4.

Geology of the Southeastern

Region of Mexico

GENERA L CO NSIDERA TIONS This sequence rests discordantly on a crystalline base­

ment of Precambrian and Paleozoic rocks that crops
For the description of the region of southeastern out to the southwest of the region, where the crys­
Mexico, the following limits have been selected: on talline rocks of these Eras form an outlying metamor­
the west, the Isthmus of Tehuantepec; to the north, phic and plutonic complex constituting the nucleus of
the shores of the Gulf of Mexico; and to the south, the the Sierra de Soconusco.
Pacific coast. The region includes the physiographic Mulleried (1957) considers that a large part of the
provinces of the C hiapas Mountains, the Central Sierra de Soconusco is formed by Precambrian
American Cordillera, the Yucatan Peninsula and the igneous and metamorphic rocks. However, the major­
eastern extreme of the coastal plain of the southern ity of radiometric ages obtained from intrusive rock
Gulf (see Figure 1 . 1). samples reveal Paleozoic dates for the p rincipal
The climate of this region varies from temperate events of igneous intrusion. Castro and co-workers
and semi-arid in the high p arts of the Sierra d e (1975) report an age of 242 ± 9 million years for a dio­
Soconusco and Sierra d e Chiapas t o hot i n the coastal rite (analysis of biotite by K/ Ar method) that forms
plain of the Gulf and Pacific as well as in the �entral
depression of Chiapas. In this last area the chma�es
part of the batholithic complex of the Sierra d e
Soconusco and that was discovered i n the base o f a
are subhumid and different from the coastal plams
where they are generally humi d . In the Yucat� n
section located at the borders of the states of Oaxaca
and Chiapas.
Peninsula the climate is typically hot and subhum1d. Damon and co-workers (1981) report dates from 17
In all places in southeastern Mexico the rainy season samples from eight areas of the batholithic complex
is in the summer except in some areas of the Gulf that were studied by the K/ Ar and Rb/Sr methods.
Coastal Plain where rains occur all year. After analyzing ten samples of the complex, these
authors recognized an isochron of apparent age at 256
± 1 0 million years, which indicates that these intrusions
C HI A PA S A ND TA BA S CO
originated from the same Permian magma that was
In the region that includes the states of Chiapas isotopically homogeneous and perhaps derived from
and Tabasco, a great sequ ence of Mesozoic and the mantle. These authors mention unpublished dates
Cenozoic rocks crops out. It consists principally of for the eastern part of the Sierra Madre del Sur in
marine sedimentary rocks that are folded and faulted. Chiapas that indicate Carboniferous plutonic activity

75
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 76 Section I The Geology of the Mexican Republic

in this area. Furthermore, they consider that the the southern Gulf, and the continental platform of
batholithic emplacement in Chiapas would have been Tabasco (see Figure 4.1 ) . These saline deposits played
associated with the closing of the Proto-Atlantic ocean a very important role in the deformation of the later
at the end of the Paleozoic, at the time of the Mesozoic sequence and in the development of petrole­
Appalachian Orogeny. um traps. At present these bodies of salt form two
Carfantan (1977) believes that the emplacement of great u plifts, which Viniegra ( 1 9 8 1 ) termed the
the b a tholith should have occurred in the Campeche dome and the Jalpa dome (see Figure 4.1).
Appalachian phase of deformation and considers that In the petroleum areas of Tabasco and Campeche,
the metamorphic rocks affected by this intrusion Pemex has drilled Upper Jurassic sequences, principal­
ought to have originated in the Grenville phase of the ly of platform facies, and has obtained petroleum pro­
Precambrian. This is in accord with radiometric dates duction from them (Figure 4.2).
from gneiss samples in Chiapas as well as from vari­ Above the Upper Jurassic sediments there rests a
ous samples from the base of the complex in Oaxaca Neocomian sequence that gives evidence of the exis­
that h a v e been correlated with these rocks ( D e tence of marginal marine and continental deposits in
Cserna, 1 967, 1 971 ) . northwestern Chiapas and eastern Veracruz.
I n the extreme southeast o f the Sierra d e Soconusco, In the Yucatan Peninsula and a large part of the
a sedimentary sequence of late Paleozoic age crops out State of Chiapas, a major calcareous bank was created
that has been recognized in the area of Chicomuselo by the marine transgression initiated in the
(Hernandez-Garcia, 1 973) and that extends toward Cretaceous. This resulted in the deposition of carbon­
Guatemala. Strata in the base of this sequence com­ ate and anhydrite in these regions as well as sedimen­
prise the Santa Rosa Formation and form a lower tation of slope deposits in a belt that bordered the
member consisting of a sequence of slates with some Great Calcareous Bank (Viniegra-Osorio, 1 981). This
metaquartzite intercalations. The upper member is belt is located in the subsurface of the eastern half of
formed of slates, sandstone, and some beds of fossilif­ the State of Tabasco and in parts of northeastern
erous limestone. The formation appears to be partially Chiapas and the marine platform of Campeche where
metamorphosed and has been assigned an age of these sediment types are important producers of
Mississippian-Pennsylvanian based on the reported hydrocarbons (see Figure 4.3).
fossils (Hernandez-Garcia, 1 973). In the area of Cintalapa, the Neocomian sequence
A sequence of s h a les and limestones of the has been termed the San Ricardo Formation (Richard,
Grupera Formation that contains Lower Permian 1 963) and is composed of sandy shales, red sand­
fusulinids rests unconformably on the Santa Rosa stones, intercalations of limestone and dolomite, and
Formation (Gutierrez, 1 956). The Vainilla Limestone some horizons of gypsum. The Barremian-Aptian
overlies this formation. It contains crinoids, bra­ interval seems to be absent in the immediate vicinity
chiopods, and various fusulinid species and is cov­ of Sierra de Soconusco because rocks of this age have
ered discordantly by the Paso Hondo Formation. This not been identified; there is a resulting discordance
latter unit is composed of massive limestones with between the lower N eocomian units and the
fusulinids of the Middle Permian and basal Upper Albian-Cenomanian sequence. According to Castro et
Permian (Gutierrez, 1 956). In a large part of the north­ al. (1 975), this discordance is accentuated toward the
eastern edge of the Sierra de Soconusco, an important west with the disappearance of units corresponding
continental sequence is exposed that consists of red to the Lower Cretaceous and Upper Jurassic, owing to
conglomerates, sandstones, silts, and clay. These out­ probable erosion occurring at the end of the Aptian.
crops reach to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and even Limestones crop out extensively in a central belt in
to the eastern edge of the southern sector of the Sierra the State of Chiapas and reveal shallow water bank
Madre Oriental. This sequence has been named the environments belonging to the Albian and
Todos Santos Formation and constitutes the base of Cenomanian Stages (Figure 4.4). During this time,
the Mesozoic, which crops out chiefly in Chiapas. seas transgressed numerous areas that had been erod­
Most authors have assigned this formation to a strati­ ed during the Barremian-Aptian. They extended to
graphic interval that varies from Triassic to Jurassic cover up the crystalline rocks of the Sierra d e
(Mulleried, 1 957; Gutierrez, 1 956; Castro et al., 1 975; Soconusco. These Lower Cretaceous sequences that
L6pez-Ramos, 1 979). crop out across Chiapas disappear under the Tertiary
In central C hi a p as, above the Todos San tos deposits in the areas of Tabasco and Campeche but
Formation, an Upper Jurassic sedimentary marine have been recognized in petroleum-producing wells.
sequence occurs. This is formed by limestones of shal­ In the subsurface of this last-mentioned region,
low water facies with some intercalated continental sequences reported by Petr6leos Mexicano show
beds. The Tithonian sediments indicate an open plat­ slope facies that follow a persistent sedimentary pat­
form environment with a pelagic fauna over the tern during Neocomian and Aptian and the continued
whole area where the states of Chiapas, Oaxaca, and existence of the Great Calcareous Bank of Yucatan
Veracruz converge, but to the southeast of Chiapas during Albian and Cenomanian time.
the facies become more sandy (Castro et al., 1 975). In central Chiapas abundant calcareous sediments
Viniegra-Osorio (1 981 ) has interpreted the existence of the Upper Cretaceous are exposed. These show
of a saline Oxfordian basin that occupied a major part bank facies with peri-reefal limestones and rudist
of the present Sierra de Chiapas, the coastal plain of fragments (Castro et al., 1 975) (Fig ure 4.5). In the

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 4. Geology of the Southeastern Region of Mexico 77

I Sanla Ana Massrl

2 Tuxtla Massif
0 200km
3 Chiapas Massrl

[:s1 Terrestrial arens

B Campocna Dome
A Slgsbee 'Knotts•

� Metamorphosed Pa1eo2olc rocks

0 NancMar Dome
C Jalpa Dome

E Chlapas Saline BaSin � UnmetamOrpllosed Paleozolc rock$

Bill limit of isopach contoors ol salt
IS Edgehne of salt
1:881 Redbeds of Todos Samos Formation

Figure 4.1. The large Saline Basin of Campeche during the

Callovian-Oxfordian.

Reforma area the edges of the Great Calcareous Bank YUCATAN PENINSULA
were exposed and eroded during the Upper
Cretaceous because some Pemex wells in this area A Tertiary calcareous sequence crops out in a large
encounter Paleocene overlying Albian-Cenomanian part of Yucatan. The strata have no significant defor­
sediments (Viniegra-Osorio, 1981). ln offshore wells, mation and are horizontal. Both the Cretaceous
recognllion of the Upper Cretaceous has not been sequence recognized in t he subsurface and the
possible owing to dolomitization that has affected the Cenozoic sequence show no major structural pertur­
Mesozoic sequence in this portion of the marine plat­ bation a n d overlie a crystalline mass t h a t has
form (Vin.iegra-Osorio, 1981). remained stable from the Paleozoic on.
During the Tertiary, in most of Chiapas and The Cretaceous recognized in the Pemex wells is
Tabasco, marine terrigenous sedimentation was initi­ composed principally of anhydrites, limestones,
ated (Figure 4.6). These clastics are products of uplift dolomites, and intercalations of bentonites and some
of western Mexico and the folding of the Si.erra Madre pyrodastic materials. Especially toward the base, the
Oriental. At this same time, deposition of carbonates section consists of the Yucatan Evaporites (L6pez­
was continuing in the Yucatan Peninsula with the Ramos, 1979). All the Cretaceous sediments that have
gradual emersion of its central part. Two basins of been encountered in the Pemex weUs belong to the
Tertiary age were developed in the Gulf of Mexico middle and upper parts of this system.
coastal plain (Comacalco and Macuspana). These are During the second half of the Cretaceous and a
separated by a high formed by the "Villahermosa large part of the Cenozoic, the Yucatan Peninsula and
Horst," a result of normal faulting at the nose of the its marine platform formed a calcareous bank. This
Chiapas anticlinorium. This anticlinorium is divided was a marine high that extended to Chiapas and to
in sections by nonnal faults a t the foot of the Sierra. the south of Veracruz. A shelf margin developed that
The faulting has induced its subsidence into the Gulf has been the principal petroleum objective in Tabasco
Coastal Plain. and on the Campeche marine platform.

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 78 Section I The Geology of the Mexican Republic

0 200 km

rlJ Ma•nly marine

[ZI Edgellne of salt

IZ] EmeryemarM

Figure 4.2. Map showing facies distribution in southeastern Mexico

of Upper Jurassic facies.

Under this Cretaceous sequence, the wells Yucatan (Sutterlin and Bonet, 1963). The surface distribution
No. 1 and 4 cut through siltstones and sandstones of the Cenozoic units clearly shows a gradual retreat
with some intercalations of quartzose sand and gravel of the seas toward the present coast line, and only in
as well as green bentonite and dolomitic limestone. the Eocene did the seas transgress and cover almost
L6pez-Ramos (1979) originally considered these as completely the Yucatan Peninsula (Butterlin and
belonging to the Jurassi�retaceous interval. Bonet, 1963).
These redbeds rest above a crystalline basement
that was reached by the well Yucatan No. 1, at 3200 m
TECTONIC SUMMARY
depth (L6pez-Ramos, 1979). From a sample of rhyo­
lite porphyry from this well, a Rb/Sr date of 410 mil­ The metamorphic rocks that crop out in the Sierra
lion years (Silurian) was obtained. This porphyry de Soconusco have been related to a metamorphic
seems to have intruded a quartz and chlorite schist event contemporaneous with the Grenvillian defor­
(L6pez-Ramos, 1979). The Yucatan No. 4 well cut 8 m mation, which is well known in the eastern United
of slightly metamorphosed quartzite that underlies States (Carfantan, 1977), and they have also been cor­
the Triassic-Jurassic redbeds (L6pez-Ramos, 1979). related with the metamorphic events that formed the
The Cenozoic deposits of the Yucatan Peninsula Oaxaca Complex (Fries et al., 1962).
are represented principally by calcareous and An important phase of deformation occurred at the
dolomitic sequences with evaporite intercalations. end of the Paleozoic. This affected the Mississippian
Butterlin and Bonet (1963) formulated a column that and Pennsylvanian sedimentary sequences of south­
extends from Paleocene to Quaternary. This column east Chiapas, and the chief plutonic activity began in
includes in ascending order: the Chichen Itza and the present-day Sierra de Soconusco. This phenome­
Icaiche formations (Paleocene-Eocene); the Bacalar, non was followed by a prolonged interval of conti­
Estera, Franco, and Carillo Puerto formations (upper nental environments during which the lower beds of
Miocene and Pliocene); and molluscan limestones of the Todos Santos Formation were deposited. Damon
Pleistocene-Holocene. The Oligocene has not been and co-workers (1981) relate the emplacement of the
recognized on the surface but was cut in the explo­ Sierra de Soconusco batholith to the closing of the
ration wells of Chicxulub No. 1 and Cacapuc No. 1 Proto-Atlantic ocean and the unification of South

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 4. Geology of the Southeastern Region of Mexico 79

HONDURAS
� Deep water sediments

� Carbonates-evaporites
0 200km
� Edge of the platfonn or bank

� External edge of zone of dolomitizedslope sediments

a Nearshore line

� Nearshore volcanics

[Z] Emergent areas

Figure 4.3. Map showing facies distribution of Neocomian-Aptian facies in southeastern Mexico .

America and Africa with North America, an action Limestone. The area of the Yucatan Peninsula
that culminated in the Appalachian Orogeny at the remained stable but submerged and had shallow
end of the Paleozoic. During the Late Jurassic a trans­ water deposition, forming the Great Calcareous Bank
gression occurred that gave rise to marine sedimenta­ that extended toward Chiapas and south of Veracruz.
tion, especially in the localities near the Gulf Coast in Viniegra-Osorio ( 1 9 8 1 ) believes that the Great
Tabasco and Veracruz. In the Sierra Madre Oriental Calcareous Bank of Yucatan tilted southwestward
and other regions in the east of Mexico, a Jurassic during its evolution. This interpretation is sustained
transgression has been related to the opening of the by the fact that in the Pemex wells the basement was
western extreme of the Tethys (Tardy et al., 1975; encountered at increasing depths from east to west
Tardy, 1980; Campa and Ramirez, 1979) during the across the marine platform of Campeche and finally
disintegration of Pangea. reaches depths greater than 6500 m, with still greater
In the Cretaceous there was general marine sedi­ thickness of the whole Mesozoic and Tertiary
mentation that, in a major part of the state of Chiapas, sequences. Dengo (1968) recognizes a partial deforma­
is represented by the platform Sierra Madre tion of the Mesozoic sequence at the end of the Albian

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 80 Section I The Geology of the Mexican Republic

E.ZJ Deep water sediments

� Carbonate-evaporites

Edgelme of reels or banks

�
Probable hm1t of bank clastiCS
D
g Edge ot deep water

E3 Nearshore

� Nearshore volcamcs

[Z] Emergent areas

0 Golden Lane carbonate bank

� Yucatan carbonate bank

Figure 4.4. Map showing facies distribution of Albian-Cenomanian in southeastern Mexico.

that was accompanied by granitic intrusions that developed as a foredeep with flysch deposition of the
extend to the Sierra Madre del Sur in Chiapas and Ocozocuautla Formation (Dcngo, 1968).
central Guatemala. Seemingly, the saline �cdiments at the base of the
Carfantan ( 1 977) mentioned a phase of Mesozoic played a very important role in these defor­
Cenomanian deformation that placed a volcanic-plu­ mations, since they served as plastic material during
tonic complex of probable Mesozoic age i n the development of the decollement in which time the
allochthonous position over t h e eroded Chiapas Mesozoic and Cenozoic �cquences were folded
platform. This is located in the area of Motozintla. (Viniegra-Osorio, 1981). In the Reforma-Campeche
This complex corresponds to a volcanic arc sirrUiar to belt, the origin of the domal and piUow-like structural
those recognized in the northwe�t and western parts system is related to vertical movement impelled by
of Mexico. the subjacent salt.
After this deformation, and during the Late During the Cenozoic, the Chiapas region was
Cretaceous, Paleocene, and Eocene, the Mesozoic apparently caught in tectonism involving normal and
sequence was affected by Laramide orogenic defor­ strike-slip faulting, which complicates the structural
mation. At this time an elongated marine basin was relations of the Mesozoic <tnd Cenozoic sequences.

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 4. Geology of the Southeastern Region of Mexico 81

GULF
OF
MEXICO

Carbonalee wllh rudisiS

� 8lld evaporites

Globlgennid deep water facies

EZl 0 200km

II]] Melange in deep water

E3 Nearshore

IYl Nearshore volcanics

Volcanic Intrusives
�
Emergent areas
[£]
Figure 4.5. Map showing distribution of Upper Cretaceous facies in
southeastern Mexico.

GULF

OF

MEXICO

� carbonate, evaponte

� Open sea clay. sands, mans

Open sea marls

�
Bank edge clastics
� 0 200km
Emergent areas
IZJ
Flysch raoes
EZI
Figure 4.6. Map showing distribution of Paleocene facies in
southeastern Mexico.

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 82 Section I The Geology of the Mexican Republic

I
I
I '
I '

I GULF OF \
\
J
J J MEXICO \
\
J I \
I I \
I \
I ' I
I ' / / .... !
\
'
I ARENQUE I I ,
'
I I \
J / '
I I
/ I
I
\ / I
/
' J
, _ _ ..,
I
I

-,..,'<'
�'?' 0 200 km
�0 �------�
G) Sierra Madre Oriental (j.,::;,'<'
® Sierra Madre del Sur

@ Sierra de Chiapas

---- Veracruz basin

C:l Productive areas ot the Upper Cretaceous

.. Productive areas ot the Upper Jurassic and Upper Cretaceous

!$7 Areas ot potential accumulation

Figure 4.7. Map showing producing areas and oil wells in southeastern Mexico.

The directions of the faults of this period seem to be deposited developed during the Cretaceous along the
associated with the northwestern movement of North edge of the Great Calcareous Yucatan bank, which
America in respect to the Caribbean plate along the extends to Chiapas and Veracruz.
Polochic-Montagua fault system of Guatemala and It has long been considered that the source rocks of
the southern border. these hydrocarbons are Jurassic and that the reservoirs
were developed in many varied traps resulting from a
complex stratigraphic and structural evolution.
E CONO MI C RE SOU RCE S
In the southeast region of Mexico, there exist some
The principal petroleum reserves of the nation are mineral deposits of known hydrothermal origin that
located in the subsurface of the Reforma area at the show the association of silver-lead-zinc-gold-copper.
Chiapas and Tabasco border, as well as on the marine In general they are small and localized generally in
Campeche platform (Figure 4.7). Most of the produc­ the south of Chiapas, in the localities of Pijijapan,
tion comes from rocks of Late Jurassic and Cretaceous Nueva Morelia, Lajeria, Payacal, and Almagres. I n
age as well as from the base of the Paleocene. In these addition, metasomatic deposits o f iron exist in the
areas the sequences have slope facies composed of localities of Ventosa, Niltepec, and Fololapilla. Iron
fractured and dolomitized detrital material. The belt and copper are found in Arriaga and copper, lead,
containing the slope where these sequences were and zinc in Ixtapa.

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 4. Geology of the Southeastern Region of Mexico 83

BI BLIO G RA P HY A ND RE FE REN CE S Tecnologia Industrial: Centro Regional de Ayuda

Tecnica, Agenda para el Desarrollo Internacional,
Abbreviation UNAM is Univers i d a d Nacional 45 p.
Autonoma de Mexico Fries, C., et al., 1 962, Rocas Precambricas de edad
Grenvilliana de la parte central de Oaxaca en el sur
Butterlin, J., and F. Bonet, 1963, Mapas geologicos de de Mexico: Boletin, Instituto de Geologia, UNAM,
la Peninsula de Yucatan: Ingenieria Hidraulica en n. 64, parte 3, p. 45-53.
Mexico. Gutierrez, R., 1956, Bosquejo geologico del Estado de
Campa, M.F., and J. Ramirez, 1 979, La evolucion Chiapas: XX Congreso Geologico Internacional,
geologica y la metalogenesis del noroccidente de Mexico: Excursion C-15, Geologia del Mesozoico y
Guerrero: Serie tecnico-cientffica de la Universidad Estratgrafia Permica del Estado de Chiapas.
Autonoma de Guerrero, n. 1, 102 p. Hernandez-Garcia, R . , 1 9 73, Paleogeografia del
Carfantan, C.J., 1977, La cobijadura de Motozintla­ Paleozoico d e C h i a p a s : B o l etin, A sociacion
un paleoarco volcanico en C h i a p a s : Revista, Mexicana Geologos Petroleras, v. 25, p. 79-1 13.
Instituto de Geologia, UNAM, v. 1, n. 1, p. 1 33-137. Lopez-Ramos, E., 1 979, Geologia de Mexico, 2nd edi­
Castro, J . , C .J. Schlaepfer, and E. Martinez, 1 975, tion: Scholastic Edition, v. III, 446 p.
Estratigrafia y microfacies del Mesozoico de la Mulleried, F.K.G., 1 957, La Geologia de C hiapas:
Sierra Madre del Sur, Chiapas: Boletin Asociacion Publicacion del gobierno del Estado de Chiapas.
Mexicana de Geologos Petroleras, v. 27, n. 1-3, p. Richard, H.G., 1 963, Stratigraphy of Early Mesozoic
1-103. sed iments in southwest Mexico a n d western
Damon, P.R., M. Shafiquillah, and K.F. Clark, 1981, Guatemala: AAPG Bulletin, v. 47, p. 1 861-1970.
Age trends of igneous activity in relation to metal­ Tardy, M., 1 980, La transversal de Guatemala y las
logenesis in southern Cordillera, in W.R. Dickinson Sierra Madre de Mexico, in J. Auboin, R. Brousse,
and D. Payne, eds . : Arizona Geological Society J.P. Lehman, Tratado de Geologia, v. III, Tectonica,
Digest, v. 14, p. 137-154. Tectonofisica, y Morfolgia. D. Serrat Translation,
De Cserna, Z., 1 967 (1 969), Tectonic framework of Barcelona, Espana: Editorial Omega, p. 1 1 7-182.
southern Mexico and its bearing on the problem of Tardy, M., et al., 1975, Observaciones generales sabre
continental drift: Boletin de la Sociedad Geologica la estructura de la Sierra Madre Oriental. La alocto­
Mexicana, v. 30, p. 1 59-168. nia del conjunto cadena alta-altaplano central,
De Cserna, Z., 1971, Precambrian sedimentaton, tec­ entre Torreon, Coah. y San Luis Potosi, S.L.P.,
tonics and magmatism in Mexico: Geologische Mexico: Revista del Instituto de Geologia, UNAM,
Rundschau, v. 60, p. 1488-1 513. v. 75, p. 1-1 1 .
Dengo, G., 1968, Estructura geologica, historia tectoni­ Viniegra-Osorio, F . , 1 9 8 1 , El gran banco calcarea
ca y morfologia de America Central: Guatemala yucateco: Revista Ingenieria n. 1, p. 20-44.
I nstituto C entroamericano de lnvestigacion y

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