REVIEWER IN TLE 8

ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE

TOPICS INCLUDED: (POINTERS TO REVIEW)

1. PREPARE ELECTRICAL MATERIALS AND TOOLS
2. SELECT ELECTRICAL MEASURING TOOLS AND INSTRUMENT
3. CARRY OUT MEASUREMENTS AND CALCULATIONS
4. ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS, SIGNS, DIAGRAMS AND PLAN
5. CHECKING CONDITION OF TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT
6. Types and Uses of lubricants, Maintaining and Storing of Tools & Equipment,
5’s Approach in Workshop Keeping
7. Practice Occupational Health and Safety Procedures

PREPARE ELECTRICAL MATERIALS AND TOOLS

ELECTRICAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

Electrical task can be accomplished systematically to save time, effort, and resources. Most of the
work cannot be done using bare hands. To do the task, electrical tools or equipment are needed to
perform the job. This lesson will discuss the function/use of each tool or equipment used in electrical
wiring installations.
The following are common electrical tools and equipment needed in the installation of electrical
wiring.

Electrical Tools and Equipment

A. Screwdrivers C. Pliers

- Standard/Flat Screwdriver -Combination Pliers

-Philips Screwdriver -Side Cutting Pliers

-Stubby Screwdriver -Long Nose Pliers

-Allen Screwdriver/Wrench D. Hacksaw

B. Hammers E. Wire Stripper

-Claw Hammer F. Wire Stripper

-Mallet (Rubber head) G. Electrician’s Knife

Electrical Supplies and Materials
-Ballpeen hammer H. Portable Electric Drill
1. Convenience Outlet 9. Flat Cord
DIFFERENT TYPES OF FORMS
2. Male Plug 10. Electrical Wire/Conductor
Correctness of the entry of different forms used in electrical work is necessary in order to acquire right,
3. Lamp
complete andHolders a. Stranded
accurate number of materials and tools needed inwire
a specific electrical job. Here are samples
of different forms used in electrical work.
4. Switch b. Solid wire
1. Purchase Requisition is a document generated by user department or storeroom personnel to notify the
purchasing
5. Fusedepartment items it needs to order, their
11. quantity, and the timeframe.
Conduits/Pipes

6. Circuit Breaker 12. Clamps

7. Junction Box 13. Connectors

8. Utility Box
2. Inventory are raw materials, work-in-process goods and completely finished goods that are considered
to be the portion of a business's assets that are ready or will be ready for sale.

3. Job order or Work Order form is a written instruction to perform a work according to specified
requirements, within specified timeframe and cost estimates.
4. Borrower’s Form is a form used to request for tools and equipment needed for a particular job.

SELECT ELECTRICAL MEASURING TOOLS AND INSTRUMENT

ELECTRICAL MEASURING TOOLS AND INSTRUMENTS

Measurement is the process or the result of determining the ratio of a physical quantity, such as a
length, time, temperature, etc., The unit of measurement to be used are meter, second or degree Celsius.
The science of measurement is called metrology. Electrical measuring tools and instruments are sensitive
and delicate so extra care is necessary in handling them. These are used to measure currents, voltages,
resistances, wattages, and other important elements in electrical works.
MEASURING TOOL/INSTRUMENT DESCRIPTION

TEST LIGHT is a pocket size tool used to

test the line wire or circuit if there is current
in it.
 Properly designed test lights include
features to protect the user from accidental
electric shock.

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MICROMETER is used to measure the

diameter of wires/conductors in circular
mils. It can measure small and big sizes of
wires and cables.

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WIRE GAUGE is used in determining the

size of wires/conductors. The gauge ranges
from 0 to 60 AWG (American wire gauge).

Wire gauge is a measurement

of wire diameter. This determines the
amount of electric current a wire can safely
carry, as well as its electrical
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RULER/FOOT RULER is a measuring

tool used to measure length, width, and
thickness of short flat object and in
sketching straight lines

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PULL-PUSH RULE is a measuring tool

used to measure the length of an object in
centimeter and inches.

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AMMETER is an instrument used to

measure the amount of electrical current
intensity in a circuit. The unit of measure is
ampere (a). It is connected along or series
to the circuit.

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VOLTMETER is an instrument used to

measure electrical pressure or voltage of a
circuit. The unit of measure is volt (v). This
is connected across or parallel to the circuit.

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CLAMP AMMETER is also called tong-

tester. It is used to measure current flowing
in a conductor. It is clamped or hanged in a
conductor.
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VOLT OHM-METER otherwise called as

Multi-tester it is used to measure the
voltage, resistance and current of a circuit.
It is connected in parallel or series with the
circuit depending on what to measure.

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CARRY OUT MEASUREMENTS AND CALCULATIONS

A system of measurement is a set of units which can be used to specify anything can be
measured.
These are common units of measurement used in making layout and installation of electrical
materials:

A. Linear measures

1. English system provides the creative way on how people can measure by themselves. For
example, people measure shorter distance on the ground with their feet. They measure long
distances by their palms which is equal to a yard.
Inch
Yard
Miles
2. Metric system is a decimalized system of measurement. It exists in several variations with
different choices of base units. Metric units are widely used around the world for personal,
commercial and scientific purpose.
Millimeter Decimeter
Centimeter Meter

B. English units and each equivalent

12 inches = foot(ft)
1 foot = 3yard (yd)
1 yard = 36 inches
C. Metric units and each equivalent
10millimeter (mm) = 1centimeter (cm)
10centimeter = 1decimeter(dm)
10 decimeter = 1meter
D. English to metric equivalent
1 inch = 2.54 cm
1 foot = 30.48 cm
1 yard = 91.44 cm

E. The centimeter graduation

Figure 1 K to 12 Basic Education Curriculum Technology and Livelihood Education Learning Module

The graduation shows that every digit is .5mm

How to read the cm graduation:

1. First graduation is .5 mm
2. Second graduation is 1mm
3. Third graduation is 1.5mm
4. Fourth graduation is 2mm

F. The inch graduation

Figure 2 K to 12 Basic Education Curriculum Technology and Livelihood Education Learning Module

How to read the inch graduation:

1. First graduation is 1/16

2. Second graduation is 18
3. Third graduation is 3/16
4. Fourth graduation is 1/4, then follow the given scale above.
Converting the unit of measurement from English to metric and vice
versa

Example : Note: If the graduation reaches 10mm, it is equivalent to 1cm.

12 inches = __________ cm Note: Cancel the common unit and apply cross
Since multiplication
12 inches = 2.54 cm
1 inch

12 x 2.54 cm
1
Therefore: 12 inches = 30.48 cm

2. 6 feet = ________ inches

Since

6 x 12 inches = Therefore: 6 feet = 72 inches

1

THE MULTITESTER

The Multitester or multimeter is sometimes called the VOM (voltmeter, ohmmeter, milliammeter).
It is the best instrument that can measure voltage, resistance and current. It is generally made of
two types: the analog and the digital.

A. PARTS OF A MULTI TESTER

Figure 3 K to 12 Basic Education Curriculum Technology and Livelihood Education Learning Module
 Figure 4
K to 12 Basic

Education Curriculum Technology and Livelihood Education Learning Module

Proper care and maintenance of the multi tester

1. Read manual of instructions on how to operate the multi-tester.

2. In reading the amount of voltage, always start with the highest range to
avoid reading
voltage higher than the tester setting.
3. Be sure that the tester is set to the correct range setting: resistance range
when
measuring the ohm, voltage range when measuring voltage and ammeter
range
when measuring the value of electric current.
4. Always check the condition of its battery. Worn out batteries will damage
the internal
setting of the tester.
5. When the tester is not in used or will be stored, set the selector switch to
1000V or to
OFF position.
6. Never drop the tester.

B. How to read the meter scale of the multi tester

To read the resistance range of the multi-tester, the given table below will be used.
The unit of measurement to be used to determine its resistance is ohm.

Range 0-2 2-10 10-20 20-50 50-100 100-500

Range x 1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 20
Range 2 5 10 20 50 200
x10
Range 20 50 100 200 500 2k
x1k
Range x 200 500 1k 2k 5k 20k
10k

Figure 5 K to 12 Basic Education Curriculum Technology and

Livelihood Education Learning Module

Voltage
Scale

Figure 6 K to 12 Basic Education Curriculum Technology and Livelihood Education Learning Module
 Range Value/div
Range 10 V 0.2V
Range 50 V 1V
Range 250 V 5V
Range 100 V 20 V

Figure 7 K to 12 Basic Education Curriculum Technology and Livelihood Education Learning Module

ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS, SIGNS, DIAGRAMS AND PLAN

ELECTRICAL SYMBOL

Electrical Symbols are small drawings or pictograms used to represent various electrical
devices in a diagram or plan of an electrical circuit. These symbols are used in sketching
schematic diagrams and electrical plans for numerous types of electrical works. Practically any
electrical fixture found in a house has a symbol that coincides to said fixture on an electrical
wiring diagram. These are very useful guide for an electrician or electrical contractor, thus,
making the wiring easier to install as well.
The following are common electrical symbols used in sketching wiring plan and diagram.

COMMON ELECTRICAL SYMBOL

Figure 2 K to 12 Basic Education Curriculum Technology and Livelihood

Education Learning Module

ELECTRICAL SIGN
Electrical signs and stickers alert students, workers, and visitors to electrical hazards in the area. Alerting
workers to high voltage areas, electrical hazards, power lines and other electrical equipment in the area,
can help prevent fires and injuries. Proper electrical signs can inform workers of the dangers in the area.
 Sign Description
CAUTION indicates some precautionary
measures against potential hazardous
situation which, if not avoided, may result to
a minor or moderate injury.

SAFETY ALERT indicates that a person

should observe extra awareness.

PROHIBITION means that any activity is

not allowed as stated by the symbol.
DANGER specifies hazardous situation
which, if not avoided, will result to a serious
injury or even death.
WARNING specifies a potentially
hazardous situation which, if not avoided,
could result to serious injury or even death.
READ AND UNDERSTAND
INSTRUCTION MANUAL means that a
person should make some reading before
doing any activity.
WEAR EYE PROTECTION indicates that
a person should wear safety goggles or any
related protection for the eyes.

ELECTRICAL HAZARD indicates that

electrical hazard is present in the area.

VOLTAGE DANGER indicates high

voltage in the area and surrounding
equipment.
Figure 3 K to 12 Basic Education Curriculum Technology and Livelihood
Education Learning Module

ELECTRICAL WIRING DIAGRAM

The flow of current in a conductor or wire can be represented by diagram. There are two common types
of diagram pictorial diagram and schematic diagram.
1. Pictorial diagram is a sketch of electrical circuit that shows the external appearance of each component. It
is much like a photograph of the circuit and uses simple images of parts.
 Sample Pictorial diagram of one bulb controlled by single pole switch using 9 volt battery source

2. Schematic diagram is a sketch showing the components of the circuit using standard electrical symbols. It
shows the actual number of components and how the wiring is routed but not the actual location.

Diagram A Diagram B
Sample schematic diagrams of one bulb controlled by single pole switch using direct current (Diagram A) and
alternating current (Diagram B) source

TYPES OF CIRCUIT
1. Series Circuit is a circuit in which lamps are arranged in a chain, so that the current has only
one path to take. The current is the same through each load.
Example of this is the Christmas lights. It consists of a number of bulbs that are connected side
by side to meet the voltage requirement which is 220 volts for alternating current.

Figure 6 K to 12 Basic Education Curriculum Technology and Livelihood Education Learning Module

2. Parallel Circuit is a circuit in which lamps are connected across the wires. The voltage across each load
on parallel circuit is the same. The advantage of using parallel circuit is that even if one of the lamps fails,
still the remaining lamps will function.
Schematic and pictorial diagram of three bulbs connected in parallel circuit using a battery source

Figure 7 K to 12 Basic Education Curriculum Technology and Livelihood Education Learning Module
 ELECTRICAL PLAN
Electrical plan is a graphical presentation of electrical wiring connections to install in a
particular house or building. It indicates the position of electrical fixtures such as convenience
outlets, switches, lightings, door bells, and others to be installed.

Number of electrical fixtures found in the

electrical plan
QUANTI ELECTRICAL
TY FIXTURES
8 pieces Lamp outlets
8 pieces Duplex convenience
outlets
4 pieces Single gang switches
1 piece Two gang switch
1 piece Three gang switch

CHECKING CONDITION OF TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

Check Conditions of Tools and Equipment

Tools are very useful to us in our homes especially to our job. But tools that are no
longer functional may cause harm.

● Functional tools and equipment are those that are in good condition
and can perform its regular functions.
● Non-functional tools and equipment are those that are not able to
perform its regular function because of impaired and damage part.

❖ Methods of identifying non-functional tools and equipment

1. Visual inspection. It refers to the visual observation of an expert on the appearance of the
tools and equipment.
2. Functionality. Vibration or extra noise from the operation means problems on parts and
accessories started to develop.

3. Performance. When there is something wrong with the performance of either hand tools or
equipment, they need an immediate repair or maintenance.

4. Power supply (for electrically operated only). Failure to meet the required power supply,
malfunction will occur in the part of hand tools or equipment.
5. Person’s involved. It refers to the technical person who has the knowledge and skills about the
technology.
 TYPES AND USES OF LUBRICANTS

A lubricant is a substance introduced to lessen friction between moving surfaces and

stationary ones. It may also transport external particles. The property of reducing
friction is known as lubricity.
Types and Uses of lubricants

1. Anti-rust lubricant spray:

● loosen rusted part
● cleans and protect
● drives out moisture
● stops squeaks
● free sticky mechanisms

2. Wire Pulling Lubricant:

● does not damage insulation
● cling to wire and dries to a slippery film
● suitable for use with wire or cable covered with
rubber (t, thw, thhn, etc)

3. All Purpose Anti Rust Lubricant:

● anti-rust
● lubricating
● rust removal
● decontamination
● conductance

4. Lubricant Oil and Engine Oil:

● lubricating the gear
● cleans and protect
● drives out moisture

5. Silicon Lubricant:
● heat stable
● lubricates
● protects
● reduces friction
● water repellent

A good lubricant possesses the following characteristics:

High boiling point

Low freezing point

High viscosity index

Thermal stability

Corrosion prevention

High resistance to oxidation

Disclaimer: Picture is used for educational purposes and not to endorsed the product

Maintaining and Storing of Tools & Equipment

Proper maintenance of tools and equipment prolongs the life of each component, increases
efficiency as well as productivity and of course decreases repair costs. Accurate and effective
lubrication is the most important preventive maintenance step in ensuring the life and efficiency of any
tools and equipment.
Hand tools:
1. Clean dirt and debris from tools after each use.
2. Oil metal parts to prevent rust.
3. Lightly sand rough wooden handles and apply linseed oil.
4. Repair loose handles.
5. Sharpen blades of cutting tools.
6. Store tools in a clean dry storage area.
7. Protect surfaces of cutting tools in storage.
Equipment:
1. Store equipment in a clean dry storage area.
2. Rinse and clean spray equipment after each use.
3. Clean spreaders and check wheel-driven gears.
4.Clean carts and wheelbarrows after use
Power Tools
1.Read and follow the maintenance schedule in the owner’s manual for each piece of power
equipment.
2. Change the oil.
3. Clean the air filter.
4. Lubricate moving parts.
5. Sharpen dull blades or replace worn blades according to the owner’s manual.
6. Replace spark plugs.
7. Drain oil and gasoline before long-term storage.
8. Check electric cords and connections on electric-powered tools.
9. Store tools in a clean dry storage area.
5’s Approach in Workshop Keeping
5’s is a reference to a list of five Japanese words translated into English. This is an approach of
organizing and managing the workplace and workflow with the intent to improve efficiency by
eliminating wastes, improving flow of production, and reducing process delays.

Sort Systematize Sweep Sanitize Self-Discipline

Sorting is an Systematizing Sweeping is Sanitizing is a Self-discipline is a

action to is an action to an action to condition of condition of
identify and arrange or put clean your maintaining a training people to
eliminate all every workplace high standard follow cleaning
unnecessary necessary item thoroughly so of cleaning and disciplines
items from your in good order that there is no workshop independently.
workplace and so that they dust on floor, organization at
dispose of can be easily machines, and all times.
them. picked for use. equipment
o A place for
everything or
everything is in
place
 PRACTICE OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY PROCEDURES
A hazard is something that can cause harm, eg electricity, chemicals, working up a ladder, noise, a
keyboard, a bully at work, stress.

Risk is the chance or probability that a person will be harmed or experience an adverse health effect
once to a hazard. It may also apply to situations with property or equipment loss. A risk is the chance,
high or low, that any hazard will actually cause somebody harm.

HAZARDS RISK

Anything that can cause A chance that a

harm person will be
harmed by the
hazards

For example, working alone away from your office can be a hazard. The risk of personal
danger may be high. Electrical repair is a hazard. If someone accidentally turned on the power the
worker’s life will be in a 'high-risk' category.
Five Basic Workplace Hazards
There are five major types of hazards which can put both your health and your safety at risk.
1. Chemical hazards
2. Physical hazards
3. Biological hazards
4. Ergonomic hazards or job related hazards
5. Psychological hazards or stress

CHEMICAL HAZARDS
If you are working with cleaning products, bleaches, paints, and other chemical agents, you need to
understand what a chemical hazard is as well as how to protect yourself.
Chemical hazards include:
1.Liquids such a cleanser
2.Gases such as carbon monoxide
3.Vapours and fumes such as welding fumes
4.Products that can catch fire or explode acids, and paint

PHYSICAL HAZARDS
Physical hazards include:
1.machinery 5. electrical power
2.power and hand tools 6. noise
3.working and walking surfaces 7. trip and fall hazards
4.ladders and scaffolds 8. heat and cold ventilation

BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
Why be careful around ticks, mouse droppings, bird poop and wild animals? Because you might get
sick from working around certain animals, including people. Biological hazards include bacteria,
viruses, insects, plants, birds, animals, and humans. The risks run from skin irritation and allergies to
infections.
Dangers can come from:
1.unclean restrooms 4. insect stings
2.mold and fungus 5. animal bites
3.bacteria 6. poorly stored medical waste

ERGONOMIC HAZARDS
If your job is poorly designed, you can develop long term health problems. These problems can arise
from simple things, like working for long periods in an awkward position or having to make the same
motions over and over again.
Problems can come from:
1.Lighting 4. Repeated movements
2.Chairs 5. Computer screens
3.Lifting

PSYCHOLOGICAL HAZARDS
Those that are basically causing stress to a worker. This kind of hazard troubles an individual very
much to an extent that his general well-being is affected. Stress can lead to long-term health
problems. Headaches, anxiety, and impatience are early signs of stress.
Workplace causes of stress include:
1. heavy workloads 5. noise
2. working by yourself 6. shift work
3. conflict with the employee 7. fear of job-loss
4. lack of control over the pace of work

HAZARD CONTROL
All workplace hazards (chemical, physical, etc.) can be controlled by a variety of methods.
The goal of controlling hazards is to prevent workers from being exposed to occupational
hazards. Some methods of hazard control are more efficient than others, but a combination of
methods usually provides a safer workplace than relying on only one method. Some methods of
control are cheaper than others but may not provide the most effective way to reduce exposures.
To control hazards in your workplace you need to identify and understand those hazards.
Your first priority should always be to eliminate the hazards. If the hazards can’t be eliminated, try
finding safer ways to carry out those tasks by substituting less harmful substances or changing
the work environment through engineering controls. Also consider changing how work activities
are organized and performed. For example, reduce the time workers are exposed to a hazard by
rotating them to another task.
A. Controlling workplace hazards
Once a hazard has been identified and the risk assessed, control measures should be put
into place. A simple list of control measures can be utilized - the hierarchy of control.
1. Identify the Hazard - Identify the source of the problem
2. Assess the Risk - Risk assessment is the process where you:
o Identify hazards,
o Analyze or evaluate the risk associated with that hazard.
o Determine appropriate ways to eliminate or control the hazard
 3. Eliminate the Hazard or Risk - Elimination of a specific hazard or hazardous work process,
or preventing it from entering the workplace, is the most effective method of control. Eliminating
a hazard means removing it completely.
4.Engineering Control - May mean changing a piece of machinery (for example, using proper
machine guards) or a work process to reduce exposure to a hazard.
5. Administrative Controls - Working a limited number of hours in a hazardous area is an
example of an administrative control for example, job rotation.
6. Substitution is one measure of replacing one hazardous agent or work process with a less
dangerous one. It is important to consider worker health and safety when work processes are
still in the planning stages.
Provide Personal Protective Equipment
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) includes ear and eye protection, respirators, and protective
clothing.

YOUR HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORK

Personal hygiene
Finally, personal hygiene (cleanliness) is also very important as a method of controlling
hazards. Your employer should provide facilities so you can wash and/or take a shower every day
at the end of your shift, no matter what your job is. Wash your skin and hair with a mild soap, rinse
and dry your skin completely to protect it. Washing hands regularly, and eating and smoking away
from your work area to prevent ingesting contaminants. Lack of personal cleanliness can affect
your family’s health.
Your family can be exposed to hazards you work with if you bring chemicals and other
workplace contaminants home with you on your clothes, hair or skin. Before you leave work,
wash/shower and change your clothes when necessary to prevent bringing workplace
contaminants home.

Source: K to 12 Basic Education Learning Module

It may seem that the amount of contaminant you can bring home on your clothes or skin is
very small and cannot hurt your family. In reality a small exposure every day for months can add up
to a big exposure.
If you wear protective clothing at work, such as aprons, laboratory coats, overalls, etc., these
should be cleaned regularly, and you should inspect them for holes or areas that are worn out.
Workers who launder these clothes should be trained in the types of hazards they may work with
and how they can be controlled. Inspect your underclothes at home for any signs of contamination
 with oils, solvents, etc. if you find any signs, then it means your protective clothing at work is not
effective.
Every workplace should have some kind of first-aid facility

A basic first-aid facility

Source: K to 12 Basic Education Learning Module

Every workplace should have at least minimal first-aid facilities as well as adequate
personnel trained to provide first aid. First-aid facilities and trained personnel are important
components of a healthy and safe workplace.
1. General cleanliness in the workplace is an important method of controlling hazards.
2. Good housekeeping reduces the risk of fire and is cost-effective.
3. Good housekeeping measures should be planned when work processes are in the design stage.
4. Safety signs are not a method of hazard control.
5. Personal cleanliness is an important method of controlling hazards.
6. Your employer should provide facilities so you can wash and/or take a shower every day.
7. Before you leave work, wash/shower and change your clothes when necessary to prevent
bringing workplace contaminants home to your family.
8. Leave your dirty clothes at work. If you must wash them at home, wash them separately —
never wash your work clothes with your family's wash.
9. Your protective clothing should be cleaned regularly. Inspect your protective clothing for holes
and worn areas that could leave you open to exposures.
10. Inspect your undergarments for signs of contamination.
11. Your workplace should have at least minimal first-aid facilities.
EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS
Process of ensuring that an organization has complied with the preventive measures, is in a
state of readiness to contain the effects of a forecasted disastrous event to minimize loss of life,
injury, and damage to property, can provide rescue, relief, rehabilitation, and other services in the
aftermath of the disaster, and has the capability and resources to continue to sustain its essential
functions without being overwhelmed by the demand placed on them.