f his chapter you will s wrrent, its peak and rms value to sol slits solve the numerical p rand impedance ard usage in daily ie eta aie wa ac ets, power factor, watts J] Revision Notes ‘emaing current sappitude and periodically in daection. + ii represented by sine curve oF cosine curve as I = Iysin at or T {gos at where, I is peak value current and I is instantaneous value of current. ” Frequency of an alternating, current ‘ened as the number of cycles CO! ‘ond. It is measured in Hertz (H2) ‘equency of ac current is 50 Hz. tudy current. rietor and Transformer with their application Alemating current changes continuously in supply fr #8 mpleted per In India, the Topic-1: Alternating Current Page No. 151 1) : Topie-2 : LCR Series circuit Page No. 162 ‘Topic-3: AC generator and Transformer Page No. 174 | ‘The time period T, of an alternating supply, is time taken to complete one cycle. ‘The behaviour of ohmic resistance R in ac circuit is the same as in de circuit, ‘Alternating current can be produced by using a device called as an alternator. ‘AC waveforms are: amplitude t Ssve Wee ea \ PPos iA | V | V ms value of alternating cy aon NR curren voltage PP Root MEAN STTEDE ERTS HS tHe 1994 seg Mage oF current HN AN ae circuit or ae Sredtenoted BY Vig OF I ne square ot 7 ‘omplete fs value is the standard way ot a8 Rives the de ‘nating current and volta, J ivalent values fae jas vale OF 36 18 aI80 called effective : ial value OF AC represented ae ee pe \ pow a rm ey OF voltage value is the square root of a inpne squares of instantaneous voltages in a thee Sorying waveform. atime , V =V,sin of 1 1,(snae -% 2 [which shows current lags the voltage by 7 1 1 average P, = “2¥sin Qo0)] = 0 [Since average of sin 2ot over a complete cycle is zero] Key Words pe a | Inductive circuits: A Pure inductive circuit is one | inwhich the only quantity in the circuit is inductance |, with no other components such as resistance or + G@pacitance. Capacitive circuit: A Pure capacitor circu © & Gieut that contains a pure capacitor with capacitance | Cfarads, ‘Impedance: For A.C. circuits, | the measure of the total opposition | Presents to electric current. Impedance ine! Ni Impedance is | that a circuit Judes both ALTERNATING CURRENT 153) hus the average "Thus the average power supplied to an inductor ver We complete cyele is zor, ‘+ AC applied to pure capacitive circuit: Vert V = Vy, sin ot ston (m3) [which shows current leads the voltage by © weby > IV, 2 Average 2 m sin(2unt)=0 [Since average of sin 2a over a complete cycle is zero} Thus, the average power supplied to a capacitor over ‘one complete cycle is zero. © Phasor-diagram: A phasor diagram represents sinusoidal ac current and sinusoidal voltage in 2 circuit along with the phase difference between current and voltage. The length of phasor is proportional to the instantaneous values of V, land the maximum length is proportional to Vp and Ip. | Graphical representation of V and i versus ot. Reactance and Impedance © When an ac current is passed through a resistor, & voltage drop is produced which is in phase with the current and is measured in ohms (1).pueation cee Key Formulae xt as nv value for voltage rr v roe sa ane ps a magnet Vane = Fae acta tink — bo mn : ny esata ete BY Ina purely inductive circuit if, - mies mo 2a V = Vysin ot : ingenrtn pve ame oA 1 tesin(o% nk witht eesti 5 hd avy conducting surfaces separate % , sinomoeofered bY where In =X aNd X, = eo «and on i Bo Nae a | tna purely capactive crews, i i V = Vy sino ugh a pun capacitor alternating curent leads | sit ~ the alternaey emt by a phase angle of UP of 1 tealott) pesanse the sompwhensive expression of | *o opposition fo eleeton flow incading, | ; meant recurve, where an alemating. | een through it produces avollage | a = en "and 9 which willbe outof phase { zs XE where, Z = Impedance of circuit, R = Resistance, X = Reactance 7 Impedance: In an ac. the impedance is analogous to resistance in a dc circuit that measures: the combined effect of resistance, capacitive reactance and inductive reactance, KEY stattipie choice Questions Qin a circuit the phase difference between the alternating current and the source voltage is = | Which of the followin, ofthe circuit? (A) only (Grand R 2-2. When an alternating vot 2 '6 cannot be the element(s) (8) only L ()Lorc ou age E = E,sin otis applied {9 4 circuit, a current 1 = Q.3. The voltage across a resistor, an i Average Power 2 Volo 050 = Vial, cose (where c084 = © is power VR +(X, _, option (B) is correct. ‘lznaton: Here, rms 1 = Peak value = Vl = V2 x5 =5V2 A j,sin ot =5V2 sin Inve 1 =5v2sin2nx50x 55 sin 2nx50% 505 <: When a voltage measuring device is connected AC mains, the meter shows the steady input ‘oliage of 220 V. this means (A) input voltage cannot be ‘AC voltage, but @ pc voltage. (8) maximum input voltage is 220 V. (The meter reads not V but (V) and is calibrated toread y(V"). ‘D)The pointer of the meter 1 st mechanical defect. Option (Cis correct. pation: The voltmeter in “alue <> and meter is calibra oe t Vas | <> which is multiplied PY V2 to Be Mein er words, Voltmeter connet®4 Oe ago, it "ads root mean square value of AC“ kv ruck by some ts, ‘AC circuit reads ted to 7™ ating vowse® When fr 7 frequency of ap] lied alter ree ALTERNATING CURRENT (Ni Ans, Option (AV is correct. ™ , SO, a8 Inere [ 7 8X afta x ve sae nd ale rah RAY MRI wale off sal es sal ile Tetatga mart sso Vollage nan lxe ofan AC ()Va= Vag t va (OV Vag L The het prea Fin voltage and Instantaneous (You Yo {By tanh By and OU dina given resistance ina ven sal crn at wl heat praduced by 4 steady current of ‘magaltude (ay0707 1, (Hy 1402, Oh, : Am (yt, 4 + Option (A) icone xplanation: Heat produce eat produced by AC Heat produced by DC is FR Frais = PR [o.1= pg 1/2 = 0707, PE sertions reason Directions: In the following questions, A statement cof Assertion (A) is followed by 2 statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice a> (A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A (Both A and R are true but R is NOT the corret explanation of A (©) Ais true but Ris false (D) Ais false and Ris true 1. Assertion (A): An alternating current does not show any magnetic effect. Reason (R} Alternating current changes diesem with time. |. Option (D) is correct. Erfines magnetic field irrespeceve of direct cent or alternabing curent, £9 assertion is fale, Alternating current chanBs direction with or peas i rue, but eannot explain the time. $0, ton “ 2 ‘resent (Ay Capacitor blocks de and allows ac to ira ance is inversely (a Capacitive vet to frequeny Of value of an alternating voltage Reason proportional 5, Aswertion (AD: Vas yeo4ve sin3iat is 4 volt. son vi alternating voltage is fp Peak value of the Reason ( aii volt ©) An indves sid (Cha twat SHOR vw (hyeo nee nen i tet fears co oe naam PM aw Orn Ty ac and det pn, Tetum Ext ee eins” | feresaecncraren ene cus Mgeltane Heeeteeen.) || OY A aicitabhad a arenas jons jmpestance of acapacitor of capacitance iting source of Frequency Hz - ICBSE, 2020] Qt Whatise ‘An alternating current from source is given r i=10 sin 311 f. What is the effective value of current and frequency of source? U [SQP 2020-21] Ans. Tg = bv2 = 102 =7078 % Angular frequency 14 Or def =314 or, f= 314% % 50Hz Q.3, Why alternating current cannot be measured by a de ammeter? eu Q.4. An ac. source is rated at 20 V, 50 Hz. What is the time laken for the voltage to change from its peak Given f= 50 Hz, hence T © Thestudents generally confused about the equations of the alternating current | © Carefully observe the graph and then rel {the given time periods to the equation of f= {_____alternating current. The frequency of an alternating voltast 50 cycles/s and its amplitude is 120 V. Find = value of current. : . The frequency of an alternating current v= f= 30 cycles /s Amplitude of the ac voltage (V,) = 120 Where Vig denotes root mean squat Of voltage’, Vp is the peak value of oF amplitude. So, eov2 = 60x 1414 sisi5 [ALTERNATING CURRENT 157 iat inane ave ormenn sav of ent Ruifeyele of 2 2.7 (a orm hepato ands induetor store ‘ans: 0.637 a energy? | iron? sagt sonia mncaet ie {by Write two reasons due to which the oscillations sesanct Fh the change in the frequency of the become damped. wD 7 — BAG Ane) The cams stores energy. in the form of 1 Co ne feland the inductor stores enensy I , Ans | form of magnetic field, — = 1 , | x | (0) Oxailations become damped de te | | {i Resistance of the cieuit % {Gi Radiaton in the frm of Em waves * ] | ztme current through a resistor 8 2 8 Winey | | 1 rae ted toa 220 V, 50 Ha Tine, Find the vale °F iolme | centr which isto be connected 10 feds {Fy current to 1A. a ‘Ans, oreduce the currentfrom 2A 101A theimpedance | cnmniavanebequteweat i | ofanac? 4 es thee aun segata tne pee ‘When only eis present, then Yes here are wave only bat t8 not posible 2 Es wn Gooe of sinusoidal wave form Possible R= vil = 7202 = 100 Ga hen an ateating cuentas through a Now a capac Cis connected in seis ana When a gavanometeitshows no deflegson {impedance becomes 220 Why? 0 = fReat 9.10, Caleulate the rms value of the alternating current z= (R+X Seanown inthe Bgwees a 7 wo = (rE ; Os sagt = 100 + XE On X= 1S a on gems } 1 ca oo Danis : C= 1193 uF 1 9.3. An alternating voltage Vv = 140_sin 3b is An ated across 250 resistor Find ofthe source ugh the resistor. A “equation of voltage with os, 3M Brequency “f= oq = 50 Hz 1 Vy 1 Te = # My 0.11, Whatis the dimension of he impedance? OW Or las = Eb 5 : 2s gl short Answer Type eee we OY Questions! man each) om as = ix (Q.1. Ifa charged capacitor Cis short cb a soon Ips 2 1984 an inductor L, the charge nd current in’ 1e _ aecillate simple harmon _ pend of oe vd thir waions @ tic qcsions oe or reelank Chapterwise & Toplewise, PHYSICS, Class-Xil 4158) ovvant CHSE Question ON Short Answer Type Questions-II “The figure shows the graphical variation of the ae itor with frequency of ac reactance of 2 capaci source. es ] (a) Find the capacitance of the capacitor, Ko Sant eaves Ig wluctor has the same reactance at 100 () An ideal He frequency as the capacitor has at the same frequency: Find the value of indus the 21 1 1 nuk, 2a 600 © = poge inductoe (©) Draw the graph showing the variation of the reactance of this inductor with frequency. Ans.) Capatance ote cipactor fo) Vaucot inductance 7 eee eet (S marks each) : = 0265 mP = 0.265 «10° {ven ifa student evaluates part (a) using any other point on the graph, aveary (U*ALCBSE 2020) full P mark.) — 00) KE ot = 6 at 100 Hz 7 { 6 ono An |< © = 58 =0955-107H i ~—= 2 & | 2 \2 ky 100 “200” 300400” | Frequency (Hz) | Lo = ulin $8 109, Aen 6 A 6 ee - 7 ! "Ce ROE Se SS E EiRA Jource of ae voltage V Vos ts connected ALTERNATING CURRENT © resi 2 mance cea inte esa Pa inthe curen owing in the ‘Gueuit. Show that average power dissipated in the circa and phase angle ‘een wou 2 a [Aas Derivation of instantaneous curr 5 ous curren ; Derivation of average power dissipated 1 i= igsin (t+ Ve Vosin ot asin (ata 1 1 Reactance, ae %- oC {b) Phasor diagram showing V and ielaion in pure C 1 (¢ Explanation that adding B it will behave RC series ac circuit. Calculation of current and phase angle: Detailed Answer: yo _-) An alternating voli V = Vpsin at is supplied ross the two ends of a capacitor of capacitance C ‘At any instant the charge on capacitor = 4 y= CVpsinot att ” - — é \ VaVo sin at \? (oy Current = I= dalit Fates 4 Csi = £ cvpsinod apt = AiG, fain at coscatdt = oCVpc0s ot ie = Ya an( are eu Tot 2 Bier irae ‘ = hsin(ot+® eral 0 1 2 rT [CBSE Marking. ‘Scheme, 20171 Reactance = Xe = Vo Phasor diagram Y Long Answer TYP i —— 5 ach) bel Questions (@ marks e* \ ar Q.1. (a) Derive the expression for the ee ae | in an i itor and its reactance | in an ideal capacitor am ara \ 4 connected to an ac source oF () Draw its phasor diagram. f voltageage st Wok volta ein phase sath the cere we erent yA lags Vottage across Cla " * vabe Soc the valtage drop acts Kane a 108 hot in phase, They are ale out of phase by Vy RO aN) z 1 0 URErN The phase angle by which the curtent fads the apple volageis 4k | | We | NY Phase Angle Q.2A device X is connected across an ac source of voltage V = V,sin ot. The current through X is sivenas 1= sin (ot) (3) Identify the device X and write the expression for its reactance. (©) Draw graphs showing variation of voltage and ‘current with time over one cycle of ac, for. (6) How does the reactance of the device X vary with frequency of the ac ? Show this variation sraphically (4) Draw the phasor diagram for the device X, Ul[Delhi & OD, 2018) ‘Ans. (a) Identification ‘of device and its reactance, Aas (1) Graphs of voltage and current with time WH () Variation of reactance with frequency 4 (Graphical variation) (4) Phasor Diagram i 9) X:Capactor ‘ % Besetance, Xm 1 A's 0 * ye ” eve, PHVBHES. ncHHOr Vartes inn tance of the (6) React 7 frequency Le., X, jon to the propor Q.3.() Prove that current flowing through an idee inductor connected across an ac source lags te voltage by w/2. (ii) An inductor of self inductance 100 mH and: bulb are connected in series with an ac sour + rms voltage 10 Y, 50 Hz. Itis found that efectie voltage of the circuit leads the current by phase WA, Calculate the inductance of the inductor wel and average power dissipated in the circuit it current of 1 A flows in the circuit. a Induced emf = a at Net voltage = ut 7 | | Applying Kirchhoff’s law: vit aa Vz sin ot = a snout v j= Yaomot elo) b= igsinot 3) LCR Series Circuit Hence current lags by iy L = 100 mt Average power dissipation Vastra 605 © 1 w+ 1acost Concepta Covered + 16% sens cieut phasor potoer factor, wattless current EJ Revision Notes LCR series circuit > In an LCR series circuit with’ resistor, inductor and capacitor, the expression for the instantaneous potential difference between the| ferminals a and bis given as Sa ow ‘more about | VV, sin ot, | | [Leap The potential difference in this will be equal to the sum of the magnitudes of potential differences across R, Land C elements as dtd =V,sinot = RI+L S46 VeV,sinot =RI+L 7 +79 where, q is the charge on capacitor. © The steady state situation will be j-_—_Ya__— sin(wt-¢) and where, = tan > From the equation, steady-state current Va" Pel rrgremaeptPee et aca canad © Inan LCR circuit Here, Z = Impedance of the circuit, X = Reactance of the circuit, X, and X = Inductive and Capacitive reactance, © For steady-state currents, maximum current 1. is related to maximum potential difference V_.by Va oz © Total effective resistance of LCR circuit is called Impedance (Z) of the circuit given as eS Key Word ' Steady state: As in the case of forced oscillations + Ofa spring-mass system with damping, we call Qp the steady state charge on the capacitor of the RLC Grcuit. Since [=Q=Cec + Qp and Qc also tends to Gero exponentially a5 > 2, we say that Ie = Q's the transient current and Ip = Qpis the steady state current. > The angle by which alternating voltage leads the alternating current in LCR circuit s given byfee ge which tease is oh | arged to certain 1 caparity C charg ray stored “Nase toe re a C wwhere frequency of petweven al sass ge BY L tc XeXor if there is no loss of energy, then Land Cat every instant will remain for phase ditterence (g) between T and V for a senes LCR init: ais postive, when X; > Xp eis negative, when X. < XS when X; =X: Resonance Grout in which inductance L, capacitance C and resstance R are connected in series and the circuit admits maximum current, such circuit is called as series resonant circuit 1 Thenecessary condition for resonance in LCR series it i: V 2d 1 X, = Xewhich gives o? = oy Se eee 2nvic In his, frequency of ac fed to circuit will be equal {0 natural frequency of energy oscillations in the crcuit under conditions, Z=R Circuit at any instant of ti Power and is given by ti Power equals volts tim Power iw AC caret is out of phase with th, When the cMiicated by the product of yp" vibe inatantaneous YAlUes of the yay,” ine yn ac arcuit are given by “ current i eee isin (at 4) ese @ is the phase difference between y, nd the current. Then, the instantaneous Py = VX i= Voisin otsin ot gw 1 or average power Pag = 3 Volo cose = Moy iy = Boe = Vers % Jims % C0 § where, cos > is known as power factor. © Power factor (cos §) is important in power sy; as it shows how closely the effective power the apparent power which is given as: Effective power cos @ = CCE power ‘Apparent power 7 The value of power factor varies RnR from 0 to 1 thier © The instantaneous rate at which | [BRSG) energy issupplied to an electrical | ii device by ac circuit is tems a Res Pevi 7 Average power in LCR where, X, = X over: complete cycle in a non-inductive circuit or put resistive circuit is given as P=Vpoly or IPR 7 The current in an AC circuit is said to be Wate Current when the average power consumed ins Circuit corresponds to Zero, This happens in casett Pure inductive and capacitive circuits. Key Word F: The amount of power i? i : | imeis called the instantane™ | the well-known relationshiP™ es amps (P = V x 1) Q2 Agenre Choice Questions pinpesance of sees LCR circuit : reuitiss —U) ak ay - & acre i connected to an ac source of variable psatetly. As the frequency of the source is aed, the current first increases and then " Which of the following combinations Inlefthand side of the above equation, denomini | is time. So, in right hand side, the denonimt™ should be time. So, dimension of L/R is time So, the assertion is true. If LIR increases, di/dt decreases. So, reason is also true : tut reason cannot properly explain the asset Q.2. Assertion (A): At rou Fhe current be minimum ina series LCR circuit. ‘ Reason (R): At resonance, voltage and cute,” Phase ina series LCR circuit. 9 Q.3. Assertion (A): When capacitive reactance * than the inductive reactance in a series LCR emf. leads the current. sot Reason (R): The angle by which alternating" leads the alternating current in series RLC “" Xp-Xe R _ given by tan pnt if t t ont ov The ang ti ihe by whi 1 naive aerating canny A us ENE in serie tM cae sen toni SIN hs RI i k then tan @ 18 powitive, iy aly Positive trae, © Reasny ty Lactor ot a A series LOR sinew G eer te yery Short Answer Type questions (mark each) _aahe selectivity ofa series LCR circuit will be oy. Whe : WM U [CBSE DELHI SET 1, 2020 MODIFIED] br ind R is small, wren Lis PB : ws Mis the power factor ofa series LCR circuit OF gonance? a {J [CBSE DELHI SET 1, 2020 MODIFIED] a series LCR circuit at resonance isuniy 1 «anes combination of an inductor (1), capacitor 25 Ag a resistor (R) is connected across an a. (amvof em of peak value E) and angulat sueney (0). PlOt a graph to show variation of egance ofthe circuit with angular frequency (ub. {aq [U[CBSE DELHI SET, 2020) repowerfactorof (U.Whatis the phase difference be _ and voltage in a series LCR circuit © (U[CBSE DELHI SET 2, 2020 MOI 4s tresonance, phase difference is 20° : Ee igeat conductor, conned one sinusoidal ac voltage soure ic tween the current t resonance? yDIFIEDI 2, State W the following quantity is 2er0* QUESTIONS k ALTE RNATIN a (G cURRENT | 168) in ea: AS bone rant ath detcse, @ increases u \planati ect RVG Sertion is true i. Mandwidth, » as bandwidth Heason los no explain the assertion, (i) Instantaneous {i testantancons per U9 Aeeage power ove fal ye of he 2 ope U {Foreign 2016) ‘Ans. verge power ver ule fe ie iS ro, ee. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016} Q. 6. The power factor of an ac circuit is 0.5. What is the phase difference between voltage and current in the circuit? @ Wlov.1, 206) SS Questions-I (2 marks each) (0.1. @) Explain the term ‘sharpness of resomance’ in a circuit {b) Ina series LCR circuit, Vi = Ve # Vee What is Be value of power factor for this circuit? D& BICBSE ‘Ans. (fa) Sharpness ot resonance power factor (b) Value of (a) Sharpness of resonance is the peak of the resonance cUFYE hand o. The sharper or nazrower the ceonancelass over Ne Sa frequencies / Q factor or ‘measure of sharpness of curve © 2 ‘Hence Power factor nated 5 {CBSE Marking Scheme, 2020]jon Bank Che?" ise Question 8 “GLa Aresistor Ra wt, The voltage @. 2 Aresstor Rana ny = Vs to a source of Vol x ag the cent in phase BY ductor is replaced by a capacitor C the voltage in phase by = .WhenL,Cand lags behind currentin phase BY is found to lead cries with the same source, R are connected i Find the: (i) average power dissipated and {)) instantaneous current in the circuit ‘AJ[CBSE OD SET 1, 2020] é ‘Ans, For LR circuit So, For CR circuit So, » For LCR circuit When L, C and R are connected in series, then actually three R are connected in series. Equivalent impedance = aR. Thus cicuitis resistive. and 1 {i) Average power dissipation, P = VI P = Vesin ot x sin ot Over full cycle, 4 Gi) Instantaneous current, I= sin of % Q.3.In a series LCR circuit, obtain the conditions under which ( impedance of the circuit is minimum. (ii) wattless current flows in the circuit. Q.4 The figure shows a series LCR circuit coni toa variable frequency 200 V ac source. Find (i) the source frequ hich dri Gicuitto resonance, NN Gives the (Gi) the quality factor (Q) of the circuit, On nected (a) L c | tT c SOmH sour = 400 | | or, ot, Gi) Quality factor = Q= "R 500 x 50% 10 40 Q = 0625 Short Answer Type Questions-II (3 marks each) Q.1. A capacitor (C) and resistor (R) are connect: series with an ac source of voltage of freque 50 Hz. The potential difference across C andi are respectively 120 V and 90 V, and the curt in the circuit is 3 A. Calculate (i) the impedanced | the circuit (i) the value of the inductance, i | when connected in series with C and R will mi | the power factor of the circuit unity. | (Ul + (AICBSE OD SET 1,2 | Ans. Calculation of impedance Calculation of inductance ' or, Q @ =x As power factor 100nI, = 40 | . i [CBSE Marking sche 0a | iin Circuit, Oe frequency. /= 50 Hz aiference acr08s'C, VC = ‘ee arena Roy Baa current 67 the sous 1 pve if we iflerence across racer (= 3A “VR = 99 y Cause nh Soue fe Ge ance of the circuit impedes eo it (Z) For showi a v= Ve ring | % 7 tv ® Potential d ° (27 =Ve+ Ve ot Taree Bs ri ois ic z= WEE Bent “Toon . i = 100 — oe = Sores 90 aaa e fer scar » 1 Z=502 ateindactance’L be added in au take power factor unity in series with Rand * 1 R tower factor, P = 7 Zz 1- i‘ VR? +(X, =X, © Ve-V, =0 R=R * | x + O- XeP Deer ERE SES ESS 2019) Given: Sou 0 ere Source vlog, V=280Y n | to) Atrsoramecontion dition, te 7 or coe in 1 Kem uency . 1 ind R e Taye = 28 serent ' nce of or 7 which ! 2nVLC make __ = = any(5.0) x 2019) 2xwx50 796 Hz 2 - L=013H 1 (by Atresonance, Xe = Xi, ‘ 1 - figure shows a series LCR circuit connected So, the impedance of the circult % vavariable frequency 230 V source. z= (RHR -XS | on Z=R fas X,= 4 aa os 7-902 xd | since, lee = % av@ der | Zz Amplitude of current lo = Vi les = 2 ce a | poe | H | 2 xg =813A 1 a —a ' y Demin the source rae’? Senate neon onan, Wcquitia resonance. . d ony % Pe ned the impedance of the circuit 2m ot, o = Ke Show that of current at resonance ination a rential drop ‘cross LC combination 9) war, iat potential dP eros LC com Ot Oe v= ‘ resonating fre uency- 8 fred op SET! 20191 ‘al [CBSin Bank Chapters pee On ference betwen pe ac oti pase er the additional capacito : (U [CBSE DELHI wr C,, to be com ‘Cin order t Vo sin (2000 +) ‘Ans’ {i) Calculation of phase difference between current ‘and voltage i) 2 Name of quantity which leads (ii) Calculation of value of 'C;', is to be connected in parallel 1% X, o coL = (1000 x 100 * 104) eee ode % As X- > X, $ phase angle is negative), hence current leads voltage # ii) To make power factor unity, % C=10pF ‘ C=C+6, 10=2+G C= 8uF : [CBSE Markit Q4. Acapacitorofunkn, farking Scheme, 2017] }own capacitance, a resistor of 100 ofself inductance L = 4%) Henry Mand an inductor, a Topicwises ene tect nn, VD Q.5. The spserved to lead the voltay."” ins » figure is 01 other change jo" 5h," waking any other change jn 4”? Without an tf capacitance Gy is (apr Si sapacitos, of CP: Prop itor ©. This sare othe capaci result Joined Meat inthe’ mostiied’ crcl fy, weth the applied voltage ; Pram ofthe modified’ circuit ay for Cy in terms of Lando pave! Draw a dia an expressio! Foreign, Ans. The current leads the voltage in phase. Hence, X>%, | For resonance, we must have x ‘New value of X= XL 1 We, therefore, need to decrease X. = (3) a requires an increase in the value of © Hag. capacitor Cy should be connected in pant) | across C. The diagram of the modified circuit is as shown, j fo | i, i L c | i { j oe For resonance, we have pe Us a 4 @(C+e) =o i 1 ’ < ellos &-[zr-4| [CBSE Marking Scheme,204 A 200 mH (pure) inductor and a 5 if capacitor are connected one by one, y weoidal ac voltage source of = (70.7sin (1000 1)] voltage the expression for the curve! case a Rite”| fied volta [Pr eee Neer, wate | ven 7Ozvc1m have nee Mo = 1000 rade tacit pe inductor % ag 2 Ores 707 . ste ab” DoT, se ees xine oe os = 03835 4 sapresion fOr carFEN ig * £= 03595 (e001 % = 707 X 1000 x 5 x 104 TUNG CURRENT 169) voltage We coma si come ‘ ‘Mblnaion of resnur “Rand a Wo nbtaiayae it He phasor digsam and use "¥presion for (imped ri pedance of the eUJOD. 4,1, 1 2015) Subtint ng, the val uation, pie and V re 3535 x 10° A = : pxpresion for currents ae 2016) 1 = 0:3585sin {sor += 2 % S| [CBSE Mashing Scheme 2m6 The phase anges the angle between Vana V. Hence | qrpaive the expression forthe average pover tang = Eee ag | Papa tera nat Se re are V = Vain ot, carryng score, “Urcheldapamandte phasor diagram forthe as neta) a sven circuit ae as shown alle! ence define the term “Wattless current”. State | _ - : % wer what condition it can be realized in a Great. UW [Delhi Comptt. 2016] Ss v=V,sinat i, sin (@t + 4) Powerat any instant, P= Vi = Vpigsin ot sin (of +9) pa Yaix {cos @-cos Qt + 4] 2 * The average of second term in the share expression is zero over a full cyde. g Voie «Average Power = P = aot la | | % % 4 BP = Vy pms C8? sin the 16) is flows Watiless current is the current WT ig 7B wre) Girt but no power dissipation Or, induct s Itis realized only when circuit is PY £m y ar capacitive, ie, when ©o8 = oot ach S) geneme, 0161 x6) cBse Markingae whose vertical component connected to an ideal serage power supplied 2.) When an ac source & opto shve hat the Nea cra compete cye by the source over a compl a {iy A lamp is connected in series with a capactt Predict your observation when the system is eft across ade and ther an a sue case if the capacitance of ‘What happens in each . the capacitor is reduced? Gyaase is connected with ac Ans (i) When an ideal capacitor i source, the current flow continuously but due to dielectncin between the plates ofeapacitor, there is no current, ic ee (i) For de, lamp will not shine as capacitor blocks de even if we reduce the capacitance, the lamp will not shine 1 Lanip wil shine, if cis used on reducing C, with increase of impedance Hence, lamp will shine less brightly. 1 BON Long Answer Type Questions (S marks each) Q.1. (a) Show that an ideal inductor does not dissipate ower in ana. circuit. () The variation of inductive reactance (X,) of an inductor with the frequency (f) of the a.c. source of 100 V and variable frequency is shown in the figure. iowise, PHYSICS: crane xt _masimein rower dings a1 300 capacitor. va ‘Ans (a) Power dissipation = P= Vintacogg coso= & Zz For ideal inductor R = 0 Vomalms 6054 = 1) Thus, idea inductor does not dsipae py, ac circuit i, (6) (i) Inductive reactance = X, = 2xft, From graph f = 100 Hz xX =02 ve XL 2nf ~ Feats (2H =m (i) Power dissipation is maximum when 1 — 30st | L=0.032H | ‘i | rag = | f= | 1 , 2n x 300 x 0. = ' = aeawc | . C= 88x 105F=88yF 1) Q.2 (a) Ina series LCR circuit connected across an ‘Source of variable frequency, obtain the expresior for its impedance and draw a plot showings variation with frequency of the ac source. | (b) What is the phase difference between the volts | tt across inductor and the capacitor at resonance the LCR circuit ? (©) When an inductor is connected to 200 VDC voltage, a current of 1A flows through it Wi the same inductor is connected to a 200 V, AC source, only 0.5 A current flows. Explai*! Also calculate the self inductance ofthe inde | Wg E)ICBSE DEL SET!" Ans. (a) Derivation of the expression for imped™* " Plot of impedance with frequency ¢ (b) Phase difference between voltage across indie | 5 and capacitor 1 {(¢) Reason and calculation of self induction at1% 1 ac ion its Asearo consent ip, re 5 QBA device 5 SASF, theme eee Vea an ac source and power it, The variation of voltage, current Braphy One cycle is shown im the following, igure, the a = he Pha horn i veeVie Von Vox? Vue “HR Vin =iXi Vo, =i,X, (9) Identity the device. Weruz &) Wich of the carves, B and C represent the HZ) (RY +08. ~1,x5) Sai jot ouranwee mm (0 How does it impedance vary with frequency of ‘hea source! Show grapes. (4) Obtain an expression for the current in the circuit and its phase relation with ac voltage. Le 5 Q.4 (i) An ac. source of voltage V = Vq sin ot is Connected toa series combination of tC and R. Use the phasor diagram to obtain expressions for impedance ofthe circuit and phase angle between voltage and current. Find the condition when Current will be in phase withthe voltage: What i the circuit is this condition called? (i Ina series LR circuit X; = R and power factor of the circuit is Py. When capacitor with capacitance C such that X, = Xe is pot in series, the power P factor becomes P,, Calculate BR (CBSE DEL SET 1, 2016) ‘Ans. () Obtaining expression forimpedance — = i eeion of eurentbeingin phase with voltae [Naming of circuit condition ae 2h ™% {Gi Calculation of R @From Fgue a Vom virveeM where i a. Vin + Wen ~ Vin)? + BKe- Xi Vim 4 inc -X,) % Xenk, rns at) ’ ( S Condition for current and voltage are in phase: Vi = VeorX, = Xe % Gircuitis called Resonant circuit % i) Power factor, P, = B = Rs 1 Br eee ae 2 ee (asX, =2)% Power factor when capacitor C of reactance X= Xs putin seis in the cet R Hew, R a5 Z = Rat resonance % 1 Ree i ot ALD z-2-5 } ICBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] 25:12) Draw graphs showing the variations of inductive reactance and capacitive reactance with frequency of the applied ac source. (©) Draw the phasor diagram for a series RC circuit connected to an ac source. (6) An alternating voltage of 220 V is applied across r 4 device X, a current of 0.25 A flows, which hag behind the applied voltage in Phase by . radian. pHYsiCs, swine te Topics clase-XIt ea and ¥. UICHSE cyl i bination af and Ye UICHSE Cogn a Noy i iit Drawing the two grap : Paine dees m satin ni, Ans. Frequency (Hz) x Inductive Reactance i. | | aan He) (©) (The current leads the voltage by an angle 8 ve | (0.<0< © ) The required phasor diagramisasson (Here, = tan [ | OCR, (©) In device x: Current lags behind the voltage by wla + Xis an inductor In device Current in phase with the applied volta + Yis resistorj wen that 02s oe x, x, = 2 o 025 P= 880.0 e 4 025 = 2 ake R 220 et Se Xa = 935-8800 7 % sxe series combination ofX any, giant impedance = xin? = (8802) a % gent flowing = =e A= cl B= aE AT OTA [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018} ip Prove that am ideal capacitor imam ac ce a eenot dissipate Power uit ewinductor of 200 mH, capacitor of 400 uF anda 2a or of 10 Stare connected in series to ac source wo af variable frequency. Calculate the ipangular frequency at which maximum power Meipaion oceurs in the circuit and the conesponding value of the effective current, and pyre of Q-factor in the circuit {A)[0.D. Comptt 1,11, 1112017] Ans. (i) Average Power dissipation is zero 2 i) Numerical 3 (ptr yourself, Similar Q.1 (2) of Topic 2 LATO: 2 (iia) @ = ALTERNA -RNATING CURRENT « as Ree RNC _ 1 faoxio WVamwaoe 8 Or athe, ASEM See 271 of the e. Owing chrcuit, calculate (i) thee e Sate acne por tore he crete ty he aco ot tic What he Cita he rape poe sie Ryo. Compa HAUT] the cireit 200 mit t —— v=50V ‘An. Calultion of apactance 1 {) Qactor of circuit and its importance 2 Calculation of average power dissipated? () As power factors unity, x, = Xe * = o-F % Te * ota x10 xP xC=1 % 1 aolss Dar =05x1°F * =05mF % iE 250 watts case Marking scheme, 2007Ensen ac genet en ae fcinew he om ra and rotor. mnerator isan electrical ‘hronous coer tet tae working pine of oTroraonthe pine ok ee tte in wnform magnet el einnaucden gens .ctromagnetic induction d, ‘Transformer > Transformer is an electrical device used for changing the alternating voltages. It is based on the phenomenon of mutual induction. © The main use of transformer is in transmission of ac over long distances at extremely high voltages which reduces the energy losses in transmission. It comprises of two sets of coils which are insulated from each other and are wound on soft-iron core. © In this, one ofthe coil is called as primary (input coil) having N, turns while other coil is secondary (output coil) having N, turns, so we have ey 5 Transformation Ratio: V,, defined as the transformation ratio. The value of turns ratio of a transformer © Step-up transformer: umber of turns than p; Stepped up (V, >, If secondary coil has more rimary (N, > N,), voltage gets In this, there is les 2 S current in secondai toprinary Mey ae) REo1 and, <1) The v value of transformation ratio k > 1 tn this, th 7 Step-down trannformer: ber of turn than pr has less numb thi, V, < Vp and 1, > fy an voltage etn stepped down or reduced with increase in current In thip, value of transformation ratio kel ethe main use of transformers iy in stepping, up voltage for power transmission. | Yo the np voltage of a transformer. This gives the informatig about the change in voltage level by the transforme Vs Ng _ bp Transformation ratio= k= ye = SP = If k >1, then it is a step-up transformer, Ifk <1, then it isa step-down transformer. Soft iron: Iron that has a low c: easily magnetized and demagnetized, used to mu | the cores of solenoids and other electrical equipment. ' Electrical power: Electric power is the rate, pet! unit time, at which electrical energy is transferted by | an electric circuit. ! bon content ands » Electric power can be transmitted efficiently! high voltages than at low voltages due to less heat loss in a high voltage / low current transmis" ~ Efficiency of transformer: Qutput power Input power Eyly Sot teon-cone “4 > The effi a ency in a transformer is usually sl"coit ris f reasoner 100% ete aig fort ge ceive tiv i! rsa ne no 10% eer ng ject weren ose ln, pe Pormer operating with constant v ae ceed high capacity, etc a8 and te Frese PA ein formes ey tesloe eae of ings Key es The tyro nd ee magnetic field in the form of raat rama a the fo of a eet heat during the demagnetization p Multiple Choice Questions mec oe transformer is laminated to reduce the effect of (a) ux leakage (B) copper loss (Qhysteress loss (D)eddy current’ ‘us Option (D) is correct. planation: Transformer has 4 types of losses: ly Flux Leakage: This loss is minimized by using shell ype core ly Capper loss: Thick wires with considerably low resistance are used to minimize this loss. k\Hysteresis Loss: This Joss can be minimized by wing a core with a material having the least hysteresis loss. . (9 Edy current loss: Ths loss is minimized by PNB alaminated core. Hence this is the correct ‘option. 2 An alternating current generator has a internal tance Re eued an internal reactance Xe ‘sed to supply power to a passive load consisting starsat ec and a reactance Xi: Formate Power to be ‘cl red from the generator 1° load, the value of X is equal to (A) zero, (B) X, wo (D)Ry Orton (C) is correct. planation: As internal resistance *feady equal to external resistance imum, power, ie., to reat Bo sf generator is todeliver cctance equal f° — © The value of transformer rato is greater than 1 for . AvTERNATING CURRENT ite TN Key Formulae y ana © %Eificency = Output power ney = SUP POWET 5 100% ; Input power = Input power — Losses, ae For generator: © e= ein wt = NBA asin wt wie! ~NiAosinee ae — zero, theseactance in external rai willbe Xe 8 tet to deliver manimum power, the generat" t0 the loa the total eactance must Be equa 028°, la meane=x 0.3. The output of a stepedown transformer it Measured to be 24'V when connected to a 12 W Tight bulb. The vlue ofthe peak curren is (ay 1B (BA (2A waa Ans. Option (A) is correct Explanation: Given, Pawn assodated with secondary, Py = 12. Secondary voltage, V=24V Pe Current in the secondary, I, => a Q Bos a the current in the secondary, 1 Ipc (039418) =0707 fF Peak value of (9.4. The underlying principle of transformer is (A) resonance: (B) mutual induction. {© selfinducton, (9) none of he above. ‘Ans. Option (B) is correct. Explanation: The transformer based on the pple of mutual induction which te that due Pe ndinuous change in current in the primary tO an emfisinduced across Ine secondary soil ae lra0 i prone ay be ancTease and secondary ere may be stopped he rusting: oF we eto evkly uurrenS (C) it resluces ene ’ : (Cpt vees fas Hinkaxe (Dp tine a 2 Ans, Option oe ted) oor Pally currents solid core oy thanging, ma icuslar tothe Explanation: Vanni veel a je core pedhices eddy cure =i v yanny elevtetcally fsoated laminations are io ature ix doubled, Qo We eotational velocity oF emf generated in a sé (Ayal (©) tour times (8) to times (D) unchanged. ap Ans. Option (B) is correct nerated = NBA o sin of snerated also becomes Explanation: e Asc becomes double, emt double Q.7. Quantity that remains unchanged in a transformer (A) volt (B) current. (C) frequency: (D) none of these. @U] Qs increases in step-down transformer. (A) Voltage (B) Current (C) Power (D) Current density ‘Ans. Option (B) is correct. Explanation: Since V/V; = Ie/lp , $0 as as voltage reduces, the current increases in a step-down. transformer. Q.9. The efficiency of transformer is very high because (A) There is no moving part (B) Ituses AC only (C) It uses the copper wire for the coils (D) None of the above | 8 Assertion & Reason Directions In the following questions, A statement Of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as. (A) Both A and R are explanation of A (8) Both A and R are true explanation of & ou true and R is the correct but R is not the correct th seston ar fr racic and ag soln hi ofthe chapter Are aaa at the end ofthe chaprer — (D) Ats false ve on (A): A step-up transformer former 1, Asse! ood as a step-down 1 Reason (Ry; A transtormer works only ig direction Ans. Option (B) is correct, Lyplanation: Step-up teansformer anny 1 step down transformer oF vie yg avsertion is true former isa uni-ditectional ge, w true, The reson is rue, Butt does not explain the assertion, 0.2 Assertion (Aj: Principle of operation 4, sjenerator is electromagnetic induction Reason (R): Resistance offered by induct, Ans, Option (C) is correct. Explanation: Principle of operation of AC yen. is electromagnetic induction. The assertion Resistance offered by inductor f+ 0.S0, 2n/L # 0. So, the reason is false Q.3, Assertion (A): An alternator is a machine ».,, converts mechanical energy into electrical Reason (R): When a coil rotates in a magn. an em. is induced in it ‘Ans. Option (A) is correct. Explanation: Alternator is basically a gener: which a coil rotates in a strong magnetic felt according to laws of electromagnetic indy em. is generated. So, assertion and reason » are true and reason explains the assertion Q.4. Assertion (A): A transformer does not workoa 0 Reason (R) magnitude. : DC neither changes direction = Q.5. Assertion (A): A step-up transformer come input low AC voltage to output high AC vole Reason (R): It violate the law of conservation energy. i Ans. Option (C) is correct. Explanation: Step-up transformer meats * converts input low AC voltage to output high voltage. So, the assertion is true. For step up transformer, Vour / Vix 7 imultaneously Jour / Iyy <1 and Py = Po (ideally), Hence, the law of conservation of "#® ot violated.ut wt wt ee Answer Type (imi ut jwo eharacterintie ys ark each) Ft Mute or mabinn core jotlowwiny, Hy How eetertivity yale! oR get suscep WILY / HH yee Ah permeabittyy vstwily liyys greys tema sate ae ot sanservation of emery? he ale ot violate ef mnciple of conpervath Sse) Voltage # increased the pare oj the same ratio and the product Vi ene reer cron Drases than copper in i ena? B 2s ashes ased in case of the generator ‘On small expansion on heating, constant ; fosion {FU arpethe proper contact as well f GAS the relationship between the (Mfomation ratio and the vollage? wo airmmagnetic Fux due to any current in the anes linked with the secondary, then NYS 2k N, vp is the transformation ratio Boe Answer Type Questions-1 (@ marks each) wie the underlying, principle of a transforme® tow is the large scale transmission of electric rang over long distances done with the ust of me ‘Atandormer is based on the principle of mutual iad hich states that cue to cOntitla™ ange in the current in the primary coil, an emt Minded across the secondary ¢Oi: 1 power generated at the power station is Seppedcup to very high voltages PY transformer and transmitted (© At receiving, end, it is steppe’ lown transformer. ‘unsformers 7 uM Plead generating station PFO ae EW at 4000 V whic i 10 PS fant village. The turns ratio & ‘a lage. The turn’ mt vised at the generating sauor leg illage ifthe voltage tobe supplied what wil be the turns ratio of ME | "adtormer? G8. An athlete p Vow nt 7 TP A Hhanstoriies, MU destinations va = Vaan nt ‘ Y mad : Aw les a stationary tricycle whore Wea ate ata cil having 1 ms eh of area 0.1 a The coil, Lying im XY plane, is rotated thn plane the at 7, out he aks ation were a uniform magic Belt B= 0.014 Testais present Find the (i) maximum ‘emf generated (ii) average emf generated in the coil over one complete rotation ow ee or ered = NB ae el e= ZV =0s2V ¥ 6 emf generated in the coil ovet he average complete rotation is 0. Short Answer Type Questions-II (marks each) (Q.1. Explain with the help of2 agra, the working of a step-down transformer, Why iS laminated iron fore used ina transformer 7 (UICBSE OD SET 1, 2020) down transformer: converts high voltage at the secondary ‘Ans. Working of 2 SteP* ‘Astep-down transt the primar side former ry side t0 2 tow voltage &t& Topicwise, PHYS want CBSE Questo" ieee are yerrks te of ov the priniph kono sic induction’ sermined by f Jary winding mber of jhe nun gs. This io). tie called > ay ot tes 5 sluction ‘down bl turn ratio ed ts ont ree the number of bake vecontary evils, As th aie Hoe ae snta the sevondlary cuit of the to the sum mary coil vet fink ai ee snare transraet i nary ol nt indice ll be Aon th Ny Vs ; Ne, Number of turns in secondary coil Numberof turns in primary coil Voltage in secondary coil V, = Voltage in primary coil The number of tuens in secondary winding is albeaysless than the number of turnsin the primary winding ofthe transformer, i. Ny > N, % As the number of turns is less in secondary coil, so the induced emi (output voltage) in the secondary coil will be less than the primary input voltage Laminated iron core is used in transformers to reduce the Eddy current which prevents the efficient sansfer of energy from the primary coil to the secondary coil and causes energy loss in form. ‘of heat generation in the core. 1 2 (a) Name the device used to change the alternating, voltage to a higher or lower value. State one cause for power dissipation in this device. (6) Explain with an example, how power loss is reduced if the energy is transmitted over long distances as an alternating current rather than direct current. GICBSE OD SET 1, 2018) ‘Ans. (a) Transformer is used to change the alternating voltage to a higher or lower value, One cause of power dissipation in tr Copper wire used for wn to the desired level is the principle of transfor, 3. (a) What i P en oF) Explain how laminating the core gr i" helps to reduce eddy current Losey", fo) Why the primary and secondany tranatonmer are preerbly wound "ly . core? . ci. as Q1.0F pica sarg,, nn (a) ry Youre a5 Q * AA) bach lamination being thin i reage a Sheedy SHE Cong MN, Iaination Ths reduces the net ay ho rum sharing of magnetic ‘ 1 ils are preferably to be wound on the,” ™ (0) Draw 4 labelled diagram of . | transformer, Obtain the ratio of seg) primary voltage in terms of number of tue S currents in the two coils. % (8) A power tansmission line feeds inp yy 200 V toa step-down transformer withigg windings having 3000 turns. Find the nye" turns in the secondary to get the power Op 220 V. (AICBSE DEL sey Ans. (a) Labelled diagram of a step-up transfome Deseation of ratio of secondary and png 5 (b) Calculation of number of turns inthe sens ; (i th Santoncon @ = 3 7 i tiv) PE Alternatively: | Sotioncae (Note: Deduct % mark, if labelling is not dare) | When ac voltage is applied to primar ai} the resulting current produces an alert | ( snetic flux, which also links the secondary! | The induced emf, in the secondary coil, batt N, turns, is e=-N, 40 } | dt ‘ rest also induces an emi, called backen* | a3 the primary coi | . But andN, = 300 % [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2017) jw a belied diagram of 2 step-do ) da ex State the principle of its working, cape tur ratio in terms of voltages, 2 8fN pe ratio of primary and secondary currents legs of turn rao in an ideal transformer, doe auch curent is drawn by the primary of 3 ‘irgomner connected to 220 V supply when it hers power to a 110 V ~350 W refrigerator? [CBSE OD SET 1, 2016] giptbelled diagram 1 Peinciple 1 a Fepression for the turn ratio in terms of voltage % isto of primary and secondary currents in find the output Put power and the voltage in the seco mdary if the output current is 3 A AUTERNATING CURRENT i, Fron. RPUSUITENTS A andthe input volage eur Tent IS A and the MY 108» strap wan ving 9 By mY fs former having, A ltore sn ma aT Principle - neon Rito bee le, ner ud i) Input power a ‘Output power i Ona lane ‘ i) Try Yourself See Q.1 of Topic-3 LATO. at Output voltage, Vi [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2017) Q.4. (a) State the principle of working of a transformer. (b) Define efficiency of a transformer. (6) State any two factors that reduce the efficiency of a transformer. (@) Calculate the current drawn by the primary of 2 Jerms of turns a 90% efficient transformer which steps down 220 V jn Coment drawn by primary to 22 Vif the output resistance is 440 0. Formula: % (U&A\ [CBSE Compt. 1,11, 1H 2018] Calculation and result wth ‘Ans. (a) Principle of working, 1 Gand (i) Try & Yourself, See Q1 of Tople3 Syncceapehcaey 3 . a 141 (6) Any two factors wh p (a) Calculating the current drawn 2 Foran ideal transformer % (a) Try it Yourself. See Q1 of Topic-3, LATO 1 {b) The efcincy ofa transformer equals the ratio of = | 1 the output power to the input power. 1 dooelll ‘Alternatively: yo outputpower rnating ‘ ay a Eificiency= “input power having Oe ily wa nr “it # Massing SE 2016 (a () Ey current toes hit [gy (css) prin 8 {i joule heat losses s a Describe, the rel of 3 suite ‘output (Gi hysteresis losses we 4 Catone ton bette ey of HM Gu) magnetic fuxleakage losses (Any m0) Voltages in terms of the ing? ‘ana ene cur (d) We have Primary and seconda"¥ oa sits 6 inthe input and outPY*= 0,0056A % [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2i\)