IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE

NASHVILLE DIVISION

CONCORD MUSIC GROUP, INC., UNIVERSAL )

MUSIC CORP. D/B/A 360 MUSIC, D/B/A )
UNIVERSAL MUSIC WORKS, SONGS OF )
UNIVERSAL INC. D/B/A UNIVERSAL MUSIC )
WORKS, D/B/A UNIVERSAL TUNES, UNIVERSAL )
MUSIC – MGB NA LLC D/B/A UNIVERSAL MUSIC )
CAREERS, D/B/A UNIVERSAL MUSIC – MGB )
SONGS, D/B/A UNIVERSAL MUSIC RIGHTS, )
POLYGRAM PUBLISHING, INC., UNIVERSAL )
MUSIC – Z TUNES LLC D/B/A UNIVERSAL MUSIC ) Civil Action No.: __________
– Z SONGS, D/B/A UNIVERSAL MUSIC – Z )
MELODIES, UNIVERSAL MUSICA, INC. D/B/A ) COMPLAINT AND JURY
UNIVERSAL MUSIC WORKS, D/B/A UNIVERSAL ) DEMAND
MUSICA UNICA, ABKCO MUSIC, INC., ANTHEM )
ENTERTAINMENT L.P., BIG MACHINE MUSIC, )
LLC, BMG RIGHTS MANAGEMENT (US) LLC, )
HIPGNOSIS SONGS GROUP, LLC, HIPGNOSIS SFH )
I LIMITED, BIG FAMILY LLC, KOBALT MUSIC )
PUBLISHING AMERICA, INC., MAYIMBA MUSIC, )
INC., J&N PUBLISHING, LLC, PEER )
INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION, PEERMUSIC, )
LTD., PEERMUSIC III, LTD., PEERTUNES, LTD., )
SONGS OF PEER, LTD., SOUTHERN MUSIC )
PUBLISHING CO., INC., RESERVOIR MEDIA )
MANAGEMENT, INC., SONY MUSIC PUBLISHING )
(US) LLC, EMI APRIL MUSIC INC., EMI )
BLACKWOOD MUSIC INC., EMI CONSORTIUM )
SONGS, INC. D/B/A EMI LONGITUDE MUSIC, EMI )
ENTERTAINMENT WORLD INC. D/B/A EMI )
FORAY MUSIC, D/B/A EMI POP MUSIC )
PUBLISHING, and D/B/A EMI POP MUSIC )
PUBLISHING, INC., EMI MILLS MUSIC INC., EMI )
U CATALOG INC., FAMOUS MUSIC LLC, JOBETE )
MUSIC CO., INC., STONE AGATE MUSIC, STONE )
DIAMOND MUSIC CORP., LYRIC COPYRIGHT )
SERVICES, LP, THE ROYALTY NETWORK, INC., )
ULTRA INTERNATIONAL MUSIC PUBLISHING, )
LLC, GENE AUTRY’S WESTERN MUSIC )
PUBLISHING CO., RICK’S MUSIC, INC., )
UNICHAPPELL MUSIC INC., W CHAPPELL MUSIC )
CORP. D/B/A WC MUSIC CORP., W.C.M. MUSIC )
CORP., WARNER CHAPPELL MUSIC, INC. D/B/A )

Case 3:23-cv-00606 Document 1 Filed 06/14/23 Page 1 of 54 PageID #: 1

 CHAPPELL & CO., INC. and D/B/A WARNER )
GEOMETRIC MUSIC, WARNER-TAMERLANE )
PUBLISHING CORP., WIXEN MUSIC )
PUBLISHING, INC.
Plaintiffs,

v.

X CORP., D/B/A TWITTER,

Defendant.

COMPLAINT AND JURY DEMAND

Plaintiffs Concord Music Group, Inc., Universal Music Corp. d/b/a 360 Music, d/b/a

Universal Music Works, Songs of Universal Inc. d/b/a Universal Music Works, d/b/a Universal

Tunes, Universal Music – MGB NA LLC d/b/a Universal Music Careers, d/b/a Universal Music

– MGB Songs, d/b/a Universal Music Rights, Polygram Publishing, Inc., Universal Music – Z

Tunes LLC, d/b/a Universal Music – Z Songs, d/b/a Universal Music – Z Melodies, Universal

Musica, Inc., d/b/a Universal Music Works, d/b/a Universal Musica Unica, ABKCO Music, Inc.,

Anthem Entertainment L.P., Big Machine Music, LLC, BMG Rights Management (US) LLC,

Hipgnosis Songs Group, LLC, Hipgnosis SFH I Limited, Big Family LLC, Kobalt Music

Publishing America, Inc., Mayimba Music, Inc., J&N Publishing, LLC, Peer International

Corporation, Peermusic, LTD., Peermusic III, LTD., Peertunes, LTD., Songs of Peer, LTD.,

Southern Music Publishing Co., Inc., Reservoir Media Management, Inc., Sony Music Publishing

(US) LLC, EMI April Music Inc., EMI Blackwood Music Inc., EMI Consortium Songs, Inc. d/b/a

EMI Longitude Music, EMI Entertainment World Inc. d/b/a EMI Foray music, d/b/a EMI Pop

Music Publishing, and d/b/a EMI Pop Music Publishing, Inc., EMI Mills Music Inc., EMI U

Catalog Inc., Famous Music LLC, Jobete Music Co., Inc., Stone Agate Music, Stone Diamond

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Music Corp., Lyric Copyright Services, LP, The Royalty Network, Inc., Ultra International Music

Publishing, LLC, Gene Autry’s Western Music Publishing Co., Rick’s Music, Inc., Unichappell

Music Inc., W Chappell Music Corp. d/b/a WC Music Corp., W.C.M. Music Corp., Warner

Chappell Music, Inc. d/b/a Chappell & Co., Inc. and d/b/a Warner Geometric Music, Warner-

Tamerlane Publishing Corp., Wixen Music Publishing, Inc. (collectively, “Publishers”), by their

attorneys, for their Complaint against X Corp., d/b/a Twitter (“Twitter”), allege on personal

knowledge as to matters relating to themselves and on information and belief as to all other matters,

as set forth below.

INTRODUCTION

1. This is a civil action seeking damages and injunctive relief for Twitter’s willful

copyright infringement. Twitter fuels its business with countless infringing copies of musical

compositions, violating Publishers’ and others’ exclusive rights under copyright law. While

numerous Twitter competitors recognize the need for proper licenses and agreements for the use

of musical compositions on their platforms, Twitter does not, and instead breeds massive copyright

infringement that harms music creators.

2. Publishers are major and independent music publishing companies that work with

songwriters to create, promote, acquire, license, and otherwise exploit musical compositions.

Collectively, Publishers have invested immense resources in developing, marketing, and licensing

countless iconic musical compositions and modern hit songs, and their catalogs are extensive and

diverse. All the plaintiffs in this case are member companies of the National Music Publishers’

Association (“NMPA”), a trade association whose mission is to protect, promote, and advance the

interests of music creators in the United States.

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 3. Twitter owns and operates an online social media platform, also called Twitter,

available through Twitter’s website www.twitter.com and a downloadable software application

(“App”), which people access and use on their computers and mobile devices to share and view

messages and media. The Twitter platform, which Elon Musk purchased in 2022 for $44 billion,

is rife with copyright infringement. Both before and after the sale, Twitter has engaged in,

knowingly facilitated, and profited from copyright infringement, at the expense of music creators,

to whom Twitter pays nothing.

4. Nashville is a major center for the creation, licensing, and performance of music.

Nashville is the home of thousands of songwriters, music publishers, and others whose livelihoods

depend on the substantial and lawful ecosystem for using and sharing music. Indeed, multiple

plaintiffs have their principal place of business in this District and the remainder generally either

have offices and/or songwriter clients in Tennessee.

5. The pervasive infringing activity at issue in this case is no accident. While the

Twitter platform began as a destination for short text-based messages, Twitter widened its business

model to compete more aggressively with other social media sites for users, advertisers, and

subscribers. By design, the Twitter platform became a hot destination for multimedia content,

with music-infused videos being of particular and paramount importance.

6. Videos draw much higher rates of engagement than posts that merely include text,

images, or animated GIFs. Audiovisual tweets, and especially ones containing Publishers’

copyrighted works, attract and retain users to the Twitter platform, drive ad impressions, and

advance Twitter’s key metrics and economic interests. The Twitter platform is now awash with

infringing videos featuring music, including those uploaded by or streamed to Tennessee residents.

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 7. There is a vibrant existing market for social media companies to pay fees for the

use of musical compositions. Social media companies behind such well-known platforms as

TikTok, Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, and Snapchat have entered into agreements with

Publishers and other rights holders that compensate creators of musical compositions for use of

their works on those platforms. There are also dynamic existing markets for individuals to receive

streams and downloads of music, including recordings embodying Publishers’ musical

compositions, outside the context of social media. Twitter’s conduct complained of herein harms

these legitimate markets, thereby depriving Publishers and their songwriters of hard-earned,

deserved income from their creative endeavors.

8. Twitter knows perfectly well that neither it nor users of the Twitter platform have

secured licenses for the rampant use of music being made on its platform as complained of herein.

Nonetheless, in connection with its highly interactive platform, Twitter consistently and knowingly

hosts and streams infringing copies of musical compositions, including ones uploaded by or

streamed to Tennessee residents and including specific infringing material that Twitter knows is

infringing. Twitter also routinely continues to provide specific known repeat infringers with use

of the Twitter platform, which they use for more infringement.

9. Twitter profits handsomely from its infringement of Publishers’ repertoires of

musical compositions. The audio and audio-visual recordings embodying those compositions

attract and retain users (both account holders and visitors) and drive engagement, thereby

furthering Twitter’s lucrative advertising business and other revenue streams.

10. Publishers, through NMPA, have spent significant time and resources to identify

specific infringers and specific infringements, and to notify Twitter of them. Those specific

infringers (which include Tennessee residents) and specific infringements already number in the

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hundreds of thousands. Twitter has repeatedly failed to take the most basic step of expeditiously

removing, or disabling access to, the infringing material identified by the infringement notices.

Twitter has also continued to assist known repeat infringers with their infringement. Those repeat

offenders do not face a realistic threat of Twitter terminating their accounts and thus the cycle of

infringement continues across the Twitter platform.

11. Twitter’s unlawful conduct has caused and continues to cause substantial and

irreparable harm to Publishers, their songwriter clients, and the entire music ecosystem. Twitter’s

unlawful conduct enriches Twitter at Publishers’ and their songwriters’ expense and to the

detriment of their copyrighted musical compositions. Twitter has rebuffed calls for it to obtain the

licenses or other agreements needed for musical compositions to be lawfully used on its platform.

Accordingly, Publishers have no choice but to file this lawsuit to stop Twitter’s ongoing

infringement of Publishers’ rights and remedy the significant harm Twitter has caused, which will

continue if left unremedied.

JURISDICTION AND VENUE

12. This is an action for copyright infringement arising under the Copyright Act of

1976, 17 U.S.C. §§ 101 et seq. This Court has jurisdiction of this action under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331

and 1338.

13. This Court has specific personal jurisdiction over Twitter pursuant to Tenn. Code

Ann. § 20-2-214. Twitter knowingly and intentionally markets and supplies its services to persons

in Tennessee and this District. Twitter has chosen to direct its infringing activities at Tennessee,

including entering into agreements with users of the Twitter platform located in Tennessee,

enabling and assisting residents of Tennessee to upload infringing audio and video to the Twitter

platform, streaming infringing audio and audio-visual recordings (including recordings embodying

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Publishers’ musical compositions) to residents of Tennessee, and engaging in other activities

purposefully directed at Tennessee. The claims asserted herein arise from and relate to those

activities and Twitter’s contacts therefrom.

14. Twitter provides its highly interactive platform to individuals in Tennessee,

including residents of this District. Residents of Tennessee visit Twitter’s platform daily—

directly, via web searches, and through other online means—and the voluminous acts of

infringement for which Twitter is liable require a high degree of interaction between users’

computers or other devices and the Twitter platform. Twitter’s copyright infringement arises, in

part, from accounts and users based in Tennessee. Indeed, while the majority of the accounts that

make infringing uploads do not report the location of the account holder on their public-facing

account profiles, those that do include accounts where the person is located in Tennessee.

Twitter’s internal records also reflect that users upload infringing content and receive streams of

infringing content while located in Tennessee.

15. Twitter further targets Tennessee residents through its advertising and tracks users’

locations including those located in Tennessee. Twitter explains that it “uses several signals—

including IP address and GPS signal—for determining whether someone is in a particular

geographic location.” 1 Twitter’s users see ads that vary depending on the user’s location,

including ads that Twitter chooses to target and specifically direct towards Tennessee residents.

16. Twitter’s conduct complained of herein causes Publishers to suffer harm in

Tennessee, with most of the Publishers having their principal place of business in Tennessee and/or

offices, operations, staff, and songwriter-clients in Tennessee.

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https://business.twitter.com/en/help/campaign-setup/campaign-targeting/geo-gender-and-
language-targeting.html.

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 17. Venue is proper in this Court in accordance with 28 U.S.C. §§ 1391(b) and 1400(a)

because a substantial portion of the events or omissions giving rise to the claims asserted herein,

including those described above, occurred in Tennessee, and much of the harm caused by Twitter

is felt in Tennessee.

THE PARTIES

A. Publishers

18. The plaintiffs in this case are a group of 17 music publishers. Several of the

publishers have multiple affiliated entities that hold the rights to the copyrights at issue in this

action, as organized below alphabetically.

ABKCO Music

19. Plaintiff ABKCO Music, Inc. (“ABKCO”) is a New York corporation with its

principal place of business in New York, New York.

20. ABKCO is a leading independent music publisher. Founded over 60 years ago,

ABKCO holds rights in the catalogs of countless iconic songwriters, including Sam Cooke (for

example, “Twistin’ The Night Away,” as recorded by Sam Cooke) and Mick Jagger/Keith

Richards (for example, “Gimme Shelter,” as recorded by the Rolling Stones), among many others.

ABKCO has songwriter clients in Tennessee.

Anthem Entertainment

21. Plaintiff Anthem Entertainment L.P. (“Anthem”) is an Ontario limited partnership

with its principal place of business in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

22. Anthem is a leading, independent music publisher. The Anthem music publishing

catalog contains world-class songs spanning genres and decades, including works recorded and

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performed by Taylor Swift, Beyonce, The Weeknd, RUSH, and many more. Anthem has an office

in Nashville and songwriter clients in Tennessee.

Big Machine Music

23. Plaintiff Big Machine Music, LLC (“Big Machine”) is a Delaware limited liability

company with its principal place of business in Nashville, Tennessee.

24. Big Machine is a leading, independent music publisher based in Nashville.

Founded in 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, Big Machine catalogs include over 14,000 songs and

dozens of #1 hits including numerous leading country artists and songwriters, such as Luke Combs

and Brett Young. Big Machine has its headquarters in Nashville and songwriter clients in

Tennessee.

BMG Rights Management

25. Plaintiff BMG Rights Management (US) LLC (“BMG”) is a Delaware limited

liability company, with its principal place of business in New York, New York.

26. BMG is one of the largest music publishers in the world. BMG is home to

songwriters responsible for around one quarter of the songs on Spotify’s “Billions Club,” the

playlist of more than 300 songs which have generated more than one billion plays each on the

platform. Some of those hits include “Shape of You” (as recorded by Ed Sheeran) and “Uptown

Funk” (as recorded by Bruno Mars). BMG has an office in Nashville and songwriter clients in

Tennessee.

Concord

27. Plaintiff Concord Music Group, Inc. (“Concord”) is a Delaware corporation with

its principal place of business in Nashville, Tennessee.

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 28. Concord is a global, independent music publisher with rights in over 800,000

copyrighted musical works by some of the world’s most celebrated songwriters, composers and

lyricists, including, for example, “As It Was” (as recorded by Harry Styles), “First Class” (as

recorded by Jack Harlow), and “Fly Over States” (as recorded by Jason Aldean). Concord has its

headquarters in Nashville and songwriter clients in Tennessee.

Hipgnosis

29. Plaintiff Hipgnosis Songs Group, LLC is a Delaware limited liability company with

its principal place of business in Encino, California.

30. Plaintiff Hipgnosis SFH I Limited is a company organized under the laws of

England and Wales.

31. Plaintiff Big Family LLC is a Delaware limited liability company with its principal

place of business in Encino, California.

32. Plaintiffs Hipgnosis Songs Group, LLC, Hipgnosis SFH I Limited, and Big Family

LLC are referred to herein collectively as “Hipgnosis.”

33. Hipgnosis is a leading, independent music publisher that holds rights in over one

hundred thousand compositions, including “I’ll Stand By You” (as recorded by the Pretenders),

“The Best Is Yet To Come” (as recorded by Frank Sinatra), “Die A Happy Man” (as recorded by

Thomas Rhett), and “Really Really” (as recorded by Kevin Gates.) Hipgnosis has an office in

Nashville and songwriter clients in Tennessee.

Kobalt

34. Plaintiff Kobalt Music Publishing America, Inc. (“Kobalt”) is a Delaware

corporation with its principal place of business in New York, New York.

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 35. Kobalt is a leading, independent music publisher that holds rights to an extensive

roster of some of the most well-known songwriters and artists in the world, old and new. Kobalt

has an office in Nashville and songwriter clients in Tennessee.

Mayimba

36. Plaintiff Mayimba Music, Inc. is a New York corporation, with its principal place

of business in Pomona, New York.

37. Plaintiff J&N Publishing, LLC is a Florida limited liability corporation with its

principal place of business in Doral, Florida.

38. Plaintiffs Mayimba Music, Inc. and J&N Publishing, LLC are referred to herein

collectively as “Mayimba.”

39. Mayimba is a leading, independent music publisher that holds rights in Spanish-

language songs, including “Inmortal” (as recorded by Romeo Santos and Aventura), “Canalla” (as

recorded by Romeo Santos and El Chavel de le Bachata), and many other works recorded by

Romeo Santos and other major artists in the Latin market such as Tego Calderon, Gilberto

Santarosa, Tokischa to name a few.

Peer

40. Plaintiff Peer International Corporation is a New Jersey corporation with its

principal place of business in New York, New York.

41. Plaintiff Peermusic, Ltd. is a New York corporation with its principal place of

business in New York, New York.

42. Plaintiff Peermusic III, Ltd. is a Delaware corporation with its principal place of

business in New York, New York.

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 43. Plaintiff Peertunes, Ltd. is a Delaware corporation with its principal place of

business in New York, New York.

44. Plaintiff Songs of Peer, Ltd. is a Delaware corporation with its principal place of

business in New York, New York.

45. Plaintiff Southern Music Publishing Co., Inc. is a New York corporation with its

principal place of business in New York.

46. Plaintiffs Peer International Corporation, Peermusic, Ltd., Peermusic III, Ltd.,

Peertunes, Ltd., Songs of Peer, Ltd. and Southern Music Publishing Co. are referred to herein

collectively as “Peer.”

47. The Peer entities are part of peermusic, a leading independent music publisher.

Founded over 95 years ago, peermusic holds exclusive rights to seminal classic works and

contemporary works alike, including “Yummy” (as recorded by Justin Bieber), “Firework” (as

recorded by Katy Perry), and “Mambo No. 5” (as recorded by Lou Bega). Peermusic has an office

in Nashville and songwriter clients in Tennessee.

Reservoir Media Management

48. Plaintiff Reservoir Media Management, Inc. (“Reservoir”) is a Delaware

corporation with its principal place of business in New York, New York.

49. Reservoir is a leading, independent music publisher with a vast catalog that includes

over 150,000 copyrights to famous musical works, including, for example, “Take Me Home,

Country Roads” (as recorded by John Denver), “Cry Me a River” (as recorded by Justin

Timberlake), and “Candy Shop” (as recorded by 50 Cent). Reservoir has an office in Nashville

and songwriter clients in Tennessee.

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 Sony Music Publishing

50. Plaintiff Sony Music Publishing (US) LLC is a Delaware limited liability company

with its principal place of business in New York, New York.

51. Plaintiff EMI April Music Inc. is a Connecticut corporation with its principal place

of business in New York, New York.

52. Plaintiff EMI Blackwood Music Inc. is a Connecticut corporation with its principal

place of business in New York, New York.

53. Plaintiff EMI Consortium Songs, Inc. d/b/a EMI Longitude Music is a New York

corporation with its principal place of business in New York, New York.

54. Plaintiff EMI Entertainment World Inc. d/b/a EMI Foray Music, d/b/a EMI Pop

Music Publishing, and d/b/a EMI Pop Music Publishing Inc. is a Delaware corporation with its

principal place of business in New York, New York.

55. Plaintiff EMI Mills Music Inc. is a Delaware corporation with its principal place of

business in New York, New York.

56. Plaintiff EMI U Catalog Inc. is a New York corporation with its principal place of

business in New York, New York.

57. Plaintiff Famous Music LLC is a Delaware limited liability company with its

principal place of business in New York, New York.

58. Plaintiff Jobete Music Co., Inc. is a Michigan corporation with its principal place

of business in New York, New York.

59. Plaintiff Stone Agate Music is a division of Jobete Music Co., Inc.

60. Plaintiff Stone Diamond Music Corp. is a Michigan corporation with its principal

place of business in New York, New York.

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 61. Plaintiffs Sony Music Publishing (US) LLC, EMI April Music Inc., EMI

Blackwood Music Inc., EMI Consortium Songs, Inc. d/b/a EMI Longitude Music, EMI

Entertainment World Inc. d/b/a EMI Foray Music, d/b/a EMI Pop Music Publishing, and d/b/a

EMI Pop Music Publishing, Inc., EMI Mills Music Inc., EMI U Catalog Inc., Famous Music LLC,

Jobete Music Co. Inc., Stone Agate Music, and Stone Diamond Music Corp. are referred to herein

collectively as “Sony Music Publishing.”

62. Sony Music Publishing is one of the largest music publishers in the world, and

home to some of the world’s best songwriters including Motown, Ed Sheeran, Beyoncé, Lady

Gaga, Gabby Barrett, Jay-Z, Miranda Lambert, Pharrell Williams, Rihanna, Sean “Love” Combs,

Travis Scott and many more. Sony Music Publishing has an office in Nashville and has songwriter

clients in Tennessee.

Spirit Music Group

63. Plaintiff Lyric Copyright Services, LP, publicly known as Spirit Music (“Spirit”) is

a Delaware corporation with its principal place of business in New York, New York.

64. Spirit is a leading, independent music publisher with a deep catalog spanning seven

decades and every musical genre, including “Holiday” (as recorded by Madonna), “Africa” (as

recorded by Toto), and “Livin’ La Vida Loca” (as recorded by Ricky Martin). Spirit has an office

in Nashville and songwriter clients in Tennessee.

The Royalty Network

65. Plaintiff The Royalty Network, Inc. (“Royalty Network”) is a New York

corporation with its principal place of business in New York, New York.

66. Royalty Network is a leading independent music publisher representing over

700,000 compositions. Royalty Network’s catalog includes some of the most prolific songwriters,

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producers, and artists across a multitude of genres. Royalty Network has songwriter clients in

Tennessee.

Ultra Music Publishing

67. Plaintiff Ultra International Music Publishing, LLC (“Ultra”) is a New York limited

liability company with its principal place of business in New York, New York.

68. Ultra is a leading, independent music publisher that holds rights to songs performed

by Post Malone, Katy Perry, Rihanna, Drake and several others. Ultra has songwriter clients in

Tennessee.

Universal Music Publishing Group

69. Plaintiff Universal Music Corp. d/b/a 360 Music, d/b/a Universal Music Works is

a Delaware corporation with its principal place of business in Santa Monica, California.

70. Plaintiff Songs of Universal, Inc. d/b/a Universal Music Works, d/b/a Universal

Tunes is a California corporation with its principal place of business in Santa Monica, California.

71. Plaintiff Universal Music – MGB NA LLC d/b/a Universal Music Careers, d/b/a

Universal Music – MGB Songs, d/b/a Universal Music Rights is a California limited liability

company with its principal place of business in Santa Monica, California.

72. Plaintiff Polygram Publishing, Inc. is a Delaware corporation with its principal

place of business in Santa Monica, California.

73. Plaintiff Universal Music – Z Tunes LLC d/b/a Universal Music – Z Songs, d/b/a

Universal Music – Z Melodies is a New York limited liability company with its principal place of

business in Santa Monica, California.

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 74. Plaintiff Universal Musica, Inc. d/b/a Universal Music Works, d/b/a Universal

Musica Unica is a Florida corporation with its principal place of business in Santa Monica,

California.

75. Plaintiffs Universal Music Corp. d/b/a 360 Music, d/b/a Universal Music Works,

Songs of Universal Inc. d/b/a Universal Music Works, d/b/a Universal Tunes, Universal Music –

MGB NA LLC d/b/a Universal Music Careers, d/b/a Universal Music – MGB Songs, d/b/a

Universal Music Rights, Polygram Publishing, Inc., Universal Music – Z Tunes LLC, d/b/a

Universal Music – Z Songs, d/b/a Universal Music – Z Melodies, and Universal Musica, Inc., d/b/a

Universal Music Works, d/b/a Universal Musica Unica are referred to herein collectively as

“Universal.”

76. The entities comprising Universal are part of Universal Music Publishing Group,

one of the largest music publishers in the world, with rights to an extensive music catalog,

representing iconic standards and hit pop songs alike. Universal Music Publishing Group has an

office in Nashville and songwriter clients in Tennessee.

Warner Chappell

77. Plaintiff Gene Autry’s Western Music Publishing Co. is a California corporation

with its principal place of business in Los Angeles, California.

78. Plaintiff Rick’s Music Inc. is a Delaware corporation with its principal place of

business in Los Angeles, California.

79. Plaintiff Unichappell Music Inc. is a Delaware corporation with its principal place

of business in Los Angeles, California.

80. Plaintiff W Chappell Music Corp. is a California corporation with its principal place

of business in Los Angeles, California that also does business as WC Music Corp.

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 81. Plaintiff W.C.M. Music Corp. is a Delaware corporation with its principal place of

business in Los Angeles, California.

82. Plaintiff Warner Chappell Music, Inc. is a Delaware corporation with its principal

place of business in Los Angeles, California that also does business as Chappell & Co., Inc. and

Warner Geometric Music.

83. Plaintiff Warner-Tamerlane Publishing Corp. is a California corporation with its

principal place of business in Los Angeles, California.

84. Plaintiffs Gene Autry’s Western Music Publishing Co., Rick’s Music Inc.,

Unichappell Music Inc., W Chappell Music Corp. d/b/a WC Music Corp., W.C.M. Music Corp.,

Warner Chappell Music, Inc. d/b/a Chappell & Co., Inc. and d/b/a Warner Geometric Music, and

Warner-Tamerlane Publishing Corp. are referred to herein collectively as “Warner Chappell.”

85. The entities comprising Warner Chappell are global music publishing companies

within the Warner Music Group and are home to some of the most well-known songwriters

spanning all genres, including Lizzo, Katy Perry, the Grateful Dead, Led Zeppelin, Madonna,

David Bowie, Van Morrison, and Curtis Mayfield. Warner Chappell has an office in Nashville

and songwriter clients in Tennessee.

Wixen

86. Plaintiff Wixen Music Publishing, Inc. (“Wixen”) is a California corporation with

its principal place of business in Calabasas, California.

87. Wixen is a leading, independent music publisher that represents some of the finest

songwriters and songs including Janis Joplin, Missy Elliott, Al Green, Sonny and Cher, Tom Petty,

The Black Keys, Weezer, and the Doors. Wixen has songwriter clients in Tennessee.

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 B. Twitter

88. Defendant X Corp., d/b/a Twitter is a corporation organized under the laws of

Nevada with its principal place of business in San Francisco, California.

89. On or about March 15, 2023, Twitter, Inc. merged with X Corp., whereby X Corp.

fully acquired Twitter, Inc. X Corp., a privately held corporation, whose parent company is X

Holdings Corp., is the successor in interest to Twitter, Inc. and the owner and operator of the

Twitter platform. X Corp. has successor liability for Twitter, Inc.’s unlawful acts. Elon Musk

controls X Corp. as its president, secretary, treasurer, and director.

PUBLISHERS AND THEIR COPYRIGHTS

90. Music publishers, including the plaintiffs in suit, engage in the business of fostering

the creation and lawful exploitation of musical compositions. These are the songs that the world

listens to, that artists perform, and that are embodied in musical sound recordings that are streamed,

downloaded, and played in any environment or format, including video.

91. It takes talent, effort, grit, passion, resources, and perseverance to create the

copyrighted songs that Twitter infringes. Music publishers and songwriters rely upon our nation’s

copyright laws to protect their musical compositions from infringement and to incentivize and

afford songwriters the opportunity to earn a living, focus on their craft, and enrich the world with

new music.

92. Publishers’ financial incentives to invest in songwriters and the creation and

promotion of their musical compositions flow directly from the protections afforded by copyright.

Copyright protection is what enables music publishers to invest substantial money, time, effort,

and talent to develop, promote, publish, administer, acquire, license, and otherwise exploit the

copyrights in the musical compositions written by the songwriters they represent.

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 93. Publishers own and/or control in whole or in part the exclusive rights to millions of

musical compositions, including the compositions listed on Exhibit A, which is an illustrative and

non-exhaustive list of the musical compositions that Twitter infringed. Publishers own or

exclusively license the copyrights in and to these works in a variety of ways, including pursuant

to an agreement with either the songwriter(s) or a predecessor publisher. All the musical

compositions listed on Exhibit A have been registered with the U.S. Copyright Office. The

copyrights in the musical compositions set forth in Exhibit A remain valid and subsisting and have

been owned and/or controlled by Publishers at all times relevant to the allegations in this

Complaint.

94. Each of the Publishers owns and/or exclusively controls rights set forth in 17 U.S.C.

§ 106 of the Copyright Act with respect to the musical compositions on Exhibit A, and many

more. Anyone who wants to use the musical compositions owned and/or controlled by Publishers

must comply with copyright law by obtaining necessary licenses, such as a mechanical license to

reproduce and distribute the musical works, a synchronization license to use musical works in

connection with visual images (such as video), and/or a performance license to publicly perform

these musical works.

95. Each of the rights under the Copyright Act—including to reproduce the work,

prepare derivative works, distribute copies to the public, and perform the work publicly—is a

separate right within the bundle of rights that a copyright owner (or holder of an exclusive license)

may choose to exploit. These exclusive rights are reserved under copyright law for those that own

or control the exclusive rights, and Twitter is not authorized to appropriate them to suit its business

model.

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 96. Publishers depend on licensing and otherwise exploiting these rights, among others,

to earn revenue from their catalogs of musical compositions to ensure that the songwriters they

represent are fairly compensated for the use of their songs.

97. Publishers enter into licenses and agreements for the public performance,

reproduction, synchronization, and/or distribution of musical compositions in their catalogs,

collect the income arising from such transactions, and pay the songwriters their applicable share

of the income. Those songwriters, in turn, rely on that income to support their livelihood so that

they can continue to create new songs.

98. Music publishers have embraced the shift to digital commerce and correspondingly

provide their songs and catalogs across an ever-evolving variety of formats, distribution, and

access models.

99. Licensing and agreements for the use of musical compositions—including for use

in internet-based media—is a substantial revenue source for music publishers, including

Publishers, and a fundamental means by which songwriters earn a living.

100. Publishers license their musical compositions for use in audio-visual works

including film, video games, and television.

101. Publishers have worked with multiple social media companies to pioneer

innovative and highly successful frameworks for social media patrons to make lawful use of

Publishers’ songs on those platforms. Publishers have entered into agreements with social media

companies covering use of Publishers’ musical compositions on platforms with which Twitter

competes, including, among others, TikTok, Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, and Snapchat.

102. Publishers, individually and via the Mechanical Licensing Collective (“MLC”),

license mechanical rights to numerous digital music streaming platforms, including Spotify,

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Apple, Google, and Amazon, among others, so that music fans can listen to recordings of millions

of songs and the musical compositions embodied therein.

TWITTER AND ITS INFRINGING CONDUCT

A. The Twitter Platform Generally

103. The Twitter platform is directed at and accessible throughout Tennessee and the

United States more generally. The Twitter platform is a highly interactive, internet-based social

media service. Users post various forms of content on the Twitter platform in the form of short

public entries known as “tweets.” Tweets can contain photos, videos, audio, links, and text. Users

of the Twitter platform, in Tennessee and elsewhere, then engage with and react to tweets,

including by “retweeting” (reposting), “liking” (tapping to indicate a positive reaction), and

replying to them. Other forms of engagement include viewing a video attached to a tweet,

enlarging an attached image, or following a link included in the text of a tweet. Twitter tracks all

these forms of engagement.

104. The Twitter platform is very easy to use, both for users who post content and for

those who consume and react to content.

105. To post tweets on the Twitter platform, a user must register with Twitter via its

website or App. Basic accounts are free, requiring only that the user provide Twitter with a name

and either an email address or telephone number.

106. Each tweet generally is limited to 280 characters or less of text. A user can include

a static image, an animated image in a format such as Graphics Interchange Format (GIF), or a

video (including audio) in a tweet. Audio-visual content posted in a tweet may generally be up to

two minutes and 20 seconds in length. However, tweets and videos can be longer if the user has a

paid subscription with Twitter.

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 107. A tweet resides on its own page, with its own unique URL, on the Twitter platform.

A user with an account has a profile page on the Twitter platform, which provides access to the

user’s tweets. Twitter also indexes a user’s profile and tweets such that they can be found through

a search interface on the Twitter platform. Because Twitter publishes tweets on web pages, they

also are discoverable through web search engines such as Google. Tweets can be shared via text

or email, and embedded into another website or app, via hyperlink.

108. Users who have Twitter accounts receive tweets via various feeds on the Twitter

platform. In one feed, called the “For you” timeline, Twitter provides a user with tweets that

Twitter selects for the user from various sources. Twitter’s methods for selecting tweets for the

“For you” timeline is a function of Twitter’s choices as it maintains and operates its platform.

These methods have included: (1) tweets from accounts that the user follows; (2) certain tweets

within “Topics” that the user follows; and (3) certain tweets within “Topics” that Twitter

recommends to the user. When Twitter identifies a tweet, an account to follow, or other content

that is popular or relevant, Twitter may proactively add it to a user’s “For you” timeline. In another

feed, referred to as a user’s “Following” timeline, Twitter provides tweets from only the accounts

that the user follows. “Following” someone on the Twitter platform means that one user has

chosen to receive another user’s tweets in their feed.

109. Twitter uses “Topics” to personalize a user’s experience and show them tweets and

advertisements that Twitter believes fit the user’s interests on the Twitter platform without the user

having to follow individual accounts. Topics are categories and subcategories that Twitter creates

across various subjects. Twitter then finds tweets relating to those subjects to display to relevant

users.

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 110. Users of Twitter’s platform can include hashtags in their tweets. A hashtag includes

a “#” symbol followed by a word or words regarding the content of the tweet. Twitter can

categorize users’ tweets using the content of the tweet and hashtags included by the user.

111. Twitter uses its understanding of the content of tweets to recommend tweets to users

of its platform. Twitter also uses hashtags and categorizations to populate the “Trending” (or

“What’s Happening”) section of the Twitter platform, which displays popular hashtags and Topics

that users are posting about. Twitter facilitates users’ discovery of tweets, including tweets

regarding musical artists or songs, by allowing users to search according to hashtags or Topics that

interest them.

112. Twitter facilitates users’ viewing of videos through the “Media” tab that appears on

all users’ profile pages on the Twitter platform. The Media tab presents all tweets by the user that

include attached media such as images or videos. This allows users to find and engage with a

particular user’s videos, including videos containing selected musical artists or songs, more

quickly and easily.

113. Certain users of the Twitter platform have a blue checkmark next to their profile

name, indicating that the user is “verified.” The process of verification and thus the meaning of

the checkmark have been subject to substantial change in recent months. For many years, a

verified user meant that Twitter confirmed the user’s identity. Verification was reserved for

notable persons or organizations and aided users in identifying the “real” account of the individual

or organization among potential “fake” ones. However, Twitter verified users at its sole discretion,

and typically would verify only those users that it wanted to encourage to use the Twitter platform,

such as celebrities, athletes, journalists, entertainers, organizations, and influencers who have large

followings and would draw others to the Twitter platform. Twitter values these verified accounts

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more than unverified accounts because they are more monetizable. In recent months, Twitter has

included verification as one of the features of its “Twitter Blue” paid service to which any user

may subscribe for a monthly fee.

114. When a user wishes to view tweets that include an attached video, and the video

plays, Twitter streams the audiovisual content of the video from servers that Twitter owns or

controls to the device with which the user is accessing the Twitter platform.

115. Twitter’s streaming activity, including when Twitter streams Publishers’

copyrighted musical compositions, is not merely the result of automated activity that occurs as a

result of how Twitter designed its platform. Rather, Twitter’s streaming activity results from daily

acts and decisions by Twitter employees. Twitter has knowledge, visibility, and real-time control

over its streaming activity that it uses to make configuration changes, optimize performance, and

tap into interactive analytics. In the normal course, a technical operations group at Twitter uses

such features and functions to monitor and control performance of video delivery. Twitter also

has visibility into the performance of its different algorithms that govern what tweets appear where,

who sees them, and how Twitter engages users and keeps them on the Twitter platform. In the

normal course, Twitter employees monitor the operation of the algorithms and make changes or

adjustments to further Twitter’s business.

116. Twitter is not content neutral. Through regular acts and decisions by Twitter

employees, Twitter designs, operates, maintains, and adjusts its algorithms to implement and

advance Twitter’s business model. Twitter advances its business model by selecting and

promoting tweets that include video, including those containing recordings embodying Publishers’

songs.

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 B. Music Fuels Twitter’s Business Model

117. The Twitter platform was created in 2006 as a website for short, text-only tweets.

After experiencing explosive growth, Twitter had its initial public offering in 2013 and was

publicly traded until it was acquired by Elon Musk in 2022. Twitter has been privately held since

Mr. Musk acquired it.

118. To attract more users, compete with other social media platforms, and grow its

business, Twitter expanded its platform from a text-only social media site to one that encourages

users to upload, share, and engage with images and audiovisual content.

119. Twitter’s business model depends upon attracting users to create and maintain

accounts, to post and receive tweets, and to engage with the content on the Twitter platform.

Tweets also attract viewers who may not hold an account to the Twitter platform.

120. Core metrics relevant to Twitter’s valuation and revenues include the number of

tweets, account holders, and non-registered users. The amount of time users spend on the Twitter

platform is another core metric for Twitter’s corporate valuation and revenues.

121. Historically, most of Twitter’s revenue came from the sale of advertising. In 2021,

its advertising revenue totaled $4.51 billion, an increase of 40% compared to 2020; its data

licensing and other revenue totaled $571.8 million, an increase of 12% compared to 2020.

122. Twitter’s data partner customers purchase licenses to access, search, and analyze

historical and real-time tweets, including infringing tweets.

123. Twitter courts paying advertisers with a variety of options. Notably, advertisers

pay Twitter to reach their desired audience of Twitter users via promoted tweets, promoted

accounts, and promoted trends. Twitter’s value proposition for selling this advertising rests upon

its count of daily active users on the Twitter platform, along with the locations, interests, and other

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demographics of its user base. Twitter’s Terms of Service require every Twitter account holder to

“agree that [Twitter] and [its] third-party providers and partners may place advertising on the

[Twitter platform] or in connection with the display of Content or information from the [Twitter

platform] whether submitted by [the account holder] or others.”

124. Twitter provides geo-targeting options to help advertisers reach their desired

audience of Twitter users. The following are screenshots from the Twitter platform on June 12,

2023 (emphasis added in red). They depict how an advertiser can target their advertisement to

Twitter users in a particular geography, shown below for Nashville and an even more targeted area

around this Court.

125. More recently, Twitter has aimed to increase subscription-based revenue and

decrease its reliance on advertising. A “Twitter Blue” paid subscription currently costs between

$8 to $11 per month, or $84 to $114.99 per year, for users in the United States. 2 In addition to adding

a blue checkmark to the subscriber’s account, the subscription includes features that are not

accessible to those with a free account. For instance, these paid subscribers can post longer tweets

2
https://help.twitter.com/en/using-twitter/twitter-blue#tbcost.

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(up to 10,000 characters), upload longer videos (up to about two hours), and receive boosted attention

for their tweets.

126. Videos with music, including infringing copies of Publishers’ songs, attract and

retain account holders and viewers, and grow the body of engaging tweets on the Twitter platform.

Twitter then monetizes those tweets and users via advertising, subscriptions, and data licensing,

all of which serve to increase Twitter’s valuation and revenues.

127. The screenshot below illustrates Twitter’s monetization of infringing content. This

infringing tweet is from a known repeat infringer who has been the subject of at least nine

infringement notices to Twitter, identifying at least fourteen infringing tweets, which contained

unauthorized copies of Publishers’ musical compositions. Directly below the infringing tweet is

a paid “Promoted” tweet selected by Twitter. To the right of the infringing tweet is a paid

“Promoted” account recommended by Twitter. Twitter’s account recommendations also include

another known repeat infringer, Twitter Account A, identified in paragraph 166 below. 3

3
Identifying information for Twitter accounts is redacted.

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 128. Twitter has been outspoken about how important music is to Twitter and users of

its platform. In its marketing, blogs, or tweets, Twitter stated:

a. “[M]usic is the largest community” on Twitter’s platform, where “people

are more likely to follow a music-related account than any other type of account on

Twitter.”

b. The Twitter platform is “the ultimate connection to the music world for fans

and brands.”

c. “Every day, more than 30 million tweets are published about music around

the world . . . [which is] more than 20,000 every minute.”

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Twitter even has its own “@TwitterMusic” account on its platform dedicated to top music trends,

which has a massive following of 11.5 million users.

129. Video sharing is also key for Twitter to attract and retain users to its platform.

Video content on the Twitter platform is more attractive when it contains music, including

infringing copies of Publishers’ copyrighted musical compositions.

130. In its blogs or marketing, Twitter stated:

a. Video “drives high levels of engagement. That’s why we’ve seen video take

off on the platform”.

b. Tweets with video “attract 10x more engagements than Tweets without

video.”

c. “[O]n Twitter, 82% of users watch video content.”

d. “Videos are six times more likely to be Retweeted than photos and three

times more likely than GIFs.”

131. Twitter encourages users to upload videos directly to the Twitter platform instead

of directing viewers away through an external link because, according to Twitter, “the more

screentime users spend looking at a post … the more it is boosted,” and “way more time is spent

watching a video than clicking on a link.” Because boosted tweets are displayed to more users

and are therefore more likely to “go viral,” i.e., become extremely popular and be shared by large

number of people on the Twitter platform, this arrangement encourages any user who wants more

engagement with their tweets to post videos directly to the Twitter platform.

132. The availability of videos with music, including copies of Publishers’ musical

compositions, furthers Twitter’s financial interests both because it drives user engagement, and

thus advertising revenue, and because Twitter does not pay fees to license musical compositions

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from Publishers and other music rights holders. Indeed, providing free, unlicensed music gives

the Twitter platform an unfair advantage over competing platforms, such as TikTok, Facebook,

Instagram, You Tube, Snapchat, and others. The entities operating those competing platforms all

pay fees to Publishers and other rights holders for the use of musical compositions on those

platforms.

133. Twitter’s filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission specifically

indicate that the platforms it competes with “for people’s attention and for advertisers’ budgets”

include Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, Snapchat, and other social media companies. In fact, Mr.

Musk recently asserted that “a ban [of TikTok] would benefit Twitter because it may mean more

people spending time on [Twitter].”

C. The Proliferation of Infringing Music on Twitter

134. To advance its interests, Twitter has made the process of uploading infringing

music to its platform extremely easy for users, requiring only a few clicks.

135. When a user uploads a video file containing music, the file and an initial copy is

created on a server Twitter owns or controls. Twitter then copies that initial copy into additional

formats and to additional Twitter servers in various locations, as well as streams the uploaded

video to users.

136. Publishers have not authorized Twitter or users of the Twitter platform to copy,

distribute, or publicly perform Publishers’ musical compositions at issue in this litigation on the

Twitter platform. Likewise, Publishers have not authorized Twitter or users of its platform to

synchronize a copy of these compositions in timed relation to video and upload the synchronized

video to the Twitter platform. Nonetheless, as Twitter is well-aware, countless audiovisual files

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containing Publishers’ musical compositions have been and continue to be uploaded and exploited

on Twitter’s platform.

137. The tweets at issue in this case containing Publishers’ copyrighted music are the

kind of quintessential infringement that the Copyright Act strictly forbids. The obvious and

overwhelming purpose for using Publishers’ musical compositions on Twitter’s platform is to

maximize views, make users’ posts more compelling, and use the musical compositions for the

same purpose for which they were created, not to engage in political or newsworthy speech, or

commentary or criticism.

138. For example, the screenshot below shows a tweet with a video that includes one of

the infringed works in this litigation, “Umbrella” (as recorded by Rihanna). The tweet, which

simply states, “15 years ago, rihanna [sic] released ‘umbrella’ [sic]”, contains over two minutes of

the official music video for Rihanna’s performance of “Umbrella.” The infringing tweet garnered

over 221,000 views and nearly 15k “likes.”

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 139. The uses at issue in this case circumvent, undermine, and thus harm, existing

markets for Publishers’ musical compositions.

D. Twitter’s Failure to Address Known Infringers and Infringements

140. Twitter is fully aware of the infringing activity at issue in this litigation, and it has

not obtained any licenses or other agreements necessary for Publishers’ musical compositions to

be lawfully used on its platform. Consequently, the NMPA, acting on behalf of Publishers, began

sending formal infringement notices to Twitter on a weekly basis beginning in December 2021

(the “NMPA Notices”). Through the NMPA Notices, Publishers notified Twitter of over 300,000

infringing tweets, in the aggregate.

141. Each NMPA Notice contained thousands of links to specific tweets that include

unauthorized copies of Publishers’ musical compositions. The infringing material identified in the

NMPA Notices generally consisted of unauthorized copies of the official artist music videos,

videos with unauthorized recordings of live performances, and/or other video content that was

synchronized to Publishers’ musical compositions without authorization.

142. Each NMPA Notice sent to Twitter contained (among other things): an electronic

signature of a person authorized to act on behalf of Publishers; identification of the infringed

musical compositions; contact information for Publishers’ representative; a statement that the use

of the compositions is not authorized by the associated Publisher; a statement that the information

in the notice is accurate and a statement under penalty of perjury that Publishers’ representative is

authorized to act on behalf of Publishers; and identification of the infringing material in the form

of links to specific tweets containing the unauthorized use of Publishers’ copyrighted

compositions. On an infringement-by-infringement basis, each NMPA Notice provided

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information that included the name of the infringed musical composition, the Publisher, and the

URL for the tweets containing the infringing material.

143. The infringing tweets listed in the NMPA Notices are just the “tip of the iceberg”

in terms of the overall infringement of Publishers’ copyrighted works on the Twitter platform.

Moreover, the plaintiffs in this case are not the only copyright holders whose works have been and

are being exploited without authorization on Twitter. Twitter has received hundreds of thousands

of notices or more per year from other copyright holders, including from others who hold rights in

musical compositions and from those who hold rights in sound recordings.

144. Through its receipt of these notices, Twitter knows that there is rampant,

unauthorized use of music, including Publishers’ musical compositions, across its platform. And,

of course, the infringing content is readily apparent to Twitter as it reviews and maintains its

platform.

145. Twitter tells the world that it respects rightsholders and acts expeditiously to

remove unauthorized uses of copyrighted works. For example, Twitter claims that it

“unequivocally opposes copyright infringement and has invested in tools to assist rightsholders’

content protection efforts.” L. Culbertson, Letter to U.S. Representatives (Aug. 27, 2021). Twitter

further claims that it “[e]xpeditiously remov[es] content in response to valid claims, nearly always

within hours of initial reports, if not in minutes.” Id.

146. But the reality is that Twitter routinely ignores known repeat infringers and known

infringements, refusing to take simple steps that are available to Twitter to stop these specific

instances of infringement of which it is aware. Indeed, all the musical compositions listed on

Exhibit A appeared in NMPA Notices after the specific users who uploaded those works had

already been identified to Twitter in multiple earlier NMPA Notices. Moreover, Exhibit A

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includes many musical compositions that were identified to Twitter in NMPA Notices, but as to

which Twitter did not expeditiously remove or disable access.

1. Twitter Delayed or Failed to Take Down Specific Infringing Material

147. Twitter’s policies and its response to the NMPA Notices make clear that Twitter

does not take its legal obligations with respect to copyright infringement seriously.

148. Twitter’s policies demonstrate that Twitter views itself, not the law, as the arbiter

of what content is permitted on the Twitter platform. Twitter makes case-by-case determinations

as to whether to remove content from the Twitter platform in response to a copyright infringement

notice. For example, Twitter’s “Copyright policy” speaks in the conditional, advising, “[i]f we

decide to remove or disable access to the material.” 4 (Emphasis added.)

149. Despite claiming to take down tweets in response to an infringement notice within

hours or minutes, Twitter routinely waits much longer before acting, if it acts at all. Indeed, from

the time Twitter received the NMPA Notices, Twitter often waited weeks, a month, or even longer

before removing or disabling access to the noticed infringement in the NMPA Notices. There are

thousands of instances where Twitter waited 30 days or more to remove or disable access to the

content identified in the NMPA Notices.

150. The precise extent of Twitter’s lengthy delays will be the subject of discovery and

analysis, including through a review of Twitter’s records. In the meantime, by way of an example,

the musical composition “What a Wonderful World,” written by Bob Thiele and George David

Weiss and performed by Louis Armstrong, is a timeless classic, chosen by Rolling Stone in

September 2021 as one of the top 200 songs of all time. Unauthorized audio and audio-visual

recordings that embody “What a Wonderful World” are rampant on the Twitter platform, and

4
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Twitter has failed repeatedly to take them down in an expeditious manner. Across all the NMPA

Notices sent to Twitter that identified the musical composition for “What a Wonderful World” by

name, along with precise URLs for the tweets containing the infringing uses of that composition,

Twitter failed to take down at least 240 infringing tweets incorporating “What a Wonderful World”

within 14 days after the NMPA Notice was sent. Even more troubling, over 120 of those tweets

were still available at least a month after the associated NMPA notice was sent to Twitter, and

more than two dozen tweets were still available on Twitter over two months after NMPA sent a

notice identifying them as infringing.

151. Twitter’s incentive not to act expeditiously is clear. Twitter wants to maximize the

benefit it receives from the infringing content on its platform before the tweet is deleted. As a

general proposition, the value to Twitter of a tweet decreases over time.

152. Many times, Twitter also failed entirely to take down infringing content identified

in the NMPA Notices. Since December 2021, there have been thousands of instances of infringing

tweets identified in NMPA Notices for which Twitter has failed entirely to remove, or disable

access to, the infringing material. In none of these thousands of examples that Publishers are

relying on herein did the Twitter user who posted the infringing material submit a counter-notice.

153. The precise extent of Twitter’s refusals to takedown specific infringing material of

which it was aware will be the subject of discovery and analysis, including through a review of

Twitter’s records. In the meantime, by way of an example, infringement of the composition “Heat

Waves,” written by Dave Bayley and recorded by Glass Animals, is rampant on Twitter. “Heat

Waves” is one of the most popular compositions of the past few years. The recording spent an

astounding ninety-one weeks on the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at number one, a position it held

for five weeks. Twitter’s efforts to stop or limit the infringement of “Heat Waves” in response to

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the NMPA Notices have been abysmal. Twitter has failed to remove at least 95 separate infringing

tweets featuring “Heat Waves” that were specifically identified in NMPA Notices, along with the

URLs as to their location on Twitter’s platform. These notices date back over a year, with the

oldest sent on March 7, 2022, over 450 days ago.

2. Twitter Failed to Implement a Policy to Terminate Repeat Infringers

154. Twitter has not adopted, reasonably implemented, nor informed subscribers or

account holders of, a policy to terminate users engaging in repeated acts of copyright infringement.

155. In Twitter’s Copyright policy, Twitter addresses issues concerning copyright

complaints, including what happens to accounts that receive one or more copyright complaints.

From 2019 through to today, Twitter’s Copyright policy has not included a warning to users that

they may be “terminated” for repeat copyright infringement.

156. Notably, prior to 2019, Twitter’s Copyright policy included language advising

users that their account could be terminated if that account was repeatedly used to infringe.

Twitter’s Copyright policy as it existed in December 2017 included language that informed

subscribers and account holders that “[u]nder appropriate circumstances, Twitter may suspend

and warn repeat violators, and in more serious cases, permanently terminate user accounts.” 5

That same language remained in place through roughly August 2, 2018. 6

157. In August 2018, however, Twitter revised its Copyright policy to warn only of

suspension for copyright infringement, removing the reference to the word “terminate.” Twitter’s

Copyright policy as it existed beginning on or about August 9, 2018 informed subscribers and

5
https://web.archive.org/web/20171222023438/https://help.twitter.com/en/rules-and-
policies/copyright-policy.
6
https://web.archive.org/web/20180802202225/https://help.twitter.com/en/rules-and-
policies/copyright-policy.

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account holders that “[i]f multiple copyright complaints are received Twitter may lock

accounts or take other actions to warn repeat violators. These warnings may vary across

Twitter’s services. Under appropriate circumstances we may suspend user accounts under

our repeat infringer policy.” 7

158. Since August 2018, Twitter’s Copyright policy has not included the words

“terminate” or “termination” when informing subscribers and account holders of the potential

consequences for repeat infringement. 8 Instead, Twitter’s Copyright policy refers only to

suspensions.

159. Where Twitter suspends an account for receiving multiple copyright infringement

complaints, that does not mean that Twitter has permanently ended or discontinued the account.

Access to the accounts is merely interrupted temporarily. Over the past several years, Twitter

routinely restores access to accounts it suspends for receiving multiple copyright infringement

complaints. Twitter also informed its users early this year that “we have been proactively

reinstating previously suspended accounts,” and that “anyone can request that we review a

suspended account for reinstatement.”

160. Twitter rarely suspends an infringing account, even when the account is repeatedly

the subject of infringement notices.

161. Twitter has suspended only a small portion of the accounts identified in multiple

NMPA Notices.

162. Twitter suspended virtually none of the verified accounts identified in the NMPA

Notices and which have large follower bases. Twitter gives them preferential treatment, viewing

7
https://web.archive.org/web/20180809020739/https://help.twitter.com/en/rules-and-
policies/copyright-policy.
8
https://help.twitter.com/en/rules-and-policies/copyright-policy.

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accounts that are verified and have large follower bases as more valuable and monetizable than

accounts that are unverified and have a small number of followers.

163. Twitter has told users of its platform that “[w]e don’t suspend users for posting

reported content unless it is clear that the user knew the content was illegal.” 9 But Twitter’s

practice is unreasonable and contrary to law. Infringement occurs as a matter of law. Direct

infringement is a strict liability offense, without any requirement that the infringer know the

content they post is illegal.

164. Even on the rare occasions where Twitter suspends an account used to infringe

repeatedly, Twitter often reactivates that account after a short period of time. Twitter has

suspended and reactivated certain accounts multiple times. When deciding to reactivate a

suspended account of a user caught repeatedly infringing the copyrights of others, Twitter gives

more lenient treatment to accounts with larger followings, as such accounts are more valuable to

Twitter.

165. Put simply, users who repeatedly infringe copyrights do not face a realistic prospect

of permanently losing access to their accounts on the Twitter platform. Rather than terminating

access to specific users brought to its attention as infringers, which would have stopped or limited

their infringement and deterred others from infringing, Twitter has operated its platform to be a

haven for infringing activity. Twitter has consistently assisted the specific users of its platform

that Twitter knows are using it for infringement to continue to infringe.

9
https://twitter.com/ellagirwin/status/1619740623564832768?lang=en.

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 166. The following are but a handful of examples from the thousands of repeat-infringer

accounts listed in the NMPA Notices. Twitter has failed to take reasonable steps to limit these

accounts, and many other accounts, from being used for ongoing, repeated infringement. 10

• Twitter Account A is an account created in 2009. Twitter Account A regularly posts

unauthorized copies of Publishers’ musical compositions synchronized to videos. Because

of this repeated infringing conduct, Twitter Account A has been the subject of at least 24

separate NMPA Notices identifying at least 37 infringing tweets. Twitter Account A never

served a counter-notification relating to these NMPA Notices and it remains active as of

the filing of this Complaint.

• Twitter Account B is an account created in 2011. Twitter Account B regularly posts

unauthorized recordings of live performances of Publishers’ musical compositions and

other videos synchronized to Publishers’ musical compositions. Because of this repeated

infringing conduct, Twitter Account B has been the subject of at least 23 NMPA Notices

identifying at least 64 infringing tweets. Twitter Account B never served a counter-

notification relating to these NMPA Notices and it remains active as of the filing of this

Complaint.

• Twitter Account C is an account created in 2007. Twitter Account C regularly posts

unauthorized reproductions of Publishers’ musical compositions synchronized to videos.

Because of this repeated infringing conduct, Twitter Account C has been the subject of at

least 23 separate NMPA Notices identifying at least 39 infringing tweets. Twitter Account

10
The names of the accounts have been anonymized in this publicly filed complaint, but Twitter
is aware of these accounts from the NMPA Notices.

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 C never served a counter-notification relating to these NMPA Notices and it remains active

as of the filing of this Complaint.

167. Notwithstanding the NMPA Notices, Twitter continues to monetize the accounts of

known repeat infringers. The screenshot below is but one example, showing a tweet from known

repeat infringer Twitter Account B in the bottom left. Directly above Twitter Account B’s tweet

is a paid “Promoted” tweet selected by Twitter. Directly to the right of Twitter Account B’s tweet

is a paid “Promoted” account recommended by Twitter. Twitter continues to reap revenue from

advertisements associated with tweets from known repeat infringers.

168. The foregoing examples are not exhaustive, and there are many others

demonstrating Twitter’s failure to meet its legal obligations to terminate or limit access to repeat

infringers in a meaningful or consistent fashion. Discovery will uncover many more.

169. Twitter also allows subscribers and account holders to sign up for new accounts as

a means of circumventing any prospect of losing even temporary access to the Twitter platform

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for infringement. For instance, Twitter Account D posted unauthorized copies of music videos

and recordings of live concerts that included Publishers’ musical compositions. Twitter Account

D’s tweets typically comprised only an infringing video and text identifying the song title and

artist, along with hashtags designed to maximize the reach of the infringing tweets. Twitter

Account D appeared in at least 10 separate NMPA Notices identifying at least 12 infringing tweets.

The user of Twitter Account D never submitted any counter-notifications. Twitter did not suspend

Twitter Account D until after Twitter Account D appeared in at least 10 separate NMPA Notices

identifying at least 12 infringing tweets. Even then, Twitter allowed the user of Twitter Account

D to simply sign up for a new account with a nearly identical Twitter handle, replacing only a “1”

at the end of the original handle with a “2.” Using this new account, the user of Twitter Account

D has continued their infringing conduct and has amassed more than 2,000 followers in less than

six months.

3. Twitter’s Right and Ability to Supervise and Control its Users’ Activity

170. There is no question that Twitter has the right and ability to supervise and control

the infringing activities occurring through use of the Twitter platform, yet it refuses to exercise

that right. Twitter has absolute control over the content on its servers and access to that content.

Twitter can delete postings from the servers that it controls, filter the content being posted to its

servers with available technology to stop the ongoing infringement, and terminate the access of

account holders uploading infringing content.

171. Twitter makes clear to its users that it has a variety of enforcement options. These

options include tweet-level enforcement such as limiting a tweet’s visibility, preventing the tweet

from having ads adjacent to it, or removing the tweet altogether. Twitter may also take account-

level actions like suspending an account or preventing an account from making tweets or

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interacting with other tweets. Twitter also has the ability and the right to place a tweet behind a

notice, restrict views of tweets based on age, or withhold access to certain tweets or accounts by

country. And, of course, Twitter also has the legal and practical right and ability to terminate an

account. Indeed, Twitter’s Terms of Service indicate that Twitter reserves the right to terminate

an account “at any time for any or no reason…”

172. Twitter monitors and blocks or removes content it deems unsuitable for the Twitter

platform, including violent speech, content from violent or hateful entities, child sexual

exploitation material, abusive or harassing content, hateful conduct, excessively gory content,

posts in furtherance of illegal activities, posts that contains other people’s private information,

posts that mislead or deceive other Twitter users about the identity of the poster, manipulated

media, or post that include any third party advertising content. Twitter engages in these monitoring

and blocking activities in a variety of ways, including through actions by Twitter employees and

contractors.

173. But Twitter refuses to stop the rampant infringement of copyrighted music,

including Publishers’ musical compositions, because it knows that the Twitter platform is more

popular and profitable if Twitter allows such infringement.

174. Accounts that repeatedly make unauthorized use of Publishers’ musical

compositions are more popular on Twitter’s platform, and thus are more profitable for Twitter,

than accounts that do not. For example, across the NMPA Notices, Twitter accounts in fewer than

three notices had roughly 17,000 followers on average, whereas accounts identified in three or

more notices had more than 34,000 followers on average. The likely popularity of an account only

grows with further infringement, as accounts identified in 10 or more notices had nearly 110,000

followers on average, while accounts identified in 15 or more notices had nearly 300,000 followers

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on average. The more infringing content posted to an account, the more followers that account

obtains, and the more engagement there is on the Twitter platform, all of which drives Twitter’s

advertising revenue.

175. Twitter knows which accounts have been identified as infringing by Publishers in

NMPA Notices and Twitter maintains information relating to these accounts, including the number

of followers. Twitter is aware of the connection between an account holder’s unauthorized use of

Publishers’ musical compositions and the popularity of their account on Twitter’s platform.

176. Twitter permits and encourages infringement, including of Publishers’ musical

compositions, so that it can continue to reap huge profits from the availability of unlicensed music

without paying the necessary licensing fees for it, giving it a valuable and unfair advantage over

its properly licensed competitors.

E. The Infringing Activity Is Only Worsening

177. Twitter’s change in ownership in October 2022 has not led to improvements in how

it acts with respect to copyright. On the contrary, Twitter’s internal affairs regarding matters

pertinent to this case are in disarray.

178. Despite the general rise in infringement notices Twitter received over the last

several years, Twitter chose to significantly reduce several of its critical departments involved with

content review and policing terms of service violations, including both the legal and the trust and

safety teams. Public reports indicate that Twitter has fewer than 2,000 remaining employees out

of the over 7,500 employees that Twitter had at the time of the change of control in October 2022.

179. Twitter’s former head of trust and safety, Yoel Roth, who had been with the

company for more than seven years, implementing vital safety measures like “exposing

government-backed troll farms meddling in elections” and introducing tools for handling

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dangerous misinformation, resigned in November 2022. Roth told The New York Times that he

could not support “a Twitter whose policies are defined by edict.” Roth’s successor, Ella Irwin,

who took over the trust and safety team beginning in November 2022, resigned from Twitter in

May 2023.

180. Instead of grounding decisions on sound policy development and reasonable

implementation, Twitter has outsourced trust and safety decisions to Twitter polls, i.e., votes

among users of the Twitter platform, through a feature on the platform used for polling.

181. By way of another example, a user tweeted that Twitter should not suspend

accounts for receiving multiple copyright notices but rather should only disable the copyrighted

videos. That user asserted that the user does not earn money from the videos they share, or

understand that they are copyrighted, and that copyright owners should ask Twitter users to remove

the videos rather than submit notices to Twitter. Twitter replied publicly to this user, but without

asking the user not to infringe, without referring the user to Twitter’s Copyright policy, and without

telling the user that copyright infringement is unlawful regardless of whether the user makes

money from it or realizes that a particular video is infringing. Instead, Twitter suggested that the

user “consider turning on subscriptions”—a feature of Twitter Blue that garners revenue for

Twitter, enables the user to receive payments from other users of the Twitter platform, and, because

the infringing tweets are behind a paywall, makes it more difficult for copyright owners to find.

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 182. Twitter’s most senior executive has previously described the Digital Millennium

Copyright Act (“DMCA”)—a statute that, among other things, provides for notice and takedown

of infringing copyrighted material—as a “plague on humanity.”

This statement and others like it exert pressure on Twitter employees, including those in its trust

and safety team, on issues relating to copyright and infringement.

G. The Harm to Publishers

183. Twitter’s conduct complained of herein denies Publishers of the revenues to which

they are entitled and deprives their songwriters of an important source of income.

184. Publishers exploit and license widely popular songs on behalf of themselves and

their songwriters, from which they derive their revenues and by which songwriters earn a living.

Without Publishers’ permission, Twitter is unilaterally exploiting existing markets, and new

potential markets, while exercising rights that it does not possess, causing Publishers and the

songwriters of the works substantial irreparable harm. The harm is at least three-fold.

185. First, the uses being made of Publishers’ works cause harm to Publishers’ licensing

market for derivative works (e.g., synchronized videos). Publishers have entered into agreements

for use of their musical compositions on social media platforms, including to enable users of those

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Case 3:23-cv-00606 Document 1 Filed 06/14/23 Page 45 of 54 PageID #: 45
platforms to synchronize Publishers’ songs with videos they post to these platforms. Twitter

bypasses this market when it should obtain licenses and pay Publishers an appropriate license fee.

186. Second, the unauthorized availability of recordings of Publishers’ musical

compositions on the Twitter platform could act as a direct substitute for listening to recordings of

those musical compositions on a paid or ad-supported social media platform or streaming service,

or paying for a digital download, vinyl record, or compact disc. It is impossible for Publishers and

legitimate services to compete with the free infringing content Twitter provides.

187. Third, by unilaterally engaging in and assisting the infringing use of Publishers’

musical compositions for free, Twitter is devaluing the licensing and lawful exploitation of

Publishers’ musical compositions to social media companies and other platforms generally. This

activity interferes with Publishers’ relationships with the other social media companies that enter

into proper licenses or other agreements. Relatedly, everyday users of Twitter will view

Publishers’ musical compositions and the recordings embodying those works as freely usable,

grow increasingly immune to what it takes to produce these valuable works and, ultimately,

become less willing to pay fair value for them.

188. In sum, Twitter is seizing for itself an artificial competitive advantage against

companies that are not violating copyright law, undercutting existing markets, cheapening the

value of music, and undermining Publishers’ well-established business models.

189. Twitter’s infringement undermines the incentive for songwriters to create high-

quality songs and for Publishers to invest in, license, and exploit those creative efforts, thereby

hindering songwriters’ ability to earn a living from their trade.

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 CLAIMS FOR RELIEF

Count I – Direct Copyright Infringement

190. Publishers repeat each and every allegation contained in Paragraphs 1-189 as if

fully set forth herein.

191. As detailed above, Twitter, without permission or consent from Publishers, has

made and is making unauthorized public performances of musical compositions for which

Publishers are the legal or beneficial copyright owners, including as to those works listed within

Exhibit A, and many others, and including with respect to specific tweets and specific repeat

infringer accounts already identified to Twitter in the NMPA Notices. The foregoing activity

constitutes direct infringement by Twitter in violation of 17 U.S.C. § 106(4) and 501 et seq. The

list of works on Exhibit A is a non-exhaustive, illustrative list of works infringed and will be

amended as the case proceeds.

192. The infringement of Publishers’ rights in each of their copyrighted works

constitutes a separate and distinct act of infringement.

193. Twitter’s acts of infringement are willful, intentional, and purposeful, in disregard

of and with indifference to Publishers’ rights.

194. As a direct and proximate result of Twitter’s wrongful conduct, which is ongoing,

Publishers have been, and will continue to be, substantially and irreparably harmed in an amount

not readily capable of determination. Publishers have no adequate remedy at law. Unless

restrained by this Court, Twitter will cause further irreparable injury to Publishers. Publishers are

entitled to a permanent injunction prohibiting infringement of Publishers’ copyrights and exclusive

rights under copyright.

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 195. As a direct and proximate result of Twitter’s infringement of Publishers’ copyrights

and exclusive rights, Publishers are entitled to statutory damages, pursuant to 17 U.S.C. § 504(c),

in an amount of up to $150,000 with respect to each work infringed, or such other amounts as may

be proper under 17 U.S.C. § 504(c). Alternatively, at Publishers’ election, pursuant to 17 U.S.C.

§ 504(b), Publishers shall be entitled to their actual damages, including Twitter’s profits from

infringement as will be proven at trial.

196. Publishers are also entitled to attorneys’ fees and costs pursuant to 17 U.S.C. § 505.

Count II – Contributory Infringement

197. Publishers repeat each and every allegation contained in Paragraphs 1-196 as if

fully set forth herein.

198. As detailed above, users of the Twitter platform have unlawfully reproduced,

distributed to the public, performed to the public, and/or prepared derivative works based upon,

musical compositions for which Publishers are the legal or beneficial copyright owners, including

those copyrighted works listed on Exhibit A, and many others. The foregoing activity, which is

ongoing, constitutes direct infringement or an unauthorized act in violation of 17 U.S.C. §§ 106

and 501 by users of Twitter’s platform.

199. Twitter is contributorily liable for these direct infringements by users of its platform

as described herein. As discussed above, through the NMPA Notices and others’ infringement

notices, Twitter has knowledge that it is hosting infringing content on a massive scale and of

specific infringing tweets and specific users engaged in repeated acts of infringement.

Nevertheless, Twitter facilitates, encourages, and materially contributes to such infringement,

including by continuing to host and transmit known infringing content and continuing to provide

its services and facilities to users known to be repeat infringers engaged in infringement. Twitter

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has the means to take simple steps not to materially contribute to the specific infringing activity

but fails to do so. Instead, Twitter continues to provide the site and facilities necessary for these

users of its platform to commit direct infringement, and actively facilitates the ongoing

infringement, including via the actions described above.

200. Accordingly, Twitter is contributorily liable for the infringement of Publishers’

copyrighted musical compositions, including but not limited to those listed on Exhibit A, in

violation of Publishers’ copyrights and exclusive rights under the copyright laws of the United

States. The list of works on Exhibit A is a non-exhaustive, illustrative list of works infringed and

will be amended as the case proceeds.

201. Each infringement of Publishers’ copyrighted musical compositions constitutes a

separate and distinct act of infringement.

202. The foregoing acts of infringement by Twitter have been willful, intentional, and

purposeful, in disregard of Publishers’ rights.

203. As a direct and proximate result of Twitter’s wrongful conduct, which is ongoing,

Publishers have been, and will continue to be, substantially and irreparably harmed in an amount

not readily capable of determination. Publishers have no adequate remedy at law. Unless

restrained by this Court, Twitter will cause further irreparable injury to Publishers. Publishers are

entitled to a permanent injunction prohibiting infringement of Publishers’ copyrights and exclusive

rights under copyright.

204. As a direct and proximate result of Twitter’s infringement of Publishers’ copyrights

and exclusive rights, Publishers are entitled to statutory damages, pursuant to 17 U.S.C. § 504(c),

in an amount of up to $150,000 with respect to each work infringed, or such other amounts as may

be proper under 17 U.S.C. § 504(c). Alternatively, at Publishers’ election, pursuant to 17 U.S.C.

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§ 504(b), Publishers shall be entitled to their actual damages, including Twitter’s profits from

infringement as will be proven at trial.

205. Publishers are also entitled to their attorneys’ fees and full costs pursuant to 17

U.S.C. § 505.

Count III – Vicarious Infringement

206. Publishers repeat each and every allegation contained in Paragraphs 1-205 as if

fully set forth herein.

207. As detailed above, users of the Twitter platform have unlawfully reproduced,

distributed to the public, performed to the public, and/or prepared derivative works based upon,

musical compositions for which Publishers are the legal or beneficial copyright owners, including

those copyrighted works listed on Exhibit A, and many others. The foregoing activity, which is

ongoing, constitutes direct infringement or an unauthorized act in violation of 17 U.S.C. §§ 106

and 501 by users of Twitter’s platform.

208. Twitter is vicariously liable for these direct infringements by users of its platform

as described herein. As discussed above, Twitter had the legal right and practical ability to

supervise and control the infringing activities that occur on the Twitter platform, and at all relevant

times has derived a direct financial benefit from these users’ infringement of Publishers’

copyrighted musical compositions. Twitter has refused to take reasonable steps to prevent the

widespread infringement by these users of its platform.

209. Accordingly, Twitter is vicariously liable for the infringement of Publishers’

musical compositions, including but not limited to those listed on Exhibit A, in violation of

Publishers’ copyrights and exclusive rights under the copyright laws of the United States. The list

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of works on Exhibit A is a non-exhaustive, illustrative list of works infringed and will be amended

as the case proceeds.

210. Each infringement of Publishers’ copyrighted musical compositions constitutes a

separate and distinct act of infringement.

211. The foregoing acts of infringement by Twitter have been willful, intentional, and

purposeful, in disregard of Publishers’ rights.

212. As a direct and proximate result of Twitter’s wrongful conduct, which is ongoing,

Publishers have been, and will continue to be, substantially and irreparably harmed in an amount

not readily capable of determination. Publishers have no adequate remedy at law. Unless

restrained by this Court, Twitter will cause further irreparable injury to Publishers. Publishers are

entitled to a permanent injunction prohibiting infringement of Publishers’ copyrights and exclusive

rights under copyright.

213. As a direct and proximate result of Twitter’s infringement of Publishers’ copyrights

and exclusive rights, Publishers are entitled to statutory damages, pursuant to 17 U.S.C. § 504(c),

in an amount of up to $150,000 with respect to each work infringed, or such other amounts as may

be proper under 17 U.S.C. § 504(c). Alternatively, at Publishers’ election, pursuant to 17 U.S.C.

§ 504(b), Publishers shall be entitled to their actual damages, including Twitter’s profits from

infringement as will be proven at trial.

214. Publishers are also entitled to their attorneys’ fees and full costs pursuant to 17

U.S.C. § 505.

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 PRAYER FOR RELIEF

WHEREFORE, Publishers pray for judgment from this Court against Twitter as follows:

a. For a declaration that Twitter has willfully infringed musical works owned and/or

controlled by Publishers in violation of the Copyright Act;

b. For statutory damages pursuant to 17 U.S.C. § 504(c) in an amount up to the maximum

provided by law, arising from Twitter’s willful violations of Publishers’ rights under the Copyright

Act, including in an amount up to $150,000 per work infringed; or in the alternative, at Publishers’

election pursuant to 17 U.S.C. § 504(b), Publishers’ actual damages and Twitter’s profits from the

infringement, in an amount to be proven at trial;

c. For such equitable relief under Title 17, Title 28, and/or the Court’s inherent authority as

is necessary to prevent or restrain infringement of Publishers’ copyrights, including a permanent

injunction requiring that Twitter and its officers, agents, servants, employees, attorneys, directors,

successors, assigns, licensees, and all others in active concert or participation with any of them,

cease infringing, or causing, aiding, enabling, facilitating, encouraging, promoting, inducing, or

materially contributing to or participating in the infringement of any of Publishers’ exclusive rights

under copyright, including without limitation in the musical compositions in Exhibit A;

d. For the award of Publishers’ reasonable attorneys’ fees and costs in this action pursuant to

17 U.S.C. § 505;

e. For pre-judgment and post-judgment interest at the applicable rate on any monetary award

made part of the judgment against Twitter; and

f. For such other and further relief as the Court deems proper.

JURY TRIAL DEMAND

Publishers hereby demand a trial by jury of all issues that are so triable.

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Date: June 14, 2023
Respectfully submitted,

s/ Steven A. Riley
Steven A. Riley (No. 6258)
John R. Jacobson (No. 14365)
Tim Harvey, (No. 21509)
Grace C. Peck (No. 38558)
Riley & Jacobson, PLC
1906 West End Avenue
Nashville, TN 37203
(615) 320-3700
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]

Scott A. Zebrak
Matthew J. Oppenheim
Keith Howell
Meredith Stewart
(pro hac vice applications to follow)
OPPENHEIM +ZEBRAK, LLP
4530 Wisconsin Ave., NW, 5th Floor
Washington, DC 20016
Telephone: (202) 480-2999
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]

Alexander Kaplan
Carly Rothman
Andrew Guerra
Matthew Cooper
(pro hac vice applications to follow)
OPPENHEIM + ZEBRAK, LLP
461 5th Avenue, 19th Floor
New York, NY 10017
Telephone: (212) 951-1156
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]

Attorneys for Plaintiffs

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 CERTIFICATE OF SERIVCE

I hereby certify that a true and correct copy of the foregoing document was provided to a
private process server for personal service on the following and also sent via U.S. Certified Mail
(with return receipt requested) on the 14th day of June 2023 to the following:

X Corp. d/b/a Twitter

C T Corporation System
c/o Matthew Taylor
701 S. Carson St. Suite 200
Carson City, NV 89701

Registered Agent for Defendant

s/ Steven A. Riley

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 EXHIBIT A

Case 3:23-cv-00606 Document 1-1 Filed 06/14/23 Page 1 of 53 PageID #: 55

 Exhibit A
Non-Exhaustive, Illustrative List of Works Infringed by Twitter

Title Of Work Copyright Registration No. Plaintiff(s)

(Rock) Superstar PA0001009112 Universal
(Sittin' On) The Dock Of EU0000033492; EP0000264255; Universal
The Bay EP0000335847; EP0000335846;
EP0000335845; CA0000785964;
CAU002279253; PAU002069906
0 To 100 PA0001981715 Universal
1 Thing PA0001162287; PA0001329640 Sony Music Publishing
1-800-273-8255 PA0002191589 Hipgnosis
1, 2 Step PA0001263489 Warner Chappell
1, 2, 3 PA0002111457 Peer
10,000 Hours PA0002212950; PA0002223387 Big Machine; Warner
Chappell
123456 PA0002216507; PA0002193446; Spirit
PA0002189558
1999 PAU000440507; PA0000157921 Universal
200 Copas PA0002333149 Kobalt
2000 Miles PA0000241404 Hipgnosis
2002 PA0002324518 Hipgnosis
21 Guns PA0001653856; PA0002332108; Universal; Warner Chappell
PA0002323798
24k Magic PA0002048664 Warner Chappell
25k Jacket PA0002343937 Ultra
29 PA0002372486 Big Machine; Warner
Chappell
2step PA0002322457 Universal
2u PA0002111183; PA0002081377 Hipgnosis; Universal
34+35 PA0002268905; PA0002289176 Reservoir; Warner Chappell
3500 PA0002096035 Universal
4 Ever 4 Me PA0002378236 Big Machine
4 Minutes PA0001693511; PA0001693172 Anthem; Reservoir;
Universal; Warner Chappell
444+222 PA0002088142; PA0002091459 Ultra; Warner Chappell
7 Rings PA0002187265; PA0002191175 Concord; Warner Chappell
7 Summers PA0002304694; PA0002265329 Sony Music Publishing;
Warner Chappell
7 Years PA0002037064 Warner Chappell
A Dios Le Pido PA0001101346 Peer
A Million Dreams PA0002144947 Kobalt
A Thousand Years PA0002281096 Kobalt

1
Case 3:23-cv-00606 Document 1-1 Filed 06/14/23 Page 2 of 53 PageID #: 56
 Exhibit A
Non-Exhaustive, Illustrative List of Works Infringed by Twitter

Title Of Work Copyright Registration No. Plaintiff(s)

A-O-K PA0002393639 Hipgnosis; Sony Music
Publishing
Abcdefu PA0002311998 Big Machine
About Damn Time PA0002370686; PA0002371191 Sony Music Publishing;
Universal
Abranse Perras PA0002184407 Peer
Across 110th Street EU0000376809 ABKCO
Adore You PA0002250803; PA0002265129 Concord
Africa PA0000134925 Spirit
Afternoon Delight EU0000648070; RE0000895945 Reservoir
Agua Segura PA0002194571 Peer
Ahhh Ha PA0002355995 Sony Music Publishing;
Warner Chappell
Ain't No Mountain High RE0000772306; RE0000696707 Sony Music Publishing
Enough
Ain't No Sunshine EU0000243844; EP0000376752 Universal
Ain't Your Mama PA0002061817 Universal
Airplane Pt2 PA0002148640 Reservoir
Airplanes PA0001731016 Universal
Alien PA0001917964 Universal
Alien Superstar PA0002375270 Sony Music Publishing;
Warner Chappell
All Around The World PA0001850389 Universal
All Down The Line EU0000326803 ABKCO
All Eyez On Me PA0001070609 Universal
All I Do Is Win PA0002072437 Universal
All I Know PA0002267045 Concord; Warner Chappell
All I Wanna Do PA0000664140; PA0000669884 Reservoir; Warner Chappell
All I Want For Christmas PA0000767412 Sony Music Publishing
Is You
All Night PA0002258993 Warner Chappell
All Of Me PA0001877163 BMG
All Of The Lights PA0001783122; PA0002074360 Universal; Warner Chappell
All That Matters PA0001907231 Universal
All The Things She Said PA0001105056 BMG; Universal
All Time Low PA0002041609 Hipgnosis
All Too Well PA0002339277 Warner Chappell
Already PA0002252209 Kobalt
Amarillo PA0002259643 Peer

2
Case 3:23-cv-00606 Document 1-1 Filed 06/14/23 Page 3 of 53 PageID #: 57
 Exhibit A
Non-Exhaustive, Illustrative List of Works Infringed by Twitter

Title Of Work Copyright Registration No. Plaintiff(s)

Amazed PA0000965043; PA0000957326; Reservoir; Universal
PAu002349242; PAu002430566
Ambitionz Az A Ridah PA0001070592 Universal
American Boy PA0001599813; PA0001659161 Reservoir; Universal
American Pie EU0000284299; EP0000295357 Universal
Amerika PA0001163523 Universal
Amish Paradise PA0000705091; PA0000809516 Universal
Anaconda PA0002062630 Universal
Angel Of Death PA0000343118 Universal
Angelito PA0001343684 Mayimba
Animals PA0001947800 Concord
Another Brick In The PA0000066084 BMG
Wall (Part 2)
Another Night PA0000795554 Universal
Ante Up PA0001391458 Royalty Network
Anti-Hero PA0002390184 Sony Music Publishing
Any Song PA0002258560 Peer
Anywhere PA0002179035; PA0002095347; Hipgnosis; Reservoir; Warner
PA0002390482 Chappell
Are You Gonna Be My PA0001159412 BMG
Girl?
Are You Gonna Go My PA0000608665 BMG
Way?
Arms Around You PA0002225070; PA0002176782 Kobalt; Warner Chappell
As It Was PA0002370594 Concord
As Long As You Love PA0001834758; PA0001850386 Hipgnosis; Universal
Me
Astronaut In The Ocean PA0002330126 Warner Chappell
Attention PA0002111436 Kobalt
Auld Lang Syne PA0001716013 Royalty Network
Ayo PA0002063114; PA0002094632 Universal
Ayo Technology PA0001876618; PA0001645303 Anthem; Reservoir; Universal
Babe PA0000062207 Wixen
Baby PA0001733297; PA0001703214 Hipgnosis; Universal; Warner
Chappell
Baby PA0002251343 Ultra
Baby Baby PA0000512809 Reservoir
Baby Boy PA0001131131; PA0001226000 Reservoir
Baby Got Back PA0000594005 Universal

3
Case 3:23-cv-00606 Document 1-1 Filed 06/14/23 Page 4 of 53 PageID #: 58
 Exhibit A
Non-Exhaustive, Illustrative List of Works Infringed by Twitter

Title Of Work Copyright Registration No. Plaintiff(s)

Baby One More Time PA0000922764 Kobalt
Baby-Baby-Baby PA0000575632 Hipgnosis
Back To Black PA0001167190 Hipgnosis
Back To Sleep PA0002061502 Universal
Back To The Streets PA0002270163; PA0002283444 Anthem; Concord
Back To You PA0002151737 BMG
Backstabber PA0001773088 Royalty Network
Bad And Boujee PA0002072685; PA0002097856 Concord; Reservoir;
Universal
Bad At Love PA0002113520 Universal
Bad Decisions PA0002371559 Sony Music Publishing;
Warner Chappell
Bad Girls PA0001796269 Reservoir
Bad Habit PA0002370290 Sony Music Publishing;
Warner Chappell
Bad Liar PA0002081022 Universal
Bad Man (Smooth PA0002402705 Kobalt; Universal
Criminal)
Bad! PA0002198258 Kobalt
Baddest PA0002319654; PA0002328105 Concord; Reservoir
Bailamos PA0000970145 Hipgnosis
Bailar PA0002032895 Ultra
Baker Street PA0000001675 BMG
Ballin' PA0002233551; PA0002269894 Kobalt; Warner Chappell
Ballroom Blitz PAU000066844 Universal
Bam PA0002091677; PA0002081424 BMG; Royalty Network
Bang! PA0002280527 Kobalt
Barbie Girl PA0000890830 Universal
Barefoot In The Park PA0002177846 Peer
Barracuda EU0000789263; EU0000791168; Universal
EP0000373576
Basic Thugonomics PA0001293275 Universal
Batshit PA0002130104 Spirit
Be Alright PA0002214731 Kobalt
Be Honest PA0002204025 Peer
Be My Baby EU0000789193; RE0000515815 Universal
Be My Baby PA0001939320 Universal
Be Without You PA0001320675 Hipgnosis
Be Yourself PA0001161827; PA0001281046 Hipgnosis; Wixen

4
Case 3:23-cv-00606 Document 1-1 Filed 06/14/23 Page 5 of 53 PageID #: 59
 Exhibit A
Non-Exhaustive, Illustrative List of Works Infringed by Twitter

Title Of Work Copyright Registration No. Plaintiff(s)

Beautiful Crazy PA0002215919 Big Machine
Beautiful People PA0001752889; PA0001750727 Ultra; Universal
Beauty And A Beat PA0001850375 Universal
Because Of You PA0001161120 Reservoir
Because Of You PA0001643835; PA0001167514 Universal
Bedrock PA0001835844 Universal
Beer Never Broke My PA0002192567 Big Machine; Warner
Heart Chappell
Beez In The Trap PA0002181713; PA0001912279 Reservoir; Universal
Before You Go PA0002236373 BMG
Beggin EP0000265188; RE0000721099 Sony Music Publishing
Behind Blue Eyes EP0000294055; RE0000707770 Spirit
Bejeweled PA0002389652 Sony Music Publishing
Believe PA0000965807; PA0001188420 Hipgnosis
Believe Me PA0001938821; PA0001907249 Royalty Network; Warner
Chappell
Believer PA0002076951; PA0002154294 Universal; Warner Chappell
Besame Mucho RE0000595064; EP0000194341; Peer
RE0000556117; EP0000176416;
RE0000536727; EP0000182130;
EF0000065106; R00000436261
Best Of Me PA0002191642 Hipgnosis
Best Song Ever PA0001913594 Hipgnosis
Better Days PA0002321913 Sony Music Publishing
Better Now PA0002284442 Sony Music Publishing
Beverly Hills PAu003002545 Wixen
Beware PA0001916151; PA0001916151 Universal
Bichota PA0002333214 Sony Music Publishing
Big Bang Theory - Main PA0001598335 Universal
Title, The
Big On Big PA0002127843; PA0002097867 Ultra; Universal
Big Poppa PA0000843562 Sony Music Publishing
Bills Bills Bills PA0000956317 Sony Music Publishing
Birthday Song PA0001811847; PA0001833562 Reservoir; Universal; Warner
Chappell
Bittersweet Symphony PAu002199365 ABKCO
Black & White PA0002183306; PA0002321682 Hipgnosis
Black Out Days PA0001939010 Reservoir
Black Velvet PA0000429717; PA0000506768 Anthem

5
Case 3:23-cv-00606 Document 1-1 Filed 06/14/23 Page 6 of 53 PageID #: 60
 Exhibit A
Non-Exhaustive, Illustrative List of Works Infringed by Twitter

Title Of Work Copyright Registration No. Plaintiff(s)

Blame It PA0001761059; PA0001670361 Royalty Network; Universal;
Warner Chappell
Blank Space PA0001982657 Kobalt
Bleed It Out PA0001167572; PA0001602887 Universal
Bleeding Love PA0001613694 Concord
Blessings PA0002031973 Universal
Blinding Lights PA0002240210 Warner Chappell
Blitzkrieg Bop RE0000914430; EU0000832779 Warner Chappell; Wixen
Bo$$ PA0001908427; PA0002206118; Hipgnosis; Warner Chappell
PA0001961615
Bodak Yellow PA0002247259 Universal
Bodies PA0001962427 Reservoir
Body PA0002183482 Ultra
Bola Rebola PA0002177998 Peer
Bombtrack PA0000664233 Wixen
Bon Appetit PA0002096139; PA0002141553 Universal; Warner Chappell
Bonbon PA0002032890 Ultra
Boneless PA0001862981 Ultra
Boo D Up PA0002123747 Peer; Universal
Boogie Wonderland PA0000032747; PA0000032848 Kobalt; Universal
Boombastic PA0000707107; PA0000786728 Royalty Network
Bootylicious PA0000954074 Sony Music Publishing
Born For This PA0002045685 Peer
Born To Be Wild EU0000035989; EP0000250554 Universal
Boss Bitch PA0002310969 Kobalt
Both PA0002118637 Warner Chappell
Bottoms Up PA0001747296; PA0001856248 Universal; Warner Chappell
Boulevard Of Broken PA0001251317; PA0002319800 Warner Chappell
Dreams
Bounce Back PA0002070682 Universal
Bound 2 PA0001890239; PA0001890239; Universal; Warner Chappell
PA0001890239; PA0001921191
Boy With Luv PA0002200106 Universal
Boyfriend PA0001850387 Kobalt; Universal
Boyfriend PA0002233485 Reservoir
Boys Are Back In Town, EU0000674600; EP0000354602 Universal
The
Brass In Pocket PA0000125821 Hipgnosis
Break My Heart PA0002244853 Reservoir

6
Case 3:23-cv-00606 Document 1-1 Filed 06/14/23 Page 7 of 53 PageID #: 61
 Exhibit A
Non-Exhaustive, Illustrative List of Works Infringed by Twitter

Title Of Work Copyright Registration No. Plaintiff(s)

Break My Soul PA0002375264 Sony Music Publishing
Break On Through To RE0000713611; EU0000953998 Wixen
The Other Side
Break Stuff PA0001021053 Universal
Break Up In A Small PA0001918568; PA0001969720; Spirit; Universal; Warner
Town PA0001971276 Chappell
Break Up With Your PA0002197949 Hipgnosis; Kobalt
Girlfriend, I'm Bored
Breaking The Habit PA0001256418 Universal
Breathe On Me PA0001219076 Universal
Breathin PA0002158420 Hipgnosis
Breezin' EU0000274138 ABKCO
Bring Me To Life PA0001152549 Reservoir
Broccoli PA0002047080 Concord
Broken PA0002116133 BMG; Warner Chappell
Broken PA0001144456 Reservoir
Brown Sugar EU0000235987 ABKCO
Bruises PA0002184457 Concord
Bubbly PA0002363925 Concord; Ultra
Buddy Holly PA0000787867 Wixen
Bugatti PA0001838849 Universal
Bulls On Parade PA0000795396 Wixen
Bumpy Ride PA0001983159 Anthem
Buss It PA0002334539 Hipgnosis; Kobalt; Sony
Music Publishing; Warner
Chappell
Butter PA0002333493 Reservoir; Sony Music
Publishing; Warner Chappell
Buy Dirt PA0002307094 Anthem; Warner Chappell
Buy Me A Boat PA0001985954; PA0002023061 Anthem
Buy U A Drank PA0001601621; PA0001599414 Reservoir; Warner Chappell
C'est La Vie PA0001990236 Anthem
C'est La Vie PA0002393086 Ultra
California Dreamin' EU0000918773; PA0000330066 Universal
California Gurls PA0001711654; PA0001396981; Concord; Universal; Warner
PA0001734423; PA0001753646 Chappell
Call Me Maybe PA0002037836; PA0001908282 BMG
Call Me When You're PA0001349398 Reservoir
Sober
Call Out My Name PA0002198282 Hipgnosis; Kobalt

7
Case 3:23-cv-00606 Document 1-1 Filed 06/14/23 Page 8 of 53 PageID #: 62
 Exhibit A
Non-Exhaustive, Illustrative List of Works Infringed by Twitter

Title Of Work Copyright Registration No. Plaintiff(s)

Call You Mine PA0002285554 Hipgnosis; Reservoir
Calling My Phone PA0002289238 Sony Music Publishing
Calling Occupants Of RE0000891191; EU0000703227 Peer
Interplanetary Craft
Calma (Remix) PA0002404966 Warner Chappell
Can't Feel My Face PA0001998894; PA0002083580 Kobalt; Warner Chappell
Can't Get Enough PA0001779659; PA0001778257 Universal; Warner Chappell
Can't Stop The Feeling PA0002030605; PA0002114951 Kobalt; Universal
Can't You Hear Me EP0000289681 ABKCO
Knocking
Canalla PAu003958520 Mayimba
Candy Rain PA0000787250; PA0000762318 Sony Music Publishing
Candy Shop PA0001282566; PA0001271624 Reservoir
Car Wash RE0000891195; RE0000891356 Universal
Caroline PA0002074686 Universal; Warner Chappell
Carry Out PA0001780010; PA0001935810 Anthem; Universal; Warner
Chappell
Castle PA0002059958 Universal
Castle Of Glass PA0001805745 Universal
Castle On The Hill PA0002083352 Hipgnosis
Catalyst, The PA0001725628 Universal
Catch My Breath PA0001877971 Reservoir
Cater 2 U PA0001160018; PA0001281095 Royalty Network
Celebration PA0000411606; PAU000321956 Warner Chappell
Centuries PA0001961647; PA0001967311 Concord; Warner Chappell
Chain Hang Low PA0002375104 Universal
Chains PA0001914172 Hipgnosis
Chanel (Go Get It) PA0002155678 Ultra
Change Is Gonna Come, EU0000816632; RE0000570151; ABKCO
A PAu002820854
Changes RE0000815279; RE0000796777; BMG
RE0000852053
Changes PA0002142339; PA0002369648 Kobalt; Warner Chappell
Chasing Cars PA0001990266 Universal
Check The Rhime PA0000822308 Universal
Check Yes Juliet PA0001766953 Reservoir
Cheerleader PA0002029573 Ultra
Cheers (Drink To That) PA0001732810; PA0001847896 Universal; Warner Chappell
Cherry Bomb RE0000929039; EP0000356892 Peer

8
Case 3:23-cv-00606 Document 1-1 Filed 06/14/23 Page 9 of 53 PageID #: 63
 Exhibit A
Non-Exhaustive, Illustrative List of Works Infringed by Twitter

Title Of Work Copyright Registration No. Plaintiff(s)

Chicken Tendies PA0002317524 Ultra
Chosen PA0002317644 Concord
Christmas (Baby Please EU0000800992; RE0000515818 Sony Music Publishing;
Come Home) Universal
Chronicles PA0002345815 Concord
Church Girl PA0002375259 Sony Music Publishing
Circles PA0002222378; PA0002216024 Warner Chappell
Circo Loco PA0002397009 Sony Music Publishing
City Girls PA0002291725 Peer; Warner Chappell
City Of Gods PA0002352343 Sony Music Publishing
Clarity PA0001856736 Universal
Classic Man PA0002082138; PA0002084489 Universal
Clint Eastwood PA0001066504 Universal
Close To Me PA0002155983 Hipgnosis
Closer PA0002064557 Universal
Closer To The Heart EU0000849485 Anthem
Clouded PA0002238456 Concord; Warner Chappell
Clout PA0002291820 Reservoir
Coast PA0002372813 Concord
Cochise PA0001109566 Hipgnosis; Wixen
Cold PA0002077938; PA0002199503; BMG; Kobalt; Universal
PA0002074131
Cold Water PA0002055176 Hipgnosis; Universal
Color Esperanza PA0001120663 Peer
Colors PA0002059980 Universal
Colossal PA0001990192 Universal
Come As You Are PA0000541270 BMG
Comfortably Numb PA0000066097 BMG
Coming Home PA0001751168; PA0001751168 Universal
Company PA0002083590 Universal
Confident PA0002020803 Kobalt
Congratulations PA0002081028 Universal
Consequences PA0002163297; PA0002226073 Royalty Network; Warner
Chappell
Control PA0002060006 Universal
Controlla PA0002062984 Universal
Crawling PA0001092510 Universal
Crew PA0002100063 Concord

9
Case 3:23-cv-00606 Document 1-1 Filed 06/14/23 Page 10 of 53 PageID #: 64
 Exhibit A
Non-Exhaustive, Illustrative List of Works Infringed by Twitter

Title Of Work Copyright Registration No. Plaintiff(s)

Criminal PA0001749069 Kobalt
Crossroads PA0000822676 Sony Music Publishing
Cruel Summer PA0002204160 Hipgnosis
Cruise PA0001803624; PA0001913754; Anthem
PA0002026775
Crush PA0000929030; PA0000976317 Reservoir; Universal
Crushed Up PA0002175841; PA0002166745 Ultra; Universal
Cry Me A River PA0001133262; PA0001266147; Reservoir; Universal; Warner
PA0001149534 Chappell
Cuando Calienta El Sol EFO000083228; RE0000447217; Peer
PA0000146583
Cuando Volveras PAu002465105 Mayimba
Cuff It PA0002375268 Sony Music Publishing
Daddy PA0002012322 Universal
Dakiti PA0002404804 Warner Chappell
Dance Monkey PA0002203186 Warner Chappell
Dancing With A Stranger PA0002185007 Concord
Dancing With Myself PA0000104729 BMG
Dancing's Not A Crime PA0002144087 Hipgnosis
Dang! PA0002390746 Ultra; Warner Chappell
Dangerous Woman PA0002021472; PA0002038831 Kobalt; Warner Chappell
Dangerously PA0002103008 Universal
Dark Days PA0002268304 Hipgnosis
Dark Horse PA0001869798; PA0001871672 Kobalt; Warner Chappell
Dark Knight Dummo PA0002132089 Universal
Dark Queen PA0002091804; PA0002088251 Ultra; Warner Chappell
Darte Un Beso PA0001882354 Peer
Day N Nite PA0001692981 Universal
Day-O (Day Done Light) EU0000411172 Reservoir
Dead Flowers EP0000289677 ABKCO
Dead Friends PA0002378238 Big Machine
Deadz PA0002008332 Universal
Dear Mama PAu002033035; PA0001643081; Royalty Network; Universal;
PA0000773741 Warner Chappell
Dear Maria, Count Me In PA0001675977 Universal
Death Bed (Coffee For PA0002294113 Kobalt
Your Head)
Deja Vu PA0002083673 Peer
Delicate PA0002119796 Kobalt

10
Case 3:23-cv-00606 Document 1-1 Filed 06/14/23 Page 11 of 53 PageID #: 65
 Exhibit A
Non-Exhaustive, Illustrative List of Works Infringed by Twitter

Title Of Work Copyright Registration No. Plaintiff(s)

Delirious (Boneless) PA0001926657 Ultra
Demons PA0001796478; PA0001796478 Universal
Deom Di Deom Di PA0002258408 Peer
(Dumdi Dumdi)
Desesperados PA0002352804 Sony Music Publishing
Despacito (Remix) PA0002080459; PA0002079925 Concord
Dessert PA0002403775 Peer
Dessert PA0002182661 Spirit; Warner Chappell
Dessert (Remix) PA0002148478 Spirit
Devastated PA0002097517 Reservoir
Diamonds PA0001845153 Concord
Diamonds PA0002264751 Kobalt
Die A Happy Man PA0002176720; PA0002026572 Hipgnosis; Warner Chappell
Die For You PA0002197999; PA0002082960; Anthem; Warner Chappell
PA0002137044
Die Young PA0001850818; PA0001848757 Concord; Warner Chappell
Dinero PA0002236853 BMG
Dior PA0002305817 Warner Chappell
Disco Inferno PA0000000853; RE0000916794; Reservoir
EU0000752757; RE0000914039
Disco Inferno PA0001298497 Universal
Distraction PA0002068812 Concord; Universal
Disturbia PA0001692669; PA0001692669 Universal
Diva PA0002067668 Hipgnosis
Dive PA0002083353; PA0002097455 Hipgnosis; Warner Chappell
Dj Got Us Fallin' In Love PA0001720580 Kobalt
Do For Love PA0001385081 Universal
Do It To It PA0002361857; PA0002361859 Ultra
Do It To It PA0002361857; PA0002361859; Ultra; Universal
PA0002336841
Do Or Not PA0002404523 Peer
Do You Really Want To PA0002169223 BMG
Hurt Me?
Do You Remember PA0001706003 Kobalt; Royalty Network;
Sony Music Publishing
Do You Remember Rock PA0000061262 Warner Chappell
'N' Roll Radio
Domino PA0002354872 Big Machine
Don't Be Gone Too Long PA0001943417; PA0002052039; Concord; Universal
PA0002090392

11
Case 3:23-cv-00606 Document 1-1 Filed 06/14/23 Page 12 of 53 PageID #: 66
 Exhibit A
Non-Exhaustive, Illustrative List of Works Infringed by Twitter

Title Of Work Copyright Registration No. Plaintiff(s)

Don't Call Me Up PA0002165742 BMG
Don't Get Me Wrong PA0000311566 Hipgnosis
Don't Go PA0002317444; PA0002319147 Concord; Peer
Don't Know Much PAu000202126 Wixen
Don't Let Me Down PA0002159123 Hipgnosis
Don't Mind PA0002047004; PA0002048732 Universal
Don't Phunk With My PA0001162090; PA0001163475; Royalty Network; Universal
Heart PA0001287831; PA0001293230
Don't Play PA0002295206 Kobalt
Don't Start Now PA0002241266; PA0002266991 BMG; Warner Chappell
Don't Tell 'Em PA0002062936 Spirit; Universal
Don't Wanna Know PA0002056303 Hipgnosis
Don't Worry Be Happy PAu001053089 Universal
Done For Me PA0002139217 Hipgnosis
Donttrustme PA0001653773 Concord
Dos Mil 16 PA0002360703 Warner Chappell
Down PA0001707213; PA0001699626 Royalty Network
Down PA0002126190 Universal
Down PA0002066308 Universal
Down To One PA0002308788 Warner Chappell
Draco PA0002074846 Universal
Drag Me Down PA0002008247 Hipgnosis
Dream Is Collapsing PA0001732081 Universal
Dream On RE0000844286 BMG
Dreams RE0000923983; A00000885258 Kobalt
Drinkin' Beer. Talkin' PA0002305228 Sony Music Publishing
God. Amen.
Drip PA0002178620 Royalty Network
Drip Too Hard PA0002265277; PA0002158495 Warner Chappell
Drivers License PA0002379403 Sony Music Publishing
Drop It Like It's Hot PA0001160179 Universal; Warner Chappell
Drowning PA0002299527 Reservoir
Drunk (And I Don't PA0002294970 Sony Music Publishing
Wanna Go Home)
Drunk In Love PA0001986581; PA0001918132 Anthem; Warner Chappell
Dudu PA0001305000 Anthem
Dusk Till Dawn PA0002185366 Concord
Earned It (Fifty Shades PA0001968800 Warner Chappell
Of Grey)

12
Case 3:23-cv-00606 Document 1-1 Filed 06/14/23 Page 13 of 53 PageID #: 67
 Exhibit A
Non-Exhaustive, Illustrative List of Works Infringed by Twitter

Title Of Work Copyright Registration No. Plaintiff(s)

Easier PA0002262369; PA0002285553 Hipgnosis; Reservoir
Eat Me PA0002378249 Big Machine
Edamame PA0002330894 Ultra
Eenie Meenie PA0001703249; PA0001729709 Concord; Sony Music
Publishing; Universal
El Tiburon SR0000206864 Mayimba
Elastic Heart PA0001983966 Kobalt
Electric Love PA0001991514 Concord
Electricity PA0002182820; PA0002249477 Concord; Spirit
Element PA0002267341 Concord; Warner Chappell
Elevate PA0002178656; PA0002229254 Royalty Network; Warner
Chappell
Ella Y Yo PA0001364084 Mayimba
Empire PA0001923616 Reservoir
End Of The Road PA0000611528 Hipgnosis
Enemies PA0002233908 Universal
Enemigos Ocultos PA0002311361 Kobalt; Peer
Energy PA0002375255 Sony Music Publishing
Es Por Ti PA0001101346 Peer
Euphoria PA0002226390 Universal
Everlong PA0000913991 Kobalt
Every Little Step PA0000406142 Hipgnosis
Everybody Dies In Their PA0002095350 Kobalt
Nightmares
Everybody Hurts PA0000593748 Universal
Everybody Wants To PA0000249270 BMG
Rule The World
Everybody's Fool PA0001152550 Reservoir
Everyday EU0000493662; RE0000252715; Peer
EP0000114122; RE0000252810
Everyday PA0002065676 Universal
Everyday We Lit PA0002262109 Universal
(Remix)
Everything Black PA0002183736 Spirit
Everything I Wanted PA0002223334 Kobalt
Everywhere I Go PA0001793066 Universal
Eye Of The Tiger PA0000148257; PAu000398752; Concord; Warner Chappell
PA0000141854
Fade PA0002068631; PA0002192890; BMG; Sony Music
PA0002179287; PA0002364422 Publishing; Universal

13
Case 3:23-cv-00606 Document 1-1 Filed 06/14/23 Page 14 of 53 PageID #: 68
 Exhibit A
Non-Exhaustive, Illustrative List of Works Infringed by Twitter

Title Of Work Copyright Registration No. Plaintiff(s)

Fade Into You PA0000746055 Wixen
Faint PA0001256417 Universal
Faith PA0002151030 Hipgnosis
Fake Love PA0002065840 Hipgnosis; Warner Chappell
Fallin' All In You PA0002140837; PA0002208129; Hipgnosis; Universal; Warner
PA0002154178 Chappell
Falling PA0002280002; PA0002353089 Kobalt; Universal
False Alarm PA0002197981; PA0002085198; Anthem; Warner Chappell
PA0002053328; PA0002046600
Famous PA0002177935 Royalty Network; Warner
Chappell
Famous Friends PA0002287785 Warner Chappell
Fancy PA0001939546 Universal
Fantasia PA0002250725 Peer
Father PA0000018999 BMG
Father Stretch My Hands PA0002192892; PA0002088756 Concord
Pt. 1
Feds Did A Sweep PA0002333665 Universal
Feed PA0002378197 Big Machine
Feel It Still PA0002140987 Warner Chappell
Feel Like Makin' Love EU0000433753 Wixen
Feel The Love PA0002157993 Hipgnosis; Warner Chappell;
Wixen
Feeling, The PA0002021403 Universal; Warner Chappell
Feelings PA0001947809 Kobalt; Universal
Feels PA0002140971; PA0002092077 Hipgnosis; Universal
Fefe PA0002147038 Universal
Feliz Navidad RE0000780437 BMG
Fighter PA0001143426 Reservoir
Figure.09 PA0001256419 Universal
Finally Free PA0002236993 Hipgnosis
Fine China PA0002156305 Ultra
Fireball PA0001948693 Hipgnosis
Fireflies PA0001692976 Universal
Firework PA0001716006; PA0001724730; Peer; Ultra; Warner Chappell
PA0001753920
First Class PA0002355942; PA0002371199 Concord; Sony Music
Publishing; Universal
First Time PA0002080723 Ultra

14
Case 3:23-cv-00606 Document 1-1 Filed 06/14/23 Page 15 of 53 PageID #: 69
 Exhibit A
Non-Exhaustive, Illustrative List of Works Infringed by Twitter

Title Of Work Copyright Registration No. Plaintiff(s)

Five More Minutes PA0002185453; PA0002143779; Spirit
PA0002084381
Flashdance...What A PA0000176513; PAU000505979 Warner Chappell
Feeling
Flawless (Remix) PA0002026184 Universal
Flicker PA0002088493; PA0002242439 Hipgnosis
Flirtin' With Disaster PAu000129275 Reservoir
Florida Kilos PA0001923113 Wixen
Flow HP PA0002320184 Peer
Fly PA0001745306 Universal
Fly Away PA0000900445 BMG
Fly Over States PA0001727375; PAu003013219; Concord
PAu003142323
Follow PA0002220286 Peer
Fool For You PA0002134341; PA0002133279; Universal
PA0002065629
For The Night PA0002308963 Sony Music Publishing;
Warner Chappell
For You PA0002236455; PA0002105731; Hipgnosis; Reservoir
PA0002288365
For Youth PA0002370457 Concord; Hipgnosis
Forever After All PA0002267866 Big Machine
Fotografia PA0001101346 Peer
Freak PA0002378193 Big Machine
Freaky Deaky PA0002378310 Sony Music Publishing
Free Bird EU0000450840; EP0000340382 Universal
Free Fallin PA0000417693 Wixen
Freek-A-Leek PA0001265993; PA0001677080 Reservoir; Universal
Fresh Prince Of Bel-Air PAU001887849 Universal
Friends PA0002409105 Kobalt; Universal
Friends - Main Title PA0000763522 Universal
Friends Don't PA0002122954 Big Machine
From The Inside PA0001256421 Universal
Fuck Love PA0002095667 Universal
Full Clip PA0000980227 Royalty Network
Galway Girl PA0002071542 BMG
Gambler PA0002312877 Peer
Gangsta PA0002076983 Concord; Universal
Gangsta's Paradise PA0000705091; PA0001221305 Universal; Warner Chappell

15
Case 3:23-cv-00606 Document 1-1 Filed 06/14/23 Page 16 of 53 PageID #: 70
 Exhibit A
Non-Exhaustive, Illustrative List of Works Infringed by Twitter

Title Of Work Copyright Registration No. Plaintiff(s)

Gasoline PA0002060004 Universal
Gdfr PA0001938177 Universal
Genius Of Love PA0000118398 Universal
Gentleman PA0002031793 Universal
Get Away PA0002404504 Peer
Get Into It (Yuh) PA0002324963 Kobalt; Sony Music
Publishing
Get Low PA0001241884 Reservoir
Get Lucky PA0001844073; PA0001901428; Sony Music Publishing
PA0002307884
Get Ready PA0002014714 Peer
Get Ugly PA0002008565 Universal
Get Ur Freak On PA0001146413 Warner Chappell; Wixen
Ghetto Gospel PA0001269944 Universal
Ghost PA0002092074 Universal
Ghost Town PA0002163798 Hipgnosis
Giant PA0002170273 Reservoir
Gimme More (It's PA0001632033 Reservoir; Universal
Britney Bitch)
Gimme Shelter EU0000154592 ABKCO
Girl Gone Wild PA0001801991; PA0001821393 Ultra; Warner Chappell
Girl Like Me PA0002304268; PA0002309213 Peer; Sony Music Publishing
Girl On Fire (Inferno PA0001989842; PA0001850499 Spirit; Warner Chappell
Version)
Girls Like You PA0002184141 BMG; Concord; Hipgnosis
Girls Want Girls PA0002328061 Concord; Sony Music
Publishing
Give It All PA0002045709 Peer
Give It To Me PA0001167355; PA0001167863 Anthem; Universal
Give Me Everything PA0001820420 Universal
Give Me Love PA0001902870; PA0001835344 Royalty Network
Given Up PA0001167570; PA0001602906 Universal
Glad You Exist PA0002289557 Warner Chappell
Glamorous PA0001370493 Universal
Glimpse Of Us PA0002370263 Sony Music Publishing
Glory Box PA0000923602 Universal
Glory Of Love PA0000293891; PAU000881053; Peer; Universal
PA0000298635
Gloves Are Coming Off PA0002067324 Peer

16
Case 3:23-cv-00606 Document 1-1 Filed 06/14/23 Page 17 of 53 PageID #: 71
 Exhibit A
Non-Exhaustive, Illustrative List of Works Infringed by Twitter

Title Of Work Copyright Registration No. Plaintiff(s)

Go Crazy (Remix) PA0002282807 Sony Music Publishing
Go Loko PA0002246133; PA0002186724 Royalty Network; Universal
Go Off PA0002139041 Universal
Go To Hell PA0002340390 Ultra
God Is A Woman PA0002158419; PA0002168695 Hipgnosis; Warner Chappell
God Made Girls PA0001924572 Big Machine
God's Country PA0002183591 Warner Chappell
God's Plan PA0002239332 Universal
Going Bad PA0002175964 Ultra
Going Under PA0001152548 Reservoir
Gold On The Ceiling PA0001799048 Wixen
Golden PA0002250726; PA0002265133 Concord
Gonna Make You Sweat PA0000520228 Warner Chappell
(Everybody Dance Now)
Good 4 U PA0002404776 Warner Chappell
Good As Hell PA0002308252 Sony Music Publishing;
Warner Chappell
Good Boy PA0001938179 Universal
Good Days PA0002333973 Warner Chappell
Good Life PA0002139507; PA0002323406 BMG; Kobalt; Universal
Good Riddance (Time PA0001059866; PA0002336423 Warner Chappell
Of Your Life)
Good Time PA0001821138 Universal
Good Time PA0002203731 Warner Chappell
Good Vibrations EU0000964030; RE0000654512 Universal
Goodbye PAu001098172 Wixen
Goodbye Stranger PA0000032061 Universal
Goodbyes PA0002220404; PA0002233501 Universal; Warner Chappell
Goodies PA0001241896; PA0001352650; Reservoir; Universal; Warner
PA0001642058; PA0001263487 Chappell
Goosebumps PA0002334779; PA0002083128; Kobalt; Universal; Warner
PA0002078529 Chappell
Gorilla PA0001850613 Hipgnosis
Got It On Me PA0002304136 Kobalt; Warner Chappell
Got To Be Real PA0000813360 Peer
Got What I Got PA0002285956; PA0002222006 Peer
Grande PA0002235623 Peer
Gravity PA0002293007 Concord
Green Light PA0001646379; PA0001618204 Royalty Network

17
Case 3:23-cv-00606 Document 1-1 Filed 06/14/23 Page 18 of 53 PageID #: 72
 Exhibit A
Non-Exhaustive, Illustrative List of Works Infringed by Twitter

Title Of Work Copyright Registration No. Plaintiff(s)

Grenade PA0002182938; PA0001733322 Concord; Warner Chappell
Grind With Me PA0001296858; PA0001352603 Universal
Grown Woman PA0001986576 Kobalt
Guerrilla Radio PA0001197435 Wixen
Guillotine PA0002041611 Hipgnosis
Guwop PA0002082209 Warner Chappell
Hair PA0002026347 Universal
Hall Of Fame PA0001828622 Universal
Halo PA0001642019; PA0001682642 Concord
Handclap PA0002025789 Hipgnosis
Hannah Montana PA0002299530 Reservoir
Happier PA0002186280 Kobalt
Happier PA0002083357 Hipgnosis
Happier Than Ever PA0002315856 Kobalt
Happy Ending PA0002378266 Big Machine
Happy Together RE0000658136; EU0000961800; BMG
EP0000231836
Hard 2 Face Reality PA0002284636 Universal
Hard To Say I'm Sorry PA0000142242; PA0000150388 Peer; Universal
Hash Pipe PA0001046402 Wixen
Hate Me PA0002241312; PA0002214418 Concord; Hipgnosis
Havana PA0002094728; PA0002401134; Hipgnosis; Reservoir
PA0002198007; PA0002391207
Have Mercy PA0002343472 Sony Music Publishing;
Warner Chappell
Haven't Met You Yet PA0001713928 Warner Chappell
Headlines PA0001828499; PA0001788641 Sony Music Publishing;
Universal
Heads Will Roll PA0001654375 BMG
Headshot PA0002311737 Sony Music Publishing
Heart Attack PA0001850180; PA0001843813 Hipgnosis; Warner Chappell
Heart Of Glass PA0000047164 BMG
Heartbeat Song PA0001953944 Hipgnosis
Heartbreak Anniversary PA0002303077 Concord; Sony Music
Publishing
Heartless PA0002228841 Big Machine; Universal
Heartless PA0001902142; PA0001652500 Universal
Heat Waves PA0002336911 Hipgnosis

18
Case 3:23-cv-00606 Document 1-1 Filed 06/14/23 Page 19 of 53 PageID #: 73
 Exhibit A
Non-Exhaustive, Illustrative List of Works Infringed by Twitter

Title Of Work Copyright Registration No. Plaintiff(s)

Heat Waves (Diplo PA0002340022 Hipgnosis
Remix)
Heathens PA0002131497 Warner Chappell
Heaven PA0002378255 Big Machine
Heaven PA0002327349 Kobalt
Heaven Must Be Missing EU0000676024; PA0000013343 Universal
An Angel
Heaven Sent PA0001395845 Spirit; Universal
Helicopter PA0002404507 Peer
Hello PA0001152556 Reservoir
Hello Good Morning PA0001745034 Reservoir
Hello I Love You RE0000741292; EU0000057932 Wixen
Here PA0002049195 Universal
Here Comes Santa Claus EU0000100906; R00000590937 Warner Chappell
Here For The Party PA0001252913 Reservoir
Here Without You PA0001120571 Universal
Hero PA0001068098 Hipgnosis
Heroes And Villains EU0000002476; RE0000688203 Universal
Hey Baby (Drop It To PA0001719812 Ultra
The Floor)
Hey Brother PA0001932523 Universal
Hey Look Ma, I Made It PA0002144486 Hipgnosis
Hey Love EU0000295810 Reservoir
Hey Mama PA0001960293; PA0001989993; Kobalt; Universal; Warner
PA0002021769 Chappell
Hey Sexy Lady PA0001149548 Royalty Network
Hey There Delilah PA0001609385 Warner Chappell
Hey Ya! PA0001222527 BMG
High PA0002336969; PA0002201951 Concord
High Fashion PA0002246245 Kobalt
High Hopes PA0002144483 Hipgnosis; Warner Chappell
Higher PA0002187197; PA0002196829; Peer; Warner Chappell
PA0002337263
Higher PA0000969201 Reservoir
Highest In The Room PA0002249578; PA0002222799 Concord; Warner Chappell
Him & I PA0002119248 Universal
Hip Hop PA0002181477 Royalty Network
Hips Don't Lie PA0001367687; PAu003149121 Concord
His & Hers PA0002334635 Ultra

19
Case 3:23-cv-00606 Document 1-1 Filed 06/14/23 Page 20 of 53 PageID #: 74
 Exhibit A
Non-Exhaustive, Illustrative List of Works Infringed by Twitter

Title Of Work Copyright Registration No. Plaintiff(s)

History PA0002008269 Hipgnosis
Hit Different PA0002271718 Concord
Hold Me While You PA0002299535 Reservoir
Wait
Hold My Girl PA0002146204 BMG
Hold On PA0002313176 Sony Music Publishing;
Warner Chappell
Holy PA0002268612; PA0002268191 Reservoir; Warner Chappell
Holy FVCK PA0002378250 Big Machine
Home PA0001682584 BMG
Homegrown PA0002155821 Ultra
Honestly PA0002086696 Wixen
Hookah PA0001913032 Universal
Hope PA0002142340 Kobalt
Hot PA0002224892 Ultra
Hot Girl Bummer PA0002209625 Kobalt; Universal
Hot Like Fire PA0000829508 Warner Chappell; Wixen
Hot Shower PA0002223950 Ultra
Hotel Lobby (Unc And PA0002369915 Sony Music Publishing
Phew)
Hotline Bling PA0002239334 Sony Music Publishing
House Party PA0002404526 Peer
How Bad Do You Want PA0002017049; PA0002006843 Kobalt; Universal
It (Oh Yeah)
How Can You Mend A RE0000728547 Universal
Broken Heart
How Deep Is Your Love PA0001990313 Reservoir
How Long PA0002111440 Kobalt
How You Remind Me PA0001103818 Warner Chappell
Howlin' For You PA0001698031 Wixen
Hula Hoop PA0001996567 Ultra
Human PA0002085384; PA0002051193; Reservoir; Warner Chappell
PA0002350389
Humble PA0002370036 Warner Chappell
Hurricane PA0002080689; PA0001982455 Big Machine; Warner
Chappell
Hurricane PA0002076980 Universal
Hush Hush PA0001612724 Universal
Hypnotize PA0000785009 Universal

20
Case 3:23-cv-00606 Document 1-1 Filed 06/14/23 Page 21 of 53 PageID #: 75
 Exhibit A
Non-Exhaustive, Illustrative List of Works Infringed by Twitter

Title Of Work Copyright Registration No. Plaintiff(s)

I Believe I Can Fly PA0000848248 Universal
I Bet You Think About PA0002329131 Universal
Me (Taylor's Version)
(From The Vault)
I Could Fall In Love PA0000762316 Reservoir
I Don't Care PA0002188778; PA0002185003 BMG; Kobalt; Universal
I Don't Mind PA0001956327 Universal
I Drink Wine PA0002337651 Sony Music Publishing
I Fall Apart PA0002137390 Universal
I Feel It Coming PA0002198000 Kobalt
I Get Around EU0000821071; PAU002079503 Universal
I Get The Bag PA0002181421 Reservoir
I Got The Keys PA0002067633; PA0002045121 Concord; Universal
I Got You Babe RE0000614577; EP0000207669; Wixen
RE0000618037; EU0000893024
I Gotta Feeling PA0001666768; PA0001396542 BMG; Reservoir
I Guess I'm In Love PA0002316302 Ultra
I Have Nothing PA0000629301; PAu001594862 Peer; Warner Chappell
I Hope PA0002219424 Sony Music Publishing
I Just Wanna Shine PA0002216521 Spirit
I Knew You Were PA0001845061 Kobalt
Trouble
I Know PA0002032004 Universal; Warner Chappell
I Know What You Did PA0002026117 Universal
Last Summer
I Know You Want Me PA0001733983 Spirit
(Calle Ocho)
I Like It PA0002153433; PA0002143531 Kobalt; Warner Chappell
I Like Me Better PA0002161192 Kobalt
I Like To Move It PA0001062746; PA0001394440 BMG
I Luv It PA0002082463 Universal
I Made It PA0001750212 Royalty Network
I Miss You PA0001243932 Hipgnosis; Universal
I Remember PA0001744494 Ultra
I Say A Little Prayer EU0000968865; RE0000640658 BMG
I Should’ve Cheated PA0001162017 Spirit
I Try PA0000986833 Warner Chappell; Wixen
I Wanna Be Sedated PA0000121497 Warner Chappell; Wixen

21
Case 3:23-cv-00606 Document 1-1 Filed 06/14/23 Page 22 of 53 PageID #: 76
 Exhibit A
Non-Exhaustive, Illustrative List of Works Infringed by Twitter

Title Of Work Copyright Registration No. Plaintiff(s)

I Wanna Dance With PAU000901755; PA0000343550; Universal
Somebody (Who Loves PAU000985995
Me)
I Wanna Rock PA0000226793 Universal
I Want It That Way PA0000940714 Kobalt
I Will Survive PAU000047934; PAU000129011; Universal
PA0000041104
I Won't Back Down PA0000417694 Wixen
I Won't Give Up PA0001833354 Wixen
I'll Stand By You PA0000717648 Hipgnosis
I'm Ready RE0000122979; EU0000375535 BMG
I'm So Sorry PA0001999953 Universal
I'm That Girl PA0002375271 Sony Music Publishing
I'm The One PA0002080162; PA0002141034 BMG; Warner Chappell
I'm Too Sexy PA0000550414 Spirit
I'm Your Baby Tonight PA0000486225 Hipgnosis
I’m Shipping Up To PA0002392150 Spirit
Boston
Ice PA0002299543 Reservoir
Ice Cream PA0002268882 Reservoir
Ice Ice Baby PA0001048615 Anthem
Icy Hot PA0002363915 Ultra
Idol PA0002151331; PA0002339246 Reservoir
If Ever You're In My PA0000221085 Wixen
Arms Again
If I Can't Have You PA0002215622; PA0002186712; Hipgnosis; Universal; Warner
PA0002190081; PA0002199912 Chappell
If I Was A Cowboy PA0002361866; PA0002334230 Sony Music Publishing;
Warner Chappell
If I Were A Boy PAU003358950; PA0002067654 BMG; Universal
If It Makes You Happy PA0000815033; PA0000810519 Anthem; Reservoir
If The World Was PA0002283399 Warner Chappell
Ending
If You Leave Me Now EU0000694744 Universal
If You Think You're PA0000133223 ABKCO
Lonely Now
If Your Girl Only Knew PA0000829508; PA0000790596 Warner Chappell; Wixen
Ignition PA0001130236 Universal
Iko Iko RE0000576944; EU0000836911 BMG
Illmerica (Extended Mix) PA0001737218 Ultra

22
Case 3:23-cv-00606 Document 1-1 Filed 06/14/23 Page 23 of 53 PageID #: 77
 Exhibit A
Non-Exhaustive, Illustrative List of Works Infringed by Twitter

Title Of Work Copyright Registration No. Plaintiff(s)

Imaginary PA0001152554 Reservoir
Imma Be PA0001682852 Reservoir; Universal
Impossible PA0001962800; PA0001718328 Reservoir; Warner Chappell
In Case You Didn't PA0002015042 Big Machine; Warner
Know Chappell
In Da Club PA0001248729; PA0001147468 Kobalt; Universal
In Hell I'll Be In Good PA0002236344 Peer
Company
In My Blood PA0002128764; PA0002140754; Hipgnosis; Universal; Warner
PA0002228825 Chappell
In My Feelings PA0002158240; PA0002181758; Peer; Warner Chappell
PA0002239617
In The End PA0001092513 Universal
Independent Women, Pt. PA0001268466 Anthem
1
Industry Baby PA0002370565 Kobalt; Sony Music
Publishing; Universal;
Warner Chappell
Informer PA0000608912; PA0000781849; Universal; Warner Chappell
PA0000786440; PA0000669966
Inmortal PAu003958520 Mayimba
Intentions PA0002236318; PA0002247882 Peer
Into Your Arms PA0002397752 Kobalt; Warner Chappell
Invincible PA0002267344 Concord; Warner Chappell
Invisible PA0001894977 Hipgnosis
Iridescent PA0001725626 Universal
Iris PA0002038200 BMG
Ironic PA0000705736 Universal
Irresistible PA0002149817 Sony Music Publishing
Is There Somewhere PA0002092070 Universal
Is You Ready PA0002296061 Reservoir
Island In The Sun PA0001046403 Wixen
Islands In The Stream PA0000188026 Universal
Isolation PA0000323169 Universal
Issues PA0002259974; PA0002097379 Hipgnosis; Warner Chappell
It Ain't Me PA0002071139; PA0002406870; Hipgnosis; Reservoir
PA0002071261
It Ain't Over 'Til It's Over PA0000520145 BMG
It Wasn't Me PA0001054136; PA0001075288 Royalty Network; Warner
Chappell

23
Case 3:23-cv-00606 Document 1-1 Filed 06/14/23 Page 24 of 53 PageID #: 78
 Exhibit A
Non-Exhaustive, Illustrative List of Works Infringed by Twitter

Title Of Work Copyright Registration No. Plaintiff(s)

It Will Rain PA0001790004 Hipgnosis
It's A Vibe PA0002097354; PA0002082426 Reservoir; Warner Chappell
It's Givin PA0002355988 Warner Chappell
It's Not My Time PA0001694337 Universal
It's The End Of The PA0000343481 Universal
World As We Know It
Jane PAu000269243; PAu000321032 Warner Chappell; Wixen
Jaws Main Title RE0000874834; EU0000598707 Universal
Jealous PA0001913489; PA0001955224 Peer
Jesus Take The Wheel PA0001309016; PA0001339680 Reservoir; Warner Chappell
Jingle Bell Rock EP0000113915; RE0000234391 Warner Chappell
Jingle Bells (Michael PA0001761896 Peer; Universal
Buble Version)
Juice PA0002233493; PA0002293037 Reservoir; Warner Chappell
Jump Around PA0002015483; PA0001397762 Spirit
Jump Out The Window PA0002070675; PA0002070654 Universal
Jumpin' Jack Flash EU0000053487 ABKCO
Jumpshot PA0002182976 Spirit
Jungle PA0002165713 Concord
Just A Lil Bit PA0001271626 Reservoir
Just Can't Get Enough PA0001771849 Hipgnosis
Just Dance PA0001685310 Sony Music Publishing
Just Once PAu000260192 Wixen
Just The Two Of Us PA0000988790 BMG
Just The Way You Are PA0001713510; PA0001725672; BMG; Universal; Warner
PA0001733317 Chappell
Karma PA0002389641 Sony Music Publishing
Karma Chameleon PA0000193983 BMG
Keke PA0002299433 Reservoir
Kickstart My Heart PA0000451325; PA0000440232 Concord; Warner Chappell
Kill, The PA0001630065 Universal
Killing In The Name PA0000664233 Wixen
Killing Me Softly RE0000879477; RE0000819794; Warner Chappell
EU0000339027
King Is Born PA0002094373 Concord; Hipgnosis
King Of The Clouds PA0002144090 Hipgnosis
Kings & Queens PA0002285126 Sony Music Publishing
Kiss PA0000284474 Universal
Kiss It Better PA0002084144; PA0002018107 Universal; Warner Chappell

24
Case 3:23-cv-00606 Document 1-1 Filed 06/14/23 Page 25 of 53 PageID #: 79
 Exhibit A
Non-Exhaustive, Illustrative List of Works Infringed by Twitter

Title Of Work Copyright Registration No. Plaintiff(s)

Kiss Me More PA0002304261 Kobalt; Sony Music
Publishing; Warner Chappell
Kiss You PA0001837916 Anthem
Knife Talk PA0002328062 Concord; Sony Music
Publishing
Knock You Down PA0001670495; PA0001767248 Reservoir; Universal; Warner
Chappell
Kryptonite PA0000999801 Universal
Kulikitaka PA0001108125 Mayimba
Kung Fu Fighting RE0000931657; RE0000931656 Royalty Network
L A Woman RE0000652631; EU0000244352 Wixen
L.A. Love (La La) PA0001932653 Universal
La Boda PA0001343684 Mayimba
La Camisa Negra PAu002900683; PA0001252263 Peer
La Carretera PA0002022554 Peer
La Curiosidad PA0002268694 Peer
La Grange RE0000834512; EU0000426196 BMG
La La Land PA0001673142; PA0001644234 Sony Music Publishing
La Llorona EU0000384549; RE0000161626 Peer
La Recaida PA0002340874 Peer
La Ventanita PA0000723135 Mayimba
Labyrinth PA0002389647 Sony Music Publishing
Lady Jane EU0000951557 ABKCO
Lalala PA0002379417 Sony Music Publishing
Lamento Boliviano PA0001714058 Peer
Last Forever PA0002281900; PA0002230533 Kobalt; Peer
Last Friday Night PA0001711655; PA0001753637 Concord; Warner Chappell
(T.G.I.F.)
Last Night PA0001166186 Spirit; Universal
Last Resort PA0000960732 Reservoir
Late At Night PA0002313529 Kobalt
Later Bitches PA0002142611 Ultra
Laugh Now Cry Later PA0002267036 Sony Music Publishing;
Warner Chappell
Lavender Haze PA0002390168 Sony Music Publishing
Lay Up PA0002085232 Universal
Lean Back PA0001241897 Reservoir
Lean On PA0002102439; PA0001986623 BMG; Reservoir
Lean On Me EP0000304954; EU0000319523 Universal

25
Case 3:23-cv-00606 Document 1-1 Filed 06/14/23 Page 26 of 53 PageID #: 80
 Exhibit A
Non-Exhaustive, Illustrative List of Works Infringed by Twitter

Title Of Work Copyright Registration No. Plaintiff(s)

Lean Wit It Rock Wit It PA0001163832 Royalty Network; Sony
Music Publishing
Learning To Fly PA0000534343 Wixen
Leave (Get Out) PA0001285617 Reservoir
Leave Before You Love PA0002301630 Kobalt
Me
Leave Out All The Rest PA0001167571 Universal
Leave The Door Open PA0002314161 Warner Chappell
Leaving On A Jet Plane PA0000024044; PA0000001863; Reservoir
EU0000973620; RE0000704911
Lemonade PA0002322857; PA0002338490 BMG; Sony Music
Publishing
Let It Burn PA0002253600 Hipgnosis
Let It Go PA0001589927 Sony Music Publishing;
Wixen
Let It Snow! Let It Snow! PA0000428060; RE0000462803; Concord; Warner Chappell
Let It Snow![2002 EP0000136755; R00000542523
Remastered]
Let Me Down Slowly PA0002177279 Warner Chappell
Let Me Go PA0002110312 Hipgnosis; Reservoir
Let Me Love You PA0002058929; PA0002092680; Hipgnosis; Reservoir;
PA0002076794 Universal
Let Me Love You PA0001256557 Reservoir
Let Me Love You PA0002065686; PA0002038833 Universal; Warner Chappell
Let's Go Crazy PAU000613658; PA0000217248 Universal
Let's Stay Together EU0000287623; RE0000799562 Hipgnosis
Level Of Concern PA0002249245 Warner Chappell
Levitating PA0002292827 Warner Chappell
Levitating (Bonus Track) PA0002304883 Warner Chappell
Levitating [The Blessed PA0002304881 Warner Chappell
Madonna Remix]
Lick PA0002345094; PA0002343927; Hipgnosis; Ultra; Warner
PA0002349259 Chappell
Life Is Good PA0002250830 Concord
Life Is Worth Living PA0002009773; PA0002083500 Peer; Universal
Lifestyle PA0001913020 Kobalt; Reservoir; Universal
Lift Me Up PA0002397176 Sony Music Publishing
Light It Up PA0002019811 Kobalt; Sony Music
Publishing
Like A Blade Of Grass PA0002407933 Concord
Like A Stone PA0001109570 Hipgnosis; Wixen

26
Case 3:23-cv-00606 Document 1-1 Filed 06/14/23 Page 27 of 53 PageID #: 81
 Exhibit A
Non-Exhaustive, Illustrative List of Works Infringed by Twitter

Title Of Work Copyright Registration No. Plaintiff(s)

Like I Would PA0002134506; PA0002133288 Universal
Like You PA0001351918 Reservoir
Little Bit O'soul PA0000045537; EF0000032034; Peer
RE0000613847
Little Black Dress PA0001900056 Hipgnosis
Little Do You Know PA0002285551 Reservoir
Little Saint Nick EU0000802512; RE0000525586; Universal
CA0002079492
Live While We're Young PA0001835336; PA0001837915 Anthem
Lllego El Pavo PAu003745317 Mayimba
Lo/Hi PA0002201624 Wixen
Loca People PA0001744890 Ultra
Lock It Up PA0002377981 Concord; Hipgnosis
Locked Away PA0001994385 Universal
Locked Out Of Heaven PA0001815801; PA0001820283 Hipgnosis; Warner Chappell
Locked Up PA0001159734 Sony Music Publishing
Loco Contigo PA0002302180 Peer
Lollipop PA0001619781 Royalty Network; Warner
Chappell
Lonely Boy PA0001799048 Wixen
Long Gone PA0000238137 Universal
Look At Me PA0002095353 Royalty Network
Look Back At It PA0002290766 Reservoir
Look What You Made PA0002087339 Spirit
Me Do
Los Ageless PA0002145312 Hipgnosis
Lose Control PA0001339450 Wixen
Lose You To Love Me PA0002239469 Warner Chappell
Loser PA0002356712 Concord; Warner Chappell
Losing My Religion PA0000541342 Universal
Lost In Japan PA0002128746; PA0002140762; Hipgnosis; Universal; Warner
PA0002166120 Chappell
Lost In The Fire PA0002176025 Sony Music Publishing
Love PA0002387587 Spirit
Love Again PA0002267018 Warner Chappell
Love All PA0002369929; PA0002328103 Concord; Sony Music
Publishing; Warner Chappell
Love Galore PA0002251845 Universal; Warner Chappell
Love Game PA0001685315 Sony Music Publishing

27
Case 3:23-cv-00606 Document 1-1 Filed 06/14/23 Page 28 of 53 PageID #: 82
 Exhibit A
Non-Exhaustive, Illustrative List of Works Infringed by Twitter

Title Of Work Copyright Registration No. Plaintiff(s)

Love Her Madly RE0000652630; EU0000244351 Wixen
Love Is Mystical PA0002122132 Hipgnosis; Wixen
Love Killa PA0002278724 Peer
Love On Me PA0002178779; PA0002181954 Concord; Kobalt; Peer
Love On Top PA0001822469; PA0001861938 Concord; Warner Chappell
Love You Like A Love PA0001869961 Kobalt; Universal
Song
Love You Like That PA0002108749 Warner Chappell
Love Yourself PA0002083662 Hipgnosis; Universal
Lovely Day RE0000927825; RE0000927826; Royalty Network; Warner
PA0000001455; PA0000027843; Chappell
EU0000843723
Lovin' It PA0001881407 Universal
Low PA0001633047 Universal
Low Life PA0002033875; PA0002053118 Anthem; Warner Chappell
Loyal (West Coast PA0001912901; PA0001963370 Universal; Warner Chappell
Version)
Lucid Dreams PA0002206114 Kobalt
Lucifer PA0001245418 Universal
Lucky PA0001683393 Hipgnosis
Lucky Strike PA0001810804 Universal
MY.LIFE PA0002315414 BMG
M.I.L.F. $ PA0002125332; PA0002051954 Universal
Mad At Disney PA0002317254 Ultra
Mad Hatter PA0002101209; PA0001982550 Universal; Warner Chappell
Mad World PA0001252313; PA0001332743 BMG
Made For This PA0002082345 Peer
Mafia In The Morning PA0002381491 Peer
(In The Morning)
Major Tom (Coming PA0000163488; PA0000182909 Peer
Home)
Make Believe PA0002192578; PA0002284440 BMG; Universal
Make It Look Easy PA0002080688 Peer
Mal De Amores PA0002323351 Peer; Warner Chappell
Mama PA0002294997; PA0002141536 Universal
Mama Said EU0000655257; RE0000446770 ABKCO
Mamacita PA0002306508 Peer
Man In The Mirror PA0000343903; PA0000432853 Universal
Man's Not Hot PA0002108997 Ultra

28
Case 3:23-cv-00606 Document 1-1 Filed 06/14/23 Page 29 of 53 PageID #: 83
 Exhibit A
Non-Exhaustive, Illustrative List of Works Infringed by Twitter

Title Of Work Copyright Registration No. Plaintiff(s)

Maneater PA0001164461; PA0001597058 Anthem; Reservoir
Maneater PA0000155536 BMG
Many Men (Wish Death) PA0001204558; PA0001147467 Concord
Maps PA0001947799 Concord
Maria PA0002258552 Peer
Maria Maria PA0000972928 Wixen
Maroon PA0002390135 Sony Music Publishing
Marry Me PA0001896439 Universal
Marvin's Room PA0001788784; PA0001793876 Universal
Mask Off PA0002251307 Concord
Mastermind PA0002389636 Sony Music Publishing
Matilda PA0002370604 Concord
Maybach PA0002328109 Concord
Me & My Girls PA0002007637 Hipgnosis
Me Against The Music PA0001198360; PA0001158586; Peer; Universal; Warner
PA0001219075 Chappell
Me And My Broken PA0001959686 Concord
Heart
Me And My Guitar PA0002295011 Reservoir
Me And Your Mama PA0002063050 Universal
Me Myself And I PA0001208969 Reservoir
Me Too PA0002076828; PA0002068772 Sony Music Publishing;
Universal
Me, Myself & I PA0002090076 Reservoir; Universal
Meant To Be PA0002105522; PA0002396176; BMG; Spirit; Warner
PA0002200850; PAU003910254; Chappell
PA0002105522; PA0002088824;
PA0002087066
Meet Me Halfway PA0001686136; PA0001659066 Concord; Reservoir;
Universal
Memories PA0002210782; PA0002213923 BMG; Warner Chappell
Men In Black PAU002192135 Anthem
Mercy PA0002082652; PA0002020969 Hipgnosis; Universal
Mercy PA0001951733 Royalty Network; Warner
Chappell
Metalingus PA0001245931 Reservoir
Mi Corazoncito PA0001364094 Mayimba
Mi Gente PA0002236423 Universal
Mi Mayor Anhelo PA0001711488 Peer
Middle Child PA0002185641 Reservoir

29
Case 3:23-cv-00606 Document 1-1 Filed 06/14/23 Page 30 of 53 PageID #: 84
 Exhibit A
Non-Exhaustive, Illustrative List of Works Infringed by Twitter

Title Of Work Copyright Registration No. Plaintiff(s)

Middle Of The Night PA0002230328 Peer
Midnight City PA0001848087 Wixen
Midnight Rain PA0002389657 Sony Music Publishing
Midnight Sky PA0002268897 Reservoir
Milkshake PA0001158349; PA0001158583 Sony Music Publishing;
Universal
Mine PA0002252516 Kobalt
Mirrors PA0001986492; PA0001843851; Anthem; Universal; Warner
PA0001915506 Chappell
Mis Ojos Lloran Por Ti PA0001304460 Mayimba
Mission Impossible RE0000662987 Sony Music Publishing
Theme
Mississippi Queen EU0000170621; EP0000275560; Universal
EP0000170621
Mistletoe PA0001780233 Universal
Mmm Yeah PA0001917636; PA0001917636; Universal
PA0001917636
Money Longer PA0002079884 Ultra; Warner Chappell
Monster PA0002389951 Universal; Warner Chappell
Monster Mash EU0000737324; RE0000474679 Reservoir
Monster, The PA0001927808 Hipgnosis
Mood PA0002333609; PA0002294116 Kobalt; Universal
Mood 4 Eva PA0002279941 Reservoir
Mood Swings PA0002224835 Ultra
Moonlight PA0002229352 Kobalt
Mooo! PA0002299509 Reservoir
Mop PA0002343893 Concord; Ultra
More Than A Woman PAu000618255; PAu000118215 Universal
More Than This PA0000913990 BMG
Most Beautiful Girl In PAU001832359; PA0000692506 Universal
The World, The
Motivation PA0002203354 Hipgnosis
Motive PA0002268906 Reservoir
Motorsport PA0002122925 Reservoir
Move B***H PA0001241913 Reservoir
Moves Like Jagger PA0001801572 Concord; Universal
Mr Mom PA0001241516 Wixen
Mr. Big Stuff EU0000242623; RE0000823902; Peer
EP0000289151; RE0000823903

30
Case 3:23-cv-00606 Document 1-1 Filed 06/14/23 Page 31 of 53 PageID #: 85
 Exhibit A
Non-Exhaustive, Illustrative List of Works Infringed by Twitter

Title Of Work Copyright Registration No. Plaintiff(s)

Mr. Brightside PA0001349355 Universal
Mr. Roboto PA0000166498 Wixen
Mr. Saxobeat PA0001736539 Ultra
Mr. Vain PA0000669578 Wixen
Mrs. Officer PA0001787391; PA0001395717; Royalty Network; Universal;
PA0001621377 Warner Chappell
Murder On My Mind PA0002405393 Warner Chappell
Music For A Sushi PA0002370608 Concord
Restaurant
Must Be Doing PAu002959779; PA0001304994 Sony Music Publishing
Something Right
My Boo PA0001159778; PA0001160731 Sony Music Publishing
My Boy PA0002369933; PA0002337443 Reservoir; Warner Chappell
My Head And My Heart PA0002292159 Kobalt; Sony Music
Publishing
My House PA0001996538; PA0002033081 Kobalt; Warner Chappell
My Humps PA0001334569 Royalty Network
My Immortal PA0001152551 Reservoir
My Last Breath PA0001152557 Reservoir
My Love PA0001368886; PA0001165055 Anthem; Universal
My Name Is PA0000941080 BMG
My Prerogative PA0000400857 Universal
My Sacrifice PA0001118316 Reservoir
My Treasure PA0002296142 Peer
My Type PA0002192082; PA0002239937 Reservoir
My Universe PA0002318766 Kobalt; Sony Music
Publishing
My Way RE0000752920; EU0000105025 BMG
Na Na PA0001894277; PA0001945848 Royalty Network; Warner
Chappell
Nail Tech PA0002369446 Concord; Warner Chappell
Natural PA0002147040 Universal; Warner Chappell
Naughty Girl PA0001208974; PA0001375850 Reservoir; Warner Chappell
Need To Know PA0002324956 Kobalt
Need U Bad PA0001932031; PA0001734091 Universal
Needed Me PA0002083713; PA0002038184 Concord; Hipgnosis
Neon Moon PA0000536368; PAu001818098 Kobalt
Never Be The Same PA0002182392; PA0002222603; Spirit; Warner Chappell
PA0002163288

31
Case 3:23-cv-00606 Document 1-1 Filed 06/14/23 Page 32 of 53 PageID #: 86
 Exhibit A
Non-Exhaustive, Illustrative List of Works Infringed by Twitter

Title Of Work Copyright Registration No. Plaintiff(s)

Never Leave You (Uh PA0001158431 Spirit
Oooh, Uh Oooh)
Never Really Over PA0002216938 Sony Music Publishing;
Warner Chappell
Never Say Never PA0001806271 Anthem; Universal
Never There PA0000947893 Wixen
New Americana PA0002059974 Universal
New Divide PA0001677173 Universal
New Face PA0002142088 Universal
New Flame PA0002052785 Universal
New Level PA0002077210; PA0002068624 Universal
New Rules PA0002080158; PA0002091839 BMG; Warner Chappell
Nice For What PA0002230647 Universal; Warner Chappell
Nice To Meet Ya PA0002237043; PA0002233480 Hipgnosis; Reservoir
Nieves De Enero EF0000028653; R00000648588 Peer
Niggas In Paris PA0001816380; PA0001762035 Universal; Warner Chappell
Nights Like This PA0002217940; PA0002176027 Concord; Royalty Network
Nights With You PA0002148487 Hipgnosis
Nightshift PA0000243947 Reservoir
Ninety-Six Tears (96 EU0000963169; EP0000226809 ABKCO
Tears)
No Broken Hearts PA0002074858 Kobalt; Universal
No Diggity PA0000839312 Universal
No Frauds PA0002127933 Hipgnosis
No Friends In The PA0002328067 Concord; Warner Chappell
Industry
No Guidance PA0002239293 Kobalt; Warner Chappell
No Idea PA0002326338 Kobalt
No Judgement PA0002246077 Hipgnosis
No Limit PA0002076944; PA0002216576; Reservoir; Universal; Warner
PA0002109362 Chappell
No Love PA0001735858; PA0001731098 Reservoir; Warner Chappell
No Love PA0002349113 Sony Music Publishing;
Warner Chappell
No Mentions PA0002176765 Royalty Network
No More Parties PA0002317385 Ultra
No Pressure PA0002009770 Peer
No Problem PA0002072831 Reservoir
No Promises PA0002085720 Universal

32
Case 3:23-cv-00606 Document 1-1 Filed 06/14/23 Page 33 of 53 PageID #: 87
 Exhibit A
Non-Exhaustive, Illustrative List of Works Infringed by Twitter

Title Of Work Copyright Registration No. Plaintiff(s)

No Role Modelz PA0002018260; PA0001975907 BMG; Universal
No Sense PA0002083497 Universal
No Tears Left To Cry PA0002168565; PA0002134933 Hipgnosis; Warner Chappell
No Vaseline PA0001100340 Universal
Nobody's Home PA0001251268 Reservoir; Universal
Non, Je Ne Regrette Rien EF0000029988 Reservoir
Noreste Caliente PA0001854777 Peer
Not Shy PA0002265751 Peer
Nothing Breaks Like A PA0002182042; PA0002161747 Concord; Hipgnosis
Heart
Now And Later PA0002096995; PA0002216974 Hipgnosis; Warner Chappell
Now Or Never PA0002113580; PA0002113458 Concord; Hipgnosis;
Universal
Numb PA0001256412 Universal
Numb Little Bug PA0002371441 Sony Music Publishing
Nuthin' But A G Thang PA0000683749 Universal
Obsesion PA0001121507 Mayimba
Ocean Eyes PA0002183783 Kobalt
Officially Missing You PA0001159436 Reservoir
Often PA0001963363 Warner Chappell
Oh Devil PA0002171448 Hipgnosis
Oh My God PA0002337651 Sony Music Publishing
Old Fashioned PA0002144093 Hipgnosis
Old Time Rock & Roll RE0000931306; EP0000375950 Peer
Old Town Road (Remix) PA0002334669 Kobalt; Sony Music
Publishing; Warner Chappell
On The Floor PA0001773478; PA0001810023 Anthem
On Top Of The World PA0001796480; PA0001796480 Universal
One Dance PA0002268917 BMG
One In A Million PA0000829508 Warner Chappell; Wixen
One Kiss PA0002150084 BMG
One Last Breath PA0001118315 Reservoir
One Last Time PA0001941577; PA0001945980 Anthem
One Man Band PA0002182926 Warner Chappell
One More Light PA0002085244 Universal
One More Night PA0001810344 Universal
One Night PA0002191513 Concord; Universal
One Right Now PA0002324378 Sony Music Publishing

33
Case 3:23-cv-00606 Document 1-1 Filed 06/14/23 Page 34 of 53 PageID #: 88
 Exhibit A
Non-Exhaustive, Illustrative List of Works Infringed by Twitter

Title Of Work Copyright Registration No. Plaintiff(s)

One Step Closer PA0001092507; PA0001237305 Universal
One Thing PA0001848513 Anthem; BMG; Sony Music
Publishing
One Way Or Another PA0000047156 BMG
Only Girl (In The World) PA0001726524 Ultra
Only Human PA0002203343 Kobalt
Only The Lonely PA0000141546 Reservoir
Ooh Wee PA0001199645 Universal
Oops (Oh My) PA0001060434 Warner Chappell; Wixen
Opp Stoppa PA0002306913 Concord; Ultra
Opportunity PA0002074904 Anthem
Orange Crush PA0000417645 Universal
Other Side, The PA0001850843; PA0001896442 Universal
Oui PA0002078413 Warner Chappell
Out Of My League PA0001847257 Spirit
Outrageous PA0001158594 Universal
Outside Today PA0002176855 Kobalt
Over PA0001720829; PA0001732164 Universal
Overprotected PA0001084047 Anthem
Pa Mis Muchachas PA0002341306; PA0002323447 Kobalt; Peer; Warner
Chappell
Paint It Black EU0000938855 ABKCO
Panda PA0002026920 Kobalt
Panini PA0002220460 Universal
Papa Don't Preach PAU000851488 Reservoir
Papa Loves Mambo EU0000367264; RE0000126716 Reservoir
Papercut PA0001092506 Universal
Papi PA0001810026 Anthem
Paradise PA0002123468 BMG
Paradise PA0001766985 Universal
Paralyzer PA0002299514 Reservoir
Paranoid PA0002251535 Ultra
Partition PA0001986583; PA0001918144 Anthem; Universal; Warner
Chappell
Party PA0002074473; PA0002101479 Universal; Warner Chappell
Party Monster PA0002137022; PA0002197962; Anthem; Warner Chappell
PA0002085188; PA0002051976
Party Rock Anthem PA0001824164 Universal
Payphone PA0001824573; PA0001849242 Concord; Warner Chappell

34
Case 3:23-cv-00606 Document 1-1 Filed 06/14/23 Page 35 of 53 PageID #: 89
 Exhibit A
Non-Exhaustive, Illustrative List of Works Infringed by Twitter

Title Of Work Copyright Registration No. Plaintiff(s)

Peaches PA0002321908 Sony Music Publishing;
Warner Chappell
Peanut Butter Jelly PA0001991022 Concord
Pegame Tu Vicio PAu002424349; SRu000377721 Mayimba
People Are Strange RE0000713666; EU0000009348 Wixen
Perfect PA0002010342 Hipgnosis
Perm PA0002070323; PA0002082148 Universal; Warner Chappell
Permission To Dance PA0002341924 Sony Music Publishing
Peter Gunn RE0000309526 Universal
Photograph PA0002139200 Wixen
Pillow Talking PA0002108582 Universal
Play With Fire EU0000874314; PAu001489708 ABKCO
Please Me PA0002185938; PA0002184689 Reservoir; Warner Chappell
Points Of Authority PA0001092509 Universal
Poison PA0002407928 Universal
Pony PA0000839501; PA0000865915 Reservoir; Warner Chappell
Popstar PA0002265101 Concord
Portland PA0002120709 Universal
Positions PA0002268903 Reservoir; Warner Chappell
Post To Be PA0002093464; PA0002045080 Kobalt; Universal
Pound The Alarm PA0001822045; PA0001819007; Anthem
PA0001911382
Pov PA0002269033; PA0002404827 Reservoir; Warner Chappell
Power PA0002065784 Universal
Power PA0001866095 Warner Chappell
Pray PA0002095079 Anthem; Concord; Warner
Chappell
Pray For Me PA0002129610 Anthem; Warner Chappell
Pretty Girls PA0001993004 Universal
Pretty Heart PA0002213739 Warner Chappell
Promiscuous PA0001676780; PA0001367878; Anthem; Reservoir; Universal
PA0001164460
Promises PA0002152020 BMG
Pump It Harder PA0001723093 Warner Chappell
Pure Water PA0002296058 Reservoir
Purple Rain PAU000613664; PA0000217254 Universal
Pursuit Of Happiness PA0002334915 Kobalt; Wixen
Pushin P PA0002343935; PA0002336859 Ultra; Universal
Que Ha Pasao PA0002218906 Sony Music Publishing

35
Case 3:23-cv-00606 Document 1-1 Filed 06/14/23 Page 36 of 53 PageID #: 90
 Exhibit A
Non-Exhaustive, Illustrative List of Works Infringed by Twitter

Title Of Work Copyright Registration No. Plaintiff(s)

Question…? PA0002389646 Sony Music Publishing
R.I.P. PA0002176912 Peer
Ra Il Rag (Lilac) PA0002300771 Peer
Rack City PA0001783084 Sony Music Publishing
Radioactive PA0001796477; PA0001796477 Universal
Raf PA0002139770 Universal
Rain On Me PA0002283423 Concord
Rain Over Me PA0001780979 Anthem
Raining Blood PA0000343127 Universal
Rakata Remix PA0002323344 Peer
Rake It Up PA0002299073; PA0002303342; Kobalt; Warner Chappell
PA0002128970
Raspberry Beret PA0000255668; PAU000705005 Universal
Ready Or Not PA0000809404 Reservoir; Warner Chappell
Really Don't Care PA0002014903; PA0001962692 Anthem; BMG
Really Really PA0002259696 Hipgnosis
Reborn PA0002157845 Wixen
Red Lights PA0002014531 Anthem
Redbone PA0002063056; PA0002082553 Universal; Warner Chappell
Refugee PAU000150970; PA0000072196 Universal; Wixen
Rehab PA0001603566; PA0001167830; Anthem; Universal
PA0001641351
Remember The Name PA0001163444 Universal
Reminder PA0002089008; PA0002137027; Anthem; Warner Chappell
PA0002063075; PA0002197983;
PA0002082970
Renegades PA0001995174 Universal
Replay PA0001888070; PA0001860099 Spirit; Universal
Replay PA0001713733 Universal
Revofev PA0001729128 Kobalt
Ribbon PA0002312993 Peer
Ric Flair Drip PA0002106881; PA0002109055 Reservoir; Ultra
Ride PA0001973977 Warner Chappell
Ride It PA0002385444 Royalty Network
Riders On The Storm RE0000652633; EU0000244354 Wixen
Ridin PA0001317544 Universal
Right Here Waiting PAu001249489 BMG
Right Now (Na Na Na) PA0001754361 Sony Music Publishing

36
Case 3:23-cv-00606 Document 1-1 Filed 06/14/23 Page 37 of 53 PageID #: 91
 Exhibit A
Non-Exhaustive, Illustrative List of Works Infringed by Twitter

Title Of Work Copyright Registration No. Plaintiff(s)

Right Round PA0001649211; PA0001396505; Royalty Network; Warner
PA0001648304 Chappell
Ring My Bell PA0000033911; PA0000043214 Peer
Ripped Pants PA0001015906 Universal
Rise Up PA0002004533 BMG
Ritmo PA0002220591 Royalty Network
River PA0002052535 Universal
Roadhouse Blues RE0000789526; EU0000159608 Wixen
Roar PA0001860200; PA0001865449; Concord; Kobalt; Warner
PA0001861206 Chappell
Rock Steady PA0000397510 Hipgnosis
Rock This Party: PA0001364215 Royalty Network; Warner
Everbody Dance Now Chappell
Rock Your Body PA0001133266 Universal; Warner Chappell
Rockabye PA0002075620 Reservoir
Rocket PA0001986585; PA0001918124 Anthem; Universal
Rockin' In The Free PA0000449267 Hipgnosis; Wixen
World
Rockstar PA0002251718 Kobalt; Warner Chappell
Rockstar PA0002284395 Reservoir; Universal
Rolex PA0002287653; PA0002109560; BMG; Peer; Sony Music
PA0002081778 Publishing; Universal
Rollin' (Air Raid PA0001034554 Universal
Vehicle)
Rose Tattoo PA0002385493 Spirit
Roses PA0002148464 BMG
Ruby Soho PA0000762716 Wixen
Rude Boy PA0001702220 Peer
Ruff Ryder's Anthem PA0000707220 Universal
Rules PA0002221983 BMG; Kobalt
Rumor PA0002151058; PA0002130842 Anthem
Rumors PA0002326119 Hipgnosis; Sony Music
Publishing
Rumour Has It PA0001738213 Concord
Run PA0001994133 Universal
Run It PA0002330491 Ultra
Run It! PA0001286202 Reservoir
Run To You PA0000840168; PAu001594645 Peer; Universal
Runaway (U & I) PA0001999881; PA0001987640 Kobalt; Universal

37
Case 3:23-cv-00606 Document 1-1 Filed 06/14/23 Page 38 of 53 PageID #: 92
 Exhibit A
Non-Exhaustive, Illustrative List of Works Infringed by Twitter

Title Of Work Copyright Registration No. Plaintiff(s)

Runaway Baby PA0001869990; PA0001742738; Warner Chappell
PA0001718885
Runnin PA0000864253; PA0000819595 Sony Music Publishing
Sad! PA0002229351 Kobalt
Safe And Sound PA0001800817; PA0001831778 Spirit; Warner Chappell
Safety Dance, The PA0000413304; PA0000217519; Universal
PA0000444999
Salt Of The Earth, The EU0000084522 ABKCO
Salt Shaker PA0001158470; PA0001347517; Reservoir
PA0001345503
Sanctuary PA0002123431 Ultra
Sandstorm PA0000981355 Universal
Satisfied PA0002203202 Hipgnosis
Savage Love (Laxed - PA0002336784 Kobalt
Siren Beat)
Save A Horse (Ride A PA0001227159; PA0001236806 Reservoir
Cowboy)
Save Your Tears PA0002282131 Warner Chappell
Say Aah PA0002234217; PA0002234221; Royalty Network; Warner
PA0001703163 Chappell
Say Amen (Saturday PA0002139165 Hipgnosis
Night)
Say It Ain't So PA0000787865 Wixen
Say It Right PA0001164463; PA0001676726 Anthem
Say So PA0002308467 Kobalt; Warner Chappell
Say Something PA0002105826; PA0002130605 Reservoir; Warner Chappell
Say You Won't Let Go PA0002065909 Ultra
Scared To Be Lonely PA0002067098; PA0002204902 Hipgnosis
Scars To Your Beautiful PA0002100489 Universal
Scatman PA0000839183; PA0000852053 Universal
Season Of The Witch EU0000956775; RE0000654984 Peer
Secret Love Song PA0002096071 Universal
Secrets PA0002137032; PA0002068859; Anthem
PA0002197985
Secrets PA0002005875 Reservoir
See You Again PA0002031758 Kobalt; Warner Chappell
Seinfeld - Theme PA0000475198 Universal
Selah PA0002223629 Wixen
Selfish Love PA0002293677 Peer
Senorita PA0002299354; PA0002227642 Hipgnosis; Reservoir

38
Case 3:23-cv-00606 Document 1-1 Filed 06/14/23 Page 39 of 53 PageID #: 93
 Exhibit A
Non-Exhaustive, Illustrative List of Works Infringed by Twitter

Title Of Work Copyright Registration No. Plaintiff(s)

Set Fire To The Rain PA0001729885 BMG
Settling Down PA0002283773 Sony Music Publishing
Seven Wonders PA0000332444 Universal
Seventeen PA0002182354 Hipgnosis
Sex On Fire PA0001615767 BMG; Warner Chappell
Sexyback PA0001165048; PA0001368818 Anthem; Reservoir; Universal
Sg PA0002326869 Peer
Shake It Off PA0001982655 Kobalt
Shape Of You PA0002079935; PA0002158357; BMG; Sony Music
PA0002086126 Publishing; Warner Chappell
Shape Of You (Major PA0002158310; PA0002158357 BMG; Sony Music
Lazer Remix) Publishing; Warner Chappell
Sharing Locations PA0002343925 Sony Music Publishing
She Had Me At Heads PA0002355283 Sony Music Publishing
Carolina
She Wolf PA0001712194; PA0001678120 Sony Music Publishing
She's A Rainbow EU0000031919 ABKCO
She's Kerosene PA0002150565 Wixen
Shivers PA0002370554 Sony Music Publishing
Shook Ones Pt. I PA0000845840 Universal
Shoop PA0000709269 Spirit; Warner Chappell
Shoota PA0002172042 Warner Chappell
Short Skirt/Long Jacket PA0001244364 Wixen
Shout PA0000243344 BMG
Show Me How To Live PA0001109567 Hipgnosis; Wixen
Shower PA0001974672; PA0001913494 Kobalt; Universal
Sicko Mode (Explicit) PA0002253353; PA0002235722 Concord; Warner Chappell
Sign Of The Times PA0002085488 Concord
Silver Springs RE0000905601; EU0000713078 Wixen
Single Ladies (Put A PA0001672219; PA0001630370 Peer; Warner Chappell
Ring On It)
Sinister PA0002345489 Concord
Sit Still, Look Pretty PA0002070970 Reservoir
Ski PA0002336399 Sony Music Publishing;
Warner Chappell
Skin Of My Teeth PA0002357664 Big Machine
Sleeping Satellite PA0000643372 Wixen
Sleigh Ride PA0000239719 Sony Music Publishing
Slide PA0002077758 Universal

39
Case 3:23-cv-00606 Document 1-1 Filed 06/14/23 Page 40 of 53 PageID #: 94
 Exhibit A
Non-Exhaustive, Illustrative List of Works Infringed by Twitter

Title Of Work Copyright Registration No. Plaintiff(s)

Slippery PA0002073628; PA0002083325 Reservoir; Universal
Slow Dancing In The PA0002162029 Kobalt
Dark
Smells Like Teen Spirit PA0000541273 BMG
Smooth PA0000990223 Hipgnosis
Smooth Operator PA0000289882; PA0000281877 Peer
Snap PA0002382144 Ultra
Snap Yo Fingers PA0001339272; PA0001397111 Reservoir
Snow On The Beach PA0002389709 Sony Music Publishing
So Gone: You Are PA0001239742 Wixen
Number One
So Hot You're Hurting PA0002223182 Hipgnosis; Sony Music
My Feelings Publishing
Soak Up The Sun PA0001087054; PA0001079190 Anthem
Solid PA0002336392 Concord
Solo PA0002408248 Peer
Solo PA0002177702 Universal
Some Nights PA0002288360 Hipgnosis
Somebody Else PA0002015511 Concord
Somebody That I Used PA0001785517; PA0001839609 Kobalt; Warner Chappell
To Know
Somebody To You PA0001945746 Anthem
Somebody's Watching PA0000195693 Sony Music Publishing
Me
Someone Like You PA0001734868 BMG
Someone To You PA0002334194; PA0002335483 Hipgnosis; Kobalt
Someone You Loved PA0002159569 BMG
Sometimes PA0000932239 Universal
Sometimes When We PA0000001452; EU0000837287; Anthem
Touch EU0000839632; RE0000909780
Somewhere I Belong PA0001256410 Universal
Somewhere Only We PA0001160739 Universal
Know
Sorry PA0002011130; PA0002083542; Kobalt; Universal; Warner
PA0002115569 Chappell
Sorry For Party Rocking PA0001824163 Universal
Sorry Not Sorry PA0002099343 Reservoir
Soy De Rancho PA0002176463 Peer
Soy Yo PA0002250737 Hipgnosis
Space Cadet PA0002192840 Ultra

40
Case 3:23-cv-00606 Document 1-1 Filed 06/14/23 Page 41 of 53 PageID #: 95
 Exhibit A
Non-Exhaustive, Illustrative List of Works Infringed by Twitter

Title Of Work Copyright Registration No. Plaintiff(s)

Speechless PA0002187214; PA0002163733 Big Machine; Warner
Chappell
Spongebob Squarepants PA0001015908 Universal
Theme
Spooky Scary Skeletons PA0000801254 Kobalt
St. Elmo's Fire (Man In PA0000267138 Peer
Motion)
Stand By You PA0002259690 Hipgnosis
Starboy PA0002197960; PA0002082942; Anthem
PA0002045288
Starships PA0001819003; PA0001807221; Anthem; BMG
PA0001840406
Started From The Bottom PA0001893532 Universal
Stay PA0002316799; PA0002345926; Concord; Sony Music
PA0002370561 Publishing; Universal;
Warner Chappell
Stay Fly PA0001162533; PA0001328092 Royalty Network; Universal
Staying Alive PA0002381354 Sony Music Publishing
Steal My Girl PA0001986766 Hipgnosis
Step Off PA0001843675; PA0001853126 Universal; Warner Chappell
Stereo Hearts PA0001806415; PA0001779603 Concord; Universal
Stereo Love PA0001745627 Ultra
Still D.R.E. PA0001012565 Reservoir
Still The One PA0001846830; PA0001835311 Anthem; BMG
Stir Fry PA0002122824 Reservoir
Stitches PA0001993016 Hipgnosis
Stop Draggin' My Heart PA0000133701 Wixen
Around
Stop This Flame PA0002331915 Reservoir; Warner Chappell
Story Of My Life PA0001913596 Hipgnosis
Straight Up PA0001039247 Royalty Network
Street Fighting Man EU0000070720 ABKCO
Stressed Out PA0001973974 Warner Chappell
Strip That Down PA0002085169; PA0002134020 Warner Chappell
Strong Enough PA0000965810 Hipgnosis
Stronger (What Doesn't PA0002285493 Reservoir
Kill You)
Stuck In The Middle EP0000310189; RE0000834965 BMG
Substance PA0002365908 Big Machine
Sucker For Pain PA0002076970; PA0002078398 Universal; Warner Chappell

41
Case 3:23-cv-00606 Document 1-1 Filed 06/14/23 Page 42 of 53 PageID #: 96
 Exhibit A
Non-Exhaustive, Illustrative List of Works Infringed by Twitter

Title Of Work Copyright Registration No. Plaintiff(s)

Suffocate PA0001651190 Peer
Suga Suga PA0001281057 Universal
Sugar PA0001947805 Kobalt
Sugar (Radio Edit) PA0001744939 Universal
Suit And Tie PA0001843846; PA0001939563 Anthem; Warner Chappell
Summer Love PA0001165046; PA0001368885 Anthem; Universal
Summer Of '69 PA0000238134 Universal
Sunflower PA0002168127; PA0002166137 Universal; Warner Chappell
Sunflower PA0002168127 Kobalt; Universal
Sunglasses At Night PAu000539648 Peer; Warner Chappell
Sunroof (Remix) PA0002379295 Warner Chappell
Super Bass PA0001852528; PA0001733269 Peer
Super Freak PA0000120116 Sony Music Publishing
Supermarket Flowers PA0002148361 Hipgnosis
Supernova PA0002107320 Anthem
Swallah PA0002081025 Universal
Sway (Quien Sera) RE0000538090; RE0000587744; Peer
RE0000481483; RE0000587738;
RE0000587887; RE0000127658
Sweet But Psycho PA0002197699; PA0002236072 Kobalt; Warner Chappell
Sweet Caroline EP0000277256; EU0000121797 Universal
Sweet Emotion EU0000569371; EP0000380207; BMG
RE0000887602
Sweet Home Alabama EU0000511375; EP0000333360 Universal
Sweet Lady PAu003517571; PA0000930525 Concord; Hipgnosis
Sweet Soul Music PAu002086143; EU0000999175; ABKCO; Universal
RE0006888174
Sweetest Pie PA0002352636 Concord; Warner Chappell
Sweetie Little Jean PA0002000796 Wixen
Swervin PA0002299437 Reservoir
Sympathy For The Devil EU0000075421 ABKCO
Symphony PA0002110317 Reservoir
T Shirt PA0002073629; PA0002083293 Reservoir; Universal
Tacata PA0001800551 Ultra
Taco Tuesday PA0002250148 Reservoir
Tag, You're It PA0001982547 Hipgnosis
Take Me Home, Country EU0000238954; RE0000653070 Reservoir
Roads
Take My Name PA0002367261 Sony Music Publishing

42
Case 3:23-cv-00606 Document 1-1 Filed 06/14/23 Page 43 of 53 PageID #: 97
 Exhibit A
Non-Exhaustive, Illustrative List of Works Infringed by Twitter

Title Of Work Copyright Registration No. Plaintiff(s)

Take The Long Way PA0000032064 Universal
Home
Take The World (Let's PA0002014715 Peer
Go)
Taki Taki PA0002298057; PA0002158343; Kobalt; Peer; Warner
PA0002188905 Chappell
Taking Over Me PA0001152555 Reservoir
Talk Dirty PA0001894274; PA0001896440; Kobalt; Universal; Warner
PA0001924145 Chappell
Tamed-Dashed PA0002293677 Universal
Tap In PA0002268902; PA0002336869 Reservoir; Universal
Tarot PA0002360414 Hipgnosis; Sony Music
Publishing
Taste PA0002162961; PA0002307949 Reservoir; Warner Chappell
Tattooed Heart PA0001881406 Universal
Te Bote (Remix) PA0002377174 Kobalt
Te Felicito PA0002377103 Sony Music Publishing
Te Robare PA0001882342; PA0001868138 Royalty Network
Teardrops On My Guitar PA0001381162 Anthem
Teeth PA0002262365; PA0002277029; Hipgnosis; Reservoir
PA0002309107
Telepatia PA0002303120; PA0002291776 Concord; Sony Music
Publishing; Hipgnosis
Telephone PA0001751977 Hipgnosis
Tell Em PA0002332185 Ultra
Tell It To My Heart PA0002340532 Ultra
Tempo PA0002192075; PA0002213231 Hipgnosis; Wixen
Testify PA0001197435 Wixen
Thank God I'm A EU0000469657; RE0000861042 Reservoir
Country Boy
Thank U, Next PA0002159484; PA0002154953 BMG; Warner Chappell
That's Life EU0000833467; EP0000224967; Universal
EP0000233923; PA0000317214
That's What I Like PA0002070329; PA0002082150 Universal; Warner Chappell
Thats What I Want PA0002370585 Sony Music Publishing;
Universal
The Best PA0000458008 BMG
The Best Is Yet To Come EP0000150284; RE0000330549; Hipgnosis
RE0000438391; RE0000435017
The Bones PA0002195429; PA0002176239 Big Machine; Warner
Chappell

43
Case 3:23-cv-00606 Document 1-1 Filed 06/14/23 Page 44 of 53 PageID #: 98
 Exhibit A
Non-Exhaustive, Illustrative List of Works Infringed by Twitter

Title Of Work Copyright Registration No. Plaintiff(s)

The Box PA0002246267; PA0002307885 Kobalt; Peer; Warner
Chappell
The Christmas Song EP0000009190; R00000581558 Sony Music Publishing
The Devil Is A Lie PA0001975075; PA0002268948; Kobalt; Ultra
PA0001397772; PA0001910435
The End RE0000713615; EU0000973904 Wixen
The First Time Ever I EP0000167924; RE0000463666 Royalty Network
Saw Your Face
The Ghetto EP0000265446; RE0000752189; Peer
EP0000265446; RE0000750527
The Good Ones PA0002301883 Sony Music Publishing
The Great Pretender EP0000095703; RE0000166522; Peer
EU0000418133; RE0000166531
The Hills PA0002018988; PA0001398369 Kobalt; Warner Chappell
The London PA0002233498; PA0002221824; Kobalt; Reservoir; Sony
PA0002212043 Music Publishing; Warner
Chappell
The Middle PA0002123185 BMG
The Morning PA0001866359 Kobalt
The Next Episode PA0001042871; PA0000987700 Sony Music Publishing;
Universal
The Only Way Is Up PAU000407785 Peer
The Passenger EU0000828781; RE0000912857 BMG
The Pink Panther RE0000531574 Sony Music Publishing
The Power Of Love PA0000280867 Warner Chappell
The Remedy For A PA0002142317 Kobalt
Broken Heart
The Silence PA0002345361 Hipgnosis
The Spirit Of Radio PA0000066535 Anthem
The Walker PA0001847257 Spirit
The Way I Are PA0001761677 Anthem; Reservoir
The Zone PA0001848069 Anthem
There's Nothing Holdin' PA0002131804; PA0002082169 Hipgnosis; Warner Chappell
Me Back
These Days PA0002123465; PA0002139203 BMG; Hipgnosis
They Don't Know PA0002129572; PA0002114957 Kobalt; Universal
They Don't Know About PA0001846812 Anthem
Us
This Is Me PA0002115060; PA0002144962 Kobalt
This Is What It Feels PA0001841659 Ultra
Like

44
Case 3:23-cv-00606 Document 1-1 Filed 06/14/23 Page 45 of 53 PageID #: 99
 Exhibit A
Non-Exhaustive, Illustrative List of Works Infringed by Twitter

Title Of Work Copyright Registration No. Plaintiff(s)

This Is Why I'm Hot PA0001334015 Universal
Thot Shit PA0002310966 Concord; Sony Music
Publishing
Thousand Miles, A PA0001102367 Universal
Throw A Lil Mo (Do It) PA0002388052 Warner Chappell
Throw It Away PA0002323362; PA0002328206 Concord; Warner Chappell
Throw Sum Mo PA0001986485 Universal
Thru Your Phone PA0002142773 Hipgnosis
Thugz Mansion PA0001115087 Universal
Thunder PA0002113702 Universal
Tie A Yellow Ribbon EP0000314717; RE0000841025; Peer
'Round The Ole Oak Tree EP0000314716; RE0000841024;
EU0000347522; RE0000828700
Tijuana Taxi EU0000924611; RE0000654191 Universal
Tik Tok PA0001688442 Concord
Time PA0001732104 Universal
Time After Time PA0000238686; PA0000299757 Warner Chappell
Time Bomb PA0000762716 Wixen
Time Warp RE0000870957; EU0000472814 Wixen
Tints PA0002161191; PA0002291304 Universal; Warner Chappell
Tip Toe PA0002246435; PA0002246293 BMG; Kobalt
Titanium PA0001803232 Kobalt
To Easy PA0002340709 Ultra
To Love You More PA0000810429; PA0000785033 Peer; Warner Chappell
Todavia Me Amas PA0001121507 Mayimba
Today PA0002345899 Concord
Todo De Ti PA0002328323 Concord
Tokyo Drift (Fast And PA0001167096; PA0001634783 Sony Music Publishing;
Furious) Universal
Tokyo Drifting PA0002286555 Concord; Hipgnosis
Tom Sawyer PA0000100466 Anthem
Too Late To Say PA0002000797 Wixen
Goodbye
Too Much Sauce PA0002400946 Universal
Too Young PA0002163355 Anthem
Torn PA0002284737 Hipgnosis
Tornado Warnings PA0002370282 Concord; Warner Chappell
Touch PA0002111380 Hipgnosis; Kobalt
Touch Me RE0000741295; EU0000097574 Wixen

45
Case 3:23-cv-00606 Document 1-1 Filed 06/14/23 Page 46 of 53 PageID #: 100
 Exhibit A
Non-Exhaustive, Illustrative List of Works Infringed by Twitter

Title Of Work Copyright Registration No. Plaintiff(s)

Touch My Body PA0001608150; PA0001769539 Peer; Warner Chappell
Touch The Hem Of His EU0000442052; RE0000200371 ABKCO
Garment
Towards The Sun PA0001986643 Universal
Toxic PA0001158179 BMG
Tragedy PAu000054975; PAu000618225 Universal
Train Wreck PA0002375726 Concord
Trampoline PA0002198921 Ultra
Treasure PA0001852256; PA0001397644; Hipgnosis; Warner Chappell
PA0001869830
Treat Me PA0002370260; PA0002407921 Sony Music Publishing;
Warner Chappell
Treat You Better PA0002082557; PA0002020970 Hipgnosis; Universal
Trip PA0002179912; PA0002162412 Concord; Peer
Trouble PA0002000798 Wixen
True Love PA0001817461 Universal
Trumpets PA0001899754; PA0001896437 Hipgnosis; Universal
Trust PA0001395817 Royalty Network; Universal
Truth Hurts PA0002238857 Hipgnosis; Warner Chappell
Try PA0001724068 BMG
Tsu PA0002320190 Anthem
Tsunami PA0002383146 Concord; Kobalt
Tu Y Yo PA0002246124 Peer
Tuesday (Club Goin Up) PA0001951061 Universal
Turn On The Lights PA0001856326; PA0001852654 Universal; Warner Chappell
Turning Tables PA0001738213 Concord
Tusa PA0002333152 Kobalt; Universal
Twistin' The Night Away EU0000701315; RE0000475433 ABKCO
Twit PA0002205231 Peer
Two Ghosts PA0002079418; PA0002211804; Concord; Hipgnosis
PA0002085492
Tyler Herro PA0002324452 Sony Music Publishing
U + Ur Hand PA0001614888 Anthem
U Can't Touch This PA0000519667 BMG
U Got The Look PA0000336613 Universal
Umbrella PA0001355560; PA0001602373 Peer; Warner Chappell
Umpah Umpah PA0002202934 Peer
Un Beso PA0001343684 Mayimba
Underneath The Tree PA0001895079 Sony Music Publishing

46
Case 3:23-cv-00606 Document 1-1 Filed 06/14/23 Page 47 of 53 PageID #: 101
 Exhibit A
Non-Exhaustive, Illustrative List of Works Infringed by Twitter

Title Of Work Copyright Registration No. Plaintiff(s)

Undone PA0000787866 Wixen
Unforgettable PA0002084510; PA0002185392; Anthem; Concord; Warner
PA0002123211; PA0002274600; Chappell
PA0002099601
Uninvited PA0000921947 Universal
Unstoppable PA0002134877 Concord
Unstoppable Now PA0002143105 Peer
Up PA0002394634; PA0002404777 Peer; Sony Music Publishing
Uptown Funk PA0001935371; PA0001938200; BMG; Concord; Warner
PA0001974777 Chappell
Use Somebody PA0002186614 BMG; Warner Chappell
Used To This PA0002074844 Universal
Versace PA0001859908; PA0002167663 Ultra; Universal
Versace On The Floor PA0002070322 Universal
Vette Motors PA0002393958 Concord; Warner Chappell
Victorious PA0002165080 Hipgnosis
Victorious PA0002087649 Wixen
Visiting Hours PA0002341259 Sony Music Publishing;
Warner Chappell
Volverte A Ver PAU002900684; PA0001252263 Peer
Wait For U PA0002353097; PA0002384278 Concord; Sony Music
Publishing
Waiting For The End PA0001725611 Universal
Wake Me Up PA0001932520; PA0001899727 Universal
Wake Up PA0000664233 Wixen
Walk It Out PA0002057728 Ultra
Walk It Talk It PA0002145369; PA0002181710 Concord; Reservoir
Walk Like An Egyptian PA0000278841 Peer
Walk Me Home PA0002184702 Warner Chappell
Walk This Way RE0000886653 BMG
Walking On A Dream PA0002081713 Universal
Walking On Sunshine PA0000244407 BMG
Walls Could Talk PA0002113518 Universal
Wannabe PA0000823685 Concord; Universal
Want To Want Me PA0002045068; PA0001977649 Hipgnosis; Warner Chappell
Wap PA0002263376 Sony Music Publishing
Wasabi PA0002177012; PA0002217555 Hipgnosis
Wasted PA0002372489 Big Machine; Warner
Chappell

47
Case 3:23-cv-00606 Document 1-1 Filed 06/14/23 Page 48 of 53 PageID #: 102
 Exhibit A
Non-Exhaustive, Illustrative List of Works Infringed by Twitter

Title Of Work Copyright Registration No. Plaintiff(s)

Wasted PA0002159907 Concord
Wasting Time PA0002328110 Concord
Watch Me PA0002014703 Peer
Watching You PA0002299477; PA0001323481 Reservoir
Waterfalls PA0000797831 Royalty Network
Watermelon Sugar PA0002250681; PA0002265071 Concord
Waves PA0002192893; PA0002088716 Universal
Way 2 Sexy PA0002327515 Warner Chappell
Way You Look Tonight, EU0000120513; R00000312541 Reservoir
The
Way, The PA0001881410 Universal
We Are Bulletproof: The PA0002243115 Concord
Eternal
We Are Never Ever PA0001845061 Kobalt
Getting Back Together
We Are Young PA0001811978 Hipgnosis
We Belong Together PA0001162027; PA0001163150 ABKCO; Hipgnosis;
Universal
We Built This City PA0000265529; PA0000264311 Concord; Universal
We Dem Boyz PA0001937716 Universal; Warner Chappell
We Don't Talk Anymore PA0002070292 Kobalt
We Paid PA0002404825 Warner Chappell
We Right Here PA0001113503 Royalty Network
We Run This PA0001339443 Wixen
We're Not Gonna Take It PA0000226789 Universal
Weak PA0002163647 Kobalt
Wesley's Theory PA0001961401; PA0002116733 Wixen
West Coast PA0002284052 Ultra
What A Wonderful RE0000704744; PA0001334360 BMG; Concord
World
What About Us PA0002129347 Sony Music Publishing
What Do You Mean PA0001996404; PA0002083524 Kobalt; Universal
What Goes Around PA0001165051; PA0001368884 Anthem; Reservoir; Universal
What I've Done PA0001167574; PA0001602911; Universal
PA0001708260
What Makes You PA0001790417 BMG
Beautiful
What Was I Thinkin' PA0001245475 Reservoir
What You Know Bout PA0002305086; PA0002293011 Concord; Sony Music
Love Publishing; Warner Chappell

48
Case 3:23-cv-00606 Document 1-1 Filed 06/14/23 Page 49 of 53 PageID #: 103
 Exhibit A
Non-Exhaustive, Illustrative List of Works Infringed by Twitter

Title Of Work Copyright Registration No. Plaintiff(s)

What's Love Got To Do PA0000215326 Warner Chappell
With It
What's Luv PA0001058257 Sony Music Publishing
What's My Name PA0001741634 Peer
What's Your Country PA0002301769; PA0002294740 Sony Music Publishing;
Song Warner Chappell
Whatcha Say PA0001712977 Universal
Whatchulookinat PA0001209745 Royalty Network
Whatever Will Be, Will RE0000163500; RE0000162175; Wixen
Be (Que Sera, Sera) EU0000406981
Whats Poppin PA0002238416 Sony Music Publishing;
Warner Chappell
Whats Poppin (Remix) PA0002375367; PA0002405018 Universal; Warner Chappell
Whatta Man PA0000870911; PA0000687544 Spirit; Warner Chappell
When Doves Cry PAU000609914; PA0000220373 Universal
When I Grow Up PA0001640788 Hipgnosis
When I Was Your Man PA0001834773; PA0002186926; Concord; Hipgnosis; Warner
PA0001869828 Chappell
When The Party's Over PA0002198031 Kobalt
Where Are U Now PA0002083643 Universal
Where Have You Been PA0001785178 Universal
Where Is My Mind? PA0000608974 Universal
Where Is The Love PA0001249866; PA0001220894; Reservoir; Universal
PA0001158849
Where Ya At PA0001990184 Universal
Whiskey Lullaby PA0001196498; PA0001196097 Reservoir
Whisper PA0001152558 Reservoir
White Flag PA0002135804 Reservoir; Warner Chappell
White Horse PA0001963668; PA0001673006 Anthem
White Wedding - Part 1 PA0000159638 BMG
&2
Who Do You Love? PA0002194749 Peer
Who We Be PA0001113498 Royalty Network
Who's In Your Head PA0002317019 Sony Music Publishing;
Warner Chappell
Whoa PA0001039276; PA0000980446 Royalty Network; Universal
Whole Lotta Money PA0002309813; PA0002391164; Kobalt; Universal
[Remix] PA0002324999
Whoopty PA0002333167 Warner Chappell
Wicked Game PA0000450434 Warner Chappell

49
Case 3:23-cv-00606 Document 1-1 Filed 06/14/23 Page 50 of 53 PageID #: 104
 Exhibit A
Non-Exhaustive, Illustrative List of Works Infringed by Twitter

Title Of Work Copyright Registration No. Plaintiff(s)

Wicked Games PA0001848074 Anthem
Wiggle PA0002045070; PA0001949620 Hipgnosis; Universal
Wild Side PA0002328977; PA0002310943 ABKCO; Concord; Sony
Music Publishing
Wild Things PA0002100484 Universal
Willow PA0002275070 Sony Music Publishing
Wind Of Change PA0000527906 BMG
Winter Wonderland E00000044664; R00000284735 Warner Chappell
Witchcraft EU0000475456; RE0000229496 Hipgnosis
With Arms Wide Open PA0000969200 Reservoir
With You PA0001659014 Hipgnosis
Without Me PA0002193586; PA0002181449; Kobalt; Reservoir; Warner
PA0002185008 Chappell
Wockesha PA0002342062 Sony Music Publishing
Wolves PA0002010009 Hipgnosis
Wolves PA0002093771; PA0002095349; Hipgnosis; Reservoir
PA0002383848
Womanizer PA0001888788 Universal
Womp Womp PA0002240822 Spirit
Wonderful PA0001160329; PA0001282190; Royalty Network; Universal
PA0001163431
Wonderful Life PA0000350396 BMG
Wonderful World, (What EU0000567694; RE0000361641 ABKCO
A)
Woo-Hoo EU0000592188; RE0000340982; Reservoir
EP0000134140; RE0000340994
Word Up PA0000321203; PA0000315521; Universal
PAU000890600
Work PA0001939548 Universal
Work PA0002103251; PA0002018068 Universal; Warner Chappell
Work PA0000901026 Royalty Network
Work Bitch PA0001917953 Universal
Work From Home PA0002060658; PA0002071726 Reservoir
Work It PA0001200073 Wixen
World Is Yours, The PA0000921809 Universal
Worst Behavior PA0001967813 Warner Chappell
Worth It PA0001978467; PA0001961626 Kobalt; Warner Chappell
Would I Lie To You PA0000593992 BMG
X Gon Give It To Ya PA0002031806 Universal

50
Case 3:23-cv-00606 Document 1-1 Filed 06/14/23 Page 51 of 53 PageID #: 105
 Exhibit A
Non-Exhaustive, Illustrative List of Works Infringed by Twitter

Title Of Work Copyright Registration No. Plaintiff(s)

Yayo PA0001909451 Royalty Network
Yeah 3X PA0001750521 Universal
Yeah! PA0001241917 Reservoir
Yes Indeed PA0002142540; PA0002167016 Ultra; Universal
Yo (Excuse Me Miss) PA0001341618 Hipgnosis
Yonaguni PA0002328331 Concord; Sony Music
Publishing
Yosemite PA0002156385 BMG; Sony Music
Publishing
You PA0002269022 Universal
You & I PA0001913599 Hipgnosis
You And I PA0002245921 Spirit
You And Me. PA0001271822 Wixen
You Are My Sunshine EP0000083392; R00000403741; Peer
EP0000194345; RE0000588529;
EP0000221782; RE0000676058;
EP0000171576; RE0000475144;
EP0000171583; RE0000475148
You Are Not Alone PA0000789976 Universal
You Are The One PA0001167135 Royalty Network
You Are The Reason PA0002115244 BMG
You Can Have The PA0001856728 Wixen
Crown
You Can't Always Get EU0000099333 ABKCO
What You Want
You Da One PA0001778697 Universal
You Don't Know How It PA0000738963 Wixen
Feels
You Don't Know My PA0001158217 Royalty Network
Name
You Get What You Give PA0000925924 BMG
You Got It PA0002279599; PA0002268294 Concord
You Got It PA0000424819 Wixen
You Know You Like It PA0002299855 Universal
(Dj Snake
Version)
You Make Lovin Fun EU0000713071; PA0001162955 Universal
You Make My Dreams PA0000077329 BMG
You Proof PA0002384531 Sony Music Publishing
You Raise Me Up PA0001133116 Peer

51
Case 3:23-cv-00606 Document 1-1 Filed 06/14/23 Page 52 of 53 PageID #: 106
 Exhibit A
Non-Exhaustive, Illustrative List of Works Infringed by Twitter

Title Of Work Copyright Registration No. Plaintiff(s)

You Send Me EU0000491316; RE0000233851 ABKCO
You Should See Me In A PA0002173035 Kobalt
Crown
You Spin Me Round PA0000261485 Royalty Network
You're A Jerk PA0002088942 Royalty Network
You're Nobody 'Til R00000514197; EP0000130945; Peer
Somebody Loves You RE0000709287; EP0000233576;
RE0000758884; EP0000256637
You're On Your Own, PA0002389634 Sony Music Publishing
Kid
You're The Inspiration PA0000213889; PAu000638574; Peer; Universal
PAU000598698
Young, Wild & Free PA0001818483; PA0001818483 Universal
Youngblood PA0002193769; PA0002122817 Hipgnosis; Reservoir
Your Man PA0001163481 Spirit
Your Shirt PA0002090560 Ultra
Yummy PA0002230613 Peer; Universal
Zeze PA0002181471 Reservoir
Zombie PA0002404809 Warner Chappell

52
Case 3:23-cv-00606 Document 1-1 Filed 06/14/23 Page 53 of 53 PageID #: 107
JS 44 (Rev. 04/21) CIVIL COVER SHEET
The JS 44 civil cover sheet and the information contained herein neither replace nor supplement the filing and service of pleadings or other papers as required by law, except as
provided by local rules of court. This form, approved by the Judicial Conference of the United States in September 1974, is required for the use of the Clerk of Court for the
purpose of initiating the civil docket sheet. (SEE INSTRUCTIONS ON NEXT PAGE OF THIS FORM.)
I. (a) PLAINTIFFS DEFENDANTS
Concord Music Group, Inc., et al. (see attachment for
X Corp., d/b/a Twitter
additional Plaintiffs)
(b) County of Residence of First Listed Plaintiff Davidson County, TN County of Residence of First Listed Defendant Carson City(County),NV
(EXCEPT IN U.S. PLAINTIFF CASES) (IN U.S. PLAINTIFF CASES ONLY)
NOTE: IN LAND CONDEMNATION CASES, USE THE LOCATION OF
THE TRACT OF LAND INVOLVED.

(c) Attorneys (Firm Name, Address, and Telephone Number) Attorneys (If Known)

Riley & Jacobson, PLC 1906 West End Ave Nashville, TN

37203 (615) 320-3700 (see attachment)
II. BASIS OF JURISDICTION (Place an “X” in One Box Only) III. CITIZENSHIP OF PRINCIPAL PARTIES (Place an “X” in One Box for Plaintiff
(For Diversity Cases Only) and One Box for Defendant)
1 U.S. Government 3 Federal Question PTF DEF PTF DEF
Plaintiff (U.S. Government Not a Party) Citizen of This State 1 1 Incorporated or Principal Place 4 4
of Business In This State

2 U.S. Government 4 Diversity Citizen of Another State 2 2 Incorporated and Principal Place 5 5
Defendant (Indicate Citizenship of Parties in Item III) of Business In Another State

Citizen or Subject of a 3 3 Foreign Nation 6 6

Foreign Country
IV. NATURE OF SUIT (Place an “X” in One Box Only) Click here for: Nature of Suit Code Descriptions.
CONTRACT TORTS FORFEITURE/PENALTY BANKRUPTCY OTHER STATUTES
110 Insurance PERSONAL INJURY PERSONAL INJURY 625 Drug Related Seizure 422 Appeal 28 USC 158 375 False Claims Act
120 Marine 310 Airplane 365 Personal Injury - of Property 21 USC 881 423 Withdrawal 376 Qui Tam (31 USC
130 Miller Act 315 Airplane Product Product Liability 690 Other 28 USC 157 3729(a))
140 Negotiable Instrument Liability 367 Health Care/ INTELLECTUAL 400 State Reapportionment
150 Recovery of Overpayment 320 Assault, Libel & Pharmaceutical PROPERTY RIGHTS 410 Antitrust
& Enforcement of Judgment Slander Personal Injury 820 Copyrights 430 Banks and Banking
151 Medicare Act 330 Federal Employers’ Product Liability 830 Patent 450 Commerce
152 Recovery of Defaulted Liability 368 Asbestos Personal 835 Patent - Abbreviated 460 Deportation
Student Loans 340 Marine Injury Product New Drug Application 470 Racketeer Influenced and
(Excludes Veterans) 345 Marine Product Liability 840 Trademark Corrupt Organizations
153 Recovery of Overpayment Liability PERSONAL PROPERTY LABOR 880 Defend Trade Secrets 480 Consumer Credit
of Veteran’s Benefits 350 Motor Vehicle 370 Other Fraud 710 Fair Labor Standards Act of 2016 (15 USC 1681 or 1692)
160 Stockholders’ Suits 355 Motor Vehicle 371 Truth in Lending Act 485 Telephone Consumer
190 Other Contract Product Liability 380 Other Personal 720 Labor/Management SOCIAL SECURITY Protection Act
195 Contract Product Liability 360 Other Personal Property Damage Relations 861 HIA (1395ff) 490 Cable/Sat TV
196 Franchise Injury 385 Property Damage 740 Railway Labor Act 862 Black Lung (923) 850 Securities/Commodities/
362 Personal Injury - Product Liability 751 Family and Medical 863 DIWC/DIWW (405(g)) Exchange
Medical Malpractice Leave Act 864 SSID Title XVI 890 Other Statutory Actions
REAL PROPERTY CIVIL RIGHTS PRISONER PETITIONS 790 Other Labor Litigation 865 RSI (405(g)) 891 Agricultural Acts
210 Land Condemnation 440 Other Civil Rights Habeas Corpus: 791 Employee Retirement 893 Environmental Matters
220 Foreclosure 441 Voting 463 Alien Detainee Income Security Act FEDERAL TAX SUITS 895 Freedom of Information
230 Rent Lease & Ejectment 442 Employment 510 Motions to Vacate 870 Taxes (U.S. Plaintiff Act
240 Torts to Land 443 Housing/ Sentence or Defendant) 896 Arbitration
245 Tort Product Liability Accommodations 530 General 871 IRS—Third Party 899 Administrative Procedure
290 All Other Real Property 445 Amer. w/Disabilities - 535 Death Penalty IMMIGRATION 26 USC 7609 Act/Review or Appeal of
Employment Other: 462 Naturalization Application Agency Decision
446 Amer. w/Disabilities - 540 Mandamus & Other 465 Other Immigration 950 Constitutionality of
Other 550 Civil Rights Actions State Statutes
448 Education 555 Prison Condition
560 Civil Detainee -
Conditions of
Confinement
V. ORIGIN (Place an “X” in One Box Only)
1 Original 2 Removed from 3 Remanded from 4 Reinstated or 5 Transferred from 6 Multidistrict 8 Multidistrict
Proceeding State Court Appellate Court Reopened Another District Litigation - Litigation -
(specify) Transfer Direct File
Cite the U.S. Civil Statute under which you are filing (Do not cite jurisdictional statutes unless diversity):
The Copyright Act of 1976, 17 U.S.C. §§ 101 et seq.
VI. CAUSE OF ACTION Brief description of cause:
Claims of direct and secondary (contributory and vicarious) copyright infringement
VII. REQUESTED IN CHECK IF THIS IS A CLASS ACTION DEMAND $ CHECK YES only if demanded in complaint:
COMPLAINT: UNDER RULE 23, F.R.Cv.P. As Per 17 U.S.C. § 504 JURY DEMAND: Yes No
VIII. RELATED CASE(S)
(See instructions):
IF ANY JUDGE DOCKET NUMBER
DATE SIGNATURE OF ATTORNEY OF RECORD
June 14, 2023 s/ Steven A. Riley
FOR OFFICE USE ONLY

RECEIPT # AMOUNT APPLYING IFP JUDGE MAG. JUDGE

Case 3:23-cv-00606 Document 1-2 Filed 06/14/23 Page 1 of 2 PageID #: 108
 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
NASHVILLE DIVISION

M
CONCORD MUSIC INC., et al., A
NO. C
___________

Plaintiffs,

v.

X CORP., D/B/A TWITTER,

Defendant.

Attachment to Civil Cover Sheet

The Plaintiffs in this matter are as follows: Concord Music Group, Inc., Universal Music
Corp. d/b/a 360 Music, d/b/a Universal Music Works, Songs of Universal Inc. d/b/a Universal
Music Works, d/b/a Universal Tunes, Universal Music – MGB NA LLC d/b/a Universal Music
Careers, d/b/a Universal Music – MGB Songs, d/b/a Universal Music Rights, Polygram
Publishing, Inc., Universal Music – Z Tunes LLC, d/b/a Universal Music – Z Songs, d/b/a
Universal Music – Z Melodies, Universal Musica, Inc., d/b/a Universal Music Works, d/b/a
Universal Musica Unica, ABKCO Music, Inc., Anthem Entertainment L.P., Big Machine Music,
LLC, BMG Rights Management (US) LLC, Hipgnosis Songs Group, LLC, Hipgnosis SFH I
Limited, Big Family LLC, Kobalt Music Publishing America, Inc., Mayimba Music, Inc., J&N
Publishing, LLC, Peer International Corporation, Peermusic, LTD., Peermusic III, LTD.,
Peertunes, LTD., Songs of Peer, LTD., Southern Music Publishing Co., Inc., Reservoir Media
Management, Inc., Sony Music Publishing (US) LLC, EMI April Music Inc., EMI Blackwood
Music Inc., EMI Consortium Songs, Inc. d/b/a EMI Longitude Music, EMI Entertainment World
Inc. d/b/a EMI Foray music, d/b/a EMI Pop Music Publishing, and d/b/a EMI Pop Music
Publishing, Inc., EMI Mills Music Inc., EMI U Catalog Inc., Famous Music LLC, Jobete Music
Co., Inc., Stone Agate Music, Stone Diamond Music Corp., Lyric Copyright Services, LP, The
Royalty Network, Inc., Ultra International Music Publishing, LLC, Gene Autry’s Western Music
Publishing Co., Rick’s Music, Inc., Unichappell Music Inc., W Chappell Music Corp. d/b/a WC
Music Corp., W.C.M. Music Corp., Warner Chappell Music, Inc. d/b/a Chappell & Co., Inc. and
d/b/a Warner Geometric Music, Warner-Tamerlane Publishing Corp., Wixen Music Publishing,
Inc.

Case 3:23-cv-00606 Document 1-2 Filed 06/14/23 Page 2 of 2 PageID #: 109