 1M HCl to flasks 2, 3,4 and 5 and
record the time taken in each case for the cross to become just invisible.
Flask No Vol.of Vol.of Total vol. of Conc.of Vol.of Time taken for 1--g
Na2S2O3 water(ml) solution (ml) Na2S2O3 1M cross to hub
solution(ml) solution HCl(ml) become just nj,/
invisible(sec)
1. 10 40 50 0.02M 10
2. 20 30 50 0.04M 10
3. 30 20 50 0.06M 10
4. 40 10 50 0.08M 10
5. 50 0 50 0.1M 10
Observations
Record the observations in a tabular form as given below :
Plottting of Graph
Plot a graph between 1/t (in seconds) and the cone, of sodium thiosulphate by taking 1/t
along ordinate (vertical axis) and cone, of Na 2S2O3 along abscissa (horizontal axis). It
should be a straight sloping line.
Result
From the graph, it is clear that 1/t is directly proportional to the cone, of
Na2S2O3 solution. But y is a direct measure of rate of the reaction, therefore, rate of the
reaction between Na2S2O3 and HCl is directly proportional to the cone, of
Na2S2O3 solution taken. Hence, rate of this reaction is directly proportional to the
concentration of Na2S2O3, which is one of the reactants.
Note. It may be noted that the reaction rate also increases when the amount of sodium
thiosulphate is kept constant but the concentration of hydrochloric acid is increased.
Precautions
1. The apparatus must be thoroughly clean. If the same conical flask is to be used
again and again, it should be thoroughly washed with cone. HNO 3 and then with
water.
2. Measure the volumes of sodium thiosulphate solution, hydrochloric acid and
distilled water very accurately.
3. Use the same tile with the same cross-mark for all observation,
4. Complete the experiment at one time only so that there is not much temperature
variation.
5. Start the stop-watch immediately when half of the hydrochloric acid solution has
been added to sodium thiosulphate solution.
6. View the cross-mark through the reaction mixture from top to bottom from same
height for all observations.
