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African History Green Book 1 1 1

The document provides information on the Late Stone Age and Early Iron Age in Southern Africa. It describes tools, economic activities, and social systems during the Late Stone Age, which included the use of bone, wood, and stone tools for hunting, gathering, and fishing. It then summarizes economic, agricultural, and technological changes between the Late Stone Age and Early Iron Age, such as the introduction of iron tools for farming and the domestication of animals. Crops grown and crafts practiced during the Early Iron Age are also listed.

Uploaded by

Shawn Chimbwanda
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
6K views112 pages

African History Green Book 1 1 1

The document provides information on the Late Stone Age and Early Iron Age in Southern Africa. It describes tools, economic activities, and social systems during the Late Stone Age, which included the use of bone, wood, and stone tools for hunting, gathering, and fishing. It then summarizes economic, agricultural, and technological changes between the Late Stone Age and Early Iron Age, such as the introduction of iron tools for farming and the domestication of animals. Crops grown and crafts practiced during the Early Iron Age are also listed.

Uploaded by

Shawn Chimbwanda
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

HI

STORYOFSOUTHERNAFRI
CA

HI
STORYOFSOUTHERNAFRI
CA2167/1
THELATESTONEAGEPERI
OD

TheLateStoneAgewascharacter
isedbytheuseofbone,woodandstonetool
s.Toolsof
theLateSt
oneAgewerediggingsti
cks,s
crapper
s,cl
ubs
,flakes
,st
onet
ippedarr
ows ,hand
axesandst
onehammers.

Economi cacti
vitiesoft heLat eSt oneAge
 Theyhunteds mallanimalsli
kehar esandt eamedupf orbiggeronesli
kekudusand
i
mpalas.Theyus eds nar
est ocatchr abbi tsandt heyus edt r
apscatchbiggamelike
buff
aloes.Theyalsous edpoi s
onedar rowst okillani
mal s.Theyextr
actedpois
on
fr
om reptil
essuchass nakesandf rom i ns ectssuchass pidersandfrom s
corpi
ons.
 Theygatheredwi l
dfruit
s,roots,veget ables ,andinsects.
 Theycaughtfishusinghooksmadef rom bones .
 Theydomes ti
cateddogs

Socialsystem oft heLat


eStoneAge
 Theylivedincaves .
 Theywer enomadi c,thati stheymovedf r
om onepl
acetoanotheri
nsear
chof
ani
mal s,f
ruitsandt helike.
 Theywor kedcommunal ly.
 Therewasdi visi
onofl abour ,f
ori nst
ance,womenandchil
drengather
edwhi
lemen
hunted.
 Theymar ri
edas i
nglewi fe.
 Theylivedandt ravell
edi nsmal lgroups.
 Theyhads mal lf
ami li
es.

Poli
ticalorgani
sationoftheLat
eSt
oneAge
 Therewasnorul
ingcl assandsubjectpeopl
e.
 Therewerenostat
es.
 Therewasnoacentral i
sedpoli
ti
calsystem.
 Theyset
tledt
heirdis
put escommunal l
y.
 Theywererul
edbyaf amil
yhead.

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THECHANGESFROM LATESTONEAGETOEARLYI
RONAGE

Economi
cChangesdur
ingt
heEar
lyI
ronAge

 Peopl ebegant omakei ront ool slikehoes ,arrowheads ,spearheads ,axes,knives,


i
rons wor ds ,fi
shinghooksandt hel i
ke.Thes ewer emor eef fici
entt hanwoodand
stonet ool soft heSt oneAge.
 Ir
ont oolsenabl edpeopl et ocutt reesandcl earmor el andf oragr icult
ur e.
 Theybegant ogr owcr opsl ikes or ghum andmi ll
etus i
ngi r
ont ools.
 Product ionoff oodr esultedi ns ur plus.
 Ther ewasf oods ecurit
y.
 Hunt i
ngwasi mpr ovedbyt heus eofi rontoolswhi chwer emor eef f
ici
entt han
stonet ool s.
 Fishingwasi mpr ovedbyt heus eofi r
onf i
shinghooks .Theybegant ocat chfishon
alar gescal e.
 Theybegant odomes ti
cat eani mal sli
kecattle,goatsands heepal ongr i
vervalleys.
 Theybegant omi nemi ner alslikegol d,copper,ironandt in,leadands il
ver.
 Theybegant otradei ngol d,ironandi voryaswel laswi thsur pluspr oduct s
.
 Theybegant oraideachot herf orgr ainandc attle.
 Theybegant opayt r
ibutet ot hechi efsinform ofgr ai
n,cat tle,ivoryandi ront ools
.
 Bas ketrywasi ntroduced.Theywov ebas ketsli
ket hewi nnowi ngbas ket.
 Pott erywasi ntroduced.Theymadecl aypotstocar ryands tor ewaterandmi lk.

Ani
mal
skeptbytheEar
lyI
ronAgePeopl
e
 Catt
le -
Goats
 Sheep -
Pigs
 Cats -
Chicken
 Donkeys -
Dogs

Tool
susedduringtheEar
lyI
ronAge
 I
ronaxes -
Ironhoes
 I
ronspearheads -
Ironarr
owheads
 I
ronmat tocks -
Ironswords
 I
ronknives -
Ironfi
shinghooks

Cr
opsgr
ownbyt heEar
lyI
ronAgepeopl
e
 Sorghum -
Fingermi ll
et
 Bulrushmi
ll
et -
Pearlmi l
let
 Cowpeas -
Beans
 Gour ds -
Rapoko
 Melons -
Pumpki ns

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Cr
aft
spracti
sedbyt heEar
lyI
ronAger
s
 Weavi ng -
Basket
ry
 Pottery -Bl
acksmi
thi
ng
 Leatherwor k -
Stonecar
ving
 Woodcar vi
ng -
Drum making
 Makingjewel l
ery

Mi
ner
alsminedbyt
heEar
lyI
ronAger
s
 Gold -
Copper
 Iron -
Lead
 Tin -
Sil
ver

Soci
alChangesdur
ingt
heEar
lyI
ronAge

 Avai labil
it
yoff oodr esult
edi nar iseinpopulation.
 Theybegant obui ldper manents helter
sofpol eanddagga.
 Pol ygamywaspr act i
ced.Thi swasduet oproduct i
onofs urplus.
 Theybegant opayl obolat ot heirin-lawsinform ofcat tl
eandi rontools.
 Cat tlewer eas ymbolofs tatus .
 Ther ewascl eardi visionofl abour ,womencul ti
vat edcropswhi l
emenhunt edand
her ded.
 Ther ewass peci alisati
oni nar eass uchasmi ning,bl acksmit hi
ng,weaving,basket
ry,
trade, fis
hingandhunt ing.
 Theybegant olivei nlargegr oupsofabout200peopl e.
 Clas sesemer gedass omebec amer ichwhils
tot her sremainedpoor .
 Ex ploitati
onofmenbymenbecamemor eappar ent,forex ample,thosewithmany
cat tl
eempl oyedt hos ewithoutasher dboys.
 Ther ewasdevel opmentofcat tl
el oaningsystem [ kuronzera].
 Theybegant obur ythedeadi ngr aves.
 Ther ewasemer genceofr eli
gi ouscer emoniess uchasr ai
nmaki ngcer emony.

Pol
it
icalChangesdur
ingt
heEar
lyI
ronAge

 Theylivedinclans.
 Therewasemer genceofchi ef
sandheadmen.
 Chiefsandheadmenmadel aws .
 Chiefsandheadmendi stri
butedlandtothepeople.
 Subjectspai
dt ri
butet othechiefstoshowloyal
ty.
 Chiefscontrol
ledtrade.
 Str
ongerchi ef
sbegant oraidweakerones.
 Chiefsandheadmenj udgedcas es.
 Chiefsledatreli
giousceremoni es

Benef
itsoft
hesechangest
othecommuniti
esofSouther
nAfri
ca
 Theironager
shadmorefoodandbal
anceddi
et[meat
,milkandgr
ain]
.
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 Theywereabletoc l
earmor elandforcropcult
ivati
on.
 Theybegantos et
tleatoneplace.
 Theybegantobuildmor epermanents hel
ters
.
 Theywereabletokilll
argeranimal
sduet oeffi
cientir
ont
ool
s.
 Tradedevel
opedasas ourceoff or
eigngoods.
 Theyhadbetterweapons .

Negat
iveEffect
soft hesechangest ocommuni t
iesofSout hernAfrica
 Thereascompet i
tionforhuntinggr ounds ,pasturesandlandf orcult
ivati
on.
 Class
esbegant oemer ge-l
owercl asseswer eex ploi
ted.
 Womenwer eexploit
edast heywer egi venmor ear duoustasksli
kecr opculti
vat
ion.
 Theybegant orai
deachot herf orcattleandgr ain.
 Themanuf actureofi r
ontoolspr omot edwar fareandi ncr
easedki l
li
ngr at
eof
animals.
 Poorclassesinweakers ocieti
esbegant opayt ributeinform oflabour,catt
leand
grai
nt ostrongerandweal thypol i
ti
caluni ts.

Contr
ibutionofi r
ont echnologyt otheriseofclasseswi t
hint hes oci
etiesinSouthern
Afr
ica
 I r
ont echnologyengender ed[ r
esul
tedin]s ur
pluspr oductionandemer genceof
havesandhavenot s.
 I r
ont echnologyledtot heemer genceofmi ners,blacksmithsandt radersas
separateclasses.
 Sur plusproduct i
onbegot[ resul
tedin]polygamy,as ourceoflabour.
 Cr aftworkerss uchaspot ters
,weavers,basketmaker sandt hel
ike,could
concentrateont hei
rwor k.

Ot
herf
actorswhichledt oemergenceofclasses
 Lineageandclanleadersdevel
opedintor ul
ingcl
asses
.
 Defeatinwarsr es
ultedi
nvas s
alage.
 Tradebeforei
r ontechnol
ogyalsocontribut
ed.
 Charismaofpeopl emadethem candidatesforl
eaders
hip

Contr
ibuti
onofI ronAgeChangest odevelopmentofchi efdomsi nt
hisperiod
 Cattleloaningledtoex t
ensionofpolit
icali
nfluence.
 Surplusgrainledt ori
seinstatusandneedt ocont rolareaswi
thvaluabler
esources
s
uchasgol dandivory.
 Thegr owthofl argercommuni ti
esnecessit
atedt heriseofchi
efdomst omaint
ain
l
awandor derinthecommuni ty.
 Polygamypr omotedmar ri
agealli
ances.
 Des i
retocont roltr
aderoutesledtor i
seofchi ef
doms .

Ot
herf
act
orswhi
chl
edt
othedevel
opmentofchi
efdoms
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 Ris
eofambitiousleader s
 Mil
itar
yprowessleadingt oconquestofot
herpeopl
e
 Thedesir
etocollecttribute
 Thedesir
eforprotectionf r
om i
nvaders

THECHANGESFROM EARLYI
RONAGETOLATEI
RONAGE

Pol
it
icalChangesdur
ingt
heLat
eIr
onAge

 Therewasf ormat i
onofs tat esli
keGr eatZimbabwe,Mut apaandRoz
vi
 Therewasemer genceofki ngs hip.
 Thekingwast heheadoft hes tate.
 Kingshi
pwasher edit
ary.
 Thekingwast hechi efjudge.
 Thekingwast her eli
giousl eader.
 Thekingcont r
olledtrade.
 Allsubj
ectsbegant opayt ributet ot
heki ngt oshowloyal
ty.
 Thekingkeptanar myf orr aidi
ngandf ordefence.
 Thekingleviedfinestohi ss ubjectswhomi sbehaved.
 War swerearisi
ngoutofdi s putesovers uccessi
on.
 Thekingappoi ntedchiefs.

Contr
ibuti
onoft r
adet ostat
ef or
mation
 Communi tiesfoughttocontr
olresour cesort r
adel
ikegol
dminesandf
ores
tswi
th
el
ephants
,leadingtoformati
onofl arges tates.
 Communi tiesfoughttocontr
oltrader out esandex
pandedst
ates.
 Rulersdemandedt ri
buteinform ofval uablecommodit
ies
.
 Weal t
handpowerdevel opedfrom t r
ade.

Ot
herf
actorswhichledtoformationofstat
es
 Ther i
seofambiti
ousleaders
 Successi
ondisputes
 Statefor
mat i
onresul
tedfrom theneedt
ocont
rolf
ert
il
esoi
lsandpas
tur
es.

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 Loaningofcatt
letoothercommuni t
iesl
edtos pr
eadofpol
it
icali
nfl
uenc
e.
 Polygamywasani mportantsour
ceoflabourandpower.
 Str
ongar mieshel
pedins tat
eformati
on.

I
mpor
tanceoftheking’sr oleintheShonas tatesdur
ingt
heLat
eIr
onAge
 Thekinghadover allauthorit
y.
 Thekingappointedchi efs.
 Theprovidedsecur i
tyt ohispeople.
 Thekinggaver oyalfiretothechiefs.
 Thekingcommandedt hear my.
 Thekingdistr
ibutedl andtot hepeople.
 Thekingcontroll
edt rade.
 Thekingwast her eli
giousleader
.
 Thekingwast hechi efjudge.

Ot
herf
act
orsimportanti ntheShonas tatesduringtheLateIr
onAge
 Spi
ri
tmediumst hatchoseandins tal
ledthekings
 Thearmydefendedt hestate,protectedthekingandcollect
edt
ribut
e
 Thearmycommanderwasal soi
mpor tant
 Counci
lofadviserswasalsoimpor tant
 Theordi
narypeopl ewerealsoimpor tantfort
heiral
legi
ance

Soci
alChangesdur
ingt
heLat
eIr
onAge

 Theybegant obuildmor eper manentset


tlement s.
 Duri
ngt hisper i
odt herebegant oappearstonebui ldings.
 Theybegant oprefertos ettl
enearwatersitesandhi l
ls.
 Theypreferredgoodf arminglandsanddef ensivesites.
 Therewasani ncreaseinthes izeofs
ettl
edv i
ll
ages.
 Theybelievedi nGod[ Mwar i].
 Theybelievedi nspiri
tmedi umsandances tralspir
its.

Economi
cChangesdur
ingt
heLat
eIr
onAge

 Theyr earedanimalslikecat t
le,goatsands heeponal arges cale.
 Theyc ult
ivatedcropsl i
kes orghum,mi l
letandRapokoonal argescal
e.
 Theybegant os t
oregr ai
nf oral ongt i
mei ngr anari
es.
 Therewasacl earassociati
onofweal th,cattl
eands ocials t
atus.
 Externaltradebecamemor epr onounced.
 Therewasani ncreaseinmi neralsmi ned.
 Hunt i
ngandgat heri
ngcont i
nuedbutbecamel es
simpor tantaspeoplemainl
y
concent r
atedoncr opcul ti
vationandani malrearing.
 Subjectsbegant opayt r
ibutet othekingi nfor m ofcattle,grai
nandt hel
ike.
 Theyr ai
dedweakers tatesforgr inandcat tl
e.
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I
mpor
tanceofcattlet otheLateI r
onAgecommuni ti
esofSouthernAf r
ica
 Cattl
eowner shipwasas tat
uss ymbol.
 Cattl
ewer eas ourceoff oods uchasmi l
kandmeat .
 Cattl
ewer eslaughteredons pecialoccasionssuchasrit
ualceremonies.
 Cattl
es ki
nswer eusedf ormaki ngdrums ,shiel
dsandleatherclot
hes.
 Cattl
ewer eus edforpayinglobola.
 Theywer eloaneds oast oestabli
shpoliti
calinfl
uence.
 Theywer eusedf orpayingtribute.
 Forpayingf i
nes
 Fortrade
 Fortransport
 Draughtpower
 Forinheri
tance
 Embodi mentofs pir
its
 Forpayingavengi ngsprits[Ngoz i
]
 Formanur e

I
mpor
tanceoft radet otheLat eIronAgecommuni tiesofSout hernAf ri
ca
 PeopleofSout hernAf ri
catradedl ocall
yandex ternal
ly.Itemst radedwer ecattl
e,
grain,ir
ont ools,ornaments ,potteryandt hel i
ke.
 Theyi mpor tedglassbeads,cl oth,seas hell
s,gunsandt hel i
ke.
 Glassbeadswer eas ignofs tatus.
 Power fulrulersconquerednewar eastocont rolresourcesf ortradeingold,ivor
y
andt rader outes.
 Rulersdemandedt r
ibuteinf orm oft r
adecommodi ti
es,gr ewr i
chandpower ful
.
 Tradebr oughti nfl
uenceoff or ei
gnerslikeSwahi li
,ArabsandPor tugues
e.
 Theki ngdi str
ibutedtradeitemst orewar dsubjectsandl es serchiefs
.
 Tradeuni fi
edpeopl e.

Mi
ner
alsmi
neddur i
ngtheLat
eIr
onAge
 Gol d -
Copper
 Ir
on -
Lead
 Zinc -
Sil
ver
 Tin -
Coal
 Salt -
Diamonds
 Chr ome -Ni
ckel
 Lithium -Pl
ati
num
 As bestos
-
Emer
alds
Us
esofgolddur
ingtheLat
eIr
onAge
 Tr ade -
stat
ussymbol
 Paymentoftri
bute -
makingjewel
ler
yli
kebangl
esandear
r
ings
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Pr
oblemsfacedbyminersduri
ngtheLateI
ronAgePer
iod
 Fl
oodingofminesintherai
nseas
on -
los
sofli
ves
 Poormini
ngtools -t
heyus
eds l
owmethodsof
mini
ng
 Coll
apseofmines

THEGREATZI
MBABWESTATE

Or
igi
noft
heGr
eatZi
mbabweSt
ate

TheGr eatZimbabwes t
at ewasoneoft hel ateIronAges tatesinpr e-colonialZi mbabwe.
Itsor i
gini scont roversi
alordebat ableoruncl ear.Twot heori
esemer gedi nt ryi
ngt o
expl aint heori
gi nsoft hiss tate.[a]Ones choolar guedt hatGr eatZimbabwewasbui ltby
forei gners.Accor di
ngt ot hist heor yGreatZimbabwewasbui l
tbymor ecivil
isedr acesthan
Af ri
cans .Someoft heset heor i
stsar guethatGr eatZi mbabwewasbui l
tbyAr abs.Some
alsoar guethatt hereisaJ ewi shi nfl
uenceont heor iginofGr eatZimbabwe. [b]Theot her
theor yarguest hatGr eatZi mbabwewasbui l
tbyAf r
icans .Accordingt ot hist heoryGr eat
Zimbabwewasl ocalinor igin,t husi twasbui l
tbyl ocalpeopl e.Thist heor yar guesthat
Gr eatZi mbabwewasbui l
tbyi ndigenousShonas peaki ngpeopl ebet ween1100AD and
1450AD.Acc ordi ngt ot hist heor yar t
efactsf oundatGr eatZi mbabwei ndi catedShona
tradi ti
onalculture.Mor es o,cer ami cs[pots]foundatGr eatZimbabwear el ocalands imi l
ar
tot hos eofr ecentShonas peakingpeopl e.Thef ew f oreigncer amicsf ound atGr eat
Zimbabwecanbeat tri
but edt ol ongdi st
ancet rade.Peopl ewhobui ltGr eatZi mbabwe
wer ecat tl
eher der s,crop gr ower s,ir
ons mel tersand des i
gnersofpot teryaswel las
bui l
der sinstonewor k.

Reas
onsf
ort
her
iseofGr
eatZi
mbabwe/Fact
orswhi
chl
edt
other
iseofGr
eat
Zi
mbabwe

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Pol
it
ical
reas
onsf
ort
her
iseofGr
eatZi
mbabwes
tat
e

 As trongar myl edt other iseoft hiss tate.


 Thedecl i
neofMapungubwes tatel edt oitsrise.It
sfallmeantt hatwealthnow
fl
owedi ntotheGr eatZimbabwes tat einf orm oftri
but eandcont r
oloft r
ade.
 Peaceands tabili
tyl edtoi t
sr i
se.
 Thehi lltopwaspr obabl ychosenf ordef enceagai nstenemiesandascent refor
reli
giouswor s
hip.
 Ther iseofambi t
iousl eaderswhounder tookconques tofotherli
neagest ocontr
ol
trader outes,resourcesandt ol evyt ri
but e.
 Thepl acewass uitablefort aki
ngr efugei nwart i
me[ NemanwaHi ll
].
 Cont rolofreli
gionbyr ulersledt oi tsr i
se.Rulerswer eregar
dedasdi vi
nely
appoi ntedhencecommandeduni vers alrespect.

Economi
creasonsfortheri
seofGr
eatZi
mbabwe

 Therewasavai l
abili
tyoff erti
les oi
lsinthear eaaroundGr eatZimbabwewhi ch
promot edcr opcul t
ivat i
on.
 Avail
abilit
yofgoodpas tureswhi chpr omot edli
vestockpr oduct i
on[pastor
ali
sm]
l
edt oitsr i
se.
 Abundanceofmi ner alsli
kegol d[ i
nt henei ghbourhood]f ortradeandi r
onfortool
makingl edt oitsrise.
 Avail
abilit
yofgame[ fauna]formeat ,ski
nsandi voryi ntheareal edtoitsri
se.
 Favourablecl i
mat e,t hatis,goodr ainfal
lledt oit
sr i
se.
 Avail
abilit
yofwat erf rom near byriverssuchasMut iri
kwiledt oitsri
se.
 Theareawasacces siblet ointernationaltradewitht heSwahi l
i,Arabs,Pers
iansand
Chineset hroughSof ala.
 Controlofs urpluspr oduct ionbyl eadersal socontri
but ed.
 Theareawasf reef rom t setsef l
iestherebypr omot i
ngani malr ear
ing.

Soci
alfactorswhi
chl
edt
other
iseofGr
eatZi
mbabwe

 Polygamywhi chens uredadequat elabours upplyands oldi


ersledtoitsri
se.
 Loaningofcat tl
e[ kuronzera]helpedt ouni fypeopl eandmadet heleaderss
trong
anditalsoattractedmanypeopl et ocomeundert hei
rcontrol
.
 Theincreaseinpopul ati
onl edtot her i
seofGr eatZimbabwe.
 Reli
gionhelpedi nuni fyi
ngpeopl ewi t
hint hes tate.
 Thehillwasregar dedass acredforr el
igiouspur poses.
 Avail
abil
ityofgr aniterocksenabl edpeopl et obui ldthestonewall
s.

Howi
mpor
tantwer
epol
it
icalf
act
orsi
nther
iseofGr
eatZi
mbabwes
tat
e?

I
mpor
tanceofpol
it
icalf
act
ors

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 Emergenceofambi tiousleaders
 Controlofrel
igi
onbyt her ul
erswhower eregar
dedasdi
vinel
yappoi
ntedhence
commandeduni versalrespect.
 Thedes i
retocollectt r
ibutebyr ul
ers
 Astrongarmyl edt oi t
sr i
se.
 ThefallofMapungubwes tateledtoit
sri
se
 Unit
yamongpeopl e
 Sui
tabili
tyofthear eaf ordefenceinti
mesofwar

Ot
herf
actorsi
mpor t
antini tsri
se
 Accessi
bil
it
ytointernationalt
rade
 Avail
abi
li
tytoferti
les oi
ls
 Abundanceofpas t
ur es
 Abundanceofmi nerals

Towhatex
tentdi
dtheeconomi
cfact
orscont
ribut
etot
her
iseofGr
eatZi
mbabwes
tat
e?

Cont r
ibutionofeconomi cfactors
 Tradegoodswer eus edbyr ul
erst os tr
engthentheirposit
ions
.
 Succes sfulagricultureledtot heavai l
abil
it
yoff ood.
 Thel argerher dsofcat tl
ewer eusedbydomi nantlineagesint
hecreati
onofa
strongs tate.
 Availabil
ityofmi neralspromot edt rade,t
oolmaki ngandt hemanufact
ureof
weapons .
 Cat t
leloanings yst
em madet her ulersstr
ong.
 Tributeenabl edt her ulerstobecomepower f
uloverchiefs

Ot
herf
actorswhichl edt ot heriseofGreatZimbabwe
 Ris
eofambi tiousleader s
 Hil
ltopareaf ordef encepur poses
 Acces s
ibi
li
tyoft hear eathroughri
vers
 Ris
eofpopul ation
 Reli
gionwhi chpl ayedar oleofunifyi
ngpeople
 Thef al
lofMapungubwemeantt r
ades hi
ftedt
oGr
eatZi
mbabwe.

TheCons
truct
ion[
Bui
ldi
ng]ofGr
eatZi
mbabwe

 GreatZi
mbabwewasbui l
tbytheShonapeopl
e.
 Itwasbuil
tbetween1100ADand1450AD.
 Grani
terockswereusedt obui
ldGreatZi
mbabwe.
 Therockswereheated,cool
edands pl
it
.
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 Theywer eshapedi ntoblocks.


 Nomor tarwasus ed.
 Thewallswer ethickatthebas eandnarr
oweratt hetop.
 Sl
avelabourwaspos sibl
yus ed.
 Thesi
tecons istsofmanyar eas .
i]TheAcr opoli
sfort heki
ngandroyalf
ami l
y
ii]TheGr eatEnclosure/Coni
caltowerfortheki
ng’
swi
ves
i
ii]TheVal l
eyruins
i
v]Vi l
lages

Reas
onsf
orbui
ldi
ngGr
eatZi
mbabwe/Funct
ion/Pur
pos
eofGr
eatZi
mbabwe

 Asas ymbolofpower -
Asar eli
giouscent re
 Forprivacy -
Asanencl os ureforanimal
s
 Forpres t
ige -
Asanadmi nistrati
vecentr
e
 Asal i
vingpl acefornobles -
Asaf ortres sint i
mesofwar
 Forshelter -
Toshowuni ty
 Asac ent r
eoft rade -
Asas toragef orgrainandminer
als
 Forreceivingvisit
ors -
Tri
but ecollect i
on
 Asac ulturalcentre -
Expressionofar t
 Asac apital -
Tospotenemi es
 Asthemambos ’court/headquar
ters[Muzindawamambo]
 Forenvironment alfact
orsli
kepastur
es,ri
chs oilsandgoodr ainf
all

I
mpor
tanceoft heki
nginthecons
truct
ionofGr
eatZi
mbabwe
 Leader
 Organiser
 Mobili
sedpeople
 Commanderofl abour
 Respons i
blef
orpayment

Ot
herf
actorsimpor tantintheconstructi
onofGr
eatZi
mbabwe
 Offi
ci al
s
 Vassalchi ef
s
 Labour
 Availabil
ityofgrani
terocks
 Availabil
ityofwaterandpas t
ures
 Mas ons[ peoplewhos hapedstones]

Economi
cOr
gani
sat
ionofGr
eatZi
mbabwe

 Theytr
adedbothamongthemselvesandwi t
hf orei
gner
s.
 Theygather
edwil
dfr
uit
s,root
s,berri
es,vegetables
,wil
dhoney,mus
hroom and
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insect
s .
 Theyr aidedot hers t at esforgr ain,cattleandwomen.
 Allsubjectspai dt ri
but et otheki ngi nf orm ofgr ai
n,cattle,goats,sheep,l
abour,
girl
s,boys ,gol d,ivor y,t ools,andpr eciouss kins.
 Theykeptani mal slikecat tl
egoat sands heep.
 Theygr ewcr opsl ikes or ghum,mi ll
et,rapoko,mel ons,pumpki ns,beans,cowpeas
andgour ds.
 Theyhunt edani mal sf ormeat ,ivoryandhi des[ skins
] .
 Theyc aughtf isht os uppl ementt heirdiet.
 Theymi nedmi neralsl ikegol d,copperandi ron.
 Theydi dar tandcr af t,thatis,
a]Pot t ery.Womenmadedi fferenttypesofpot sfordomes t
icus e.
b]Bas ket r
y.Theymadedi ff
erentt ypesofbas ketsli
ket hewinnowi ng
bas
ket.
c]Blacks mi thing.Theymadei r
ont ool sli
kehoes ,axes,mat t
ocksands wor
ds.
d]Weavi ng.Theywovecot t
oni ntocl oth.
e]St onecar vi ng
f]Woodcar ving
g]Leat herwor k
h]Dr um maki ng
i]Jewel l
erymaki ng
j]Buildi ngins t one

Us
es[
Impor
tance]ofcat
tlei
ntheGr
eatZi
mbabweSt
ate

 Paymentofl obola[ brideprice] -Symbolofweal t


h
 Loaning-f orpol i
ticalinfl
uence -Fortrade
 Paymentoft ribute -
Forri
t ualceremonies
 Forfood,mi lk,meatandf at -
Fortrans por
t
 Fors ki
ns[ mat es,clothesandbl anket
s] -Formaki ngshi
elds
 Formaki ngdr ums -
Provi
sionofmanur e
 Cowdungappl iedonf loors -
Draughtpower
 Sacrifi
ce -
Ropes
 Stropsf r
om s kins -
Sandals
 Paymentoff ines -
Inthebl astf
ur nace
 Payingavengi ngs pirits

Cr
aft
spracti
sedbythepeopl
eofGr
eatZi
mbabwe
 Pot t
ery -Basketry
 Weavi ng -Bl
acks mithi
ng
 Stonecarvi
ng -Woodcar vi
ng
 Leatherwork -MakingJ eweller
y
 Dr um maki
ng -Bui
ldingins tone

Agr
icul
tur
alact
ivi
ti
esoft
hepeopl
eofGr
eatZi
mbabwe

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 Theyc ulti
vat edcropsl i
kemi l
let,sorghum andgourdsforf oodandbrewingofbeer.
 Culti
vationwasdonebyhandus i
nghoes .
 Theypr actiseds hi
ftingculti
vation.
 Culti
vationwasmai nlydonebywomen.
 Theyal sorear eddomes ti
canimal sli
kecattl
e,goatsands heepformeatandmilk.
 Itwast het askofment oherdcat tl
e.
 Theypr actisedt hetranshumances ystem.
 Cattl
ewer enor mallys l
aughteredatr i
tualceremoniesl
ikebiraandrai
nmaking
ceremoni es.
 Theypr actisedloaningofcat tle.
 Theyus edt hes lashandbur ns ystem ofculti
vati
on.

Tr
adi
ngAct
ivi
ti
esoft
hepeopl
eofGr
eatZi
mbabwe

 Thepeopl eofGr eatZi mbabwet radedbot hi nternall


yandex t
ernal l
y.
 Locally,theyt r
adedamongt hems elves.
 Locally,theyex changedl ocalproduct s,suchasi rontool
s,pot tery,baskets,cat
tle
andgr ain.
 Externally,theyt r adedwi thforeigner sli
keAr abs,Swahili
,Indians ,Chines
e,
Portugues e,Per s
iansandt heTonga.
 Theyex por t
edi vor y,gold,baskets,os tri
chf eather s
,grai
n,livestock,irontools,
preciousani mals kinsandt heli
ke.
 Theyi mpor tedgl assbeads ,Chines ebowl s,cl oth,soapst
onebowl s,bangl
es ,
mirrors,s pirit
s,wi res,copperchai ns,candl esandt heli
ke.
 Sofalawast hemai npor toftrade.
 Trader spai dt r
ibut etot heking.
 Theki ngcont roll
edandpr otectedt raderout es.

I
mpor
tanceoft
radeandagr
icul
tur
eint
hepol
it
icals
yst
em ofGr
eatZi
mbabwe

 As trongeconomyens uredinter
nalpeaceands tabi
li
ty.
 Loani ngcatt
leensur
edl oyal
tytotheruler.
 Tributeispaidtothekinginform ofgrainandcattl
e.
 Tradegoodshel pedtoincreasethepowerandweal thoft heking.
 Ther ulerwasinchargeoflanddistr
ibuti
onandcont roloftrade.

Ot
herf
actorsimport
antinthepol i
ticalsyst
em ofGreatZi
mbabwe
 As tr
ongarmyf ordefence
 Lesserchi
efswhocont rol
ledpr ovi
nceswereal
soimpor
tant
.
 Reli
gionwhichunifi
edpeopl e
 Miningempower edkingsandr uler
s

Ar
tef
act
s[manmader
emai
ns]di
scover
edatGr
eatZi
mbabwe

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 Chineses t
onewares/por
cel
ain/di
shes -
Acopperbox
 Glassbeads -
Persi
anbowl s
 Mirrors -Irongongs
 Soaps t
onebowls -
Bangles
 Anklets -NearEast
ernglas
ses
 Copperr i
ngs -
Ironspoon
 Ir
onl ampholder -
Copperchains
 -Figuri
nes -
Candles
 Soaps t
onebird -Ceramics[pot
s]
 Brasswi r
e -
Ironwire
 Seas hel
ls

Soci
alOr
gani
sat
ionofGr
eatZi
mbabwe

 Thes ociet ywaspat ril


ineal.
 Owner shipofcat tlewasas tatuss ymbol .
 Thepr acticedpol ygamy.
 Therewass exualdi visi
onofl abour .
 Theypr act isedkur onz era[loaningofcat tl
e].
 Theypai dl obol at ot heirin-lawsi nf orm ofcattle.
 Theyc elebr atedt hebi rthofanewchi l
d.
 Theyc elebr atedt hecomi ngofanewdaught er-i
n-l
aw.
 Theypr act isedt henhi mbes ystem.
 Inces
tandbes ti
al i
tywer etaboos .
 Theybel ievedi nGod,Mwar i[Mus ikavanhu] .
 Theybel ievedi ns piritmedi ums[ Mas vi
kiro]andances t
ralspir
its[Vadzi
mu].
 Theyal sobel i
evedi nnat ionals pir
itmedi ums[ Mhondor o].
 Theki ngwaschos enbys piri
tmedi ums .
 Theypr act isedcer emoni esl i
ker ai
nmaki ngcer emonies[Mukwer era/Mutor
o].
 Theki ngl edatal lrel i
giouscer emoni esofnat i
onalimport
ance.
 Theybel ievedt hats piri
tsli
vedi nt hickforests,poolsandthickforests
.
 Theybel ievedi nwi tchcr aft
.

I
mpor
tanceofreli
gioninthepol i
ticalsystem ofGr eatZimbabwe
 Reli
gionunif
iedpeople.
 Rainmakingceremoni esbroughtpeopl et ogether.
 Thecommonbel i
efinGoduni fi
edpeopl e.
 Thekingcommandeduni versalrespects i
ncehi sposi
ti
onwasadivineone.
 Spir
itmediumsappoi ntedtheki ngs.
 Spir
itmediumss t
ayedatt her oyalcourtpr ovi
dingadviceandgui
dancetotheki
ng.

Ot
herf
act
orsi
mpor
tanti
nthepol
it
icals
yst
em ofGr
eatZi
mbabwe

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 Astrongeconomyens ureds t
abil
it
y.
 Astrongarmyf ormaintaininglawandorderanddefendingthest
ateagai
nst
ext
ernalatt
acks.
 Tri
butemadet hekingweal thyandhedistr
ibutedpartofitt
oordi
narypeopl
e.
 Cattl
eloani
ngens uredincreasedsuppor
tfortheking.

Pol
it
icalOr
gani
sat
ionofGr
eatZi
mbabwe

 Theki ngwast heheadoft hes tat e.


 Kingshipwasher editary.
 Theki ngwast hecommanderi nchi efoft hearmy.
 Theki ngwast hej udicialleader .
 Theki ngwast hechi efj udge.
 Theki ngl edatallreli
giouscer emoni es.
 Theki ngwast hechi efdi s tr
ibut erofl and.
 Theki ngwashel pedt or ulebyacounci lofelderscalledDarei
nShona.
 Thedi stri
ctswer eunderdi s
tri
ctchi efs.
 Provinceswer eunderpr ovincialchi efs.
 Thechi efswer eappoi ntedbyt heki ng.
 Thepos tsofchiefswer eher edit ary.
 Subjectspai dtri
but etot hekingt os howl oyalty.
 Theyr aidedothers tatesf orgrai n,cattleandt helike.
 Therewer eals
oi mpor tantof f
ici al
sapar tfr
om t hekinginthestates
uchast he
Queenmot her
,King’ss onsi nlaw,ar mycommander s,spi
ritmediums,r
oyaldoctor
,
di
s t
rictandpr ovincialchi efs.

I
mpor
tanceoftr
ibuteinthepoli
ti
calsystem ofGreatZi
mbabwe
 Paymentoftri
buteensuredloyal
tyofless
erchief
stotheki
ng.
 Tri
butepaymentmades urethatless
erchiefswoul
dnotbecomet
oor
ich,power
ful
andambiti
ous.
 Tri
butei
ncreasedthewealth,powerandinfl
uenceoft
heking.

Ot
herf
act
or simportantinthepolit
icals
ys t
em ofGreatZi
mbabwe
 Rel
igionwhichuni f
iedpeople
 Spi
ritmediumswhi chchoset heking
 Thear mywhichdef endedthestate,mai
ntai
nedlawandorder
,di
scour
agedr
evol
ts
andcol l
ect
edt r
ibute

Soci
algr
oupswithi
ntheGr
eatZi
mbabwes
tat
e
 Farmers -
Soldi
ers
 Stonemasons -
Miners
 Potter
s -Gat
her
ers
 Trader
s -Her
bal
is
ts
 Sculpt
ors -
Hunters

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 Blacksmi
ths -
Fis
her
men
 Spiri
tmediums -Warcapt
ives[
slaves
]

Ot
herMadzimbabwe
 Naletal
e -
Khami
 Munekwani -
Ruanga
 Nhunguz a -
Tsi
ndi
 Chipadze

TheDecl
ineofGr
eatZi
mbabweSt
ate

 Pol
it
icalr
eas
onsf
ort
hedecl
ineofGr
eatZi
mbabwe

 Therewer eci vilwar sint hes tate,forex ampl e,bet weenNyat si


mbaMut otaand
Chagwa[ 1450]l eadingt oMut ota’
smi gr ati
on.
 Successiondi sputesi nther ulingfamilyf or
cedl os erstomove.
 Thes t
atebecamet oobi gt ober ul
edbyoner uler.
 Ther i
seofnews tateslikeTor waandMut apal edt oitsdecline.
 Corrupti
onanddi sunityinther uli
ngclas sledt oitsdecline.
 Therewasemer genceofambi tiouspeopl eint her oyalfamilyli
keNyatsimba
Mutotawhoal s owant edt or ule.
 War sandat t acksf rom theSot hoandTs wanat otheSout hWes tofGreat
Zi
mbabwel edt oitsdecl i
ne.
 TheDander egionwasoccupi edbyweakpeopl es uchast heTonga,Tavaraandthe
Korekore.
 Weaknes s esoft hear myatGr eatZi mbabwel edt ot hedecl ineofthi
ss t
ate.
 Outdatedmeansofs tatecont rolledtoi t sdec l
ine.
 Therewasemer genceofr i
valryi nther ulingf amily.

 Economi
creas
onsf
ort
hedecl
ineofGr
eatZi
mbabwe

 Lossofcont roloflongdi s
tancet r
adet oMut apaledtoitsdecli
ne.
 Therewass hor t
ageofr esourceslikesalt
,pas t
ures,woodandt helike.
 Exhausti
onofs oi
lleadingt opoorhar vest sl
edt othefal
lofthisstate.
 Exhausti
onofmi neral
ss uchasgol d,copperandi ronatGreatZimbabweandi t
s
neighboursledt oitsdecl i
ne.
 Exhausti
onofgame[ fauna]f ormeat ,skinsandivoryledtoitscol
lapse.
 TheDandear eawasr ichi nresourceslikegame,es peci
all
yelephantsfori
vor
yand
al
sogol dands altl
edt oitsdecline.
 Therewer epoorhar ves tsduet oseveredr oughts.
 Thes oi
linDandewasr ich.

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 Soci
alr
eas
onsf
ort
hedecl
ineofGr
eatZi
mbabwe
 Therewasov erpopul
ati
onwhichresul
tedinshort
ageofland.
 Succes si
vedroughts[between1420and1430]ledtothedecli
neofGr
eat
Zi
mbabwe.
 Socialinstabi
li
tyinthestat
e[soci
alunres
t]l
edtoi t
sdecli
ne.
 Thepl agueoflocustsal
socontri
butedtothedecl
ineofthiss
tate.

 Contributi
onoft r
adet othedecli
neofGr eatZimbabwe
 Tradeledt ot heex hausti
onofresourcessuchasgol d,ivory,ostri
chfeathersand
theli
ke.
 Tradewi t
hf or ei
gnersledt ounfai
rtradepr acti
ceswhi chledt oitscoll
apse.
 Theyreceivedwor thles
sitemslikejewell
eryf orgoldandi vory.
 Theopeni ngoft heZambez itr
ader oute[whi chfavouredMut apa]causedthe
decli
neofGr eatZi mbabwe.

 Ot
herf
act
orswhi
chl
edt
othedecl
ineofGr
eatZi
mbabwe

 Exhausti
onofpas tures
 Exhausti
onofs oi
l
 Exhausti
onoffirewood,gameandot herresour
ces.
 Persi
stentdr
ought sforcedmanypeopl etomoveaway.
 Successi
ondisputesalsocontri
buted.
 Civi
lwarsfor
cedt hedef eat
edtomi grat
ewiththei
rsuppor
ter
s.
 Therewasalsoover populat
ionatGreatZimbabwe.

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THEMUTAPASTATE

Or
igi
nofMut
apaSt
ate

Thes tatewasoneoft hel at eIronAges tates .Theor i


ginofMut apas tatei snotcl ear[ is
debat abl e].Accor dingt oor alt r adition,Mut apas tatewast hedi r ects ucces sorofGr eat
Zimbabwes tate.Or altradit i
onss ayNyat s i
mbaMut otami gratedf r om Gr eatZi mbabwet o
thenor thi ns earchofs altands ettledi nt heDandear ea.Thes hortageofs altr epr es ented
agener als hor tageofr esour cesatGr eatZi mbabwe.Ther apidgr owt hofpopul ationat
GreatZi mbabwecoul dhaver esul tedi nacr i
ticals hor t
ageofs uchr es our
cesasf irewood,
pas tures ,fert i
leland,gameandmi ner als.Ther ewasadecl inei nt radewi t
ht heEas tCoas t
and t hi s coul d have f orced peopl el ike Mut otat o mi grate nor thwar ds .Ther e was
fl
our ishingt radeal ongt heZambez iRi verwi tht heAr absandSwahi lis.Perhaps ,thi sf orced
peopl et ol eaveGr eatZi mbabweandmovednor tht ocont rolt rader out es.Suc ces s
ion
disput esatGr eatZi mbabwecoul dhavef orcedpeopl etomi gr ateandes tabl i
sht hei rown
state.Mut ot ahadas tr
ongar my.Heus edhi sar myt oconquert heTonga,Tavar aandt he
Kor ekor e.Theygavehi mt hepr ais ename‘ Munhumut apa’,meani ng‘ lordoft heconquer ed
peopl e’.Hees tablishedhi scapi talatChi takohi ll
snearmountFur ai nt heDandear ea.
Archaeol ogi stshowever ,ar guet hatt hedi rects ucces s
orofGr eatZi mbabwewast he
Tor was tatewhos ecapi talwasatKhaminearBul awayo.Thi swasevi dencedbyt het ypeof
ruinsandt hear tefact ss imilart ot hos eofGr eatZi mbabwe.Butt her eisnoevi dencet o
suppor twhent heTor was tateex isted.Document swr it
tenbyPor tugues es ugges tt hatt he
Mut apas t
at eex i
stedbef oret hecol l
aps eofGr eatZi mbabweandt hes estat eswer ei nter -
related.Des pit ethef ailuret of indconcr eteevi denceofMut apaor iginshi s t
or i
ansagr ee
thatt hatt hes t
at egr ew i nto oneoft hel ar gestand power fuls tatesi n pr e- col oni al
Zimbabwe.

Reas
onsf
ort
her
iseofMut
apas
tat
e

 Overpopulat
ionatGreatZi
mbabwel edtoit
sri
se.
 Civi
lwarsatGreatZimbabwealsocontr
ibut
ed.
 Shortageofresour
cesatGreatZi
mbabwes uchaswood,s
alt
,gol
dandl
and

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forcul
tivation.
 Ex haus ti
onofs oi
latGr eatZi mbabwel edpeopl etomi gr at
enorthwards
.
 Inabili
tyofGr eatZi mbabwet ohol ddi f
ferentl i
neages .
 Succes s i
ondi s putesatGr eatZimbabweal socont ri
but ed.
 Succes s i
vedr ought satGr eatZimbabwel edt ot heriseoft hi
sstat
e.
 Mut ota’ smi l
itarypr owes sledt other iseoft hiss t
ate.
 Avai l
abi l
ityofgol ddepos itsinDandear ea.
Theneedt ostartnews tatesbys omei ndividualslikeMut ot a.
Avai l
abili
tyofgame,
especi
all
yelephant sf orivorywer ef oundi nabundancei nDandear ea.
 Imper ialambi t i
onsofl eader salsoledt oitsr ise.
 Avai l
abi l
ityofr esour cesl ikepas t
ur esandf ert i
lesoilsalsocontri
butedtoi
ts
ri
se.
 Theneedt ocont rollongdi stancet radeatt heZambez ival
ley.
 Theweaknes sesoft hel ocalpeopl einDandear eaplayedani mport
antpar
t
i
nt heriseoft hi sstate.

Expans
ionofMut apas tat e
 Mut apas t
at egr ewi ntoaver ylargeandpower f
uls tate.
 Mut otaconquer edmanyar easi nDandeval l
ey.
 Heconquer edt heKor ekor e,Tongaandt heTavar at ri
bes.
 Hewasgi vent hepr ai
s enameMwenemut apameani nglordofconqueredl and.
 Hees tabli
shedhi scapi t
alatChi takochangonyanearmountFur ainDande.
 Itwasoneoft hemos tpower fuls t
at esinpr e-colonialZimbabwe.
 Mut otadiedi n1450bef or ecompl etinghi sex pansionistpoli
cy.
 NyanheweMat ope,hi ss oni nher i
tedt hethroneandcont i
nuedtheexpans ionist
poli
cy.
 Mat opeex tendedt het er ri
toryeas twar dsbyconquer ingindependentkingdomsof
Barwe,Manyi ka,Sof ala,Ut eve,Madanda,Chi di
ma,Sena,Gur uuswa,Mbireandt he
li
ke.
 Themai ndr ivingf orcebehi ndt hisex pans i
onwasMat ope’sdesi
retocontrolt rade
routesandcol lectt ribut e,cont rolgol dmi nesandi vor ysources.
 TheMut apas tat ewasati t
speak[ zeni th]dur i
ngMat ope’srei
gn.
 IntheEas t,Mut apawasboundedbyt heI ndianOcean,i nt heWes t
,bytheKal ahar
i
Des ert
,intheNor th,byt heZambez iandi nt heSout hbyt heLimpopoRi ver .
 Allconquer edt r i
bespai dt ribute.
 Mut otaandMat opecr eatedaver yvas tempi reandhadt oappointvassalchi efsto
cont r
olprovinc es .

Chi
efdomsconqueredbyNyanheweMat
ope
 Manyi ka -
Barwe
 Madanda/ Sedanda -
Teve/Uteve
 Sena -
Guruuswa/But
ua
 Mbi r
e -
Sofal
a

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 Chi
dima

Benef
itsoft
heexpans i
ont othepeopl eofMut apa
 Thestatebecameconduci vefortr
adeandf arming.
 Theygotpeaceandpr otecti
onbyas trongstate.
 Theyhadaccesst ofor
eigngoodst hr
ought rade.
 Theruler
shadal argebaseforcollecti
ngtributefrom vas
salchi
efsandordi
nary
peopl
e.
 Theyhadaccesst omorer esour
cesl i
kewildgame,gol d,f
erti
les
oilsandt
helike.

Negat
iveEffectsoft heexpans iont ot hepeopl eofMut apa
 Maypeopl ewer ekil
leddur i
ngt hewar sofex pansion.
 Warsof tenr esul
tedi ndestruct i
onofwhol evill
agesashut swer eburnt.
 Therewer erebell
ionsbyvas salchi efswhi chcaus eddeat hsanddes t
r uct
ions.
 Therewer esuccessiondisputesbyambi tiousmember soft heroyalfamily.
 Theempi r ecreatedwast oobi ganddi ff
icul ttocont r
olbecauseofpoor
communi cati
on.
 Ordinarypeopl eandvas salchi efsresentedt hepaymentoft r
ibute.
 Manyyoungpeopl ewer eforcedt ojointheMut apaar mies.
 Economi cact i
viti
ess uchascr opcul ti
vationwer eoftendi s
ruptedbyt hesewarsof
expansion.

Rol
epl
ayedbyt hearmyi ntheexpans i
onofMut apastate
 Forceswer eorganisedintoseveralbat t
ali
onsunderachainofcommandand
Mut apaascommanderi nchief.
 Mut apaarmiesfoughtinopenus ingt heclass
iccowhornfor mati
ont os urr
ound
theenemy.
 Becaus eofuncertai
ntyoff ood,t
hear mycoul dnotgoonlongcampai gns.
 Mut apaarmyf oughtfir
s tChimurengawhent heydefeat
edt hePortugues einthe
six
t eenthcent
ury.
 Thear myhadpr oblemswhent heempi rebecameoverextended.
 Itfacedmanyr ebelli
ons,forexampl e,bytheRoz vii
ntheSout h.
 Thear myhads trengthsandl i
mitati
ons .

Rol
eofMutota’smi l
it
aryabil
ityi
nt heriseoft heMut apas t
ate
 ItenabledMut otatoconquert heTonga,Tav araandKor ekoreint
heZambez
ival
ley.
 Hegott henameMwenemut apatorespecthi smil
itarygenius.
 Hebui l
thi scapi
tali
ntheirterri
torytos howhi sst
rength.
 Heus edhi smili
tar
yabili
tytoex pl
oitresources.
 Heus edt hearmyt ocreat
eal argestate.
 Hecr eatedas tr
ongs t
ate.

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Ot
herf
actorswhichledt other i
s eofMut apa
 Avail
abil
it
yofr esourceslikegold,i
voryandfer
til
esoi
lsi
ntheDandeval
ley.
 Longdistancetradeal socont r
ibut
ed.
 Weaknes sesoflocalinhabitantsal
soledtoi
tsri
se.

Pr
ovincesofMutapas
tate
 Dande -
Manyika
 Madanda/Sedanda -
Barwe
 Chidi
ma -
Mbire
 Matavara -
Uteve
 Guruuswa/Torwa/But
ua -
Chikovo
 Pfura -
Sango

NamesofMutapakings
 NyatsimbaMut ot
a -
NyanheweMat ope
 ChikuyoChis
amar engu -Chi
vereNyasor
o
 NegomoMapunz agutu -Gat
siRusere
 NyamboKapar ari
dze -
MavuraMhande
 Mukombwe -
NyahumaMukomber o
 Neshangwe -
Chioko
 Kapuratsi
ne -
Nyakunembir
i

NamesofMutapar
ulerswhor
esi
stedPor
tuguesecontr
ol
 NyamboKapar ar
idz
e -
Mukombwe
 Nyakunembir
i -
Kapurat
sine

NamesofMutapar
uler
swhoco-
oper
atedwit
hthePor t
uguese
 MavuraMhande -Gats
iRusere
 NegomoMapunz agut
u -
ChikuyoChi
samar
engu

Economi
cOr
gani
sat
ionofMut
apa

 Theygrewcr opsl i
kes orghum,mi l
let,rapoko,beans ,melons ,pumpki nsandl ater
onmai ze.Mai zewer ebel i
evedt ohavebeeni ntroducedbyt hePor tugues e.
 Theykeptani malslikecattle,goatsands heepf ormeatandmi lk.Catt l
ewer ealso
usedforpayi ngl obola.
 Theymi nedmi neralsli
keiron,gol d,copper ,t i
n,leadands il
ver .
 Theypract is
edbot hinternalandex t
ernaltr ade.Ex ter
nall
yt heyt radedwi ththe
Swahili
,Ar absandPor tugues e.Theyi mport edcer amics,j
ewel l
ery,beads ,knives,
clot
h,cowr ys hellsandguns .
 Thes ubjectspai dt ri
but etot hekingi nf or m ofgol d,ivor y,hoes ,s pears,grai
n,
animals ki
ns ,li
ves t
ock,bas ketsandl abour .Foreignerspai di nf orm ofcur vafor
them tobeal lowedt otradeandal s ofort heirprotecti
onwhi sttheywer ei nthe

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stat
e.
 Theyhuntedani malsl ikehar esandkudusf ormeat,el
ephant
sandr hi
nocer
osf
or
i
voryandcheet ahsandl eopar dsf ort heirpreci
ousski
ns.
 Theycaughtfishtos uppl ementt heirdiet.
 Theygatheredfrui
t sandv eget abl es.
 Theyrai
dedot herst at esf orgr ain,cat tl
e,goats
,womenandboys .
 Theydidartandcr af t,t hatis ,
 Theydi dbas ket r y,forinst
ance,t
heymadet hewinnowi
ngbasket
.
 Pot t er y.
 Theydi dbl acks mi thing.
 Theywovecot toni ntocloth.
 Woodcar ving
 St onecar ving
 Leat herwor k
 J ewel ler ymaki ng
 Bui ldi ngi ns tone
 Dr um maki ng

I
temsus
edt opayt
ribut
etot
heki
ngi
nMut
apastate
 Gold -
Ivor
y
 Hoes -
Spears
 Grai
n -
Animalski
ns
 Cattl
e -
Goats
 Sheep -
Labour
 Baskets -I
rontool
s

Por
tugues
et r
adi ngpos
ts/t
owns/f
eir
asi
nMut apas
tat
e
 Mas sapa -Mar amuca/Rimuka
 Mas ekes a -Angoche
 Dambar are -Chitomborwi
zi
 Tet e -Zumbo
 Luanz e -Chicoa
 Buc cuto/Bukuto -Sena

Benefi
tsoft heeconomi cs ystem ofMut apat otheMut apapeopl e
 Cat tl
e,goat sands heeppr ovidedmeat ,milkandhi des.
 Thegr owingofcr opsens uredf oods ecurit
y.
 Peopl eobt ainedgoodst heydi dnothavet hroughl ocaltr
ade.
 Ex ternalt
radebr oughtf oreigngoodses pecial
lyex ot i
ccropslikemaizewhich
becamet heirs t
apl efood.
 Cr aftworkpr omot eds elfrel
iancei ntermsoft ool sandut ens i
ls.
 Hunt i
ng,fishingandgat herings upplement edthei rdiet.
Non-Benef i
tsoft heeconomi csystem ofMut apat othepeopl eofMut apa
 Womenandchi ldr endidmos toft hewor kinthef ields.
 Mi ningwasadanger ousactivit
ys incemi nesoftencol l
apsedkill
ingpeopl
e.

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 Ther ul
ingcl
assandthekingbenefitedmos tfrom theminingofgol
d.
 Tradeingoldandivor
ywiththefor eignerslargelybenef
itedtheki
ngandt heruli
ng
cl
as s
.
 Paymentoft r
ibut
einform ofcat
tle,ivoryandgol dwasaf or
m ofexpl
oit
ation.
 Raidingofnei
ghbouri
ngchiefdomsof t
enr esultedinwarsandthekil
li
ngofpeopl e.

Soci
alor
gani
sat
ionofMut
apas
tat
e

 Thes ocietywaspat ril


ineal .
 Owner shipofcat t
lewasas tatuss ymbol .
 Therewass ex ualdi visionofl abour .
 Theypr actis edl oani ngofcat tle[kur onzera].
 Theyc elebr atedt hecomi ngofanewdaught eri nlaw.
 Theyc elebr atedt hebi rthofanewchi ld.
 Polygamywaspr act i
sedandt hiswasas our ceofl abour .
 Theypai dl obol at ot hei ri nlawsi nf orm ofcat t
le.
 Theypr actis edt henhi mbes ys t
em.
 Theybel ievedi nGod[ Mwar i].
 Theybel ievedi ns piritmedi umsandances trals piri
ts.
 Theybel ievedi nf ami ly,r egionalandnat ionals piritmedi ums .
 Theybel ievedt hats piritslivedi npool s,thickf ores t
sandmount ains.
 Theki ngwaschos enbys piritmedi umsandt heyt her eforebeli
evedindivi
ne
kingship.
 Theki ngwast hel inkbet weenGodandances tralspiritsonones i
deandor di
nary
peopleont heot hers ide.
 Theybel ievedi nl i
feaf terdeat h.
 Theybel ievedi nwi t
chcr aft.
 Theyc ons ulteds piritmedi umsi ntimesofcr is i
sl i
kewar s,dr
ought,epi
demicsand
succes s
iondi sput es .
 Theyal sobel i
evedi navengi ngs piri
ts[ Ngoz i
]–s ofami lymember swerenot
all
owedt ounneces sarilyki llpeopl e.
 Theyhel dcer emoni ess uchasr ainmaki ngcer emoni es.
 Theyhadgoodknowl edgeofher bs,magi candmedi cines.

Dut
ies/I
mportanceofspir
itmediums
 Ins
tall
edtheking -
Gaveadvi
cet
otheki
ng
 Healedthesi
ck -
Ledatcer
emoni
es
 Consult
edancestrals
pir
itsi
nti
mesofcr
isi
s

I
mpor
tanceofrel
igioninthepoliti
calsystem ofMutapastat
e
 -Spi
ri
tmedi umsinstal
ledthekings.
 -Thi
smadet heki
ngadi vi
ner ul
erwhowasf earedandres
pect
ed.
 -Thi
sreducedchancesofr ebell
ionsinthest
ate.
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 -Spir
itmediumswer econs ul
tedbyki ngsandchiefsduri
ngti
mesofcri
si
ss uchas
drought,warsandepidemi cs.
 -Thekingledatallrel
igiousceremoni es
.
 -Thekingsalsoconsultedspir
itmedi umswhent heywantedtomakeanymaj or
decisi
onsli
kegoingt owar .
 -Reli
gionplayedaroleofunifyingpeopl e.
 -Reli
giousceremoniesandr i
tualssuchasr ai
nmakingandrei
ncar
nat
ionbrought
peopletogether.
 -Thecommonbel i
efinGoduni fiedpeopl e.

Ot
herf
actorsi
mpor t
antinthepoli
ti
calsyst
em ofMutapa
 -Thearmymai nt
ainedlawandorder.
 -Thepaymentoft r
ibut
ebyvassalchi
efsandor
dinarypeopl
eens
uredl
oyal
ty.
 -As t
rongeconomyens ur
edstabi
li
ty.

Pol
it
icalor
gani
sat
ionofMut
apa

 -Theki ngwast heheadofs tat e.


 -Theki ngwascal l
edbyt het itleMunhumut apa[ Mwenemut apa].
 -Kingshipwasher edi tar y.
 -Theki ngwasappoi nt edbys pi ri
tmedi ums .
 -Theki ngcont roll
edl ongdi s tancet rade.
 -Theki ngwast hejudi ciall eader .
 -Theki ngwast hechi efdi stribut erofl and.
 -Theki ngwast hechi efj udge.
 -Theki ngwashel pedt or ul ebyacounci lofelder s,Dare.
 -Theyr aidedot hers tat esf orgr ain,cat tleandgoat s.
 -Theki ngappoi ntedl es serchi ef s.
 -Theirpos tswer eher edi tar y.
 -Lesserchi efswer er equi redt ocol lectt her oyalf ir
eannuallytoshowloyal
ty.
 -Distri
ctchi efswer ei nchar geofdi stricts .
 -Provinceswer eunderpr ovi nci alchiefs .
 -Thepoweroft heki ngr es t edi nt hepower f
ular my.
 -Allsubjectspai dtribut et ot heki ngt os howl oyalty.
 -Theki nghadf i
naldeci s ions .
 -King’swi vesplayedani mpor tantr olei nt hes tate.
 -Theki ngkeptanar myt omai nt ainlawandor der.
 -Theki ngwast hecommanderi nchi efoft hear my.
 -Therewer ealsoimpor tantof ficialsapar tfrom theki ngsuchast heQueenmother
,
king’
ss onsi nlaw,ar mycommander ,pr ovinc i
alchiefsands pi
ritmedi
ums .

Res i
dentof
fici
alsoft
heMutapastate
-King -
Queenmot her
-Armycommander( mukomohasha] -
Courtcounci
ll
ors
-Spiri
tmedi
ums -Ki
ng’ssonsi
nlaw
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NonRes i
dentoff
ici
alsofMut
apas
tat
e
-Pr
ovinci
alchi
efs -
Distr
ictchi
efs
-Headmen -
Vil
lageheads

I
mpor
tanceoft ri
buteint heMut apapolit
icalsystem
 -Itensuredloyaltyofless
erchiefstotheki ng.
 -Itensuredlesserchiefswouldnotbet oor ich,powerf
ulandambi
ti
ous
.
 -Thishelpedtor educechancesofr ebel
lions .
 -Itenhancedt heweal t
h,infl
uenceandpoweroft heki
ng.

Mi
li
tar
ySt ructur
e/Mi lit
ar yOr ganisati
onofMut apa
 - Thearmywasheadedbyt hekingast hecommanderi nchief.
 - Thekingwashel pedbyanappoi ntedcommander ,Nengomas ha,whowasthe
secondmos tpower fuloffi
cialinthes t
ate.
 - Therewasacounci lofwar[ Darerehondo] .
 - Thecounci lrati
fiedwardeci si
onsandcons cri
ptedsoldi
ers.
 - TheMut apahadal argear mywhi chas sembl edwhenneedar ose.
 - However ,theMut apamai nt ai
nedas mal lregularfor
ceof200t o500sol
diersto
guardthes t
atemai ntai
npeaceandor deratt heking’scourt.
 - Drumswer ebeat enandpar apandawass oundedt oassembleMut apasol
diers.
 - N’angas[ Spiri
tualheal ers]werecons ultedbyt hearmybef oreitwenttowar .
 - TheMut apaar mi eswer earmedwi ths pears,shiel
ds,battl
eax esandbowsand
arrows.

Dut
ies/I
mpor t anceoft hearmyi nMut apas
tat
e
 -Protectedt hes t
atefrom enemies -
Col
lectedtri
bute
 -Conquer ednei ghbourings t
ates -Rai
dedot herstatesf
orweal
th
 -Punishedr ebelli
ouschi ef
s -
Mai
nt ai
nedl awandorderi nthes
tat
e
 -Herdedt heking’scat
tle -
Cul
tivatedtheking’sf
ields

DECLI
NEOFMUTAPASTATE

Reas
onsf
ort
hedecl
ineofMut
apa

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I
nter
nalr
eas
onsf
ori
tsdecl
ine

 -Succes s
iondi sputesl edt ot hedecl i
neoft hisstate.
 -Civi
lwar scaus edt hedecl ineoft hiss t
at e.
 -Thes tatebecamet oobi gt ober uledbyoner ul
er.
 -Somechi efsbrokeaway ,forinstance,Bar we,Uteve,Torwa,MbireandGuruuswa
whof eltindependentenought os t
artthei rownki ngdoms .
 -Somet r
ibutarys tatesref usedt opayt ribut esuchaBar we,ManyikaandUteve.
 -Therewer esomeweakl eader ss uchasMavur aMhande,Gat siRuser
eand
Nyahuma.
 -Exhaus t
ionofgol df i
eldsandi voryledt oi tsdecli
ne.
 -Shortageofs al
tandot hermi neralsledt odecl i
nei ntr
ade.
 -Outbreakofepi demi cski l
ledmanypeopl e.
 -Revoltsbyvas salchiefs,forex ampl e,Changa- r
ulerofRozvi.

Ext
ernalr
eas
onsf
ort
hedecl
ineofMut
apa

 -
Los sofcont r
olofl ongdi stancet radet oot herstateslikeTorwaandRoz vi.
 -
Infl
uenceofSwahi lit
r ader s
 -
Growt hofPor tugues econt rolunder mi nedt heaut hori
tyoftheMut apakings.
 -
Thepr azos ystem ledt olossofl andbyt helocalpeople.
 -
ThePor tugues epr omot edci vi
lwar s.
 -
Interferencei nl ocalpol i
ticsbyt hePor tugues ebyinstall
ingpuppetrul
ers.
 -
Interferencef rom Ar abs .
 -
Chikundar aidsf ormanpoweral socont ributed.
 -
Slavet radeweakenedt hes tate.
 -
Thes pr eadofChr i
sti
ani tyledt odi vi
sioni nthes tate.
 -
ThePor tugues er efusedt opayt ri
but e.
 -
Mar aviinvas i
onal s
ol edt oi tsdecline.
 -
Invasionbymf ecanegr oupscaus edi tsdecline.
 -
Thedef eatbyt heRoz viledt oitsdecl i
ne.
 -
Coloni sati
onbyt heBr iti
s hledtoi tsfinalcollapse.

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THEPORTUGUESEPENETRATI
ONI
NTOTHEMUTAPASTATE

Ai
msofthePortugues einMut apa/Reas onsforPor tuguesepenet r
at i
oninMutapa
 -Ini
ti
all
ythePor tugues ewant edt ot r
adewi thTheMut apapeopl e.
 -Theywant edtodr ivetheSwahi l
iandAr absawayf ortheyhadbecome
competitors.
 -Theywant edtos preadChr is
t i
ani t
y.
 -Theywant edtot akecont roloft hegoldmi nesinMut apa.
 -Theywant edtocont r
oltrader outesint heinteri
or.
 -Theywant edlandf rom theShona.
 -Theywant edtof ulfi
ltheambi tionsoft hekingofPor tugalwhowasi mperi
ali
sti
c.
 -Theywant edtoci vil
is
eAf r i
cans .
 -Theywant edtopr epareAf ri
caf orPor tuguesedomi nation.
 -Theywant edtobui ldtradingpos t
s[ f
eiras]
.
 -Theyalsowant edt opol i
ticall
yandeconomi call
ycontr olMut apa.
 -ThePortugues ewer esear chingf orthel egendaryPres terJohn.
 -Theywant edtoavenget hedeat hofFat herGoncalodaSi l
veira.
 -Theywer einvi
tedbyGat s
iRus ere.

Howt hePor tugues egoti nt ouchwi tht heMut apa


ThePor t ugues earrivedatSof alai n1506andt ookovert hepor tofSof alafrom t heAr abs
andSwahi li
s.ThePor t ugues ewer eabl et ous et hem asmi ddl emen.Mor erepor tsabout
the i nter i
orwer e made by Ant onio Fer nandez .Thi sf uel l
ed up t heirambi tions t o
monopol iseandcont rolgol dpr oduct ionoft her egi on[ Zimbabwe] .Bet ween1550and
1630t hePor t ugues emades ever alat tempt stocont r oltheMut apas tat ewhi cht heywer e
deal i
ngwi thdi rectl
y.Theyes tabl i
s hedanumberoft radingpos ts[ f
eiras]int hei nt erior.
Thes et r adingpos tsi ncl udedMas s apa,Dambar are,Mas ekes a,Zvengombeandt hel ike.
Thes ef ei rashadchur ches.Thes ecent reswer eheadedbyof fi
cerscal ledCapt ai noft he
gat es[ Capi tormor ].Thei rdut ieswer e[ i]Tocont rolindi vi dualtrader s.[ii]Tohandl e
compl aintsf rom Por tugues et rader stot heMut apaandvi cever sa.[ii
i]Set t
ledal ldi sput es
wit hi
nt hecommuni ty .[iv]Theyens uredt hatt heannualpr es entswhi chwer eduet ot he
kingwer egi vent ohi m.Thi swasdonedur ingt hei rini tialset tlementi nt heinter ior.I nitially
relati
onswi tht heMut apawer eoft ri
but arynat ur e,wi t
ht hePor tugues epayi ngt ribut e
calledcur va,inf orm ofcl oth,beads ,s i
lksandcer ami cs.In1561Fat herGoncal odaSi lvei ra
waski ll
edaf terhehadconver tedNegomoMapunz agut uands omemember sofhi sf ami l
y.
Goncal owast hef i
rs tJ esuitMi ss ionar yt ovi s
itt heMut apas tate.Negomowasi nf luenced
byShonat r
adi ti
onal i
s tsandMus limst oki l
lGoncal o.Theyt oldhi mt hathewaspl anni ng
tot akeovert hes t
at e.Hi sdeat hcr eatedt ens i
onbet weent heShonaandt hePor tugues e.
ThePor t ugues edecidedt ogai ndi rectent ryintot hei nt eri
or .Theywer enowus ingmi li
tar y
forceoft heirwayi ntot hei nterior .Theyal sous edt hepr et ex toft hedeat hofGoncal oda
Silvei
r at odi r
ect lyinter ferei nMut apapol iti
cs.Theywant edt or etal
iate/r evenge.

PuppetMut
apas

 -
ThePor
tugues
espons
oredpuppetMut
apas
.

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 -TheMut apasoft hes event eent handei ght eent hcent urieswer epuppet s .
 -Between1590and1607t her ewer es ever alr ebel l
ionswi t hint hes tat eandt his
createdpol i
ticali ns tabilityandt hePor tugues ef oundt hisanoppor tunemomentt o
interferei nMut apapol i
t i
cs .
 -Gats iRus eres oughtt hes uppor tofPor tugues ebys igningat reat yofmi lit
ar y
assistancewi tht hePor tugues e.
 -ThePor tugues ehel pedRus eret oachi evet het hr onei n1596.
 -ThePor t
ugues ewer et ohel pRus ereagai ns tat t
acksf rom Mar avikingdom andt o
suppr essr ebel l
ionswi thinhi ss tate.
 -Rus ereagr eedt ocedeal lhi sgol d,copper ,iron,leadandt inmi nest oPor tugues e.
 -Rus erewasf orcedt ogi vehi schi ldandhi shei rt ot hePor tugues ewhot urnedt o
bringhi m upasaChr istians ot hathewi llbel oyalt oPor tugues ewhenhehad
comet oMut apa.Thi ss onwass entt oGoa,I ndiawher ehebecameacat holi
cpr iest
andheneverr et ur nedt oAf rica.
 -Rus eregavet hePor tugues et her ightt ohunt .
 -Port ugues ewer eal l
owedt ot r adef r eely.
 -Heagr eedt obanMus l
imt r ader s.
 -In1624Rus er edi edandhi sdeat hwasf oll
owedbyaci vilwarbet weenhi ssons .
 -Rus erewass ucceededbyhi ss onNyamboKapar aridz ei n1627.
 -In1629,Mavur aMhandes oughtandgott hes uppor tofPor t
ugues et oover throw
NyamboKapar aridz e.
 -Kapar aridz ewaski ll
edi n1629byt hePor tugues ewhoi nstal l
edMavur a.
 -Followi nghi si ns t all
ation,Mavur awasf orcedt os i
gnat reatyofvas salagewi th
thePor tugues e[ 1629] .
 -Mavur amadel andgr antst ot hePor t ugues e.
 -ThePor tugues ewer eal l
owedt obui ldchur chesandt opr eachwher evert heyl i
ked
freely.
 -ThePor tugues ewer eallowedt obui lds chool s.
 -Thecapt ainofMas sapawasgi venaut horityoverever yonei nt hear ea[ blackand
whi t
e] .
 -ThePor tugues ewoul dmai nt ainMavur aont hronei nt henameoft heki ngof
Por t
ugalwhos es over eignt yhenow acknowl edged.Mut apawasmadeavas salof
Por t
ugal .
 -Heagr eedt ocedeal lhi ss ilverandgol dmi nest ot hePor tugues e.
 -Heagr eedt oal low compl et ef reedom ofpas saget hroughouthi sempi r
et oal l
Por t
ugues et rader s .
 -Heagr eedt oex pelal lSwahi li
- Arabt rader sf rom t heempi re.
 -Mavur awast os topt hecur vas yst em andi ns t
eadhewast opayt ribut etot he
Por t
ugues e.
 -Hewast os how gr eatr es pectt ot hecapt ainoft hegat ewhowast os tayatt he
king’spal aceandnotatMas sapa.
 -Theki ngwast ocons ultthecapt ainoft hegat einmat tersofwarandpeace.
 -Mavur adependedonPor t ugues eunt ilhisdeat hi n1652.
 -Port ugues epowercont inuedunt i
lMukombwebecameMut apai n1663.
 -Mukombweal l
ied hi ms elfwi t ht hepower fulRoz viChangami r
eand dr ovet he

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Port
ugueseoutofthestatein1690s.
 -AjointMutapa and Roz viarmyat t
acked t
he Port
ugues
e atDambar
are and
Massapaanddrovethem outofMut apaandManyi
ka.
 -ThePort
uguesewerenowr es
tri
ctedtoSenaandTete.

Benef
itsoftheset
reatiest othepeopleofMutapa
 -Theygotprotect i
onf r
om exter
nalat
tacksandi
nter
nalat
tacks
.
 -Therewastempor arypeace.
 -TheygotPortugues egodsf r
om tr
ade.
 -Lit
eracywasspr ead.

Negat
iveEffect
soft hetreati
est othepeopleofMut apa
 -Lossoflandandc attl
e.
 -Lossofr es
ourcesli
kegol d.
 -Erosi
onofcul t
urethroughs preadofChrist
iani
ty.
 -Forcedlabourands l
avery.
 -Forcedpaymentoft ri
but etothePortuguese.
 -Lossofpol i
ti
cali
ndependence.

NamesofPor tugues e nat


ionals[ peopl
e]who penetrated the Zimbabwean Pl
ateau
bet
weenthes i
xteenthands eventeenthcent
ury
 -AntonioFer nandez -
GoncalodaSi lvei
ra
 -Francis
coBar reto -
VascoFer nandez
 -DiegoSimeosMadei ra -MiguelBernandes
 -VascoHomen -AntonioCaiado
 -GasperBoccar o -
JoaodosSant os
 -DiegodaMenes -
M AlveresPereira
 -SBay ao -
DonaKat ar
ina

Pr
oblemsfacedbyPor tugues earmi
esdur
ingt
hei
rinvasi
onofMut apastat
eint
he1570s
 -Diseases -Hunger
 -Resist
ancef r
om l ocalpeopl
e -
Lossofli
ves
 -Somes ol
dier
swer ewounded -
Heavyarmour
 -Fail
uret ofi
ndgol d -Attacksfr
om hosti
lewil
dani
mal
s
 -Crossi
ngdi ff
icultriver
s

THEPRAZOSYSTEM

 -
ThePrazosystem wasint
roducedbythePort
ugues
e.
 -
Praz
os[Mapur azi
]werelargefarmsl
argel
yownedbyPor
tugues
einMutapa.
 -
Praz
eroswereowner sofPrazos.
 -
Thesystem beganduringt herei
gnofNegomoMapunzagutuwhenhegaveland
t
oFranci
scoBar r
eto.

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 -Someoft hes ePr az eroswer egi venl andasr ewar dsfort hei rmi litar
ys ervi ce.
 -Theygai nedcont roloft hel owerZambez ithr oughs igningt reat i
eswi thAf r
ican
chief sort hr oughmi li
tar yf orce.
 -In1607Gat siRus er egavel andt oaTet etrader ,Di egoSi meosMadei r
a.Hebecame
apower fuls ettlerwi th4000Chi kundaar my.
 -Mor el andwasgi vent oPor t ugues econquer or sbyMavur a.I tiss aidt hathewas
forcedt ocedet hewhol eofhi ski ngdom t ot hePor tugues ecr ownaspar toft he
pricef orPor tugues eai d.
 -Rul ersofUt evegavel arget ract sofl andt oDi asBayao.Thear eas t
r etchedf rom
Pungwet oZambez i.
 -The Por t ugues e conf irmed t he Pr azos ys tem bygi ving of f i
cialland t it
lest o
individualPr az eros .
 -The Por tugues e gover nment want ed Pr azos t o be cent res of Por tugues e
civil
isat ionandcommer cialagr icul t
ur e.
 -ThePor tugues egr ew cr opsl ikedagga,t obacco,r ice,mai ze,s orghum,mi l
let,
wat ermel ons ,s ugarcane,cof f ee,cas s
ava,s quas h,gr oundnut s,pumpki ns ,guavas ,
mangoes ,cowpeas ,sweetpot at oes ,pawpawsandpot at oes.
 -Slaver ybeganonPr az osandmi nes .
 -ThePr az erosus edAf ricanchi ef sandt heirs ubj ect sasl abour ers.
 -Trus teds l
aveswer er ecr uitedi ntoper sonalar mi esofPr azer os.
 -TheChi kundaar mi esi ll-
t reat edt hel ocalpeopl e.
 -Femal es laveswer eus edascul tivat ors.
 -Ar mi eswer eus edt or aidchi ef st ocapt urelandswi thmi nerals.
 -ThePr az eross pokeAf r i
canl anguage.
 -Theybel ievedi nwi tchcr af t.
 -Theypr act isedpol ygamyj us tl i
keAf ri
cans .
 -Theyt radedwi thandr aidedAf ricans .
 -Praz er osbecameAf r
icanchi ef sdemandi ngt ribut efrom Af r i
cansont hei rland.
 -Theys trippedAf ricanchi efsof ft hei rrole.
 -ThePor tugues eus edol df eudall awst ogov er nt hePr az eros .
 -ThePor tugues elivedi nl ux ury.
 -Theycont rolledt radet hr oughvas hambadz i.
 -Mi ningofgol d,s ilverandcopperwasdone.
 -Praz oswer eas our ceofs laveswhower eex por t edt oBr azil
.
 -Shi fti
ngcul tivat i
onwaspr act ised.
 -Ther ewass ex ualc o-habi tationbet weenPor tugues eandAf ricanwomenwhi ch
resul t
edi nt hebi r
thofar acec alledmul at t
os[ col oureds ].
 -ThePor tugues es ur roundedt hems elveswi thadvi sers,includi ngr el
igiousl eader s
whohel pedt hem i ns uchcer emoni esasr ainmaki ng.
 -ThePr az eroswer er es pons i
bl ef ordeci dingonal ljudicialcas esands et t
lingal l
disput es .

Cont
ribut
ionoft
hePr
azos
yst
em t
othegr
owt
hofs
laver
yint
heZambez
ival
ley

 -
Growt
hofpl
ant
ati
onss
uchasZambez
iPr
azosdemandedi
ncr
eas
ingnumber
sof

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s
lavelabour
ers.
 -
Mi ni
ngacti
vit
iesi
nthePrazosrequi
reds
lavel
abour
.
 -
Therewasneedf ors
lavear
mi es.

Ot
herf
actorswhi chledtothegr owthofslavery
 -Warcapt i
vesbecamedomes t
icsl
aves.
 -Criminalsandwitcheswer eal
sotreatedasdomes
t i
csl
aves.
 -Ivorytraderequi
redslavelabourt
of err
yivor
ytothepostsandt
othecoas
t.

NamesofPort
uguesePraz
eros
 -DiegoSimeosMadeir
a -
VicenteJoseRi
beiro
 -ManuelAntoni
odeSous a[
Kuvheya] -
SisuandoDiasBayao
 -Rodri
goLobo -
Mat akenya

Economi
cAct
ivi
ti
escar
riedouti
nPr
azos
 -
Cropcul ti
vati
on
 -
Trading -
Hunti
ng
 -
Tributepayment -
Mini
ng
 -
Ani malreari
ng -Rai
ding
 -
Slavetrade -
Craf
twor k

Soci
alAct
ivi
ti
escar
riedouti
nPr
azos

 -Preaching -
Abus eofAfr
icanwomen
 -Acculturati
onofl ocal
s -
Int
ermar r
iage
 -Witchcraft -
Polygamy
 -Practi
ceofs lavery -
Livedinmudpl aster
edandt
hat
ched
huts
 -Theys pokeAf ri
c anlanguage -Bir
thofMulat
tos
 -Rainmaki ngcer emoni es -
Adopt
ionofl
ocalcul
tur
e

Pol
it
icalAct
ivi
ti
escar
riedoutonPr
azos

 -
ThePrazerosexer cisedjudi ci
alpower s.
 -
Praz
eroscontrol l
edPr az
osl i
keAf ri
canchiefs.
 -
Theyrai
s edChikundaar mi es[ Pri
vatearmies].
 -
Theydemandedt ribut efrom Af ri
cans.
 -
TheyusedChikundat ointer f
er einsucces
s i
ondis
put
es.
 -
TheyforgedAllianceswi thvas salMutapas.
 -
Mutapasbecamet heirpuppet s .

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 -
Praz
oswereindependent.
 -
Praz
erosappoi
ntedvassalchi
efs
.

Pos
iti
veEffectsoft hePr az os ystem onMut apa
 - Newcr opswer eintroduced,f orexampl e,mai ze.
 - Modernci vili
sati
onwasi nt r
oduced,f orex ample,clot
hing.
 - Improvementofcommuni cati
on,forex ampl e,roadswerecons
truct
ed.
 - Afri
cansrecei vedf oreigngoodss uchasguns .
 - Manyikacopi edPor tugues ewor dss uchasPr azo[Purazi
].
 - SpreadofChr ist
ianityr educedbar bar i
sm andpagani s m.
 - Tradeimpr oved
 - Theywer et aughtnewf armi ngmet hods .
 - Theywer et aughtnewmi ningmet hods .
 - Theywer epr otectedagai ns tf
orei
gnf orces.

Negat
iveEffectsoft hePr az os ystem onMut apa
 -Spreadingofdi seas es
 -AbuseofAf ri
canwomen
 -Avas tamountofmi ner alsli
kegol dwast akenawayfrom t
heZambez
ival
ley.
 -Numer ousdeat hswer ei ncurred.
 -Afri
cancul turewasdes troyed.
 -Mutapaki ngswer ef orcedt opayt ri
but e.
 -Afri
canchi efswer ef orcedt os upplyslavel abour
.
 -ThePor tugueseint er feredt oomuchi nMut apapoli
ti
cs.
 -Christ
ianitybroughtdi visionamongAf r i
cans .
 -Afri
cansl osttheirl and.
 -Sl
aver ywasr ampant .
 -Prosti
tutionwasr ampant .
 -Afri
canswer erai
dedandoppr ess
ed.
 -ThePor tuguesepr omot edci vilwars.
 -Afri
cansl ostcontr oloft rade.

Succes
sesoft
hePortugues einachi evi
ngt heiraims
 -Theymonopol is
edt r
ade.
 -Theyconverteds omeAf r
icansintoChr i
sti
anit
y.
 -Theymanagedt oex pelSwahilitrader
s.
 -Theyestabli
shedt radingpos t
si ntheinter
iorandout
side.
 -Theylocatedthes ourceofgol d.

Fai
lur
esofPor
tugues
einachi
evingthei
raims
 -Theyf
ail
edtoavengethedeat
hofGoncalodaSil
vei
ra.
 -Theyf
ail
edtoconvertmanyAfr
icansi
ntoChr
ist
iani
ty.
 -Theyf
ail
edtopermanentl
ycol
oniseZi
mbabwe.
 -Theyf
ail
edtolocat
eandgetthenewsoftheLegendaryPr
est
erJ
ohn.
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I
mpor
tanceofPort
uguesemil
it
arypoweri ncont rolli
ngt hestat
e
 -
Theyusedgunstoi
nstilf
ear.
 -
Mil
itar
ypowerweakenedt heMut apas t
ateinthe1570s.
 -
Theywereabl
etocontrolchiefsint heZambez ivall
ey.
 -
Mil
itar
ypowerwasusedt ocont r
olt rade.
 -
Mil
itar
ypowerwasusedt osuppor tr ebels.
 -
Mil
itar
ypowerwasusedt oraidformanpower .
 -
Mil
itar
ypowerwasusedf orprotectionf rom at
tacks.

Ot
herf
actor
swhichhelpedt hePor tugueset ocontrolMut apastate
 -
Chri
sti
anitywasus edtogaini nfl
uenceont heMut apa.
 -
Weakleader sas kedforPortugues ehelpduringsuccess
iondis
putesand
becamepuppets.
 -
Thestat
ewast oobig,sothePor tuguesewer eabletocontr
oldis
tant
chi
efdoms.
 -
ThePortugues emonopol is
edt r
ade.
 -
Theprazos ystem whereChi kundaar mieswer ekept.
 -
ThePortugues enowgott r
ibut e[Curva]

THEROZVISTATE

Or
igi
nsoft
heRoz
viSt
ate

Theor iginoft heRoz viStat


ei scont r
oversi
al.Therear etwomai nt heorieswhi chhavebeen
putf orwar dinex plai
ningt heor i
ginoft heRoz vistate.[a]Somehi stor i
ansbel ievedt hat
the Roz vi wer e once s ubj
ect s of t he Mut apa peopl e. Thei r l eader Dombo
[Dombol akonachimwango Chi mul oyi
chamavengeni ] was once a cat tl
e her derunder
Mut apaMukombwe.Hewasgi vens omecat tl
eandhemanagedt ogr owr ichandcr eat ed
hisar my.Hei sbelievedt ohaver evol
tedagai nstt heMut apawhent hes tatewasati t s
decline.Wi thhi spower f
ular myhewasabl et oconquerands ubduet heTor wapeopl e.I t
wast heTor wapeopl ewhoni cknamed hi speopl et heRoz vi,meani ngdes troyer s
.He
established hiscapi talatDanangombe [ Dhlodhl o]i n Mat abeleland.The capi talwas
transferred to di f
ferentpl aces by di f
ferentl eader s
,f orex ampl e,t o Nal et al
e and
Manyanga.Ati tspeakt heRoz vii sbeli
evedt ohavecover eds uchar easasGur uus wa,
Mbi re,Buher a,Bocha,Dumaandpar tsofSout hEas ternHi ghlands .I n1695t heRoz vi
helpedMut apaMukombwet odriveawayt hePor t
ugues ef r
om t heZi mbabweanPl ateau.
TheRoz vitookoverf rom theMut apaasanew f orcet oreckonwi thi nt heZi mbabwean
plateau.[ b]Ot herhistori
anshaveas i
mplerex planationont heor iginofRoz vi
.Theys ay

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thatRoz
viwasj us
tanewname.Theys ayRoz vididnotorigi
natefr
om apl aceoutsidethe
Torwastat
e.Theys aythattheRozviandt heTorwawer ethesamepeopl e.Theysayt hati
t
wasonlythenamet hatchanged.I
not herwor ds
,theTorwas tat
edevelopedandchanged
i
tsnamet oRoz vi
.Ther ewasnoi nvasi
onorconques twhi chtookplace.Theol dTor wa
stat
econtinuedbuti twasjustthenamewhi chchanged.ThusDombowasades cendant
ofaTorwaChangami r
e.

Roz
viTowns/RozviCapit
als
 -
Danangombe/Dhlodhl
o -
Nalet
ale
 -
Manyanga -
Khami
 -
NhavayaTumbare -
Matendere
 -
Ins
ukami ni -
Umnukwana[Munekwani

NamesofRoz vikings/Changami r
es
 -Dombo[ Changa] -
Chir
isamhur
uI
 -Nechadz ike -
Nechagadzi
ke
 -Bas wi -
Rupandamanhanga
 -Gomor emvura -Gumboreshumba
 -Tohwechi pi -
Chir
isamhur
uII
 -Rupengo -
Dlembeu
ShonaChief
domsconquer edbyChangami
reDombo
 -Tor wa -
Seke
 -Manyi ka -
Ut eve
 -Madanda/Sedanda -
Mut ema
 -Chikanga -
Mut asa
 -Mar ange -
Nyas hanu
 -Bocha -
Zvimba
 -Bar we -
Chi weshe
 -Duma -Makoni
 -Buher a -
Mbi re
Expans
ionofRoz vistate

Changami reDombobr okeawayf rom Mut apast ateunderMukombwe. Ther ewasaci vil
warandDombowasf orcedt omigr atetot heSout h-wes ternZimbabwe.Hedef eatedt he
TorwaandKal angapeopl eandes tablishedapower fulstateint heButuaar ea.Hebui lthi s
capitalatDanangombe i nt he 1680s .Dombo embar ked on an ex pans i
oni s
tpol icy
conquer i
ngs urroundi
ngar eas.Heat tackedandr educedt heMut apas t
at ei ntoaver ysmal l
stateinDandear ea.Domboconquer edt hekingdomsofUt eveandManyi kaint heEas tin
the1690s .Heal soconquer edandabs orbedt heVendai nt hesout h.Domboal soat tacked,
conquer ed and absorbed t hepeopl eofBuher a,Bocha,Dumaand t hes out h eastern
highlands.Changami reDombodr oveawayt hePor tugues efrom theirfeir asatDambar ar e,
TeteandManyi kain1693.Dombof orgedami litaryalli
ancewi t
hMut apaNyakunembi ri
andby1695t hePor t
ugues ehadabandonedt hei rtradings tationsint heint eri
or.The
Rozvibecamet hes upremepoweron t heZimbabwean pl ateau.Aft ert hesewar st he
Portugueseaccept edRoz vioverlords hipi ntheint eri
or.Changami reDombodi edi n1695

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leavingbehi ndav er
ys tr
ongs tate.Chir
isamhuru,hiss onbecamet henew Mamboand
cont i
nuedt oex pandthekingdom.By1700t heRozvikingdom wasatitspeakcover
ingthe
whol eoft heZi mbabwean plateauf rom Zambez itot heLi mpopo.TheRoz vimambo
mai ntainedaver ylar
gear myandf orcedmanyvas salstatestopaytri
but
ef r
om the1690s
untiltheper iodofMf ecane.TheRoz visucceededtorul ethewholeofZimbabwedi r
ectl
y
orindi r
ectlythroughvassalchi
efs.

Reas
onsf ort her i
seandexpans ionofRoz vistat
e
 -TheRoz viweres kil
fulf ight ers
 -Thisenabledt hem todef eats everalgr oups
 -Theabi l
it
yoft heRoz vit odef eatthePor tugueseanddr i
vet hem tot
heir
formers ettl
ement satMas ekes a.
 -Aftertheywer edef eat edbyt heRoz vi,thePor tugueseagreedt ocome
undert heaut hori
tyoft heRoz vi.
 -Thechiefswhower edef eat edbyt heRoz vibeganpayi ngtributetot
he
Roz viking.
 -TheRoz viextendedt hei rr uletononRoz vipeople
 -TheNdau,Zez uruandKar angavol unt ari
lyjoinedtheRoz vistat
efor
prot ectionagainstPor tuguese
 TheRoz viwereabl et oamas swealthandpowerandbecamet hedominant
statei nt hearea
 -TheRoz vicont r
oll
edl ongdi st
ancet radeal ongt heZambez ival
ley
 -TheRoz videfeatedt heTor waands ubduedt heme

Economi
cOr
gani
sat
ionoft
heRoz
vi

 -
Theyrearedani malslikecat tle,goatsands heep.
 -
Theycult
ivat edcropsl ikemi l
let,sorghum,mai z
e,melonsands
oon.
 -
Theyminedmi neralslikegol d,copperandi r on.
 -
Theyhunt edani malsformeat ,i
voryandpr eciousski
ns.
 -
Theygather edfruit
s,veget abl esandmus hroom.
 -
Theyrai
dedot herstatesf orlivestock,grain,boysandgi rl
s.
 -
Subj
ectspai dt r
ibuteinf orm ofcat tl
e,goat sandgr ai
n.
 -
Theypract i
sedbot hint ernalandex ternaltr ade.
 -
Theycaughtf i
shtos uppl ementt heirdiet.

 -
Theydidartandcr aft,t
hati
s,
a]Potter
y
b]Weaving
c]Basketry
d]Blacksmithing
e]Woodcar ving
f]Stonecarving
g]Jewell
erymaki ng
h]Leatherwor k
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i
]Dr
um maki
ng

Expor
tsf
rom t
heRoz vist
ate
 -Gold -
Ivory
 -Cattl
e -
Sheep
 -Pi
gs -
Sorghum
 -Mil
let -
Os t
richf
eat
her
s
 -Ani
mals ki
ns -
Irontool
s
 -Pots -
Baskets
 -Goats -
Pigs

I
mpor
tsi
ntot
heRoz vis
tate
 -
Clot
h -
Glassbeads
 -
Guns -
Liquor
 -
Maize -
Fruits
 -
Tobacco -
Mi r
rors
 -
Ammuni ti
on -
Cerami cs

Soci
alOr
gani
sat
ionofRoz
vi

 -
Thes ocietywaspat ri
lineal.
 -
Owner shipofcat tlewasas ymbolofs tatus.
 -
Theypai dl obol at ot heiri nl awsi nf orm ofcattle.
 -
Theypr actis edl oaningofcat tl
e[ kur onzera].
 -
Theypr actis eds ex ualdivi sionofl abour .
 -
Theypr actis edt henhi mbes yst em.
 -
Theycel ebr atedt hebi rt
hofanewchi ld.
 -
Theycel ebr atedt hec omi ngofanewdaught erinlaw.
 -
Theywer epol ygamous .
 -
Incestandbes tial
itywer et aboos .
 -
Theyl i
vedi nvi llagesaccor dingt ol i
neages .
 -
Theybel ongedt ot heMoyot otem.
 -
Roz vimar ri
ageswer eex ogenous .
 -
Theyl i
vedi npol eanddaggahous es.
 -
Theybel ievedi nGod,t heSupr emeBei ngandcr eatorofeveryt
hingon
ear
th.
 -
Theybel ievedi nnat ional ,regi onalandf amilyspir
itmediums .
 -
Theki ngwast her eligiousl eaderandl edatal lrel
igi
ousceremoni es
.
 -
Theybr ewedbeerands laught er edcat tl
eatceremoni escal
ledBira.
 -
Theyhel dr ainmaki ngcer emoni es .
 -
Theycons ultedN’ angas .
 -
Theybel ievedi nwi tchcr aft.
 -
Theybel ievedt hats omes pir i
tsl ivedi nlargerpools,thi
ckforestsand
mountai
ns.

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 -Theybeli
evedinl
ifeafterdeat
h.
 -Theyconsult
edtheirancest
orsthr
oughs
pir
itmedi
umsi
nti
mesofcr
isi
s
l
ikewar
s,droughtsandotherdisast
ers.
 -Theybeli
evedindivi
nekingshi
p.

I
mpor
tanceoft
heSoci
alOr
gani
sat
ioni
nthePol
it
icalSys
tem oft
heRoz
vi

 -
Rel
igi
onwasauni f
yingforce.
 -
Thespiri
tmedi umsi nst
all
edt heking.
 -
Rel
igi
ousl eaderscouldreprimandaMambowhomi sbehaved.
 -
Catt
leloanings yst
em helpedr ul
erstomai
ntaininfl
uenceandpeace.
 -
Thekingledatr eli
giousceremonies.
 -
Pol
ygamywasus edbyt heruli
ngclasstomaintai
nalli
ancesandi
mportant
l
ineages
.

Ot
herf
act
orsi
mpor
tanti
nthePol
it
icals
yst
em oft
heRoz
vi

 -Tri
buteensuredl
oyal
tyt otheking.
 -Astrongeconomyens uredstabil
it
y.
 -Goodr el
ati
onswit
hot herstates
.
 -Thearmywasi mport
antf ormaintaini
ngl
awandor
derands
uppr
ess
ing
r
ebel
li
ons.

Dut
iesoff
emal
esi
nRoz
vi

 -
Cropcult
ivat
ion -
Househol
dchores
 -
Gather
ing -
Looki
ngaft
erchil
dren

Dut
iesofmal
esi
nRoz
vi

 -
Hunt i
ng -
Herdi
ngcattle
 -
Mining -That
chinghut
s
 -
Smelting -
Trade
 -
Fis
hing

Pol
it
icalOr
gani
sat
ionofRoz
vi

 -
Thekingwast heheadofs tate.
 -
Hispos twasher editary.
 -
Thekingwast hechi efdistributerofland.
 -
Thekingr uledwi tht heas sistanceofaCour tofoff
ici
alswhichincl
udedthe
s
pir
itmedi
ums ,provincialchi efs
,Queenmot her,armycommanderandpr i
est
s.
 -
Mambo’ ss eniorwi vespl ayedani mpor tantrol
eint
heki ng’
scourt.
 -
Theking’spowerr es tedi nthepower fularmy.

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 -Thepr ovinceswer eunderpr ovincialchiefs.


 -Di s
trictchiefswer ei nchargeofdi str
icts.
 -Thechi efswer eappoi ntedbyt heki ng.
 -Thepos t
sofchi efswer eher edi
t ary.
 -Vas salchiefspaidt ributetot hekingt os howloyal
ty.
 -Theki ngwast hecommanderi nchi efofthearmy.
 -TheTumbar ewast hemi l
it
arycommanderandact edasregentwhenaki
ng
dieduntilanot heronewasi nstall
ed.Int hecas eofayoungermamboTumbar eal
so
actedasr egentunt i
ltheyoungerMamboi sgrownenought orul
e.
 -TheTumbar ewast hechi eftri
but ecollector
.
 -Theki ngl edallreli
gi ousceremoni es.
 -Theki ngwast hechi efjudge.
 -Theki ngwast hecus todianofs tatepr opert
y.
 -Theki ngcont rol
ledl ongdistancet r
ade.

Gover
nmentof
ficialsint heRoz vis
tat
e
 -
King/Mambo/Changami r
e -
Tumbare
 -
Pr ovincialchief
s -
Distr
ictchi
efs
 -
Queenmot her -
King’
ssonsinlaw
 -
Spi ri
tmedi ums -
Courtcounci
ll
ors
 -
Villageheads -
King’
ss onsi
nlaw

Mi
li
tar
yOr
gani
sat
ionoft
heRoz
vi

 -TheRoz vihadas tandi ngar my.


 -Themambowast hecommanderi nc hiefoft hearmy.
 -TheTumbar ewast hecommanderoft hear my.Soi not herwor dsthe
Mambowasdeput isedbyt heTumbar e.
 -TheMambokeptas mal lbodyguar dforhi sownper s onaldefence.
 -Thes ewer eper manent lyarmedandwer ecal
ledNgwanangwana[ wide
awake].
 -Thebul koft hear mywascompos edofyoungmenandunmar r
iedcadres
.
 -Thisarmywaswel lequi ppedwi thbows ,arr
ows ,assegais,shiel
dsand
battl
eaxes .
 -Thear myunder wents pecialisedt rai
ning.
 -Thistrainingi nvolvedmi l
itaryex erci
seandar chery[at echniqueof
shooti
ngef fecti
vel y].
 -Thear mywasver ys trong,ef fici
entandwel ldiscipl
inedandt hisenabl
edit
toconquernei ghbour sandr ulet hem f oralmos t150year s[
1680t o1850] .
 -Becaus eofi tsef fectivenes s[ prowess ]inbat tl
e,thePor tugueseendedup
accusi
ngt hisarmyofus ings uper nat uralpower sagainstenemi es.

Dut
ies/Res
pons
ibi
li
ti
esoft
heRoz
vir
ulerorKi
ng

 -
Headofs
tat
e -
Dis
tri
but
ingl
and
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 -ChiefJudge -Reli
gi ousl eader
 -Defendi ngthes tatef r
om ex ter
nalattacks-Chiefadmi nistrator
 -Custodianofs t
at eproper ty -Signi ngt reat i
es
 -Concludi ngall
iances -I
ns talledchi efs
 -Commanderi nchi efoft hearmy -Hadcus todyovercapt ives
 -Receivingands haringt ri
bute -Di stri
but edf oodi n
timesofdrought
 -Controlledtrade -Decl ar i
ngwar
 -Protectingciti
zens -Cont r oll
edmi ninggr ounds
 -Appoint edarmygener als -Recei vingf oreigners
 -Controlledhunt inggr ounds -Judici alleader
 -Sanctionedr i
tualcer emoni es -Appoi ntedt hecouncil
ofadvis
ers[ Dare]
 -Punishedwr ongdoer s -Sentt hear myf or
raidi
ngexpedi t
ions
 -Receivedandhandl edr eport
sfrom variouspartsoft heki ngdom

Reas
onsf
ort
heDecl
ineofRoz
viSt
ate

I
nter
nalr
eas
onsf
ort
heDecl
ine

 -
Somevas salchiefsl ikeUt eveandMadandabr okeawayandr ef
usedtopay
t
ribut
e.
 -
Succes sivedr ought sint helateeight eenthandni neteent
hcentur
y.
 -
Succes siondi sput eswi thinther uli
ngf amil
y
 -
Civilwar sdividedt hes tate
 -
Over alleconomi cdecl ine
 -
Thes t
at ebecamet oobi gtober uledbyoner ul
er.
 -
Failuret ofull
yi ncor por atesomechi efdomsl i
keKal anga
 -
Disput eswi thChi kangaandBar we
 -
Thedeat hofChangami reDombo
 -
Dombo’ ss ucces sor swer eweakandunchar ismatic
 -
TheRoz viarmybecameweak
 -
Ther ewasdepopul ationduet oNgunii ncur
sions
 -
Decl i
nei ngol dpr oduct i
on.Gol dfieldswer enowex haust
ed.
 -
Spiritmedi umsbecamet oopower ful
 -
Fallint rade
 -
Tumbar ebecamet oopower ful
 -
Exhaus t
ionofs oil
 -
Exhaus t
ionofhunt inggr ounds
 -
Exhaus t
ionofpas t ures

Ext
ernalr
eas
onsf
ort
hedecl
ineofRoz
vi

 -
Los
sofcont
rolofex
ter
nalt
radet
otheNdebel
eandl
atert
otheBr
iti
sh
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 -
Ther aidingofPor t
uguesetradi
ngpos tsofSof ala,TeteandSenaby
Mfecanegroups
 -
Clasheswi ththePor t
ugueselefttheRoz vistateweakened
 -
Cons tantwar swiththeHiyaoftheDondoar eadisruptedtr
ade
 -
Invasionbyt heNgunigr oups[Ngunii ncur si
ons]s uchas,
a]TheTswanai n1800
b]Ngwat oin1802
c]NgoniunderZwangendabai n1830s
d]NgoniunderNyamaz anai n1836
e]SothounderMpangoi n1829
f]Maseko-NgoniunderNx abain1836
g]Gaza-NguniunderSos hangane
h]NdebeleunderMz il
ikaz iin1840
 -
Thef inaldestruct
ioncamewi ththeBr itishSout hAf r
icaCompany[
BSAC]

QN:Towhatext
entdi
dthepol
it
icalf
act
orscont
ribut
etot
hedecl
ineofRoz
vi
st
ate?

 -
Thedeat hofDombol edtothedecli
neofthes tate
 -
Dombo’ ssuccessorswer eweakandunchar is
mat ic
 -
Successi
ondi sputesl edtodi
vis
ionwithi
nt hes t
ate
 -
Civi
lwarsalsocont ributed
 -
Refusalbysomechi efstopaytri
butecauseditsdecli
ne
 -
Thestatebecamet oobi gtoberuledbyoneki ng

Ot
herf
act
orswhichledtot hedeclineofRoz vi
 -Decli
neintrade
 -Exhaust
ionofgol d
 -Depopulat
ionduet oNguniincursi
ons
 -Success
ivedr oughts
 -Exhaust
ionofs oil
 -Exhaust
ionofpas tures
 -Exhaust
ionofhunt inggrounds

QN:Towhatex
tentwasMambo’
sleader
shi
ptobl
amef
ort
hedecl
ineofRoz
vis
tat
e?

 -
Dombo’ssuccessorswer elesschari
smatic
 -
Theyappoint
edincompet entsubordi
nates
 -
Appoint
mentofof fici
alswereonaki nshipbas i
s
 -
Theyfai
ledtorul
et hevas tempire
 -
Theyfai
ledtoproper l
ydecent r
ali
sepoli
ticalpower
s
 -
Theyfai
ledtorepelNgunii ncursi
ons

Ot
herf
act
orswhichledt
othedecl
ineofRoz
vi
 -Seri
ousdr
ought
s

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 -
Civi
lwars
 -
Successi
ondisputes
 -
Clasheswit
ht hePort
ugues
e
 -
Weakar my
 -
Nguniincurs
ions

MFECANE

Thi swasaper i
odofpl underanddes tructi
onamongt heNguniandt hesurroundi ngtribes .
Itwasat imeofcr ushi
ngwar saccompani edbymuchs ufferi
ngamongt henor ther nNguni .
TheNgunic all
edi tmf ecane,meani ngt i
meoft rouble.TheSot hocal ledi tdef eqane,
meani ngt i
meofcr ushing.Mf ecanebegant owar dst heendoft heei ghteenthcent ur y.
Duringmf ecanet ri
besl i
ket heNdwandwe,Mt hethwaandNgwanewer ef i
ghtingagai ns t
eachot her.Mfecanecont i
nuedevendur ingthet i
meofTs haka.Dur ingthet imeofTs haka,
Zululandhadbecomeas torm cent r
e.A numberofpeopl efl
edf rom Ts hakaandt hes e
incl
udedt heJ ere-NgoniunderZwangendaba,Gaz a-NguniunderSos hangane,Khumal o
underMz i
li
kazi,KololounderSebet waneandt heNgoniunderNx aba.Thepeopl ewhof led
from Ts hakaknew hi smi li
t arytacti
css otheywer eabl etodef eatpeopl ei not herar eas .
Soshanganes ettl
edi nSout hernMoz ambiqueandcr eatedt heGaz as t
ate.Zwangendaba
destr oyed theRoz vicapi taland cr ossed theZambez iRiveri nto presentdayMal awi .
Mz i
likaziandt heKhumal of lednor t
hands ett
ledi nthes outh-wes ternpar tofZi mbabwe.
Sebet waneandt heKol olos ettl
edi nZambi a.Allthesegr oupsint r
oducedt hei
rwayofl ife
andcul t
uret othepeopl etheyconquer ed.

Gr
oupst
hatexi
stedi
nNguni
landbef
oreMf
ecane

 -
Zulu -
Khumalo
 -
Qwabe -Ndwandwe
 -
Mthethwa -
Swazi/Ngwane
 -
Hlubi -
Mpondo

Nor
ther
nNgunil
eader
sandt
hei
rres
pect
ivechi
efdomsi
nvol
vedi
nMf
ecane

 -
Dingis
wayoofMt hethwa -
SobhuzaoftheNgwane
 -
ZwideoftheNdwandwe -
TshakaoftheZul
u
 -
DinganeoftheZulu -
Mzil
ikaz
ioftheNdebel
e

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 -
MatshobaneoftheKhumal
o -Sos
hanganeoft
heGaz
a-Nguni
 -
ZwangendabaoftheNgoni -
Mat
iwaneoft
heNganeni
 -
Phakatwayooft
heQwabe

Gr
oupst
hatf
ledf
rom Nguni
landdur
ingMf
ecane

Gr
oup Leader Desti
nation
 Ndebel e Mzil
ikazi Zimbabwe
 Ngwane Sobhuza Swazil
and
 Sotho Mos hoes
hoe Lesotho
 Kololo Sebetwane Zambia
 Gaz a-
Nguni Soshangane Moz ambique
 Jere-Ngoni Zwangendaba Malawi
 Tlokwa Mantantis Botswana
 Ngoni Nyamaz ana Zimbabwe
 Ms ene-Ngoni Nxaba Zambia

Gr
oupsandt
hei
rres
pect
ivel
eader
swhi
chTs
hakaf
oughtdur
ingMf
ecane

 -
NdwandweunderZwi de -
NgwaneunderSobhuza
 -
NgoniunderZwangendaba -
NgoniunderNxaba
 -
KhumalounderMzil
ikaz
i -
Gaza-
NguniunderSos
hangane
 -
QwabeunderPhakatwayo

Caus
esofMf
ecane

 -Thedes i
rebys omei ndi vi
dual sl ikeDi ngiswayo,Zwide,NgwaneandTs hakato
domi nat eot her s.
 -Devel opmentofadvancedmi li
taryt act icspromotedaggr essi
on.
 -Over popul at i
onwhi chr esultedi npr es s
ureoverarablelandcausedMfecane.
 -Power fulgr oupswant edt oc ont rols omehunt i
nggrounds .
 -Madhl atuledr oughtof1795caus edMf ecane.
 -Thedes i
ret oacqui remor ecat tl
et hr oughc onquest
 -Thedes i
rebys omei ndividualst ocont r
oltradewithPor t
ugueseatDelagoaBay.
 -Short ageofgr az i
ngl and
 -Theneedf orcr eationofl arges tates
 -Ther iseofTs hakaal socaus edMf ecane.
 -Emer genceofpowerhungr ymenl i
keMz i
li
kazi
 -Biggerpower f
uls tatesl i
keNdwandwe,NgwaneandMt hethwawantedt ocontrol
economi candpol i
ticalact i
vitiesoft hepeopl eofNgunil
and.
 -Tradei nivor ynec es si
tatedt hecr eat ionofs tandi
ngarmi estohuntelephantsand
guardt het rader out e.
 -Therewasal s
oneedt ocont r
olr i
ver s .

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 -
Boerex
pans
ionandBoers
laver
aids

Res
ult
s/Ef
fect
sofMf
ecane

 -Therewasr educt i
onofpopul ationi nNguni land.
 -Homeswer edes troyed.
 -Therewasgr eatl os sofl i
vesi nNguni land.
 -Therewasdes tr uct ionofpr oper t y.
 -Manypeopl ef ledf r om Nguni l
and,f orex ampl e,t heNgoni ,Hlubi,Tl
okwaandt he
Sotho.
 -Casesofcanni bal ismi ncreas edduet os hortageoff ood.
 -Ngunireli
gions uchasi nxwal as pr eadt hroughoutt her egion.
 -Ngunilanguages pr eadwi dely .
 -Manypeopl el os tt hei rcat tleandgr aint hroughr aids .
 -Manypeopl el os tt hei rfar mi ngl and.
 -Tshakabecamedomi nanti nNguni land.
 -War sdis
turbedf ar mi ngr es ulti
ngi nf oods hor t
age,hungerands t
arvati
on.
 -Therewass pr eadofNgunic ultur e.
 -TradewithPor tugues eatDel agoaBaywasdi srupted.
 -Somepeopl elos tt hei rpoliticalindependence.
 -Underpopul atedar easl eftbyMf ecanevi ctimsat tr
act edEur opeans et
tlersli
ke
Boersandt heBr iti
s h.
 -Somes tateswer ecompl et elydes tr oyed.
 -Itl
edt othecr eat ionofr ef ugeepr obl em.
 -Therewasgr eatl os sofl i
vesaswar farewast heor deroft heday.
 -Therewasemer genceofdef ens iveki ngdomss uchasSwaz i
,BapediandBas ot
ho.
 -Itbroughtouthi ghqual ityl eader sl i
keMz ili
kazi,Sos hangane,Zwangendabaand
Sebetwane.
 -Therewasemer genceofpower fuls tat esli
keNdebel eandGaz a.
 -Newpol it
icalki ngdomswer ecr eat ed,f orexampl e,Kol oloandNdebel e.
 -Therewasadopt i
onofnewf ight ingmet hodsandweapons .

QN:Towhatext
entwasMf
ecanecaus
edbyt
heambi
ti
ousl
eader
sinNguni
land?
Ambi
ti
ousleader
s
 -Tshaka
 -
Dingiswayo
 -
Zwide
 -
Mz i
li
kazi
 -
Sobhuz a
 -
Mos hoeshoe

Ot
herf
actor
s
 -Needtocont
rolt
radeatDelagoaBay
 -Boerex
pansi
onandBoerslaverai
ds

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 -
Short
ageofl
and
 -
Popul
ati
onexpl
osi
on

THEZULUSTATEUNDERTSHAKA

Or
igi
nsoft
heZul
uSt
ate

Tshakacamef rom as mal lZul uchi efdom whi chhadbeenabs orbedintoDi ngis
wayo’ s
Mt hethwa.Ts hakawasbor nin1787andhewast hes onofSenz angakhonaandaLangeni
woman,Nandi .Senz angakhonawasaZul uchief.Tshakawasdi sownedbyhi sfather,sohe
grewupamongt heLangeni .Att heageof16,Ts hakawast akent ot heMt hethwat os tay
withhi sf at
her ’sr el
at i
ves.Hebecameaher dboy .Att heageof23[ in1810]hewas
recruit
edi ntoDi ngiswayo’sar my.Hepr ovedt obeabr aves ol dierandwaspr omot edt o
commanderofa r egiment .He i nt roduced hisown mi li
tar yi nnovations.He advi sed
Dingiswayoonmi lit
arymat ters.Senz angakhona[ Tshaka’sf at her],diedin1816andhi s
sonSi gujanai nher it
edt heZul uleader shi
p.Di ngiswayoki ll
edSi gujanaandmadeTs haka
thechi efoft heZul u.Di ngis wayot husas si
stedTs hakat ot akeoverpower .Tshakawas
chiefoft heZul uaswel lascommanderoft heZul uar my.Di ngiswayodi edi n1818and
Tshakabecamet hel eaderoft heent ireMt hethwas tate.Dingi swayowasex ecutedbyt he
Ndwandwe.Ts hakaconquer edMt hethwaandt hecombi nedMt hethwa,Zul uandot her
tri
best of ormt heZul us tate.Ts hakauni tedabout100chi efdomsunderhi srule.Ts haka
continuedDi ngi swayo’ sex pans i
oni s
tpol icy.Heconquer edt heNdwandweunderZwi de

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andt
ookoveral
arges
tateext
endingfr
om Pongol
aRi
vert
oTugel
aRi
veri
ntheSout
h.He
al
sodef
eat
edtheNgwaneunderSobhuza.

Reas
onsf
ort
her
iseofTs
haka

 -Tshakawasabr aves oldier.


 -Tshakawasacour ageousandi nnovat i
vef i
ghter.
 -Tshakabecameanef fectivear mycommanderwhoadvi sedt heking.
 -Tshaka’sabi li
tyt odevel opnewf i
ghtings kil
lswhichenabledhi mt odefeatother
s.
 -Tshakadef eatedandconquer edtheMt hethwa.
 -Senz angakhona’ sdeat hcr eatedavacuum f orhisri
se.
 -Dingiswayo’ ssuppor tonTs haka.
 -Thedeat hofSi gujana[ Hewaski l
ledbyDi ngis
wayo].
 -Thedeat hofDi ngi swayomadehi mt ocombi neMt hethwaandZul u.
 -Ther ewasweakoppos i
tionf rom localchiefdoms .
 -Mf ecaneledt ot her iseofTs haka.
 -Raidingot hers tatesens ur edhimt ocreateapower f
ulands ecur
es t
ate.
 -Bet r
ayalofDi ngi swayobyTs hakal edt ot her i
seofTs haka.WhenDi ngi
swayo
attackedZwi de,Ts hakadel ayedt oj oi
nhi mt il
lhewaski l
led.

Soci
alOr
gani
sat
ionoft
heZul
u

 -Therewass ex ualdi visi


onofl abour .
 -Theypr acti
sedl oani ngofcat tle.
 -Theylivedindomes hapedhut sar r
angedi nacircul
armannerwithacat t
lekraal
i
ns i
detheci rcle.
 -Theybel i
evedi nGod.
 -Theydidr ai
nmaki ngcer emoni es .
 -Thekingl edatcer emoni es.
 -Marri
agewasal lowedt omenaf terreti
ri
ngf rom t
hearmy.
 -Femaleswer eals oor ganisedint oregiments.
 -Regiment sofwomenwer eus edt oculti
vatelandandf orcer
emonialdancesand
displ
ays.
 -Thekingof ficiatedatt heannuali nxwalaceremony.
 -Theking’sspi rit
ualpowerwasr enewedt hroughtradi
ti
onalmediums.
 -Zuluwasmadet heof fi
ciallanguage.
 -Theypr acti
sedpol ygamy .

Economi
cOr
gani
sat
ionoft
heZul
u

 -Theydidext
ernalandint
ernalt
rade.Ex
ternal
lytheytradedwit
hivor
yatDel
agoa
Bay.
 -Theyrai
dedotherstat
esforwomen,chi
ldr
en,grainandcattl
e.
 -Theygrewcrops.
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 -
Theykeptanimal slikecattl
e,goatsandsheep.
 -
Theysmeltediront omakei r
ont ool
s.
 -
Theyminedmi ner al
sl i
keiron,copperandgold.
 -
Theyhuntedwildani mals
.
 -
Alls
ubject
spaidt r i
butetot hekinginform ofcat
tle,goat
s,s
heepandgr
ain.
 -
Theycaughtfi
sht os uppl
ementt heirdi
et.
 -
Theydidgathering.

Pol
it
icalOr
gani
sat
ionoft
heZul
uunderTs
haka

 -Thekingwast hes upr emer uler .


 -Thes t
at ewashi ghlycent rali
s ed.
 -Defeatedchi efswer eof t
endepos edandr epl acedbyTs haka’
sappoi
ntees.
 -Thedef eatedwer ef or cedt os peakZul ul anguage.
 -Tri
butarys tateswer el eftinpeaceasl ongast heypai
dt ri
butetotheki
ng.
 -Thekingwasas sis
t edbychi ef sandcounci ll
or smostofwhom wer erelat
ivesand
thosetheki ngt rus ted.
 -TheCounci lofadvi ser swasr ender edir relevantasTs hakabecameanaut ocr
ati
c
r
uler.
 -Tradi
tionalchi efswer er educedt oadmi ni strationofl
ocalaf f
air
s.
 -Thekingwast hecommanderi nchi efoft hear my.
 -Thekinghadas tandi ngar my.
 -Thearmywentonannualr aids .
 -Thekingus edt hear myt ocont rolthes tat e.
 -Vassalchiefswer er ewar dedt or emai nloyal .
 -Thes t
at ewasdi videdi ntor egi ment altownsunderI zi
ndunaswhower ehelpedby
afemal ememberoft her oyalf ami ly.
 -Thekingwast hechi efdistribut erofl and.
 -Thekingcont rolledl ongdi st
ancet r
ade.
 -Thekingwast hechi efjudge.
 -Thekingwast her eligiousl eader .

I
mport
anceofthearmyint heZul upol it
icalsyst
em
 -I
twasusedtoraidot hers t
at es.
 -I
twasusedtoexpandt hes tate.
 -I
tprot
ectedbotht hekingandt hes tat
e.
 -I
twasusedtocollecttribute.
 -I
twasusedtoprot ecttrader outesandhuntinggrounds
.
 -I
twasusedtomai ntainlawandor derinthestat
e.
 -I
twasusetopunis hrebelli
ouschi efs.

Ot
herf
actorsimpor tanti
nt heZulupoliti
calsyst
em
 -Chief
s ,council
lor
sandt heking’srel
ati
veshel
pedt
oadmi
nis
tert
hes
tat
e.
 -Tri
butepaymentens uredloyal
tytot heki
ng.
 -Reli
gionwasauni fyi
ngfactor.
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 -
Thecat
tlel
oani
ngs
yst
em uni
fi
edpeopl
e.

Benef
itsofTs
haka’
spol
it
icals
yst
em t
otheZul
u

 -Organisation along mi li
taryl ines st
rengt
hened the st
ate agai
nst ex
ter
nal
aggression.
 -Vassalchief sobtai
nedr ewar ds.
 -Therewaspeaceands ecurityduet oastandi
ngarmy.
 -Ager egiment alsys
tem f osteredunityamongstpeopl
eofthesameage.
 -Tri
but epaymentens uredl oyalt
y.
 -Rai
dspr ovidedwealthi nform ofcat t
leandgrai
n.
 -Iti
ncapaci tatedvassalchiefsf r
om rebel
li
ngtherebyt
hwart
ingci
vilwar
s.

Di
sadvant
agesofTs
haka’
spol
it
icalor
gani
sat
iont
otheZul
u

 -Allpowerwascent redont heking.


 -Ther egi
ment alsys t
em wasr es
entedbyyoungmenf ordel
ayi
ngmarr
iageandfor
perennialwarfare.
 -Thepol iti
calsystem madet hekinganabs oluterul
erwhoignor
edIndunasand
tradi
tionalchief
s .
 -Peoplelivedinfearduet oking’sharshpol
ici
es.
 -Therewasl ossofi ndependencebyt heconquered.

Mi
li
tar
yref
ormsi
ntr
oducedbyTs
haka

 -
Useofl ongs hields
 -
Useofs hor ts tabbings pear s[ ass egai
s]
 -
Absor ptionofdef eatedt r
ibes
 -
Goingt owarbar efoot edf orgr eaterspeed
 -
Intr
oduct i
onofbaggageboys
 -
Hecr eat edas tandi ngar my
 -
Hei ntroducedt hecowhor nf or mat i
on.
 -
Allmenundert heageof40wer econs cri
ptedintothearmy.
 -
Hei ntroducedager egi ment s.
 -
Hei ntroducedf emal er egiment s[ Fasimba].
 -
Hebannedci rcumci sionwhi chhevi ewedaswas t
ageoftime.
 -
Heus eds piess oast ocat chenemi esbys urpri
se.
 -
Heus eds mokes ignalsf orcommuni cati
on.
 -
Hei ntroducedmockbat tl
esi nt raini
ng.
 -
Cowar dicewaspuni shedf or .Ts haka’ssoldi
erswer enotall
owedt
obewoundedat
t
heback.Thos ewhower est abbedatt hebackwer eki
ll
ed.
 -
Hemadeus eofwi t
chdoct or s
.
 -
Hiss oldierswor eheadgear s[ uni f
orms ].
 -
Tshaka’ ss oldier swer eal l
owedt omar r
yatt heageof40whent heyr
eti
redfr
om

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thear my.
 -Hei ntroducedtheideaoft otalwar f
ar e,t
hati
s,totaldest
ruct
ionoftheenemy,
kil
li
ngt herulingfamil
iesofdef eatedtribesandi
ncorporat
ingthedef
eat
edtri
bes.
 -Heint r
oducedt hescor chedear thpolicy.
 -Tshakai nt
roducedstrictdisciplineinthearmy.

WasTshakaresponsi
blef
orallthemi l
it
aryref
ormsmadei
nZul
uland?
Ts
haka’
sinit
iat
ives
 -Heuseds pi
es
 -Heintr
oducedtheideaoftotalwarf
are
 -Heintr
oducedahighlytrai
nedarmy
 -Heintr
oducedfemaleregiments
 -Heintr
oducedassegai
s
 -Heintr
oducedheadgears

I
nit
iat
ivesofot her s
-
Dingi
s wayo,Zwi deandSobhuzahadi niti
ateds omeofTs haka’
sinnovat
ions
.
-
Theregiment alsystem wasal
readyinus eint hestates.
-
Longs hi
eldswer eadoptedf
rom Dingiswayo.
-
Thecowhor nfor mati
onwasbor rowedf r
om Di ngiswayo.
-
Banningcircumci si
onwasbor r
owedf rom Di ngi
swayo.
-
Creati
onofas tandingarmywasadopt edf rom Dingiswayo.

Tshaka’sGener
als/Mi
li
tar
yIndunas/Commander
s
-Dingane -Mhl
angana
-Mgoboz i -Mzi
li
kaz
i
-Mdlaka

FeaturesofTs haka’spoli
cyoft otalwarf
are
-Burningofhomes teads
-Absorpt i
onofenemywomenandc hi
ldr
en
-Capturingofenemyl i
vestock
-Ki
ll
ingofenemyr oyalf
ami l
ymember s
-Destructionofenemyf oodr eser
ves
-Poi
s oningofwat ersources

WeaponsusedbyTs
haka’
ssol
dier
s
-
Longshi
elds -Ass
egais
-
Knobker
ries -Kni
ves
-
Guns -Bat
tleax
es

Met
hodsusedbyTshakat
ocont
rolt
heZul
ust
ate
 -Useofspi
es

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 -
Ideaoft ot alwar far e
 -
Us eofas tandi ngar my
 -
Hes etupmi l
itar ys ettl
ement sal loverZul uland
 -
Fasimbaar mywasal waysatt heki ng’scour t.
 -
Pract iceofaut ocr acy.
 -
Tshakaappoi nt edchi efsandheadmenwhower el oyalt
ohim.
 -
Heencour agedr ival r
yamongs thi ssubjectss oast oexpl
oitsuchconf
li
cts
.
 -
Fullabs or ptionofl ineagescl os ert othecent reoft heZulust
ate.
 -
Expl oitat i
onofl ineagesi nt heper i
phery
 -
Holdi ngofcer emoni esl i
keinx walacer emoni es
 -
Us eofnat i
onals ymbol sl i
keinkat ha
 -
Speaki ngZul ul anguagewasmadecompul s
or y.
 -
Tshakaper soni fiedt heki ngdom.
 -
Theki ngl edatal lreligiouscer emoni es.
 -
Hes ubj ugat edal li ndependentr ainmaker s.
 -
Rewar di ngwar riors[ theywer egi venbeef ].
 -
Mai nt ainingat ightdi scipli
neofAmabut ho[ sol
diers]
 -
Cont r olofr eligion
 -
Puni shmentbydeat h
 -
Perenni alwar far e
 -
Demandi ngt ribut e
 -
Mar riageat40year s
 -
Displ acementofc onquer edchi efs

Di
dthes
emet
hodss
howt
hatTs
hakawascr
uel
?

CrueltyofTshaka’ smet hods


-Kil
li
ngasapuni shmentwasex t
remecruelty.
-Stri
ctdisci
pli
nedeni edf reedom.
-Heinfri
ngedonpeopl e’
sr i
ghtsbyprohibit
ings oldier
st omarrybeforetheageof40.
-Tshakawasadi ct ator.Hes olel
ymadedeci s i
ons .
-Theideaoft otalwar farewasanex tr
emeex ercisewher et her
ewascompl etedes
truct
ion.
-Forci
ngpeopl et os peakZul u
*However ,Mf ecaneper ioddemandedas trongl eaderlikeTshaka
-Tshakawasapr oductofMf ecane.
-Aper i
odofwar fareneedt ocons t
antl
yfight.
-Therewasneedf oruni t
y.
-Hewant edtocr eat emor espacefortheZul u[ex pans i
onistpoli
cy]
.
-Hewant edtogai ncat tl
e,grainandboys[ boot y] .
-Fordefenceoft hes tate
QN: Didt hepeopl eofZul us tatebenef i
tf rom Ts haka’sleadershipatthattime?

Benef
its

 -
Theydef
eat
edt
heNdwandwe.
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 -
Thisenabl
edt heZul ustatet osurvive.
 -
Hecreatedas tr
ongands uper i
orarmy.
 -
TheZulubecamedomi nanti nNat al
.
 -
Theyobtainedcattleandgr ainthroughraids
.
 -
Tshakamanagedt ouni tet heZul unati
on.
 -
TheZuluhadmor elandf orcul ti
vati
onafterMfecane.
 -
TheZuluhadacces stotrade.
 -
Zulubecamepol i
ticall
ys t
abl e.

Nonbenef
its

 -
Perenni
alwarf
areledt odissati
sfact
ion.
 -
Soldi
erswerekeent omar ryearl
y.
 -
TheZululi
vedincons tantfearofTshaka.
 -
Tshakarul
edasadi ctator.

Pr
obl
emsf
acedbyTs
hakaast
heZul
uki
ng

 -Tshaka’sex pans ionchar act erisedbyvi ol entwar f


ar e,pl under
ingandr ai
dingother
statescreatedenemi esf orhi ms el
f .
 -DeathofNandi[ Ts haka’ smot her ]creat edpr obl emsf orhi
m asheki l
ledmany
people.Thi scr eat ed enemi esf orhi m.Ev en hiss isters us
pected thathewas
responsiblefort hedeat hofNandi .
 -Tshakahadj ealousr elativeswhoul ti
mat elyki l
ledhi m.
 -Highratesofex ecut ionscr eat edenemi esf orhi m.
 -Mz i
li
kazirebel l
edagai ns thi mi n1822.
 -Tshakahadf earoff urtherr ebel l
ionsaft erMz i
li
kaz ibr okeaway.
 -There wer et hr eat sf r
om ex pans i
onistBoer sand t he Bri
tis
h who want ed to
colonis
et heZul uki ngdom.
 -Tshakabat tledt ocont r
olt heDel agoaBayt raderout e.
 -Therewass hort ageofr es our cess uchasl and.
 -Tshakawasnott rus tedbyhi scommander s
.
 -Tshaka’sinc essanti mper ialism[ wars]cr eat edhat redf rom soldi
ersandgenerals
thought heycoul dnots howi tforf earofbei ngkill
ed.
 -Scarci
tyofl andr es ultedi nwar sagainstt heBoer sandt heBrit
ish.
 -Tshaka’ssoldierswer et iredofhi smi li
tar yc ampai gns .

Thedeat
hofTs
haka

 -
Tshakadi
edi
n1828.
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 -
Hes urvi
vedt hefir
stattemptonhi sli
fein1824butwaskil
led4yearslat
er.
 -
Tshaka’sdeathwaspl ottedbyDingane,Mbopha,MhlanganaandMkabayi .
 -
DinganeandMhl anganawer eTshaka’
sbr ot
hers
.
 -
MkabayiwasTs haka’
sfather’
ssist
er.
 -
AfterTshaka’sdeathDinganebecamet hekingoft
heZulus t
ate,buthewasnotas
s
trongasTs haka.Duringhisrei
gn,EuropeansbegantoenterZulul
and.

Peopl
ewhopl
ott
edt
hedeat
hofTs
haka

 -
Dingane -
Mhl
angana
 -
Mkabayi -
Mbopha
 -
Mfokazana

Reas
onsf
ort
heas
sas
sinat
ionofTs
haka
 -Kil
li
ngofs ubj ectsf ormi nordisputesorpet tyoff
ences
 -Tshaka’sautocr at icrule[ hewasadi ctator]
 -Tshaka’sendl esswar far e
 -Hemai ntainedacr uels ystem evenwheni twasnolongerj
ust
ifi
ed.
 -Tshaka’sstri
ctdi s cipline
 -Executi
onofpeopl ef ornotmour ninghi smot her
.
 -Peoplewer ejeal ousofTs haka’spower .
 -Tshakahadj eal ous ybr othersands i
s ters
 -Therewer eambi t i
ouspeopl eint heZul ukingdom whowantedtorule,f
orex
ampl e,
DinganeandMhl angana.
 -Hisruthles
smi litaryr ef orms
 -Tshakawasani ll
egi timat eson.
 -Tshakawast oocr uel.
 -Tshakaignor edt r aditionalc hiefs.
 -Tshaka’sfail
ur et owor kwi thhisbr othersands i
ster
swhos houl
dhaveas si
sted
him.
 -Frequentraidsex pos edhi m.
 Useoft hroneus ur per

QN:Towha text entwasTs hakar es


pons i
blef
orhisdownf
all
?
 -Hewasadi ctator
 -Hei gnor edt raditionalchi ef
s
 -Hef ail
edt owor kwi thhi sbrothersandsi
ster
s
 -Hewast oocr uel
 -Heembar kedonendl esscampai gns
 -Heki ll
eds ubjectsf ormi noroff ences
Otherf
actorsr es pons i
bl ef orhisdeath
 -Hehadj eal ousr elatives
 -Hewasani ll
egitimat es on
 -Useoft hr oneus ur per
 -Soldierswer etiredofcont i
nuouswar s
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THENDEBELESTATE

Or
igi
ns

Mz i
likaziwast hef ounderoft heNdebel es tat e.Thes tatewasbor noutofMf ecaneand
ori
gi natedf r
om Nguni l
and.Mz ilikaziwast hes onofMat s
hobane.Hi smot herNompet hu
wasZwi de’
sdaught erMz ili
kaz iwasoft he Khumal o clan whi ch wasunderZwi de’
s
Ndwandwe.Zwi dewasMz i
likazi’sgrandfather .Zwi deki ll
edMat s hobane[ Mzili
kazi’
sfather
]
accus i
nghi m ofallegedlypl ottingagai nsthi mi ntheNdwandwe- Mt hethwawar sof1818.
Mz i
likazisucceededhi sf atheri n1818.Mz il
ikaz iwashel pedbyZwi det obecomechi efof
theKhumal o.Mz i
likaziquicklyj oinedTs haka’sZul us t ateandTs hakawaspl easedandl ef
t
Mz i
likaziinchargeofhi sKhumal o.Thepos s i
bl ereas onsf orMz i
li
kaz i’
schangeofmas ter
s
wer ethathewasnothappyt hatZwi dekil
ledhi sfather ,Matshobane.Hehadal sof or
eseen
thepot enti
almi l
it
ar ystrengt hoft heZuluunderTs haka.Mz i
likaziwass entbyTs hakain
1822t ogoandr aidacer t
ainSot hochi efandcapt urehi m.Duet ogr eedinesshedeci ded
tokeept helootf orhims el f
.WhenMz il
ikazideni eds ubmitt
ingt hel oot,Ts hakas enta
smal lforce[Izi
mpondo]t opuni sht heKhumal obutwasdef eatedbyMz ili
kazi.Tshakathen
sentt hef i
erceUmbel ebelet odes tr
oyMz ilikazi’
st r i
be.Bot hs i
desex per i
encedheavy
lossesi nthef i
ght.Mz i
li
kaz iescapedwi thabout300men,af ewwomenandchi l
dren.They
establishedtheirstateinWes t
er nZi mbabwe[ 1840] .

Mz
ili
kaz
i’
sJour
neyf
rom Nguni
landt
oWes
ter
nZi
mbabwe

 -When t he Ndebel e es caped f rom Ts haka t hey crossed t he Dr ankens burg


Mount ainsands ettl
edi nt heTr ansvaalar eain1823.
 -Theyr aidedt hePediandTs wana.
 -Mz i
li
kaz iestabli
shedhi scapi talEkhupumul eni[rest
ingplace]nearOl i
phantr iver.
 -Thisar eawasnots ui
t ablef orgr az i
ngandt heyalsoex periencedr ai
dsf rom t he
Pedi,Rol ong,Gr i
quaandt heHur uts he.
 -In1825- 1826Mz il
ikaziwentont os et t
lenearpr esentdayPr etoriaandes tablished
hiscapi t
alatEmhl ahlandel a.I
ti sfrom her et hatMz i
li
kazimetRober tMof fatoft he
LondonMi s
sionarySoci etyi n1829.
 -In1830t heKhumal ower eat tackedbyDi ngane’sZulu,theKor aandt heKhoi san
forces,theRol ongandt heGr i
quaf orces .
 -Mz i
li
kaz iattackedt heKwena.
 -Mz i
li
kaz iabandonedEmhl ahlandel abecaus eitwast oocloset oZululand.
 -In1832t heNdebel es et tl
edatEgabeni .
 -Theyl eftEgabenibecaus eofat tacksf rom theKor aandGr iqua.
 -Between1833and1837t heys ettledatMos ega.
 -In1836t heNdebel ewer eagai nat tackedbyDi ngane’sZul uwhi l
ehi sMz il
ikazi’
s
armywasawayi nSot hol and.
 -Inthes ameyear ,Mz il
ikaz iwasat t
ackedbyt heBoer sofPort gi
eter.
 -In1837,acombi nedf orceoft heGr iqua,Kor a,Tlokwa,Rol ongandBoerwar ri
ors

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attackedt heKhumal o.
 -Mz i
likaz imetRober tMof fatwhoadvi sedhi mt omovef urthernort h.
 -Mz i
likaz if eltinsecur eanddeci dedt oabandonMos egas oast opr otecthi speople.
 -Befor ecr os s i
ngt heLi mpopo,Mz i
likaz is plithisgr oupi ntot wo,onewasl edby
GundwaneNdi weniKhal i
pi.
 -This gr oup cons isted ofol d peopl e,Mz i
li
kazi’
s wi ves ,women,chi l
dren and
li
vestock.
 -Nkul umane,t heel des ts onofMz il
ikaz iwasal sopar toft hisgr oupaswel las
Lobengul a[ Mz il
ikaz i
’ss on].
 -Thegr oupt ookadi rectr out et owar dsZi mbabweandcr ossedtheLi mpopoRi ver
[1838] .
 -Theyf ollowedt heUmz ingwaneRi verands ettl
ednotf arawayf rom Mat opohi ll
s.
 -Thes econdgr oupwhi chwasl edbyMz ili
kaz ihimsel fcr ossedLi mpopoRi verinto
Bot swana.
 -Theyt ravel ledt hr oughNgwat ot err
itor y.
 -Theyt urnednor t hwar dst ot heZambez iinpur sui
toft heKol ololedbySebet wane.
 -Theyf ailedt odef eatt heKol oloandt ur neds outhwar dsi nor dert omeett hemai n
group.
 -Mz i
likaz ihear doft hei nstall
at i
onofNkul umaneaski ng.
 -Aftert woyear sofs epar ati
on,Gundwane’ sgr oupt houghtMz ili
kaz iwoul dnot
comebacks ohedeci dedt oc hoos eanot herki ng.Nkul umanewasmadeki ng.
 -Mz i
likaz iqui cklyr us hedt oMat opohi ll
s .
 -Whenher ejoinedt hegr oupi n1940,her egar dedt heactofi nstallingNkul umane
ast r
eas on.
 -Heki l
ledal lthos er espons ible.Hes ummonedal lchi efsandi ndunaswhower e
involvedi nt hei ns tal l
ationofNkul umaneandex ecut edt hem atapl acecal led
Thabayez i
nduna.
 -Nooneknowswhathappenedt oNkul umane.Somes ayhewass ecr etl
yex ecuted
whi l
eot her ss ayhewasex i
ledt oNguni l
and.
 -Mz i
likaz is ett l
edatI nyat i
,nearmoder nBul awayo.
 -Hewenton t os ubdueand abs orb member soft heal r
eadycr umbl ing Roz vi
kingdom whoof fer edl essr esistance.
 -Hewasabl et obui ldupt hemos tpower fulkingdom nor thoft heLi mpopoRi ver.
 -Mz i
likaz imar ried Nyamaz ana,a Ngonil eaderwho had br oken away f rom
Zwangendaba.

Settl
ement ses
tabl
ishedbyt
heNdebel
eSouthoft heLimpopoont
hei
rwayt
oWes
ter
n
Zimbabwe
-Ekhupumuleni -Mhlahl
andel
a
-Endinaneni -Egabeni
-Enkunqwini -Mosega
-Tshwenyane

Reas
onsf
ort
heNdebel
eset
tlementi
nwes
ter
nZi
mbabwe

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Pullf
actors
-Theareawasf reefrom tsetsefl
ies
.
-Theinhabitant
soft heareawer eweak.
-Theareahadgoodpas tures.
-TheRoz vicapi
talhadavailabl
einfras
truct
ure.
-TheNdebel ewereex haustedbypreviouswars.

Pushfactor
s
-Theareawasfarawayf
rom tr
adi
ti
onalenemi
es,t
hati
s,t
heZul
u,Boer
s,Kor
aandGr
iqua.
-Theywereadv
isedbyRobertMoff
at.

Gr
oupswhichclashedwi
tht
heNdebel
edur
ingt
hei
rmi
grati
ons outhoftheLi
mpopo
 -Zulu -Hurutshe
 -Sotho -Khoisan
 -Boer s -Kora
 -Pedi -Tswana
 -Taung -Tl
okwa
 -Thlapin -Rolong
 -Gri
qua -Kgabo
 -Kwena -Ngwakets
e
 -Ndz undza

Et
hni
cgr
oupst
hatt
heNdebel
emeti
nWes
ter
nZi
mbabwe

 -
Shona[Roz
vi] -
Kal
anga
 -
Leya -
Tonga
 -
Venda -
Nanzwa
 -
Hlengwe

QN:Towhatex
tentwast
hemi
grat
ionoft
heNdebel
ecaus
edbyMf
ecane

ContributionofMf ecane
-Mzi
likazileftZul
ulandduri
ngMf ecane.
-HeleftZul ul
andafterhewasdefeatedbyTs haka.
-Heabandoneds ettl
ementsnearZululand.
-Hewasf orcedtocrossLi
mpopoRi verduet oattacksf
rom Boer
sandot
hergr
oups
.

Ot
herf
actorswhichcaus edthemi grat
ionoftheNdebel
efr
om Nguni
land
 -Mzil
ikazi
’sgreediness
 -Mzil
ikazi
’sdesir
et oform hi
sowns tat
e
 -Weaknes sesoftheRoz vi
 -Moffat’
sadvise
 -Fert
ilesoil
s
 -Avai
labi
lityofpas t
ures
 -Avai
labi
lityofgold
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 -
Wes
ter
nZi
mbabwewasf
reef
rom t
set
sef
li
es

Pr
oblemsf aced byt heNdebel edur i
ng t heirmigrat
ion fr
om Nguni l
and t o Western
Zi
mbabwe
 -Lackofgr azi
ngar eas -Lackoff ood
 -Droughts -
Lossofl i
vestockl i
kecat t
le
 -Lossoflivesasmanywer eki l
leddur ingwars -Ndebel e homes wer e
burnt
 -Successi
ondi sputes -
Diseaseslikemal ari
a
 -Tsetsefl
ypr oblem -
Attacksf r
om wi ldanimals
 -Disr
uptionoft radeandf armingact ivit
ies -
Cons t
antat tacks
 -Lossofwoment oothergr oups -Crossingf l
oodedr i
vers
 -Fati
gueduet owalkinglongdi stances -CrossingMount ai
ns
 -Mixingofpeopl eofdiff
er entcultures -Familys eparati
on
 -Languagebar ri
er -
Cons t
antf earofat tacks
 -War swiththePedi ,Zul
u,Gr i
qua,Rol ong,Boersandthelike

QN:Towhatextentdi
dwar
swi
thot
hergr
oupsuni
tet
heNdebel
e?
Uni
tyasares
ultofwar

 -
Mzil
ikazicreatedafor midabl
edef ence
 -
Theypr otectedthei
rpeopl e
 -
Hecr eatedas tr
ongr aidi
ngarmy
 -
Theyhadf earofatt
acksf rom theZulu
 -
Theyes tabli
shedas t
r ongnation

Uni
tycausedbyot herfactors
 - Reli
gionunifi
edpeopl e
 - FearofMz i
li
kaziunifi
edpeople
 - Speakingonelanguageuni f
iedpeopl
e
 - Ableleader
shipofMz i
li
kaz
iunif
iedpeopl
e
 - Ager egi
ments-
 - Trade
 - Mafisasyst
em unifiedpeople

WhyMz
ili
kaz
iabandonedvar
iouss
ett
lement
ssout
hoft
heLi
mpopo

 -
Fai
luret
opayboot ytoTshakaanddef eatbyTs hakaledMz il
ikazitofl
eeZul
uland.
 -
EkhupumuleniwastooclosetoZul ulandandatt hisplacetherewer ethr
eat
sf rom
t
hePedi.
 -
Ekhupumuleniwasals
omeantt obear es
t i
ngplace.
 -
Ekhupumulenil
ackedenoughpas tureses peci
all
yduringt hedroughtof1823.
 -
TheyabandonedEndinanenibecaus eitwass t
il
ltooclos etoZululand.
 -
Zul
uwar r
iorsat
tackedtheNdebelei n1830.
 -
OtherNdebeleenemiesincl
udedt heKor a,Gri
quaandRol ongwhohadgunsand

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horses.
 -TheyleftEmhl ahl
andelabecausetheywer eatt
ackedt heZuluunderDingane,the
Griqua,Kwena,Khoisan,BoersandtheRolong.
 -TheyleftMos egabecausetheywereattackedbyt heGr i
quaandKoraaswel lasby
theBoer sunderPortgiet
erin1837.
 -Fi
nallytheywer eatt
ackedbyt heBoers
,Gr i
qua,Tlokwa,KoraandRolong.
 -Mz i
li
kaziwasf or
cedtocr os
stheLimpopoi ntoZimbabwe.

Towhatex
tentdi
dthes
eset
tlement
scont
ribut
etot
hebui
ldi
ngoft
heNdebel
enat
ion?

I
mpor
tanceofsett
lement sinthebuildingoft heNdebel enati
on
 -Mzil
ikaz
iMz i
li
kazidefeatedlocalinhabitantsli
ketheHurutshe,Kwena,Sot
hoand
Ndzundzaandabs orbedthem t oswellupt henumber sofhisgroup.
 -TheKhumalower egivent henameNdebel ebytheSotho-Tswana.
 -Rai
dsonnei ghboursyiel
dedcat tl
eandgr ainf
orNdebeleeconomy.
 -Healsorai
dedf orboysofmi l
itaryagef orhisregi
ments.

Ot
herf
actorsimpor t
antinthebuil
di ngoft heNdebelenat
ion
 -Mzili
kazi’
swisdom andmili
tar ygenius
 -Weaknes sesofgroupsencount ered
 -Continuousmovementt ogetherledt ouni
ty
 -Adopt i
onofr el
igi
ouspracticesofconquer edpeoplel
ikeMl
imocul
tencour
aged
unityandhar monywithabsorbedgr oups.

QN:Di dt heNdebel es et
tlementi nWes t
ernZimbabwebr ings ecurityt
ot heNdebel e
stat
e?
Securi
ty
 - Theys ettl
edintheRoz vicountr
ywher ether
ewaslit
tleresis
tance.
 - Mz i
li
kaz imarri
ed Nyamaz ana,aNgonil eaderwho had ki l
led t
heRoz viki
ng,
Chiri
samhur uII
.
 - Thear eawasrichinr es
ources.
 - Thenei ghbouri
ngTs anawer eweak.
 - Thear eawasfarawayf rom Boers,Gri
quasandtheZulu.
 - Thear eawasfreefrom tsetsefl
ies.
 - Thecl imateasgoodandt hear eahadgoodf ert
il
es oil
swhi chproducedgood
pastures.

I
nsecur
ity
 - TheRoz vires
ist
edt heNdebeleintrus
ion,t
hought heresis
t ancewasnots
tif
fand
somemovedaway.
 - IndependentShonachiefdomstot heEastresist
edNdebel er ai
ds.
 - Theareawasdr oughtprone.
 - Traders,hunt
ers,ex
plorersandconcessi
ons eekersinf
il
tratedt hear
ea.

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 -
BSAPi
nfi
lt
rat
edt
heZi
mbabwepl
ateau.

Meas
urest
akenbyt
heMz
ili
kaz
itoes
tabl
ishhi
srul
einWes
ter
nZi
mbabwe

 -Hedeal twi t
ht her ebel li
onof1840t o1842,ki l
li
ngGundwaneNdi weniandot her
indunaswhohadi nst all
edNkul umaneaski ng.
 -Hef orcedNkul umanei ntoex il
e
 -Hemar riedNyamaz anawhom het houghtt obeat hreat
 -Ast heNdebel eneededpeaceandr est,Mz i
li
kaziincorporatedShonachi efswho
acceptedNdebel erul easvas salchiefs
.
 -Heent rus tedvas salchi efsthetaskofcol l
ectingtribut
eonhi sbehalf.
 -Mz i
li
kaz iinturnl oanedcat tl
etovas salchiefstobuyt heiral
legiance.
 -Mz i
li
kaz icons cri
pt edyoungmenandwomenf r
om t heShonavas salchief
doms
intohisregi ment st odenyt hechiefsanoppor tuni
tytobui l
dt heirar
mies.
 -Atthes amet i
meShonachi efswhor esi
stedhi srulewer eraidedforcattl
e,grai
n,
boysandboys .
 -Ndebel ei nfl
uenceex t
endedasf arasGwandaandGwer uRiver s
.

Meas
urest akenbyMz i
li
kaz itocons olidatehi sr ul
ei nWes t
ernZimbabwe
 - Mz i
likaziwasadi ctat or[absoluter uler].
 - Hewast hechiefjudge.
 - Heagai nwast hecommanderi nchi efoft hearmy.
 - Heappoi ntedallstat eoffici
als.
 - Ndebel ehomes teadswer ebuiltclos etooneanot herasas ecur
itymeas ureand
thef urthestwasnotmor et han80km f rom theking’scapit
al.
 - Mz i
likazialsopaidr egularvisit
st ot hepr ovincestoascert
ainpr oblemst her e.
 - The s tate was or gani sed along mi li
taryl i
nes,wi t
h mi l
itaryt owns s catter
ed
throughoutt hestate.
 - Heal sos tati
onedf emal emember soft her oyalfamil
yinever ymi l
itarytownashi s
i
nfor mer s.
 - Someoft hesewomenwer ehiswi ves .
 - Allregiment swer er equiredtoat tendt heannuali nxwalaceremonyf orunity.
 - AlsoNdebel ewasmadet heoffici
all anguage.

Economi
cOr
gani
sat
ionoft
heNdebel
e

 -
Theyr
earedanimal
sli
kecatt
le,s
heepandgoats
.
 -
Theygrew cr
opsli
kebulrus
hmi ll
et,f
ingermi
ll
et,pear
lmi
ll
et,mai
ze,pumpki
ns

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andwat ermel ons.


 -Theyhunt edani mal sformeat ,i
vor yandpr eciousskins.
 -Theyraidedt heShona,Ts wanaandKol olof orcatt
le,grai
nandwomen.
 -Theygat her edf ruits
,veget ablesandmus hroom.
 -Theycaughtf ishtos upplementt heirdiet .
 -Theydi di nt ernalandex t
ernalt rade.I nt ernall
yt heyt r
adedamongt hemselves
.
Exter
nallyt heyt radedwi t
ht hePor tugues eandl aterwiththeBr i
ti
sh.Theymi ned
mineral
sl ikegol dfort rade,ir
onandcopperf ormakingtools.
 -Alls
ubj ect spai dt ri
but etot heki ngi nf or m ofgr ain,catt
le,goat
s,sheep,skins
,
ir
ontoolsandgol d.
 -Theydidar tandcr aft,thatis,
a]Pot tery
b]Weavi ng
c]Bas ketry
d]Blacks mit hing
e]Woodcar ving
f]Stonecar ving
g]Leat herwor k
h]Jewel ler
ymaki ng
i]Drum maki ng

I
mpor
tanceofNdebel
eeconomi
csys
tem t
othes
urvi
valoft
hes
tat
e

-
Blacksmithssmeltedironandf orgedi r
ontool
sandweapons.
-
Fishingsupplementedt hei
rdi et.
-
Rai di
ngbroughtweal t
handmanpower .
-
Rai di
ngwasi mportantbecaus et heareawasdry.
-
Tributeensuredloyalt
yofchi efst othekingandens
uredthatthechi
efswoul
dnotbet
oo
r
ich,powerfulandambi ti
ous .
-
Cr opcul
tivati
onwasas ourceoff ood.
-
Cat tl
ewereas ymbolofs tatus[ wealth].
-
Tradewi t
ht heShona.

Otheract i
viti
esimpor t
antt ot hes ur
vivalofthes
tat
e
-Mafisasystem unif
iedpeopl e.
-Rel
igionwasauni f
yingfactor .
-Astrongar myl edtothesur vivalofthes t
ate.
-Str
ongl eadershipl
edt oitss urvi
val.
-Thecas t
es ystem
-Mil
itarytacti
cs

I
temstheNdebel
erecei
vedast
ribut
e
-
Catt
le -
Goats
-
Sheep -
Grain
-
Gold -
Skins
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-
Irontool
s -
Guns
-
Cloth

Soci
alOr
gani
sat
ionoft
heNdebel
e

 -TheNdebel es ociet ywasdi videdi nt o3cas t


es[ classes],t
heZans i,EnhlaandHole.
 -Zansiwast hehi ghes tcl as soft heor iginalKhumal of r
om Nguni land.
-Zansiwasabout15% oft het ot alpopul ation.
 -Enhlacons i
stedoft heSot ho,Ts wana,PediandGr iquacapt uredont hewayfrom
Nguniland.
-Thiswast hes econdcl as s.
-Enhlacons i
stedofabout25% oft het otalpopul ati
on.
 -TheHol ewast hel owercl as s
.
-TheHol econs istedoft heSan,Kal angaandt heShonacapt uredi nZimbabwe.
-Theywer eabout60% oft het otalpopul ati
on.
 -Marriageacr os scas teswasdi scour aged.Howeveri ntermarriaget ookplace.
 -Theywer epol ygamous .
 -Cattl
ewer eus edt opayl obol a.
 -Thes ocietywaspat ril
ineal .
 -Theypr act i
sedl oani ngofcat tle[ Maf isasystem] .
 -Ndebel ewasmadet heof fi
ciall anguage.
 -Owner shipofcat t l
ewasas tat uss ymbol .
 -Womenpi ercedt heirear s.
 -TheNdebel ebel ievedi nt heHi ghGod[ Unkul unkulu] .
 -Theyal sobegant owor shi pt heSot hoGod,Ml imoandt heirances torsAmadhlozi
.
 -Theyadopt edt heShonaMhondor or ainmaki ngcer emoni es.
 -Theypr act i
sedt hei nxwal acer emony[ firstfr
ui tceremony] .
 -TheNdebel er espect edt hemedi umsoft hegr eatShonas pir
its.
 -Theybel ievedi nances trals pir i
ts.

Cont
ribut
ionofNdebel
erel
igi
ouspr
act
icest
otheuni
tyoft
hes
tat
e

 -Thecommonbel iefi
nMl i
mobr oughttheNdebeleandtheSothot
oget
her.
 -Thecommonbel iefi
nGoduni fi
edpeople.
 -Inxwalacer
emoniesbroughtpeopletogether
.
 -Theadopt i
onoftheShonaMhondor orai
nmakingceremoni
esunit
edtheNdebel
e
andt heShona.
 -TheNdebel eandtheShonawor kedtogetherasaresul
tofcommonbeli
efsand
respectforthegr
eatShonas pi
ri
ts.
 -UseofNdebel el
anguageunifi
edpeople.

Ot
herf
actorswhichcont ri
butedtounityi
nthest
ate
 -Ager egi
ment sunif
iedpeople.
 -Dist
ributi
onoft r
ibuteandraidedi
tems[
booty]byt
heki
nguni
fi
edpeopl
e.
 -Ableleaders
hipunifiedpeople.
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Pol
it
icalor
gani
sat
ionoft
heNdebel
e

 -Theki ngwast heheadofs tate.


 -Kingshi pwasher editar y.
 -Theki ngwast hecommanderi nchi efoft hear my.
 -Hecr eat edager egiment s .
 -Theki ngwast her el
igi ousl eader .
 -Theki ng r ul
ed wi t
ht heas si
s tanceoft wo advi sorycounci ls
,Umphakat iand
Izi
khulu.Umphakat iwasmadeupofs electedchi efsandmember sofr oyalfamily.
Theymadeal limpor tantdeci sions.TheI zikhuluwer eal lotherchiefsint hes t
ate
i
ncl udi
ngel derswhower eneededf ort heirwi sdom i nt r
aditi
onalissues.Izi
khulu
discussed nat ionali s suesand af tert hedi scussi
on t heyr efer
red them t ot he
Umphakat iandt heki ng.
 -Thes tatewasmor ecent rali
sed.
 -Theki ngwasanabs ol ut eruler.
 -Theki ngmadeal lmaj ordeci sions .
 -Theki nghadpowerofl ifeanddeat hovers ubject
s.
 -Thes tatewasor ganis edi ntor egiment altownsunderI zindunas[terr
itori
alchiefs].
 -Conquer edpeopl ewer eencour agedt os peakNdebel e.
 -Theyr aidedt heShona,Ts wanaandt heKol olo.
 -Theki ngwast hej udi cialleader .
 -Theki ngwast hechi efdi s tr
ibut erofl and.
 -Theki ngwast hechi efj udge.

Mi
li
tar
yOr
gani
sat
ionoft
heNdebel
e

 -
Thekingwast hecommanderi nchi efoft hearmy.
 -
Thekingr aisedt heAmabut ho
 -
Therewer eager egiment s.
 -
Thest atewasor gani s edi ntor egiment altowns.
 -
Eachr egiment alt ownwasunderani nduna.
 -
Regi
ment altownsj oi nedt of orm provincesunderas eniori
nduna.
 -
Capti
veswer ei ncludedi nt hear my.
 -
Warriorscoul dmar ryaf t erbei ngs ucces s
fuli
nbat tl
e.
 -
Womenwer edr aftedi nt ot hear myaspr osti
tutesandcooksandfori
ntel
li
gence.
 -
Warriorswer epr ovidedwi thwi vesf r
om capt i
ves.
 -
Amabut hocoul dal somar rywomenf rom disbandedr egi
ments.
 -
Therewer er eser vet roops .
 -
TheNdebel eembar kedons urpri
seat tacks.
 -
Thear mywasus edf orr aiding.
 -
Thear myhadawarcr y.
 -
TheNdebel ear mywaruni f
or ms .

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 -
Mzi
li
kaz
imadeus
eofs
piess
oast
ocat
cht
heenemi
esbys
urpr
ise.

Dut i
esori mpor t
anceoft hearmyintheNdebel
es tate
-Itcoll
ect
edt r
ibute -
Itdefendedt hes tat
e
-Itrai
dednei ghboursf orwealth -Itpr
otectedt hepeople
-Thekingwast hemi li
tarycommander -Itpr
otectedpr oper
ty
-Itherdedcat t
ledur i
ngt i
meofpeac e -Thearmywor kedintheking’sf
iel
ds
-Theyhelpeddur i
nghar vests -Thearmyhunt edel
ephant s
-Thear mycoul dpunishof fender
s -
Thear mypr otectedtraderoutes
-Thear mypr otectedtheki ng -Thesoldiersweremi ners
-Tos uppressinternalrevolts

QN:WhyMz
ili
kaz
iwasabl
etol
eadt
heNdebel
efors
olong

 -Mz i
li
kazihads uper i
ormi lit
arytacticsthant hos eofmos tofhi sopponents.
 -Mili
taryleader shipofMz ili
kazialsocont ri
but ed.
 -As t
rongmi li
tarys etupt hatemphas i
sedl oyal tyt oMz i
li
kaz i
.
 -Defeatedgr oupswer eincorporatedi ntotheNdebel esociety.
 -Mz i
li
kaziwasanabs oluterulerwhonevert oler atedanynons ens einhi
sstate.
 -Mos toft hepeopl et rustedMz i
li
kaziast heirl eader .
 -Shonachi efdomshadbeenweakenedbyNgunii ncursi
ons.
 -Thelongt rekf orgeduni tyinthes tate.
 -Mz i
li
kazihadmi grat edt obeyondhi smai nenemi esinSout hAf r
ica.
 -Mz i
li
kazi’ss trongl eader shipalsoens uredhi sl ongs t
ayinpower .
 -Mz i
li
kazipr event edr ebelli
onsfrom Shonac hi efsbyi ncorpor ati
ngyoungmenand
womeni nt or egiment ss oast opr eventt heShonachi efsf rom f or
mingtheirown
armies.
 -Heloanedcat tletoShonavas salchiefssoast owi nt hei
rs uppor t.
 -Paymentoft ributeens uredloyaltyofvas salchi efs.
 -Organising t he s tate along mi lit
aryl ines was meantt o dealwi t
h ex ternal
aggression.
 -Hewaswel linformedofwhathappenedi npr ovincesbyf emal emember soft he
royalfami l
ywhoi ncludedhi swives.
 -Mz i
li
kazihads uper i
orweapons
 -Mz i
li
kaziwast rusted bypeopl ehehad l ed f ormanyyear sand experienced
problemst oget her
 -Threatsfr om ex ternalenemi eskeptt hem t oget her

Ther
eas
onsf
ort
hedecl
ineoft
heNdebel
est
ate

 -
Fai
luretoinstal
lthekingaf
terthedeathofLobengul
ain1894
 -
Fai
lurebyt heNdebeletodefeatt
hes et
tlersi
n1893.
 -
Useofs uperi
orweaponsbyt hewhit
es
 -
Int
roductionofs uppr
essi
velawsbyt hes ett
ler
swhi
chundermi
nedt
heaut
hor
ity

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ofthechiefs.
 -Bri
beryoft heNdebel
eindunaswhoat t
endedtheMat opoIndaba.
 -Lobengulamadeagr avemist
akeinhisli
febyaccept
ingt odealwi
thwhites
.
 -Between1870and1891Lobengul asignedsever
altr
eat i
esandconces
sionswhi
ch
eventual
lyledtothedecli
neofthest
ate.

THEGAZASTATE

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Or
igi
ns

TheGaz astatewasapr oductofMf ecane.Thef ounderoft hiss tat


ewasSos hangane.The
Gaz a-Ngunimi gr atedf r
om Nguni landi near ly1820s .TheGaz apeopl ewer epar toft he
Ndwandwepeopl e.WhenZwi dewasdef eatedbyTs hakain1819,s omeofhi sgener alsfled
nor t
hwar dsandt hesewer eSos hangane,ZwangendabaandNx aba.ThusSos hanganehad
fl
edf rom Ts haka.Hef l
edf rom Ts hakawi t
habout100f oll
ower s.Hees tabli
shedt heGaz a
statei n Sout hern Moz ambi que and Sout h-Eastern Zimbabwe.Dur i
ng Sos hangane’ s
mi gration nor thwar ds,t he Ngoniabs orbed t he Swaz i.Af t
er s ettl
ing in Sout hern
Moz ambi que,Sos hanganecamei nt ocont actwi tht heNdauandot herShonas peaki ng
peopl eswhom t heydef eatedandt ookast heirsubjectsandpai dt r
ibutet oSos hangane.
Hees tablishedt heGaz as tat
ebet ween1825and1845.Sos hanganef i
rstestablis
hedhi s
capitalatChai mi tiint heHi ghlandsoft heMi ddl
eoft heSaver egion.Thecapi t alwas
somet imesc al
led Moyamuhl e,meani ng coolbr eezes.Fr om hi scapi t
al,Chai mi t
i,he
dispat cheds oldierstoinv adet heManyi ka,theNdau,t heChopiandot herpeoplesofwhat
isnowMoz ambi que.Sos hanganenamedhi ss tateafterhisgr andfather,Gaz a.Ndwandwe
wast hes onofGaz a.

Groupsofpeoplewhi
chclas
hedwi
thSoshanganeduri
ngt hei
rmigrat
ionands
ett
lement
i
nMoz ambique
 -Pedi -Swazi
 -Zul
u -Tsonga
 -Ndau -Manyika
 -Msene-Ngoni -Port
ugues
e
 -Chopi -Rozvi
 -Jer
e-Ngoni
-Bri
ti
sh
Expansi
onoftheGazast
ate

Theex pansion oft heGaz as t


atewaspr imari
lybas ed on mi li
taryconquest.In 1442
Soshanganedef eatedtheSof al
aPor tuguesePr azerosandf orcedt hem t
opayt r
ibuteto
him.In 1444 Sos hanganeover r
an t heGor ongos saareaand br oughtt hewhol earea
str
etchingfrom Senat ot heZambez ideltaareaunderhi scont rol.By1449,28outof46
PortuguesePrazerospaidt ribut
et oSos hangane.Heal sofoughtagai nsttheManyi kaand
Manungwepeopl eanddef eatedthem.Thi sbroughtt hewhol ear eabetweenMaput oand
theZambez iRiverunderhi scont r
ol.Byt he1840sSos hanganewaski ngbetween500000
to1000000peopl e.Soshanganewast hel eaderoft heGazas tateupt o1858whenhedi ed
andhiss onMawewet ookoverl eadership.

Rul
ersoftheGaz as
tat
e
 - Soshangane -
Mzi
la
 - Mawewe
 - Ngungunyana

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Pol
it
icalor
gani
sat
ionoft
heGaz
a

 -
Thekingwast heheadofs tate.
 -
Kingshipwasher edit
ary.
 -
Thekingwascal l
edInkos i
.
 -
Thekingr ul
edwi ththeai dofcounci l
lors .
 -
Thes t
atewasdi videdintodi s t
rictsunderr esidentindunas.
 -
Thekingwasr elatedt oindunast hroughmar riage.
 -
Indunascol lectedt ri
butef rom t hedistricts.
 -
Indunasr epor teddirectl
yt oSos hangane.
 -
Allboysofmi l
itaryagewer edr aftedintoager egiments.
 -
Defeatedchi efsbecamevas salchiefsandpai dtribut
et otheking.
 -
Thekingus edt hear myt or ulet hestate.
 -
Thekinghel dint rustfort hes tate,capt i
vescapt ured[booty]
.
 -
Thekingwast hej udici
alleader .
 -
Thekinghadf inalsayinal lmat tersconcer ningt hestate.
 -
Pris
oner sofwarwer ebr oughtt otheki ng.
 -
Thekingwast her eli
giousl eader .
 -
Thekingwast hechi efdistributerofl and.
 -
Thekingwast hecommanderi nchi efoft hear my.
 -
Thekingcont r
ol l
edlongdi s t
ancet r
ade.

QN:Towhatext entdidSoshangane’
spol
it
icals
yst
em uni
tet
hevar
iousgr
oupsi
nhi
s
state?
-Mar r
iageall
iancesunifi
edpeople
-System ofcent r
ali
sat
ionuni
fiedpeopl
e
-Paymentoft r
ibute
-Roleofthear my

Otherfact
or s
-Tradewit
hint hestat
eunif
iedpeopl
e
-Ngunicustomsadopt edbysubj
ectpeopl
e
-Commonr eligion

Economi
cOr
gani
sat
ionoft
heGaz
ast
ate
 -
Theyhunt edani malsformeat ,skinsandi vor
y.
 -
Theyraidedt helocalChopiandTs ongaf orcattl
eandgr
ain.
 -
Theytradeddi dbot hinternalandex ternaltr
ade.
 -
Alls
ubjectspai dtri
but etotheki ng.
 -
Theygrewcr opsli
kes orghum,mi l
letandmai ze.
 -
Theydidbl acksmithing.
 -
Theydidpot tery.

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 -Theydidbas ketry.
 -Thosewhol ivednearr ivers,damsandl akespract
isedf
ishi
ngt
osuppl
ementt
hei
r
diet
.
 -Theyrearedani malsformeat ,mil
kands ki
ns.
 -Theyminedmi neralsl
ikegol d,ir
onandcopper.
 -Theygatheredwi l
dfruitsandveget abl
es.
Soci
alOr
gani
sat
ionoft
heGaz
a

 -Thes ocietyoft heGaz as t


at ewasdi videdi nto3cl asseswhichar etheGaz a-
Nguni,
BaTs hanganeandBaThonga.
 -TheGaz a-Nguni[ BaNgoni ]wer et heor igi
nalNgunis peaki
ngpeopl e.
 -Theywer et her ulingcl ass.
 -BaTs hanganewer et heabs orbed/as similat
edpeopl ewhoadopt edNguniculture
andl anguage.BaTs hanganer ecruitswer edi videdintor egiment swithBaNgoni
offi
cer s.
 -Theywer et hemi ddl ecl ass .
 -Theywer et reatedasl es simpor tantpeopl e.
 -Theywer edi scrimi nat edagai ns t
.
 -Theywer eputi nt hef rontl ineinbat t
le.
 -Theyi dentifiedt hems elvesbywear i
ngwaxheadr i
ngsandbyhavi ngpiercedears.
 -Theywer er ewar dedwi thwi vesf orser vice.
 -BaThonga wer et he l owes t class and wer e also known as Amabuyandl ela
[Pathfinders ].
 -Theycons i
s tedofl ocalNdau,ChopiandManyi ka.
 -Theywer et hos epeopl ewhodi dnotadoptNgunicul tureandl anguage.
 -Theywer enotal l
owedt oj oint her egul ararmy.
 -Theyf il
edt hei rteet h.
 -Thepeopl eofGaz as tat epr act i
sedl oani ngofcat tl
e.
 -Soldierswer enotal lowedt omar ryunt iltheageof40.
 -Ther ewasdi visi
onofl abour .
 -Thes ocietywaspat ril
ineal .
 -Theypr actis edpol ygamy .
 -Theypr actis edloani ngofcat tl
e.
 -Theypai dl obol ainf orm ofcat tl
e.
 -Allpeopl ewer eencour agedt os peakShangane.
 -Womenwor ebeads .
 -They per for med i nit i
at i
on cer emoni es as wel las cer emoni aldances like
Muc hongoyo.
 -Theybr ewedbeer
 -Theyhel dr ainmaki ngcer emoni es.
 -Cattlewer eas ymbolofweal t
h.
 -Theybel ievedi nGod.
 -Theybel ievedi ns pi ritmedi ums .

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 -Theyal
sobeli
evedinancest
ralspi
ri
ts
 Theybel
ievedi
nlif
eafterdeath.

Soci
alcl
ass
esoft
heGaz
ast
ate

 -
Gaza-Nguni[
BaNgoni]
 -
BaTshangane
 -
BaThonga[Amabuyandlel
a]

Cont r
ibuti
onofs ocialorganis
at i
ontot heachievementofuni
tyi
ntheGaz
ast
ate
-Ager egimentsunifiedpeopleoft hesameage.
-Speakingonelanguage[ Shangane]uni fi
edpeopl e.
-Thecommonbel iefinGodbr oughtpeopl etogether.
-Rainmakingceremoni esunifi
edpeople.
-Loaningofcattl
euni fi
edpeopl e.
-Int
ermarriageunifi
edpeopl e.

Otherfact
orswhichl
edtoachi
evementofuni
tyi
nthes
tat
e
-Astr
ongeconomyunifi
edpeopl
e.
-Astr
ongar my
-Abl
eleadershi
p

Reas
onsf
ort
hedecl
ineoft
heGaz
ast
ate
I
nternalreas ons
 - Sos hangane’ ss uccessorswer eweakandunchar i
smatic.
 - Succes s
iondi sputes,forex ample,betweenSos hangane’ssonsMaweweandMz i
la.
 - Civilwar sal s
ocont r
ibut ed.Forinst
ance,therewasaf ouryearci
vilwaraf
tert
he
deat hofSos hanganebet weenMz i
laandMawewe.
 - Internalr ebell
ionsdur ingNgungunyana’ srei
gn.
 - Breaki ngawayoft heThongaweakenedt hestate.
 - Nat uraldi s
aster sl
ikedr oughtandf l
oods.
 - Mawewe’ srulewasunpopul ar
.

Ext
ernalreasonsforthedecl i
ne
 -Los sofcontr
oloftr ade
 -Pres s
urefrom theBr i
ti
shandPor t
ugues
edur i
ngt
hecol
oni
alper
iod.
 -Infl
uenceoft heSwaz ibackingMawewe
 -Interfer
encefrom thePor t
ugueseinpol
it
ics

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MI
SSI
ONARYACTI
VITI
ESI
NZI
MBABWEFROM 1850TO1900

Ai
msofMiss ionar i
esinZi mbabwe
 -Tocivi li
seAf ri
cans
 -Tos pr eadChr isti
ani ty
 -Toeducat eAf ricans .
 -Toint roducemedi caltechnol ogy
 -Tor epl acebar bar icAf r
icancus toms ,fori
nstance,thekill
ingoft
wins
,rai
ding,
polygamy,wi tchcr aftandevennamesofpeopl e
 -Toends l
avet rade
 -Topr omot elegitimat et rade
 -Todevel opani ndi genousmi ddlecl as
stomaintainchurchstaff
.
 -Toconver theat hens
 -Toint roducenewagr i
cul tur
almet hods
 -Toint roducenewcr ops
 -Tot reatt hesickpeopl eandt oinoculatecat
tle
 -ToendAf ri
canvi c eslikehumans acr i
fi
ces
 -Toopenupmi s si
ons tati
onsands choolsaswellashealthcentr
es
 -Toint roducenews kil
lssuchascar pentr
yandneedl ework
 -Theneedf orlandf ors ettl
ement
 -Theneedt oendci vilwar s

Earl
ymi
ssi
onar
ysoci
eti
es/or
gani
sat
ionswhi
chwor
kedi
nZi
mbabwebet
ween1850and
1900

Missionar
ySociety Mi
ssionStati
ons Miss
ionar
ies
-LondonMi s
sionar
ySoci
ety[
LMS] Inyati/HopeFount
ain RMof
fat/J
Moffat
-DutchReformedChurch Mor genst
er Mi
chaelBuys
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-Angli
canChurch StAugus
tine Kni
ghtBruce
-RomanCat hol
icChurch Empandeni
/Mas
hayamombe Bathol
omew
Kroot
-Berl
inMis
sionarySoci
ety Mat
ibi
/Thor
nHi
ll Madz
ima/
Samuel

Mi
ssi
onSt
ati
onses
tabl
ishedi
nZi
mbabwe1850and1900

 -
HopeFount ai
n -Mashayamombe
 -
Mat i
bi -
Inyat i
 -
TornHill -MtSel i
nda
 -
Empandeni -
Chi vi
 -
Mudavanhu -Chi
ngoma
 -
Nyamhondo -Chi
limanz i
 -
Dzike -Matobo
 -
Chishawasha -Howar d
 -
Hartzel -
StDomi nics
 -
OldMut are -Mugabe
 -
Zimuto -Gokomere
 -
Mpos i -Mzila
 -
Pedamat enka -StAugus ti
ne
Missi
ons t
ati
onsi
nZi
mbabwewher
eAf ri
canEvangeli
stsoper
atedi
nthe19thcent
ury
-Mati
bi -Mposi
-Mudavanhu -Chi
ngoma
-Nyamhondo -Zi
mut o
-Mugabe -Chi
li
manz i/Chi
rumhanzu
-Dzi
ke

Namesofmi ssionar
ieswhowor
kedi
nZi mbabwebet ween1850and1900
-Rober tMof f
at -JohnSmi thMoff
at
-CharlesHel m -
Bernar dMuz eki
-Francoi sCoi
llard -Willi
am Sykes
-ThomasMor ganThomas -Fat herBathol
omewKroot
-FatherRober tLaws -KnightBruce
-DavidCar negie -Sehahabane
-Madz ima -Pres t
age
-Samuel -Schell
nus
-Knoth -
Wi lli
am Buys
-Thoms on -Makgat ho

Missi
onar i
esoft heLondonmi
ssi
onar
ysoci
eti
es
-RobertMof fat -
JohnSmit
hMof f
at
-Will
iam Sykes -
Charl
esHelm
-DavidCarnegie -
ThomasMor ganThomas
-Thoms on

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Missionari
eswhooper
atedi
nMat
abel
elandfrom 1850t o1900
-RobertLaw -Charl
esHelm
-ThomasSykes -
Wi l
li
am Sykes
-BatholomewKroot -ThomasMor ganThomas
-FatherPrest
age -Davi
dCar negie
-Hartman -RobertMoffat
-Thoms on

Mi
ssi
onar
ywor
koract
ivi
ti
esi
nZi
mbabwebet
ween1850and1900

-
Theyestablishedmi ss ions tat i
onss uchasI nyatiandHopeFount ain.
-
Theygrewt hei rowncr opsf orf oodonl andgi venbyt heki
ng.
-
Theyencour agedt r adebet weent heAf ricansandwhi tes.
-
Theybuiltmi ss i
ons tat ions .
-
Theyestablisheds chool s.
-
Theyestablishedcl inicsandhos pitals.
-
Theyestablishedchur ches .
-
Theyconver tedAf ricansi ntoChr istianity.
-
Theyactedasagent sofi mper i
al ism.
-
Theyper f
ormedt echni calwor ks uchascar pent r
y.
-
Theyprintedbooksi nver nacul arl anguage.
-
Theydiscouragedandunder mi nedAf ricanTr aditi
onalReli
gion.
-
Theytreatedt hes ickandi nocul at edcat tle.
-
Theytaughtnews ki l
lss uchasbui lding,met alwor kandcarpentr
y.
-
Theyactedasmedi at or sbet weenAf ricansandEur opeans.
-
Theyactedasi nt erpr eter s.
-
Theywr otedi plomat icl ettersf ort heki ng.
-
TheytaughtAf r
icanst or eadandwr i
te.
-
Theyrepairedgunsf ort heki ng.
-
Theyestablishedf riendl yrelationswi thAf r
icans.
-
Theymader oads .
-
Theyaccommodat edcol onis er
s .
-
Theysignedt r eaties .

Skil
lstaughtbyear
lymiss
ionar
iesi
nZi
mbabwe
-Carpentry/Woodwork -Bui
ldi
ng
-Farming -
Repai
ringguns
-Repairi
ngwagons -
Hunti
ng
-Reading -
Writ
ing
-Cattl
einocul
ati
on -
Metalwork
-Cooking -
Legi
timatetr
ade
-Sewing

Wor
kofCathol
icMiss
ionar
iesinZi
mbabweupt
o1906
 -Theyes
tabl
is
hedmi ss
ionst
ati
ons.
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 -In 1879,t hepi oneerRoman Cat holicmi ssi


onar y,Fat herRober tLaw t ri
ed to
establi
shas tationatchi efMz i
la’spl aceont hebor derbet weenZimbabweand
Moz ambi que.
 -In1882,Bat holomewKr ootl edat eam ofJ esui
tmi ssi
onar i
esintoMatabeleland.
 -Jesuit
sl edbyBat hol omewKr ootopenedas t
ationatEmpandeniandanot hernear
Bulawayo.
 -In1892Chi shawas has tationwasopenednearSal i
s bury.
 -Depelchi nledJ esuitst ot heZambez ivalleyands etupas tati
onPandamat enka.He
builtthe ‘ Res i
dence oft he Hol y Cr oss ’
.Mi ssionar i
esatPandamat enka faced
problemsofdeat hsbecaus et hear eawasunheal thy.
 -TheCat holi
cmi s si
onar iesi nocul atedcat t l
e.
 -TheCat holicmi ssionar iesr educedAf r
icanl anguaget owr it
tenf orm[ I
siNdebele
andShona] .Theypr intedI siNdebel ebooksf orchildrent oread.
 -Theybui l
tnumer ouschur chesandmanyconver tswer emadeaf t
ercolonisati
on.
 -Theyt ranslatededucat ionalandr eligi
ousbooks .
 -Catholicmi ss i
onariest aughts ki
llslikecar pentry.
 -Theyint roducednewcr opsandveget abl es.
 -Theybui l
tschool st hatt aughtr eadi ngandwr i
ting.
 -Theywer eallowedt opr eacht ot hepeopl e.
 -Theyr epairedNdebel eguns .
 -Theyt reatedt hes i
ck.
 -Theywr otet heking’ slet t
er s.

QN:Hows uccessfulwast heCat holicmissi


onar i
esinZi
mbabwei nthi
sper
iod
Succes
ses
 -Theyes t
ablis
hedmi ssi
ons tati
ons.
 -Theyinoculatedcat tl
e.
 -TheyreducedAf ricanlanguaget owrittenform[I
siNdebel
eandShona]
.
 -Theytranslat
edr eli
giousandeducat ionalbooks
.
 -Theyintroducednewcr opsandveget ables.
 -Newcr aftsandski l
lswereint r
oduced.
 -TheytaughtAf ri
canst ous eploughs.

Failures
-Bef orecolonis
ati
on[ 1890]theymadelit
tlei
mpacttoconverttheShonaandNdebele.
-Sl
ave r ai
ding and classs ystem among the Ndebel
ei nfl
uenced Ndebel
e ki
ngs to
discour ageconversi
on.
-Theyf acedt heproblem ofdiseas
es.
-Ther ewaspoorcommuni cat
ion.

Wor
kofAf
ricanEvangel
ist
sinZi
mbabwebet
ween1850and1906

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 -Missi
onarygr oupss uchast heDut chRef or
medChur ch[ DRC]ofSout hAfri
ca,
Pari
sEvangel icalMi ss ion[ PEM]ofLes othoandBer l
inMi ssi
onarySociety[BMS]
employedAf ricancat echi stsandevangeli
ststoreachont heShona.
 -PEM opened s t
ationsatChi vi,Mpos iand Mat ibi
.Ex pediti
onswer es entt o
Mudavanhu,Chi vi,Chi ngoma,Zi muto,Chil
imanz i
,Mugabe,NyamhondoandDz i
ke.
Theymades omeconver tsbutchasedbyLobengul a.
 -BMSmi ssionar i
esl i
keMadz imaandSamuelopeneds t
ati
onsatMpos iandMat i
bi.
Knoth and Schel l
nusj oi
ned them.Theypr eached.Theyt aughtskill
ss uch as
agri
cult
ure,readi ng,car pentr
yandwr it
ing.
 -DRC Evangel ist,Mi chaelBuysopened as tat
ion atchiefZi muto and Mugabe
[Morgenster].Theyopenedanot heratChi vi
.Ar esi
dentmi ssi
onarywasappoi nt
ed
forchi
efChi vi
.

WorkoftheLondonMi
ssi
onar
ySoci
etyi
nZi
mbabwebet
ween1850
and1900

 -In1859J .SMof fates tablis


hedI nyatiMi s
sionSt ati
on.
 -LMSopenedHopeFount ain1870.
 -Othermi ssi
onar ieswhooper atedi nMat abelelandi ncludedThomasSykes ,RevC
Helm andDavi dCar negi e.
 -Atthes tati
onst hemi ssi
onar iestaughtandpr eached.
 -Theygrewt hei rowncr opsf orf ood.
 -J.
SMof fats i
gnedt heMof fatt r
eat ywithLobengul ainFebr uary1888.
 -RevCHel m per suadedLobengul at osigntheRuddConces s i
oninOct ober1888.
 -Missi
onar i
esi nMat abelelandencour agedt r
adebet weenNdebel eandwhi t
es.
 -Theyestablisheds chool s’
 -Theybuilthos pi tals.
 -Theybuiltchur ches .
 -Theyconver tedoneNdebel eintoChr i
sti
anity.
 -Theyrepairedt heki ng’sguns .
 -Theywr oteki ng’sl et t
er s.
 -Theytreatedt hes ick.
 -Theydiscour agedandunder minedAf ri
canreligionandt raditi
on.
 -Theytaughtt heNdebel enews kill
ss uchascar pent ry,building,andmet alwork.
 -Theyactedasi nterpr eters[ translators].
 -Theypromot edl iter acy.TheNdebel ewer etaughtt or eadandwr it
e.

Pr
obl
emsf
acedbymi
ssi
onar
iesi
nZi
mbabwebet
ween1850and1900

 -Delayi
ngr ant
ingper missiontooperatebytheking.
 -Therewereculturaldi
fferences.
 -Theyweredi st
rus t
edast heypreachedagains
tcustomss
uchaski
ll
ingoft
wins
,
polygamy,cast
es ystem andr ai
ding.
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 -Therewer ecommuni cationpr obl emsduet odiff


erencesi nlanguage.
 -Therewasl ackofs uppl i
esofEur opeangoods ,medi ci
ne,toolsandclothes.
 -Theywer eaffect edbyt ropi caldis easess uc
hasmal aria.
 -Therewer ecli
mat icprobl ems .
 -Therewashos tili
tyoft hel ocalpeopl e.
 -Therewaski ll
ingofmi ssionar ies.
 -Convertswer eki l
led.
 -Someconver t
swer eex i
led.
 -Theywer eattackedbywi ldani mal s.
 -War f
areandr aidi ngcr eat edf earamongt hemissionaries.
 -Therewasl ackofr oads .
 -Therewer eli
ter acypr obl ems .
 -Theywer ebeingembr oiledi nlocalpol i
ticssuchass uccessiondisputes
.
 -Therewascompet i
ti
onwi thot herr eligi
ons .
 Therewass hor tageoff oodt heywer eus edt o.
 -Therewaspr es suref rom pol it
icall eader swhowant edt hem t obei nvol
vedi
n
coloni
ali
sm.
 -Theywer ecaughtupi nt hecompet iti
onamongt heEur opeancount r
ies.
 -Theyhads hor tageofhumanr es ources .
 -Therewaspooraccommodat ion.

Methodst os olvepr obl ems/Sol utiont ot hepr oblems


-Theyuseds ignl anguageandi nterpret ersf r
om Sout hAfr
ica.
-Thybuiltcl
inicsf orcur ingtropicaldis eas es.
-Theysetups chool s.
-Theyassist
edi ncoloni ali
sms ot hatt hei rwor kt ospreadChris
tianit
ywasmadeeas
y.
-Theycratedr oads .
-Theygrewt hei rowncr opsf orfood.
-Theybuiltmi ssions tations.
-Theyusedcat echistsandevangel ists.
-Fri
endshipwi thAf r
icanchi efswasanot hers olution.
-Theycheateds omel ocalchiefs.
-Theytaughtnat ivechildrent oreadandwr i
te.
-Theyleantnat ivelanguageswhi chai dedcommuni cati
onandpr eaching.

Fail
uresinsolvingpr oblems
-Fewpeoplewer econver t
edt oChr ist
ians.
-Notmanyr oadswer ecreated.
-Therewasshor tageofdr ugs .
-Somemi ss
ionar i
eswer echas edoutoft hecount r
y,forexample,Coi
ll
ard.
-Somemi ss
ionswer eabandoned,f orexampl e,Pandamatenka.
-Somemi ss
ionar i
eswer eki l
led,f orexampl e,BernardMuzeki.
-Afri
canswer estil
lattachedt ot heirtradit
ionalreli
gionandcultur
e.
-TheNdebeles til
lcherishedt hecas t
eandr ai
dingsystem.
-Roadsandt elephoneswer es t i
llrare.

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-
Afr
icanswer
esus
pici
ousofEur
opeans
.

QN:To whatext entwer e African r ul


erst o blame forthe problems ofthe ear
ly
mis s
i onari
es?
-Blamewor t
hinessofAf ri
canr ul
er s
-Mz i
likazidi
dnotal l
owt heNdebel etobeconver t
ed.
-Lobengul aarrest
edCoi l
lard.
-Africanr ul
erswer ethecus todiansofcul tureandf ounditdi
ffi
culttochange,s
ot hey
resis
t edthepreachingofmi s
sionaries.
-Theyki ll
edmi ss
ionari
es.
-Someconver tswerepuni s
hedbyAf r
icanr uler
s.
-Someconver tswereexiledbyAf r i
canr ul
ers.
-Raidi ngwhichwasdonebyAf ri
canr ulershamper edmissi
onar
ywor k.

Otherfactors
-Languagebar r
ier
-Missi
onarieswereatt
ackedbydi seases
.
-Lackofmedi ci
newasanot herproblem.
-Lackoffoodt heywereusedt o.
-Poortransportandcommuni cati
onnetwor
ks.

Waysus edbyAf ricanst or esi


s tmi ssionar yinfluenceinZimbabwebetween1850and
1900
-Theymovedf arawayf rom mi ssionar ys ett
lement s.
-Theycont inuedt opr acti
set heirt r
adi tionalreli
gions .
-Rai
dscont inuedt ot akepl aceinZi mbabwe.
-Theyrefus edt oatt ends chool s.
-Thykil
leds omemi ssionaries.
-Theyrefus edt ogivemi ssionariesf ood.
-Theyaccus edmi ssionar i
esofbei ngs pies.
-Theypuni shedorki ll
eds omeconver ts.
-Theyaccus edmi ssionar i
esofus i
ngf or biddenr outes.
-Theyrefus edt owor kformi s s
ionar ies .
-Theyrefus edt oaccepts omegi ftsfr om mi s
sionar i
es.
-Afri
canl eadersl i
keLobengul ares tri
ct edmi ssionar yact
ivi
ti
es.
-SomeAf ri
canscont inuedt opr act i
seI sl
am andt r
adewi thMos l
ems .
-Afri
canl eadersdi scour agedAf ricansf rom at t
endi ngchurchservi
ces.
-Theyexpel leds omemi ss
ionar i
es

QN:Wer
eAf
ricanss
ucces
sfuli
nres
ist
ingmi
ssi
onar
yinf
luenceatt
hatt
ime?

Success
es
-Manypeopl
ewerenotconvert
ed.
-Veryf
ewpeopleat
tendedschool
s.
-Theyki
ll
edsomemissi
onari
es.

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-
Someconver t
swer eki
ll
ed.
-
Theyref
us edtolearnt
henewlanguage.
-
Miss
ionaryacti
viti
eswerer
est
rict
ed.

Fail
ures
-Somepeopl ewereconvert ed.
-Otherpeoplewer eeducated.
-Missi
ons t
ationswereestablis
hed.
-Schoolswerebuilt.
-Hospit
alswer ebuil
t.

QN;WhyAf ricanpeopl er es i
stedmi ss
ionar yi nfl
uencei nZimbabwebetween1850and
1900?
-Theydidnotwantt oabandont hei rtr
aditi
onalr el
igi
on.
-Theyfearedt hatt heirtradewoul dbedi sturbed.
-Theydidnotwantt ol earnanewl anguage.
-Chri
sti
anitydenouncedas pectss uchasr aiding.
-Miss
ionariesat tackedAf r
icanadmi nist
rati
ves ystems .
-Theysuspect edmi ss
ionar i
esofhav i
ngcoloni alaims .
-Therewasi nfluencef rom t raditi
onalleaders .
-Miss
ionarieswer eaccus edofnat uraldisastersl i
kecattledis
easesanddr
ought
.
-Chri
sti
anitydenouncedpol ygamy.
-Miss
ionaryt eachingwasmeani nglesstoAf ricant radit
ionall
ife.
-Lear
ningwasdi f f
icult
.

Successesofmi ssi
onar iesinZimbabwei ntheirwor k
-Theysucceededi nconver ti
ngs omeAf r i
cans,forexample,i
nMashonal
and.
-Theymanagedt oes tabli
shmi s
s i
ons t
at i
ons.
-Schoolswerebuilt.
-Theyintr
oducedl it
eracy .
-Theyintr
oducednewcr opswhi chwer eadopt edbyAf r
icans
.
-Theywerewel comedbys omeShona,f orexampl e,
Govera,Mpos
iandMugabe.
-Theytaughts ki
ll
ss uchascar pentry.
-Theypromot edtradebet weenAf r
icansandwhi t
es.

Fail
uresofmi ssionariesintheirworkinZi mbabwe
-Theymanagedt oes tabli
shfewper manentmi ssionst
ati
ons
.
-Convertscontinuedwi ththeirAfri
cant r
aditionalbeli
efs
.
-Theymadever yf ewconvertsinMat abel
eland.
-Somemi ssionariesdiedands omewer earrested.
-Rai
dinghamper edt hei
rwor k.
-Somewer eex pelledbyLobengul a.
Posit
iveeffectsofmi ssi
onarywor konAf ri
cans
 - Theypr oducededucat edAf r
icanelite.
 - Theycul ti
vatedas enseofequal i
tyinal lpeopl
e.

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 -
Theyint
roducedbet terf
armingmethodsl i
keirr
igat
ionandcr
opr
otat
ion.
 -
Theyimprovedmedi calf
acil
it
ies.
 -
Theybroughtabouts oci
alharmony.
 -
Therewasdevelopmentofv ernacul
arlanguage.
 -
Therewasanimpr ovementofi nf
ras
tructure.

Negativeef fectsofmi ssi


onar ywor konAf ri
cans
-Theypavedwayf orcolonisati
on.
-Theycheat edandl i
edtoAf ri
canl eadersintosigningtreati
es.
-Theys uppor tedt hecrushingofki ngdoms ,f
ori nstance,JohnSmi
thMof
fatwashappy
withthecr ushingoft heNdebel eki ngdom.
-Theys uppor t
edl andgrabbing.
-Theys piedfort heirmothercount ries.
-Wester nmedi cineundermi nedindi genousherbs.
-Thei
rpr eachingmadeAf ricanmi ndsdoci l
e.

Cont
ribut
ionofmi
ssi
onar
iest
othecol
oni
sat
ionofZi
mbabwe

 -RobertMof fat ’
sfriends hiptoMz i
li
kazipavedwayf ormi ssi
onaries
,likeJ .SMof fat
,
CHel m andot herwhi tes.
 -TheMof fatt reatyof1888r enewedt hef ri
ends hipbet weent heNdebel eandt he
Bri
tishpavi ngwayf orBr it
ishcol onisation.
 -Thistreatyl edt ot hecancel lati
onoft heGr oblert reat y.
 -TheMof fatt reatyl edt ot hes igningoft heRuddConces si
onwhi chwasus edt o
occupyZi mbabwe.
 -ReverendChar l
esHel m persuadedt heki ngtos ignt heRuddConces sion.
 -Missi
onar iespubl i
s hedeconomi cpr ospectst ot heircount ri
estherebygener ating
i
nteresti ncol onialconques t.
 -Theyinvi tedt heirgover nment stoends l
avery.
 -They publ i
shed pagan pr acticesby Af ri
canswhi ch needed t he at tenti
on of
Europeangover nment s.
 -Missi
onar iesi nvitedt heirgover nment st odes troyAf ri
canstatesaf terfai
li
ngt o
getconv ert s
.
 -Missi
onar ieswer ei nterpretersandal sowr otel etter sforthekingf alsif
yings ome
detail
s.
 -Theywer eus edasagent sofi mper iali
smi ntreat ymaki ng.
 -Theyes tablished mi ssi
on s tationswhi ch laterhel ped to accommodat eot her
whiteslikeconces sions eeker s.
 -Missi
onar iesgavef alse,exagger at
edr eportsaboutt heweal t
hi nthecount ryt o
l
ureot herwhi tes.
 -Theybr ibedAf ri
canst oper suadet hem t osignt reat i
es .

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Cont
ribut
ionoff
ail
urebymi
ssi
onar
iest
owi
nconver
tst
othecol
oni
sat
ionofZi
mbabwe

-Mis
sionarieswishedt hedes tructi
onofs tat
esl i
keNdebel
e.
-Mis
sionariesgavef al
seinformat iont otheirhomegovernment
s.
-Mis
sionarieswant edcolonisationf orprotection.
Otherfactorswhi chledtot hecol onisationofZi mbabwe
 - Hopef ort heSecondRand
 - Ndebeles tatewass trategicall
ypos i
tioned.
 - Rhodes ’
sCapet oCai rodr eam
 - Needf orrawmat er
ials
 - Ferti
lesoils.

Roleplayedbyt heLondonMi ssi


onar ySoci
etyi
nt hecolonisati
onofZi mbabwe
-InFebruary1888,J .
SMof fatsi
gnedt heMof f
atTr eat
yonbehal fofRhodes.Lobengul
a
agreedtocanceltheGr obl
erTreaty.
-InOctober1888,RevCHel mi nfl
uencedLobengulaintosigningtheRuddConcession.
-CHelmr ecommendedt hedestr
uctionoftheNdebel est
ate.
-Missi
onarieshostedEuropeanvisi
torsfr
om Europe.
-TheMi s
sionaryroadbecamet hegatewayintotheinter
iorofSout her
nAf r
ica.
-Roleofmi ssi
onari
esandt r
aders

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THESCRAMBLEANDPARTI
TIONOFSOUTHERNAFRI
CA

 -Scr
ambl ewast herus hforcolonies.
 -Par
tit
ionr ef
erstot hedivisionofSout hernAfricancol
oniesbyEuropeanpowers.
 -Int
heScr ambl eandpar ti
tionofSout hernAf r
icathemos tpower
fulcountri
es
wereabletogetmor ecoloni esandvicever s
a.
 -Eur
opeancount r
iesinvolvedint heScrambl eforAfri
caincl
udedBritai
n,Germany,
Port
ugal,Belgium andHol land/Net herlands.

Europeancount
ry Colonies
-Germany -Nami bi
a[Sout
hWestAfri
ca]
-Portugal -Moz ambique[
Por
tugues
eEastAf
rica]
/Angol
a[Por
tugues
eWes
t
Afri
ca]
-Bri
tain -
Zimbabwe,Sout
hAf
rica,Bot
swana,Mal
awi
,Les
otho,Swaz
il
and
andZambi a
-Holland -
Trans
vaal
-Belgium -
Congo

Reas
onsf
ort
heScr
ambl
eandpar
tit
ionofSout
her
nAf
rica

Economi
creas
ons

 -
Theneedforrawmat erial
sbyEur opeans
 -
Theneedformar ketsinSout hernAf ri
ca
 -
Theneedforcheapl abourf orgr eaterpr ofit
s
 -
Theneedforareast oinves tsurpluscapi talinSouthernAfri
ca
 -
Theneedforferti
lelandf oragr icult
ure
 -
Ther
ewasi mprovedt rans portwhi chf acil
it
atedtravelover
seas
 -
Goodcli
maticconditionsi nSout hernAf ri
ca
 -
Theneedacquireprotect oratefort rade
 -
Thedis
coveryofmi neralsl i
kegol danddi amondsi nSouthAfri
ca
 -
Theneedforwildlif
e[ game]
 -
Theneedforivory
 -
Theneedtoacqui r
ecol oniesf orresour ces
 -
Theneedforpastures

Soci
alr
eas
ons
 -
Theneedt osett
lepopul
ati
onpressur
e
 -
Avail
abil
it
yofquini
neandtablet
sgavewhit
estheconfi
dencet
oventur
eintothe
i
nter
iorofAfr
ica.
 -
Thereweregoodclimati
ccondit
ionsi
nSouther
nAfri
cawhichwer
efavour
ableto
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CA

t
heheal
thofs omeEur opeannat i
onal
sli
keRhodes
.
 -
Theneedtocivil
is
eAf ri
cans
 -
Theneedtoeducat eAfricans
 -
Theneedtos pr
eadChr isti
anit
y
 -
Theneedtoends lavetrade
 -
Raci
alsuper
iori
tyofEur opeans
Pol
it
icalr
eas
ons

-Theups etofbal anceofpowerl edt ot heScrambl eforSouther


nAf
rica.
-Sout her nAf ricawascol oni sedforpr es t
igereasons.
-Sout her nAf ricawascol oni sedfors trategicreasons
.
-Diplomat i
creas onsal sol edt othes crambl e.
-TheBer l
inConf er enceal s ocontr i
buted.
-Inf
luenceofEur opeanagent s
-Thewhi teshads uperiorweaponst hanAf ri
cans.
-Explor ersencour agedcol onisation.
-Publicopi nionandpr es sur e
-Rhodes ’ Capet oCai rodr eam
-Encour agingr epor tsfrom hunt er sandt r
aders
-Theneedt os preadpol iticalinf
luence
-TheBoer swant edt oex tendt heirterritorybeyondt heLimpopoRi
vertoavoi
dbei
ng
encircledbyt heBr it
ish.

Pol
iticalfact
orsinAf r
ica
-Di
suni t
yoflocalpeople
-Warsamongs tAfri
cans
-Af
ricanshadi nfer
iorweapons

Pol
it
icalai
msofBr
itai
nint
heScr
ambl
eforSout
her
nAf
rica

-
Tofulfi
ltheCapet oCairodr eam
-
Toestablishacr owncolonyi nBotswanaands ecur
ethemi s
sionaryroad
-
Tocar r
yont hewhi temen’ sburdenofcivil
isi
ngt heAfricanbarbari
an-Soci
alDar
wini
sm
-
Press
ur efrom theelectorate
-TocreateaBr i
tishempi r
eofcol oni
esstretchi
ngf rom SouthAf r
icatoEgypt
-
TostopPor t
ugues eexpansion
-
Togainpr esti
ge
-
ToencircletheBoer s

Polit
icalaimsofGer manyintheScr
ambleforSout
hernAfri
ca
-Germanywant edtomakeenemieswit
hFrancebyfor
cingBri
tai
ntomovenex
ttoher
-Togai nprest
ige
-Tocivili
seAfri
cans
-Pressurefrom theel
ector
ate

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Economi caimsofBr
itai
nandGer
manyint heScrambl
eforSout
her
nAf
rica
-Market s -
Rawmat er
ial
s
-Cheapl abour -
Inves
tmentopportuni
ti
es
-Fert
ileland -
Huntinggrounds
-Minerals -
Needf orcattl
e
-Pastures

QN:Towhatext
enthadBr
itai
nachi
evedherai
msi
nSout
her
nAf
ricaby1900?
Achi
evement
s

-
Sheoccupi
edBechuanal
and,fr
ustr
atedGermanyandtheBoers
-
Sheoccupi
edZimbabwe,fr
ustr
atedtheBoersandPort
uguese
-
Themissi
onar
yroadwaskeptopen
-
Shemanagedtotakethegoldanddiamondproduci
ngareas

Fail
ures
-Shefai
ledt
ocompletel
ydisl
odgetheBoersi
nSouthAfri
ca
-Shefai
ledt
ohaveaccesstotheI
ndianOceanvi
aMozambi que
-Shefai
ledt
ocreat
eaf eder
ati
onofwhitesi
nSouthAfr
ica

TheBer
li
nConf
erence[
1884-
85

ThisconferencewasconvenedbyOt tovonBi smarck,thechancell


orofGer manyf r
om
1871t o1890t ochartwaysofpar t
iti
oningAf ri
capeaceful
ly.Itwashel dinBerli
n,in
Germany.I twasals
omeantt ocur
bthei ncreas
ingconfli
ctsovercolonies.Afr
icanswer e
notinvit
ed.Countri
eswhi
chwer er
epresentedwer eBri
tai
n,France,I
taly,Germany,Spain,
PortugalandBelgi
um.

Ter
msoft
heBer
li
nConf
erence

 -Africawasdi videdi nto20s pheresofi nfluence


 -Ther ewast obeef f
ect iveoccupat ionofs pher esofinfl
uence
 -Eachcount r
ywast omakes uret hatt herewasamar keddevel opmentinit
ss pher
e
ofinf l
uence
 -Ther ewast obef r
eedom ofnavi gationonmaj orri
verslikeNiger,Zambezi
,Nile
andCongo
 -Slavet r
adeands laverywer et obeabol i
shedwher etheys t
il
lexist
ed
 -Allcount r
ieswer et or ecogniseki ngLeopol d’soccupat i
onofCongoandBr it
ain’
s
occupat i
onofEgypt .Ther ewast ober ecogni ti
onofex istingspheresofinf
luence
byEur opeanpower s
 -Theyagr eedt onot ifyeachot herofnews pheresofinfluence
 -Anyi ntendingcount rywast os i
gnt reat i
eswi thlocalrulersaslegalr
ightt
o
occupyt hatar ea
 -Theywer etor espectt her i
ght soft hei ndigenouspeopl e
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 -
Theywer
etodevelopinfr
astructur
ei nareascol
oni
sed
 -
Theywer
etocreatenewpol i
ticals
tructures
 -
Theywer
etodrawboundar i
es
 -
Theywer
etosettl
edisputespeacefully
 -
Theywer
etohoistnati
onalfl
agsi nareascoloni
sed

Contri
but i
onoft heBer l
inConf erencei nsti
mul ati
ngt heScrambleandpar ti
tionof
SouthernAf r
ica
 - Itl
egali
sedt hepar t
iti
onofAf ri
ca.I
ts etrulesofthegameofpar ti
tion.It
l
egitimis
edt heoccupat ionofSout hernAf ri
c a
 - Manyt r
eatieswer esignedwi thAf r
icanchi ef
sleadingtotheeventualoccupat
ion
oftheirterr
itor
ies
 - Chiefswerecheat edordecei ved
 - Europeanpower scompet edf orunoccupiedar easofSouther
nAf ri
ca
 - Therewasal soscrambl etodef ineandex tendboundariesofexis
tings pher
esof
i
nf l
uencebyt heBr it
ish,Portuguese,Boer sandGer mans.

Otherf actors
-Theindus trialrevolution
-Weaknes sesofAf ricans
-Thedis cover yonmi neral
sinSouthAfri
ca
-WorkofEur opeanagent sli
ketr
aders
,mi s
sionar
ies
,conces
sions
eeker
s,hunt
ersand
i
ndividualsl i
keRhodes
-Str
ategi creas ons
-Humani t
arianr easons

Afri
canleader
swhos
oughtpr
otect
ionf
rom Eur
opeans
-Moshoeshoe -Lewani
ka
-Mswati -Maher
ero
-Khama

Afri
canleader
swhor
esi
stedcol
oni
sat
ion
-Lobengula -
Dini
zulu
-Ngungunyana -
Witbooi
-Cetshwayo -
Mapondera

Afri
canchief
domscol
oni
sedbyEur
opeansinSouther
nAfr
ica
-Ndebele -Zvi
mba
-Gaza -
Makoni
-Mugabe -
Pedi
-Mashayamombe -
Zulu
-Lozi -
Chinamhora
-Xhosa -
Chihota
-Ngwato -
Mangwende
-Swazi

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CA

Ethnicgroupsthatf
oughtwar
sofr
esis
tanceinSouther
nAf
ricabet
ween1870and1900
-Zul
u -Shona
-Ndebele -
Herero
-Nama/ Herer
o -Ngwato
-Gaza/Shangani -Pedi
-Swazi -Xhosa
-Sotho

Methodsus edbyEur opeanst ocol onisechi efdomsi nSout hernAfrica/Waysus edby


Eur
opeanst odes troyAf ricani ndependence
 War far e,forex ampl e,the1893Angl o-
Ndebel ewar ,the1896Ndebel e-Shone
uprisingsandt heAngl o-Zuluwar
 - Treat ymaki ng,f orex ampl e,TheMof f
att reatyof1888andt heRuddConces si
on
of1888
 - Useofagent sl ikeRhodes
 - Divideandr ulet ac t
ic
 - UseofChar ter edcompani ess uchasBSAC, NIASA
 - Grant ingofchar ter
 - Conques t
 - Tri
cker y,forex ampl e,Lobengul awasgi venverbalpr omisesthatwer enever
fulf
illed
 - Useofgi f
t stoAf ri
canl eaderstoper suadepeopl et oacceptcol oni
alrul
e
 - Buyi ngconces s i
ons ,forex ampl e,Edwar dLi pperts ol
dtheLipper tconcessi
ont o
Rhodesi n1891
 - Briber y,forex ampl e,Lot shewasbr i
bedbyThomps ontoinfluenceLobengul ato
signt heRuddConc es sion
 - Throught hei nf luenceofhunt er sl
ikeHenr yHartleyandFr eder i
ckCourtney
Selous
 - Offer i
ngpr ot ect ion,f orex ampl e,theSot ho,Ts wanaandSwaz igotprotect
ion
from t heBr i
tish
 - Useofambi tiousweal thmenl ikeRhodesandLuder i
tz
 - Usingmi ssionar yi nf l
uence

WhyEur
opeanswer
esucces
sfuli
ncol
oni
singt
heAf
ricanchi
efdomsdur
ingt
hisper
iod

AdvantagesofEur opeans
-Theyhadsuperiorweapons
-Theyhadbettercommuni cat
ion
-Theyusedtri
cks
-Theyusedbri
ber y
-Theyuseddynami tes

Disadvant
agesofAfricans
-Theyhadinfer
iorweapons

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CA

-
Theyhadpoorcommuni cat
ion
-
Theyhadpoormet hodsoffi
ghting
-
Theywereil
li
terate
-
Therewasdisunit
yamongAf r
icans

QN:Towhatex
tentwer
eAf
ricanst
obl
amef
ort
hecol
oni
sat
ionofSout
her
nAf
rica

WhyAf ri
canswer et obl ame
-Theywerenotuni ted
-SomeAf r
icanchiefscol laborat
edwithcolonialagents
-Thei
rmili
taryweaknes s esinvit
edEuropeans
-Someaskedf orcolonialpowerpr otect
ionfrom raidsbynei
ghbour
s,f
orex
ampl
e,t
he
Ngwatogotpr otectionf rom theNdebelerai
ds .
-Tri
balwars,f
orex ampl e,Ts wanaandKorana

Otherfactors
 - Il
li
teracymadeAf ri
cansvulnerabl
edur i
ngtreat
ymaki ng
 - Forcesofindust
rialcapi
tali
sm weretoos t
rong,forexample,Br
itai
nandGer
many
 - Europeanswerever ydeterminedtocolonis
eAf r
icans

Methodsus edbyAf ri
canst oresis
tcolonisat
ioninSouthernAf r
ica

-War s[armedr esist


ance],f orex ample,Anglo-Ndebelewarof1893,t heZul uwar s
-Diplomacy.Theyengagedi ndipl omaticengagement stopos t
ponet heirdownf al
l
-Fri
ends hip
-Protectorates tatus[ Col
laborationwi thEuropeans],Lewanikacoll
abor atedwiththe
Bri
t i
sh
-Migration
-Delegations-givingpar tofone’ spower ,ri
ghts,foracertai
nt i
me
-Treati
esandagr eement s
-Conces si
ons ,forex ample,RuddConces si
on,Lipper
tconces si
onandt hel i
ke
-Ki
lledwhi tesinf armsandmi nes
-UseofChr is
tianityt oresis
tcol onisati
on,forexample,Mos hoeshoeagai nsttheBoers

Thecompet
iti
onf
ort
hecol
oni
sat
ionofSout
her
nAf
ricabyEur
opeans

-Bri
tai
nandBoers-compet
edforthecol
oni
sat
ionoftheNdebel
es tat
eass hownbythe
si
gningoftheGr
oblerandMof
fatt
reat
y.TheBr
iti
shendedupaswinnersaf
terthes
igni
ng
oftheRuddConces
s i
on.

-Bri
tai
nandBoer s-compet edf orcont
rolofthediamondweal thinKimberly.Thi
sledto
theBrit
ishannexati
onofOr angeFreeState.
-The Bri
tis
h desiret o accessNgunil abourf orce and t
o enci r
cle Boersled tothe
annexati
onofNat alandtodecl areaprotect
orateoverBechuanalandsoast opreservet
he
missi
onaryr oadandt hwar t[stop]Boerex pansi
onwes twards.Boershaddecl aredtwo

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r
epubl
icsofStel
lalandandGoshen.
-
TheSecondAngl o-Boerwarwaspar
toft
hes
truggl
etocont
rolt
hegol
dweal
thatt
he
Wit
waters
rand.

-Britain and Por tugal


-competed f
ort he controlofMas honal
and which t
he Ndebele
clai
medt ocont rol.ThePort
ugueseint
endedt ojoinPortugueseEastAfr
ica[Mozambique]
withPor tugueseWes tAfri
cawhils
tRhodeshadt heCapet oCairodream.TheAngl o-
Por tugueset reatyof1891r es
olvedboundar i
esbet weenRhodes iaandPortugues
eEas t
Af r
ica.

-GermanyandBritai
n-Brit
ishi
nfl
uencewass pr
eadi
ngf r
om t
heSouthtotheNorthwhil
st
Germanywasex pandingeas t
wardsfr om theareashehad,thati
s,SouthWes tAfr
ica
[Namibi
a].Br
itai
ndecl ar
edapr otectorateinBechuanal
andin1885tot hwar
tGerman
expansi
onandpreservethemissi
onaryr oad.

QN:Towhatex
tentwer
ethepeopl
eofSout
her
nAf
ricaaf
fect
edbyt
hiscompet
iti
onup
to1900?

Pos i
ti
veeffect
s
-Somes t
atesgai nedpr otecti
onandr emainedintact
,forexample,t
heLoziofLewani
ka
andKhama’ sNgwat o.
-Somechiefsret ainedt heirpower,forexample,Lewanika.
-Manymi ss
ionar iesvi si
tedthestatetoconvertpeopletoChris
tiani
ty.
-Tradewit
hf oreigner si
ncreased
-Therewasanendofet hnicwars,forexample,theNdebeleversustheShonaorNgwato;
theZulu-
Pedicl as hesands oon.
-TheNdebel estat er emainedint
actupt o1893.

Disadvantages
-Lossofindependence
-Erosi
onofAf ricanculture
-Lotsofweal t
h,f orexample,rawmat erial
swasex pl
oit
ed
-Itl
edt ocolonialwarsandwar sofdisposses
sion
-Therewer ehighdeat hratesduet otheus eofmax i
m guns
-Afri
canswer echeat edintreaties
-TheNdebel ekingss penttimedeal i
ngwi t
hconces s
ionseeker
s

WhyBr
itai
nwasabl
etoobt
ainmor
ecol
oni
esi
nther
egi
on

 St rengthsofBr i
tai
n
-
TheroleofLor dSali
sburyandothers
.Sal
is
burywastheBri
ti
shPrimeMi
nis
ter
.
-
TheBr i
ti
shSout hAfri
cacompany[ BSAC]gotsuppor
tfr
om ther
ich.
-
Bri
tainwasf ul
lypreparedforawar’
-
Rhodes’wealth
-
Inf
luenceofmi ssi
onari
es

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CA

-Influenceoft rader s,huntersandconcess


ionseeker
s
Ot herfactors
-Ger manywasal atecomeri nt
othescramblef
orAf r
ica
-Boer swer emi l
itaril
yweak
-ThePor t
ugues ewer eweak
-Weaknes sesofAf ri
cans
-Ot hercount r
iesl ackedf orei
gnsupport

Europeanagents[coloni
alis
trepr
esent
ati
ves]whopartici
patedintheScr
ambl
efor
SouthernAfri
ca
 - Ceci
lJohnRhodes -HerrLuder i
tz
 - JohnSmithMof f
at -Pi
etGr obler
 - Charl
esDunnelRudd -
FrancisThomps
on
 - Rochfor
dMagui re -Si
rSydneyShi ppard
 - EdwardLippert -ThomasBaines
 - Charl
esHelm

Coloni
alagent s[whit
es]andt
hei
rEur
opeancount r
ieswhower
einvol
vedi
nthe
scr
amblef orAf ri
ca
 - CecilJ
ohnRhodes Brit
ain
 - KarlPeters Germany
 - PaulKrugger Boers

THECOLONI
SATI
ONOFZI
MBABWE

 -
Zimbabwewascol
oni
sedbyt
heBr
iti
shi
n1890.
Reas
onsf
ort
hecol
oni
sat
ionofZi
mbabwe

Economi
creas
ons

-
Theneedf
ormarkets
-
Theneedf
orrawmat eri
als
-
Theneedf
orpastur
es
-
Theneedf
orcheaplabour
-
Theneedt
oinvestsurpl
uscapi
tal
-
Theneedf
orfert
il
eland
-
Theneedt
obailBSACoutofbankrupt
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-Thewhi t
eswant edNdebelecattlei
nZimbabwe
-Favour
ablec l
imati
cconditi
onsi nZimbabwe
-Rhodesbelievedthatther
ewasas econdrandinZimbabwe
-Thediscoveryofgoldanddiamondi nt heTrans
vaalmademanywhi
test
othi
nkt
hatt
he
goldbel
ti nSouthAf r
icast
retchedintoZimbabwe.

Pol
it
icalr
eas
ons

-Rhodeswant edtopr omot eBr i


tishi mper i
alism.
-Rhodeswant edtopr eventot hercount r
iesf rom colonisi
ngZimbabwe.
-Rhodeswant edtos topGer manyex pans ionf rom thewes t[Namibi
a].
-Rhodeswasdet ermi nedt oenci rclet heTr ansvaal[Boers].
-Rhodeswant edtopr eventBoer sfrom ex pandi ngnor t
hwar ds
.
-Zimbabwewascol onisedf orpr es t
iger eas ons .
-Inf
luenceofhunt ers,traders,ex plorer sandmi ss
ionari
es
-Rhodes’ CapetoCair odream.Hewant edt ocoloniseAf r
icafr
om Cape[Sout
hAf r
ica]to
Egypt[Cai r
o].
-Rhodeswant edtocons tructar ailwayl i
nepas tMat abel
eland
-Rhodesbel i
evedinBr i
ti
shs uper iori
t y.Hispur posewast herefor
etospreadl
iber
ty,peace
andjusticetootherpar tsoft hewor ld.
-Zimbabwewascol onisedf ors t
r ategicr eas ons

Soci
alr
eas
ons

-
TheBr i
ti
shwantedtocivi
li
seAfri
cans
-
TheBr i
ti
shwantedtospreadChri
stiani
ty
-
TheBr i
ti
shwantedtospreadeducation
-
Favourabl
ecl
imati
cconditions
-
Populati
onexpans
ion.Therewasneedt oset
tlepopul
ati
onpr
ess
ure.

I
mpor
tanceofeconomi
cfact
orsi
nthecol
oni
sat
ionofZi
mbabwe

-
Attr
acti
onofmi ner
alwealth
-
Opportunit
iestoinvestsurpl
uscapi
talbyt
heDeBeer
sCompany
-
Attr
acti
ves oi
lsandcat t
le
-
Marketopportuniti
es
-
Avai
labil
it
yofr awmat eri
alsi
nZimbabwe

Whi
teswhohelpedinthecol
oni
sat
ionofSouthernAf ri
ca
 -CecilJ
ohnRhodes -DukeofFi f
e
 -DukeofAbercorn -PaulKrugger
 -LordGrey -Bar
onessBurdetteCout
ts
 -QueenVictor
ia -Ott
ovonBismar ck

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 -
LordSal i
sbury -
Robinson
 -
LeanderSt ar
rJ ameson -Pri
nceofWal
es
 -
EMaund -
Edwar dLipper
t
 -
SirSydneyShi ppar
d -
J.SMof fat
 -
Pennef ather -
CharlesHelm
 -
Frederi
ckCour tneySel
ous -
PietGrobler
 -
CharlesRudd

Tr
eat
iess
ignedbet
weenLobengul
aandt
hewhi
tes

1]London- Li
mpopot reaty[1870]
2]Bainestreaty[1871]
3]Groblertreaty[1887]
4]Mof f
attreaty[1888]
5]RuddConces si
on[ 1888]
6]Li
pper tConcess i
on[ 1891]

1]LondonLi
mpopoTr
eat
y[1870]
-
Thi
swasami
ner
alconces
siont
otheLondonandLi
mpopoCompanyi
ntheTat
iar
ea

Ter
msoft
hist
reat
y
-
Therewastobeer
ectionofbuil
dingsandoper
ati
onofmachi
nesbyt
hecompany.
-
Thecompanywastomaker oads.
-
Thecompanywasgivenminingri
ghts.
-
Lobengul
awastoget120poundspermont h.

2]TheBai
nesTr
eat
y[1871]
-
Itwasaver
balagr
eementmadebet
weenLobengul
aandThomasBai
nes
.

Ter
msoft
hist
reat
y
-Bai
neswasgi
ventheri
ghttoexpl
oitminer
alsint
hear
eabet
weenGwer
uandHunyani
ri
ver
s.
*However
,Bai
nesdiedbef
oreregi
ster
inghi
st r
eat
y.

3]Gr
obl
erTr
eat
y[1887]

-I
twass i
gnedbetweenLobengul
aandt
heBoer
s.I
twasnegot
iat
edbet
weenPi
etGr
obl
er,
Freder
ickGrobl
erandLobengul
a.
Ter
msoft
hist
reat
y
-Ther
ewast obeeverl
asti
ngpeacebetweent heNdebel
eandt heBoer
s.
-ABoerpermanentrepres
ent
ative[acounci
l]wastobes t
ati
onedinBulawayot
o
admini
sterj
ust
icetoBoerswhomi ghtvi
olat
eLobengula’
slaw.

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-Boerscarryingpas spor tsfrom t heTr ansvaalweretobeal l


owedent r
yintoZimbabwe.
-Boersweret opr ospectf ormi ner al
s.
-Lobengulawast ocat chandex t
r adit
eallcr i
minalsf
rom whoes capedfrom t
heSouth
Afri
canBoerRepubl ic[ Trans vaal].
-Huntersandpr os pector sfrom Sout hAfricanBoerRepubl i
cwouldbeal l
owedtooperat
e
inLobengul a’skingdom.
-Lobengulawast opr otectTr ansvaalci ti
zenswhovi sit
edhiscountry.
-TheNdebel ewer ecommi ttedt opr ovidi
ngmi l
it
aryassis
tancetoTransvaali
fandwhen
askedtodos o.
-Lobengulawast ober ecogni sedasapar amountchi ef.

Didt heGr oblertreatypr ot


ectt heNdebel es tatefr
om colonis at
ion?
Protect i
on
-TheGr oblertreatypr otect
edt heNdebel est atefr
om invasionbyt heBoer
sorother
Europeans
-Itdelayedt heoccupat i
onoft heNdebel es tatebyot hergroups
-Thet reatycr eatedf r
iendshipbet weent heNdebel eandt heBoer s
Limitations
-Lobengul af acedt hreatsfrom thePor t
ugues eandt heBr i
ti
s h
-Thet reatycoul dnotpr eventt heBriti
shf r
om ent eri
ngintot reati
eswit
hLobengul
a
-Lobengul ahadt os i
gnt heMof f
attreatyandt heRuddConces si
onwhichl
edtothe
colonisationofZi mbabwe
-Mili
tar yas s
istancewasones i
ded
-Iti
ncr easedt hes crambl eforZimbabwe

4]TheMof
fatTr
eat
y[Febr
uar
y1888]

-Itwass i
gnedbetweenLobengulaandJ ohnSmi thMof f
atr epres
entingCecilJohnRhodes.
-Itwasmeantt or
epudiat
e[cancel
]t heGroblertreaty.
-Mof f
atenjoyedanadvantagewhenhenegot iat
edf orthist r
eatywithLobengulabecause
hehadwor kedamongt heNdebeleforlong,Lobengul atrustedhim asanhones tman,his
father,RobertMoffatwasaclos
ef r
iendofLobengul a’sfather,Mzil
ikaziandtheirf
ather
s
hads i
gnedat r
eat
y,soLobengulathoughthewasr enewingt heoldt reat
y.

Ter
msoft
hist
reat
y
-Therewast obeeverlas
tingpeaceandf r
iendshi
pbetweenLobengulaandtheBri
ti
sh.
-Lobengul
awasnott oenterintoanyot heragreementwit
houttheconsent/per
missi
on
oftheBrit
ish.
-Lobengul
awast ogetBriti
shprotecti
on.
-TheGroblertreatywastobecancel l
ed.
-Lobengul
awasnott ogiveanypar tofthecount r
ytoanyothercountr
y.
-Lobengul
aagr eedtobeaf riendoftheBr it
ishQueen.

5]RuddConces
sion[
Oct
ober1888]
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-ItwassignedbetweenLobengul
aandt heBr
iti
sh.RhodesusedtheMoff
attr
eatytokeep
theGer mans,BoersandthePortugues
eoutofMat abelel
andandMashonal
and.Rhodes
sentChar l
esRudd,Franci
sThomps onandRochf or
tMagui r
etopers
uadeLobengulato
grantthem aconcess
ion.

Si
gnat
ori
esoft
heRuddConces
sion

-Lobengul a-wast hekingoft heNdebel ewhocl aimedt obehavi ngcontroloverthear ea


bet weenZambez iandLi mpopo[ Zi
mbabwe] .
-Char l
esDunnelRudd- wasRhodes ’businesspar t
nerwhocamef r
om Sout hAf ri
cain1866
onmedi calgr ounds .Hewasadi amonddeal erwhocoul dtri
ckanyonei ntos ubmission.He
wasRhodes ’bestf ri
endandheadofRhodes ’delegati
ont oLobengula.
-Francis‘Mat abel e’Thomps on-wasf luentinnat i
velanguages .Hewast herefore
respons i
blef orint erpr
eti
ng.
-Rochf ortMagui re-wasal awyerbypr ofessi
onandwaswi thRhodesatOx fordUni versi
ty.
-JohnDr eyer-wast hewagondr iverwhowasal s
oas i
gnatory.
Ot herpeopl ewhower epres ent
-Char l
esHel m- wasami ssi
onar ywhoi nterpretedandwasal soat r
ustedfriendof
Lobengul a.Hewasanagentofi mper i
ali
sm andheper suadedLobengulat os igntheRudd
Conces sion.
-JohnSmi thMof f at-wasami ssionaryandLobengul afri
end.
-SirSydneyShi ppar d
-Lot s
he- wasat r
us tedindunaofLobengul aandwasbr ibedbyThomps ont our ge
Lobengul at os i
gn.
-Sikombo

Ter
msoft
heRuddConces
sion

Wr
itt
ent
erms/wr
itt
enagr
eement
s
-
TheBSACwasgr ant
edt her i
ghttoex ploi
tmi
neral
s.
-
TheBSACwasgr ant
edt heaut hor
ity‘
t odoal
lthi
ngstheymightdeem neces
sary’
inorder
t
opromotethei
rminingact i
vit
ies.
-
Lobengul
awastobegi ven100poundspermont h.
-
Lobengul
awastobegi ven1000r if
lesand100000roundsofammuniti
on.
-
Agunboatwast obest at
ionedont heZambezivall
eyorhewastobegi ven500pounds.

Verbalagreements/Verbalterms
-Notmor ethan10menwer et oent erintothekingdom anddigonlyonehole.
-Thefewwhi teswoul
dnotmi neneart owns.
-Themenwer etosur
rendertheirweaponsonar ri
vali
ntoZimbabwe.
-Allwhi
teswhocamet oMatabelelandwer etobeunderLobengula’sjur
isdi
cti
on
-Thewhitestocomet oMatabelelandwer et of
ightindefenceoftheNdebelestat
e
-Rhodeswouldadverti
setheconces s
ioninSouthAf ri
cannewspapers.
-Whiteswerenottos t
ypermanent l
y

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QN:Di
dtheNdebel
eki
ngbenef
itf
rom t
heRuddConces
sion?

Benefit
softheking
-OtherEuropeanagentswer ekeptoutofLobengul
a’
scountr
y
-Thetreat
ycontrol
ledtheinfl
uxofwhitesint
otheNdebelestat
e
-Lobengul
arecei
vedt hefi
rstmonthlysal
aryof100poundsands omeol
dguns
.

Non- benefi
ts
-Lossofland
-Lossofindependence
-Lossofcat t
le
-Exploi
tati
onofmi neral
sincreased
-Thet r
eatyledt otheinvasi
onoft hecount
ry
-Thet r
eatylegalis
edt heoccupationofZimbabwe.
-Itcauseddisunityinthestate
-Itl
edt otheex ecuti
onofLot she
-Lobengulas t
oppedt rusti
nghi sindunas
-Lobengulalosthislif
e
-Heneverr eceivedthegunboat s

QN:Towhatex tentdidtheRuddConces si
oncontribut
etothecol
onis
ati
onofZi
mbabwe?
-I
twasusedt oobt ainthecharterwhichwasusedt ocol
onis
eZimbabwe.
-I
texcl
udedot hercompet ingpower s
-I
tmettherequi rementsoftheBer l
inWes tAf
ricanConfer
ence
-I
tgaveunli
mit edpower stotheBSAC
-I
tledtothecreat i
onoft hepioneercolumn

Otherfactors
-Thecharterwhi
chwaswr i
t t
enpermissi
ontocoloni
se
-RhodesandBr i
tis
hfinanciersfi
nancedtheoccupat
ion
-Othertreat
iesl
ikeGroblertreat
yalsopavedtheway
-Assi
stanceofcoll
aborators

Evidencet oshowt hatLobengulawascheat edi nthesi


gningoft heRuddConces si
on
-Ins t
eadof10menagr eed,acolumncameandLobengul awass urpr i
sed.
-Lobengul awasill
iter
atesohecoul dnotunder s
tandthelegall
anguageus ed.
-TheRuddt eam wasmadeupofi ntellect
ualgiantswhohadvent uredi ntovari
ouswor ks
ofl i
fe,batt
lehardenedmenandeconomi cheavyweightswhocoul dt r
ickanyone.
-Br i
beswer ecommondur i
ngthes igningoft hetreat
y.
-Itemspr omisedwer eneverdeli
vered.
-TheRuddt eam usedQueenofEngl and’sname.
-Sendi ngofBabejaneandUms hetet oLondont ohavetheRuddConces si
onclari
fied.
-Thedocumentgi ventotheQueenwasdi ff
erentfrom t
heonewhi chLobengul a
pos sessed
-Ex ecuti
onofallpeoplewhoper suadedLobengul atosi
gnthetreat y,forexample,Lotshe.
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-TheRuddt eam quicklyrodeoffaft


ers i
gningt hetreatyl
eavingThomps onbehindwho
sneakeddur i
ngtheni ght.
Evidencetos howt hatLobengulawasnotcheat ed
-Lobengulawant edtopleasehissubjectsbys i
gningt hetreat
yaftergettinggoodsl
ike
moneyandguns .
-Thedesiretobepr otectedbytheBr i
tis
hdr ovehimi ntos i
gningthetreaty.
-Hechangedhi smi ndafterwar
ds,asar esultofinfl
uencef rom ot
herpar ti
esli
kethe
Germans ,BoersandPor tugues
e.
-Lobengulahadanat ur
alweaknessforluxurygoods .
-Lobengulaclai
medt obecheatedafterhisdiplomacyf ai
led.

Rol
epl
ayedbyAf
ricansi
nthecol
oni
sat
ionofZi
mbabwe

 -SomeNdebel ecour tof ficial


scol labor atedwi tht hewhi tes,forex ample,Lotshe
andSi komboper s uadedLobengul at os i
gnt heRuddConces si
on.
 -Lobengul a,chi efoft heNdebel es i
gnedt reat iesandconces si
ons,whos econt ents
hedi dnotunder stand,f ori ns t
ance,Mof fatt reaty,Ruddconces si
on,Lippert
conces si
on
 -Lobengul acl aimedt obechi efofMas honal and,t husf acil
itati
ngt hecolonisation.
 -Weaknes sesoft heNdebel ewer eex ploitedbyt heEur opeanswhohadt hemax i
m
guns .
 -TheShonadi dnotr esistthecomi ngoft hecol oniser
si n1890.
 -Rival
rybet weent heShonaandt heNdebel eunder minedt hepos sibi
li
tyofauni ted
resist
ance.
 -SomeShonapeopl ecol l
abor at edwi tht hewhi t
esint heAngl o-Ndebelewar .
 -Khamapr ovi deds omeaux il
iaryfor cest oas s i
s ttheBSAC.
 -Headvi sedLobengul aos eekBr i
tishpr ot ectionf rom him.
 -SomeAf ricansaccompani edt hepi oneercol umnf rom Sout hAfri
ca[ Transvaal]
int
oMas honal and.
 -TheFi ngopeopl e,alsof rom Sout hAf ricaac compani edRhodes
 -Hos t
ingofcol onialagent
 -Thegr eedi nes sofs omeAf ricanl eader s
 -SomeShonachi ef sal s
os i
gnedt reatieswi thwhi t
es
 -Lobengul ar es tr
ainedt heAmaj aha

I
mpor tanceoft hepar tplayedbyAf ri
cansi nt hecol onisationofZimbabwe
-Courtoffi
cial
shel pedininfluencingthes igningoft reaties
-Theyclearedther oadt ofacil
itat
ethepenet rationoft hepi oneercolumn
-Theyhos t
edt heEur opeanagent sofcol onisation
-Coll
aboratorsboos tedthenumberofi nvadersi nthe1893- 4war
Otherfactors
-Rhodesf i
nancedt hewhol epr ocess;securedt het reatiesandr oyalchar
ter
-Sel
ousgui dedt hepioneercolumn
-Coloni
alagent sobtainedt r
eaties,f
orex ampl e,J .
SMof fatandC. DRudd
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-
Act
ivi
ti
esofGr
obl
ers
par
kedt
hes
crambl
eforZi
mbabwe

Problemsf acedbyLobengul aindeal ingwithconcessions eekers


-Whitescamei nlargenumber s.
-Languagebar rier
-Pooradvisef r
om whi teacquaintanceslikemissi
onariess uchasHel m andJ .SMof f
atand
huntersli
keSel ous .
-Oppos i
ti
onf rom Amaj aha[ warr
iors].Theywanteddi rectconfrontati
onwi t
hthewhi tes
.
-Dif
ficul
tyinjudgi ngt hebes tgroupt odealwith
-Somet i
mesconces s
ions eekerspretendedt obewor kingagains teachot hertoinfl
uence
Lobengula’
sdeci s
ion,f orexample,Lipper twhosoldhisconces siontoRhodes .
-Pooreducat i
onl evelswhi chpreventedhi mf r
om ful
lyunder standingt heimplicati
onsof
whathewasr equi redtos ign.
-Hehadanat uralweaknes sforluxurygoodsl i
kereceivinggiftsofnol astingvalue.
-Hewasaf raidofwhatmi ghthappeni fhedidnots i
gn.

Concess i
ons eeker
swhovi
sit
edMat
abelelandbet ween1870and1900
-Swinburne -ThomasBai nes
-Pi
etGr obler -Freder i
ckGrobl
er
-J.
SMof fat -CharlesRudd
-Franci
sThomps on -Rochf ortMagui
re
-EdwardLi ppert -EMaund

Hunterswhooper
atedi
nZi
mbabwe[1850-
1893]
-JanVil
joen -
HenryHart
ley
-Marti
nusSwar
tz -
JohnLee
-F.CSel
ous

Traderswhooperat
edi
nZi
mbabwe[1850-1893]
-Sam Edwar
ds -
J os
ephMcCabe
-GeorgePhi
ll
ips -
Geor geWestbeech
-Fai
rburn -
Daws on
-ThomasMeicles

Whi teswhower ei
nvol
vedi
nthesi
gningoft reati
esandconces
sionsi
nZi
mbabwe
between1850and1891
-ThomasBai nes -SydneyShi ppar
d
-PietGr obl
er -Freder i
ckGr obl
er
-Char l
esHelm -Rochf ortMaguire
-W Gr aham -Dreyer
-J.
SMof fat -CharlesRudd
-FThomps on -ELipper t
-VanWyk -EMaund
-C.JRhodes -PaulKr ugger
-JSwi nburne

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Measur est akenbyRhodesaf terobt ainingt heRuddConces s


iontoprepar
ef ort
he
occupat i
onofZi mbabweupt o1893
-Hepubl ishedt heRuddConces si
oni nSout hAfri
can,CanadaandNewZealand.
-Heheldameet ingwi ththePar li
ament arians
-Heobt ainedt her oyalCharterfrom t heQueen[ 1889]
-Heformedt heBSAC
-Heobt ainedmoneyf rom therichofBr itaintofi
nancetheoccupati
on
-Heplannedt hedel ayofLobengul a’
semi s s
ari
esnamely,UmsheteandBabejanei
nSout
h
Afri
ca
-Headver tisedt heoccupat i
onofZi mbabwe
-Herecr ui
tedt hePi oneercolumn
-Heboughtt heLi ppertConces sion
-Rhodess oughtai df rom Khama
-Rhodess entJ ames ont ocureLobengul as oastoenti
cehimf orhi
ssuppor
t
-I
nvasionofMas honaland[ 1890]
-Pl
annedt of ightt heAngl o-Ndebel ewar[ 1893]

I
mportanceoft hes emeas urestotheoccupati
onofZimbabwe
-
TheChar tergaveRhodest heauthori
tytooccupyZi
mbabwe.
-
TheChar terassuredhim ofpr ot
ecti
on.
-
Heobt ainedsuppor tfrom Rothschi
ldandDeBeerscompani
es.
-
Advertis
ingprot ectedhim.
-
Fight
ingt heNdebel eledtot hecompleti
onoftheproces
sofoccupat
ion

Otherfact
orswhi chfacil
it
atedt
heoccupat
ionofZi
mbabwe
-Rol
eofhunt er
s
-Rol
eofmi ssi
onariesli
keHelm
-Rol
eoft r
aders
-WeaknessesoftheBoer s
-WeaknessesoftheShona
-WeaknessesoftheNdebel e
-Rol
eofconces s
ions eekers

Rol
epl ayedbyRhodesi nt hecoloni s
ati
onofZimbabwe
-Hesentr epr
esentativestotrickLobengul ai
ntosigni
ngtheRuddConces
sion
-Heboughtt heLipper tconcession
-Heofferedhispersonalf ort
unef i
nancetheoccupati
on
-Heobt ai
nedther oyalcharter
-Heformedt heBSACandr ecruitedpioneers
-Hefinancedt heAngl o-Ndebelewar

Otherfactors
-TheBrit
ishsupportedt
hemovebyRhodes
-Bri
ti
shfinancier
sli
keDukeofFi
feandDukeofAber
cor
n

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-
Missi
onarieshelped,forexampl
e,Helm andJMof
fat
-
Ini
ti
allackofresist
ancebyt heShona
-
NdebeleindunaslikeLotsheandSikombowhowerebri
bedt
oper
suadeLobengul
ato
s
igntheRuddconces s
ion
-
Roleofhunt er
sandt raders

Provi
sionsoft heRoyalChar ter
-Topromot egoodgover nance
-Topreservepeaceandor der
-Toiss
uemi ni ngconc ess
ions
-Tograntplot sofl and
-Toestabli
shbanks
-Tomaker oads ,r
ailways,telegr
aphsandhar
bour
s
-Topromot et radeandcommer ce
-Topromot eci vil
is
at i
on
-Torespectlocalcus t
oms ,lawsandrel
igi
on
-Tobant hesal eofl i
quort olocals
-Toabolishslavet rade
-Toestabli
shpol i
cef orce
-Tomonet is
et heeconomy

Peoplewhoas sis
tedRhodestogettheBrit
ishSout
hAf
ricaRoyalChar
teri
n1889
-DukeofFi f
e -DukeofAbercor
n
-Lor
dGr ey -Lor
dSalis
bury
-BaronessBurdett
eCoutt
s - Pr
inceofWales
-QueenVi ct
ori
a

Companieswhi
chs
pons
oredthecol
onis
ati
onofZi
mbabwe
-BSAC -
DeBeersCompany
-Roths
chil
d

Lobengul a’sr eactionaf terdi scoveri


ngthathehadbeencheat edint
heRuddconcessi
on
-E.AMaundi nformedLobengul athathehadbeencheat ed.
-Lobengul awr oteal ettertoRhodescompl ai
ningaboutt heRuddconcess
ion.
-Healsowr ot ealet t
ert ot heHi ghCommi s
s i
onerinBot swana.
-Hesentt woemi ssar i
est ot heQueenaccompani edbyE. AMaund.
-Heex ecut edLot sheandSi komboandt heirfamil
ies.
-Heinvitedaf ewex plorerst oex pl
aintheRuddconc essi
ontohi m.
-Lobengul acont inuedt oemphas i
seonthever balagreementsoftheRuddconces
siont
o
thoseathi scour t.
-Hesignedt heLi pper tconces s i
on.
-Hepubl iclyrenouncedt heRuddConces s
ion
-Hesentas earchpar tafterMagui re.

Whydi
dLobengul
a’sef
for
tsf
ailt
ost
opt
hecol
oni
sat
ionofZi
mbabwe

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Lobengula’
sweaknes ses
-Hecancell
edtheGr oblertreaty.
-Hedependedonwhi t
ei nterpreters.
-I
ll
it
eracy
-Hedidnothavedi r
ectacces st othequeenorRhodes
.
-Heputtoomucht r
usti nmi ss
ionar i
es.
-Hetrust
edLot s
heandSi kombot oomuch.
-Hewasgr eedyfornaturalbenef it
slikeweapons
-Hehadades ir
et okeepoutmanywhi tes

Otherfact
ors
-Rhodeswasfi
nancial
lypower
ful
-Cheati
ngbyLipper
t
-TheBoerswereunabletohel
pLobengulamil
it
ari
ly
-TheShonaandtheBr i
ti
shcol
labor
atedagai
nsttheNdebel
e

ThePi
oneerCol
umn[
1890]

 -Afterobt ainingt hechar ter,Rhodesr ecrui tedt hepi oneercolumnt ooccupy


Zimbabwe.
 -Thepi oneercol umncons istedof200pi oneermen[ settl
ers
],mos tofwhichwer e
below30year sand500Br iti
s hSouthAf ricaPol i
ce[ BSAP] .
 -Thepi oneercol umns etoutf rom Maclout sieRi veri nBot swanaon27J une1890.
 -Pennef at herwasi ncommandoft heBSAPas si
s tedbyBor rowandHenr y.
 -Freder i
ckCour t
neySel ous ,t hehunterwast hegui de.
 -Thef ir
sts topwasatShas heRi verwheret heybui l
tFor tTuli.
 -Thepi oneer st huses tablishedFor t
sast heyt ravelled.
 -Thepi oneer savoi dedt heNdebel estatef orf earofat tacks.
 -Lobengul apr otes tedatt hepi oneerinvas i
on.
 -Lobengul adi dnotal lowr egi mentst oattackt hepi oneers.
 -200Ngwat opeopl eaccompani edthepi oneer s.
 -TheNgwat ohel pedt omaker oads.
 -Theyus edox -drawnwagons[ 117wagons ]tot rans portwomen,chi l
drenand
supplies.
 -Scout spat rolledt hear easahead
 -Theyt ravelled12mi lesperdayandbui ltal aageratt heplaceofr estdur
ingthe
night.
 -Pioneer soft enmets mal lgr oupsofNdebel ewar ri
or s.
 -InAugus t1890t hepi oneercol umnwasi nMas vingowher et heybuil
tfortVi
ctori
a.
 -Partoft hepi oneer sbr anchedt oMelsetterwhi let heot hercont i
nuednorthwards
andbui ltFor tChar ter.
 -Theyr eachedFor tSal isbur yon21Sept ember1890wher etheyhoi stedt
heUni on
Jack.
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Securityar rangement smadebyt hepioneercol umndur i


ngit
smovementi
nto
Mas honal andi n1890
-Pioneerswer egi venmi l
it
ar yt r
aining.
-Eachpi oneermemberwasar med.
-500pol icemenaccompani edt hecolumn
-Theyes tabl ishedf or
tsont heirway
-Theyhadheavyguns -max i
m gunsandt wos evenpounders
-Theyus edl aagerswhent heycampedf ortheni ght
.
-Theykeptabi glampbur ningwhent heycampedni ght
.
-Theymai nt ai
nedpat rol sonhor sebacks .
-Theyhaddoct orstotr eatt hes i
ck.
-Theyus edSel ousast hegui de.
-Theyavoi dedt heNdebel es tat
e.
-Theywer eaccompani edbyt heNgwat oaux il
iari
es
-Theybui ltf orts
-Scoutingpar tieswer es enti nadvance.
-Power fuls earchl i
ghtbeamswer eus edt oscareawaywi l
danimal
s

Peoplewhower
etas
kedt
orecr
uitthepi
oneer
s
-FJohnson -Heaney
-Borr
ow

Threepr
omi
sesmadet
othepioneer
s
-Cash -Gold
-Land

Riverscrossedbyt hepi
oneercolumnont hewayt
oMas
honal
and
-MacloutsieRiver -Tul
iRiver
-BubiRiver -RundeRiver
-ManyameRi ver -ShasheRiver
-Mz i
ngwaneRi ver -NuanetsiRiver
-TokweRi ver

Didthepioneersfi
ndi teasytoreacht heirdesti
nation?
Yestheyfounditeasyt oreachtheirdesti
nationbecause
-TheywereledbyF. CSelouswhoknewt hecount ry
-Theywerewellequippedwi thprovisi
ons
-Theywereaccompani edbyt hepolice
-Theyhadreli
ablemeansoft r
anspor t
-Theymetnor esi
stancefrom theNdebel eandt heShona
-TheShonawer edisunit
ed
-TheShonawer eweakenedbyyear sofNdebel erai
ds

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*However ,theytooktoolongar outet


oavoidtheNdebel
e
-Theyfaceddi s
eases
-Theycrossedlargerri
vers
-Clear
inglandwasl abori
ous
-Theyfail
edt osettl
eattheiri
ntendeddes
tinat
ion

Howf arcant heoccupat ionofMas honal andbeat t


ributedt othepi
oneers
?
-Theyphysicallytr avell
edt oMas honal andandpeggedoutf arms
-Thepioneer swer et rainedforthewar ;theyf oughtint he1893- 4warofdi
spos
ses
sion.
-Thepioneer sincludedal lt
radess uchasf armersandbanker s
-Thei
rdiff
er ents kill
smadet henewcol onys elf
-sustaini
ng
-Theybuil
ts ettlement sanddevel opedi nf ras
tructureont heirfar
ms
-Sel
ous,LendyandPennef atherledt hepi oneercolumn
-Khamacont ri
but edmanpowert omaker oads

Otherfact
ors
-Rhodesfi
nancedtheoccupat i
on
-Rhodes’
scompanyr ecrui
tedthesettler
s
-Lobengul
apreventedhissoldi
ersfrom att
ackingpi
oneers
-TheShonadidnotr esi
stcol
onisat
ion
-Missi
onar
iesl
ikeCharlesHelm andJ .
SMof fatal
sof
acil
it
atedcol
oni
sat
ion

Act
ivi
ti
esoft hepi oneers et tlersinMas honalandbet ween1890and1893
 - Afterhoi stingt heUni onJ ack,pioneerss etouttopegfar
ms
 - Therewaswi des preads earchf orgold
 - Theypeggedgol dcl aims
 - Theys ignedat reatywi thchi efMut as
ai ntheeas tt
othwartPor
tugues
e
penet r
at i
on.
 - Theydi videdMas honal andi ntodistri
ctseachunderamagi st
rat
e.
 - Sel
lingl and
 - Setti
ngt owns ,pos tof f
ices,news papers,bakeri
esandsoon.
 - Theyempl oyedAf ricansi nfarmsandmi nes.
 - Theyl aidr oadsands treets.
 - Theyf ormedt hepol icef orce.
 - Theyes t ablis
hedchur ches
 - Hunt i
ng
 - Farming
 - Abus eofAf ricans
 - Theys etupboundar ies
 - Theyi ntroducedmoney
 - Theys etupheal thcent res

Howwer
eAf
ricansaf
fect
edbyt
hes
eacti
vit
ies
?
Pos
iti
veeffect
s

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-
Openingroadseasedtransport
-
TheShonagotpr otect
ionfrom theNdebele
-
Theywereabletobuynewmanuf act
uredgoods
-
Theygotmar ket
sfortheirgrai
n
-
Thelear
ntnewf armingskil
ls
-
Employmentwascr eated

Negat
iveef
fect
s
-
Lossofland
-
Losoflives
t ock
-
Il
l-
treatmentofAf r
icans
-
Abus eofAfricanwomen
-
LossofpowerbyAf ri
canchi
efs
-
Dil
utionofcul tur
e
-
Lucrati
vetradewi ththePort
ugues
ewasdi
srupt
ed

St
epst
akenbyRhodest
ocol
oni
seZi
mbabwebet
ween1887and1890

 -Rhodesact edasaBr itis


hagentofi mper i
ali
s m.
 -Hes ignedt heMof fattreaty.
 -Thist reatywast or eversetheGr oblertreaty.
 -InOct ober1888,hes entMagui r
e,Thomps onandRuddt osignt
heRudd
Conces sion.
 -InOct ober1889,Rhodeswasgr antedt heRoyalChar terandper
missi
onto
colonis eandadmi nisterZimbabweonbehal fofBr i
tain.
 -Heus edhi spersonalf ort
unet ofinancet heoccupat ion.
 -Hef or medt heBSAC.
 -Her ecr uitedt hepioneercol umn.
 -Rhodess oughtandgots upportfrom Br it
ishf i
nanciersli
keDukeofFif
eandDuke
ofAber cor n.
 -Thepi oneer smovedi ntoZimbabweandes tabl
ishedf ort
snamelyFor
tTul
i,For
t
Victoria,For tCharterandFor tSalisbury.
 -InSept ember1890t heUni onJackwasr aised/hoi sted.
 -Rhodess i
gnedt r
eat i
eswi thPortugues eandShonachi ef
s.
 -Hedel ayedLobengul a’
sindunast os eethequeen.

Ef
fect
sofcol
oni
ali
sm onZi
mbabwe

Posi
ti
veef fect s
-Ther ewascreat
ionoflawandor derbyendingt ribalwar s.
-I
nfrastruct
urewasimprovedbycons tr
ucti
onofr oads ,bri
dgesandr ai
lways
.
-Bettermeansoft r
ansportwerei nt
roduced,forex ampl e,vehi
cles,t
rai
nsandaer
opl
anes
.
-I
mpr ovementofcommuni cat
ion,forexample,radi osandt el
evi
s i
ons.
-Provisi
onofbetterwaterresourcesli
ketaps
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-Therewascr eationofempl oyment[ industri


es]
-Therewaspr ovisionoft hecas heconomy .Moneywasi ntroduced.
-Newandbet termet hodsofagr i
cult
ur ewer ei
ntroduced,forexample,i
rri
gation,cr
op
rotati
onandi ntercropping.
-Advancedmet hodsofmi ningwer eintroduced.
-Betterweaponsf ordefencewer eintroduced,forex ample,gunsandbombs .
-Newl anguageswer eintr
oduced,f orex ample,Portugues
e,English,Swahi
liand
Chiraparapawhi chimpr ovedcommuni cati
onbetweenpeopl e.
-Af ewur bani
sedcl assofAf ri
cansemer ged
-Newcr opswer ei ntr
oduc ed,forexampl e,wheat.

Negat
iveef
fect
sofcol
oni
ali
smi
nZi
mbabwe

Negativepoli
ti
caleffect
s
-Lossofpoli
ti
calpowerbychi ef
s
-Boundari
esweref i
xedwi t
houtregar
dtotri
balaf
fil
iat
ions
.
-Therewaslossofli
vesdur i
ngwarsofres
ist
ance

Negativesoci
alef f
ects
-Afri
cant r
adi
tionalrel
igi
onwasunder mined
-Therewasemer genceofs oci
ali
ll
ssuchaspr os
tit
ution
-Womenwer eraped
-Afri
cansweredet ri
bali
sed
-Newepi demicswer ebroughtt
oAf r
ica,forexample,AIDS.
-Afri
canswereoppr essedandusedasas our ceofcheaplabour[
chi
bhar
o].

Negativeeconomi ceffects
-Afri
cawasunderdevel oped
-Rawmat eri
alsfrom Zimbabwewer eusedtopromot eanddevelopBr
itai
natherexpense.
-Afri
canswereunder paidandheavil
ytaxed
-Lossofproductivel
andandcat tl
ebyAf ri
cans
-Afri
canindustr
ieswer eundermi
nedasAf ri
cansfavouredEuropeanmanufact
uredgoods
attheexpenseofAf ricangoods.

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THE1893-4ANGLO-
NDEBELEWAR/THE1893-
4WAROF
DISPOSSESSI
ON

 -
Thi
swarwasf
oughtbet
weent
heNdebel
eandt
heBr
iti
sh

Caus
esoft
heAngl
o-Ndebel
ewar

 -
Fai
luret
of indthesecondrandinMas honal
andresul
tedi
nthewhitesanti
cipat
ing
t
hatthesecondr andwasinMatabel
eland.
 -
Thedesi
ret oacquireaherost
atusi
nBr i
tai
naft
erthefal
loft
heNdebelestate.
 -
Thequarrelovertheownershi
poftheShonabet weentheNdebel
eandt hewhites.
 -
Rhodes’Capet oCairodr
eam

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 -Thes hift i
ngoft heboundar ybet weenMat abelelandandMas honal
and
 -Thef al loft heBSACs har epr i
ces
 -Thedes iret os eizeNdebel ecat tlebyt hewhi tes
 -Rhodeswant edt of acilitatet hecons truct i
onofar ail
wayli
necutti
ngacross
Mat abel el and
 -Thedef eatoft heNdebel ewoul dheraldt hetot alcoloni
sat
ionofZimbabwe
 -Influenceofmi s
s i
onar i
es
 -James on’ swar li
kemood
 -Theki l
lingofLobengul a’speaceenvoys[ emissaries]
 -Theneedf orcheapl abouri nMat abeleland
 -Fearofas tr
ongNdebel es tatebyt hewhi tes
 -Ndebel er aidsdi srupt edf armi ngandmi ning
 -TheVi ct or i
ai ncident swhi char e---
a]Thecut tingoft elegr aphwi rewhi chbel ongedt ot hewhit
esbychiefGomora/
Gomal a
b]Thedeat hofchi efChi vi[ 1891]whoi ss aidtohavebeens ki
nnedaliveby
Lobengul af orr efus i
ngt opayt ribute
c]Thedeat hofchi efNemakonde/Lomagundi[ 1891]whoal s
ohadr efus
edtopay
tributet oLobengul a
d]Rai di ngofLobengul a’ scat tlebychi efBer e
-Umgandani -Lendycl as hesl edt othe1893war

WhyLobengulawast obl amef ortheout breakoft


heAngl
o-Ndebel
ewar
?
-
Hefail
edtocont r
olther egiment s
-
Rai
dingMas honal
anddi sruptedwhi t
efar msandmines
-
Herefusedtoacceptt hes hif
tingboundary
-
Hemobi l
isedforwaraf t
ert heVictor
iaincident
-
Hekil
ledchiefChiviandc hiefNemakonde

Otherfactor
s
-TheBSACwasdet erminedtoannexMat abel
elandasinthe1889char
ter
-TheBSACwant edt oboostthevalueofitsshares
-ThebytheBSACt odealwiththeNdebeleonceandf orall
-Thewhiteskeptshift
ingtheboundary
-Theki
lli
ngofLobengul a’
speaceenvoys
-Thedesir
eforthes econdrand
-Thewhiteswantedpol i
ti
calcont
roloftheShona

Brit
ishnational
swhopart
ici
pat
edi
nthe1893-4war
-LeanderStarrJames
on -Captai
nAllanWil
son
-MajorForbes -MajorJohnson
-CaptainHeaney -Captai
nLendy
-CaptainBorrow -GooldAdams
-CaptainRaaf -Si
rHenr yLock
-Colquhoun

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Mili
taryleadersoft
heBSACf
orcesduri
ngt he1893-
4war
-MajorForbes -Captai
nLendy
-LtColonelGooldAdams -Capt
ainRaaf
-All
anWi lson -Captai
nLendy
-Captai
nH. TBorrow -Heaney

Cour
seoft
heAngl
o-Ndebel
ewar

-Thiswarbr okeouti n1893.


-Thewhi tevol unt eer sf or med3col umnst of ightawarofdi s
pos s
es s
ion.Thes e3col umns
included
a]TheSal i
s bur ycol umnunderMaj orForbes
b]For tVict oriacol umnunderCapt ai
nAllanWi lson
c]TheTul icol umnunderCapt ai
nRaafandGool dAdams
-Ther ewer e18000Ndebel ewar riorsversus3500opponent s[ 1100whi t
esand2000
aux i
li
ar i
esandabout400ShonaandCapeaux i
liaries.
-The3col umnsmetatI r onHi llMi ne.
-Thef irs
tmaj orbat tl
et ookpl aceatShanganiRi veron24Oct ober.TheNdebel ewer e
defeat edbecaus eoft hes uper i
orityoft heMax i
m gun.About500Ndebel ewar riorswer e
kill
ed.TheBSACs uf feredf ewcas ualti
es.
-TheNdebel ewer eal s
odef eatedatLal apanz ibat tle
-Thes econdmaj orbat tlet ookpl aceatMbembes iRi ver.Agai nt heNdebel ewer edef eated
wi t
hheavyl os ses .
-TheNdebel er egimentofI nqabo,I mbizoandUgukami niclashedwi t
hcompanys oldiers.
-7poundergunscos tmanyNdebel eli
ves .
-On3November ,theSout herncol umn[ Tul icol umn]l aageredatSi nguesiRi vernear
Empandeni .TheNdebel eunderGumboat tackedbutwer edef eatedduet oheavygunf ire.
-Khama’ smenr etur nedt oBot swanaduet oout breakofs mal lpox
-James onandt hecompanyt r
oopsent eredBul away obutf oundt het ownbur ntdownand
des erted.
-Lobengul af lednor thwar ds .
-James onas signedFor besandRaaft opur sueandcapt ureLobengul a.
-WhenFor besandhi sf or cesr eachedShanganiRi v ertheyf oundt het r
aceofLobengul a.
-WhenLobengul ar ealis edt hathecoul dnotcont inuet ofighthes entabagofgol dand
mes s
ageof ferings urrender .
-Themes sagewasgi vent oanor dinarytrooperwhodi dnotconveyt hemes s agetot heir
leader s,For besandRaaf .
-Thewhi tescont inueds ear chingf orLobengul a’spar t
.
-AllanWi lsonwasas kedt ocont i
nuewi tht hes ear chbutt heShanganiRi verwasi nf lood.
-Wi lson’sf orcescaughtupwi thLobengul a’sf l
eei ngpar tont hewes ter
ns ideoft her iver.
-Wi lsonr eques tedf orr einf orcement sbutFor besdi dnotcompl y.
-Insteadhedi spat chedCapt ainH. JBorrowwi th20menwi thouti ns t
ructingt hem whet her
theywer eas uppor tuni toranot herattackingf orce.
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-Borrow’sforcejoinedWi l
son’sgroupon4December .
-Together,Wi l
son’sgroupandt hatofBurrowattackedLobengul a’
sgroup.
-Lobengula’sgroupdef endedi t
sel
fwellandtheydef eatedt hecombinedf or
cesofBurr
ow
andWi ls
on.
-BurrowandWi lsonandamaj ori
tyofothermenwer eki l
ledbyLobengul a,except3s
couts
whoes caped.
-Forbescouldnotas s
istthem becauseShanganiRiverwasf l
ooded.
-Theynevercapt ur
edLobengul a.
-Forbes’groupr etr
eated.
-Lobengulaiss aidtohavediedofs mallpoxones capet othenor th.
-Lobengula’sforcessurrenderedandthewarcamet oanend.
-TheBSACt ookovert hebur ni
ngcityandrai
sedaUni onJ ack.

Di
dthepur
sui
tofLobengul
abyt
heBSACf or
cesaf
tert
hef
allofBul
awayobenef
itt
he
BSAC?

Benefit
st otheBSAC
-
Theycompl et
edt heoccupat
ionofZimbabwe
-
Thewhi t
esgainedtotalcont
rolofMatabelel
and
-
TheygainedLobengula’scat
tle
-
Itunit
edthes et
tler
sthaneverbefor
e
-
ItdroveLobengulatodeath

Di
sadvant
agest
otheBSAC
-
Theexpedi
tionwascostly
-
BSAClostmen
-
Companyhor s
esandcat t
lewerekil
led
-
Companylostammuni t
ion
-
Set
tler
sfai
ledtocaptureLobengula
-
Thecompanyr ecei
vedcri
tici
smfrom Bri
tai
n

Reas
onsf
ort
hedef
eatoft
heNdebel
e

Strengthsofthewhi tes
-Thewhi t
eshadbet t
ert ransport.Theyf oughtonhor s
ebacksandt heyal
sousedwagons
.
-Thewhi t
eshads uper i
orweaponsl i
kemax i
m guns .
-Thewhi t
esgots uppor tfrom theShonaandTs wanafighters.
-Totaldeter
minationont hepar toft hewhi t
es .
-Thewhi t
eswerebet t
erpr eparedf ort hewar .
-Thewhi t
eshadbet t
eror ganisationands trategy
-Thewhi t
esweres uppliedf rom Sout hAf r
icathrought heMaf eki
ngr ai
lwayl
ine.
-TheBr i
ti
shusedl aagerswhi chwer edi f
ficulttopenetrate.
Weaknes sesoftheNdebel e
-TheNdebel eusedconvent i
onalwar farerathert hanguerril
lawarfare.
-NewsofLobengul a’
sflightdemor ali
s edNdebel ewar ri
ors.
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-
MostNdebelewar ri
orswererai
dingacros
stheZambezi
.
-
TheNdebelelackedunityofpurpose.
-
NotallNdebeletookpartinthewar.
-
TheNdebelehadpoorcommuni cat
ion
-
Outbreakofsmallpoxwhichkill
edtheNdebel
eking
-
Lackofcooperati
onbyt heNdebeleandtheShonatoat
tackt
hecommonenemy.
-
TheNdebelehadi nfer
iorweapons.

Res
ult
soft
heAngl
o-Ndebel
ewar
 -TheNdebel esurrender ed,agr eedt opeacenegot iations
 -Thelandcommi ssi
onwass etupt odividel andbet weent heBSACandt he
Ndebele.
 -Therewascons tructi
onofar ail
waylinef rom Sout hAf r
icatoMatabelel
and.
 -Ndebeleferti
lelandwast akenbyt hewhi tes.
 -Therewascr eati
onofGwaiandShanganir eserves .
 -TheNdebel elosttheirindependence.
 -Numer ousdeathswer ei ncur red.
 -Lobengula’
scat t
lewer et aken.
 -Lobengula’
scapi t
alwast aken.
 -Therewasint r
oductionoff or cedlabour .
 -TheNdebel ewer edeni edf rom choos inganewki ng.
 -MashonalandandMat abelelandwer emer gedi ntoSout hernRhodesia.
 -Mostoft heNdebel eremai nedont heirtraditionallandsass quatt
ersonwhite
ownedf arms.
 -Thelocalpeoplewer er equi redt opayt axont heirland.
 -Therewascr eati
onofMat abel el
andor deri ncounci lof1894withDrLeanderStar
r
Jamesonast headmi nis tr
ator .

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THEFI
RSTCHI
MURENGA/THENBEBELE-
SHONAUPRI
SING
/UMVUKELA[
1896-
7]

 -
Thi
swarwasf
oughtbyt
heNdebel
eandt
heShonaver
sust
heBr
iti
sh

Caus
esofChi
mur
engai
nMat
abel
eland/Ndebel
egr
ievances
 -Lossofl andt ot hewhi tesbyt heNdebel eaf t
ert heAngl o-Ndebelewar .
 -Lossofi ndependencebyt heNdebel eaf terthe1893war .
 -Lossofcat tl
ebyt heNdebel eafterthe1893war .
 -TheNdebel ewer ef orcedt owor kins ettlerminesandf arms[forcedl abour]
.
 -TheNdebel ewer ef orcedt opayt axesl i
kehutt ax,dogt axanddipt axbyt he
whites.
 -HatredofShonapol i
cewhoi l
l-t
reatedt heAf r
icans .
 -Thejus ti
ces ys t
em f avour edthewhi tes .
 -Oppr essiveadmi ni stration
 -Abus eofAf r
icanwomenbyt hewhi tes
 -TheNdebel ewer enotal lowedt ochoos eanewki ngaf t
erthedeat hofLobengul
a.
 -Inf
luenceofs piritmedi umswhoas sur edt hem t hattheywouldwi nt hewar .
 -Natur aldisastersliker i
nder pest
,droughtandout breakoflocusts.
 -TheJ ames onr aidf ail
ur eal socont r
ibut ed.

Caus
esofChi
mur
engai
nMas
honal
and/Shonagr
ievances
-
Lossofl andt ot hewhi t
esbyt heShona
-
TheShonawer efor cedt opayt axesl i
kehutt ax,dogt axanddiptaxtothewhi
tes.
-
TheShonawer efor cedt owor kins ettlerf armsandmi nes.
-
Lossofcat tl
et ot hewhi tesbytheShona.
-
Thes y stem ofj ust i
cef avouredt hewhi tes.
-
Oppr ess iveadmi ni stration
-
Abus eofShonawomenbyt hewhi t
es
-
Poli
cebr ut al
ityes peci al
lyduringt axcol lect i
on
-
Chiefsl os ttheirpower s
-
Il
l-
treat mentofShonawor kersbyt hewhi t es.Theywer egi
venheavypuni
shment
sfor
s
impleof fences .
-
Lossofi ndependencebyt heShonas ince1890
-
EndofShona- Por tugues etr
adel i
nksanger edt heShona.
-
Inf
luenceofs piritmedi umswhoas suredt hem t hattheywouldwinthewar.
-
Natur aldi sasterslikedr ought ,r
inder pes tandout breakoflocust
s

Roleorr
eli
giousl
eadersincausingthewar
-Theybl
amednaturaldi
saster
sont hecomingofwhites.
-Theypr
omisedthatthedis
asterscoulddi
sappeari
ftheydr
oveoutwhi
tes
.
-Theypr
omisedimmunityfrom bul
letstof
ighter
s.

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-
Theypr
ophes
iedt
hatt
hebl
ackswoul
dwi
nthewar
.

Cour
seofChi
mur
engai
nMat
abel
eland
-TheNdebel eupr i
s ingbegani nMar ch1896.
-TheNdebel et ookadvant ageoft heJ ames onr aidf iasco/f ai
lure.
-Manyoft heBSAPhadgonet oSout hAf r
icat of ightt heBoer sbutunf or
tunat el
yt he
Brit
ishwer edef eat edandJ ames onandhi splatoonwer ecapt ured.
-Thust her ewasnotenoughpol icetopr otectwhi tesinZi mbabwe.
-TheNdebel ewar riorst ar getedt hos ewhi tesonf arms ,mi nes,mi ssions,stores,police
postsandt rader s.
-Duringt hef irstweekoft hewarabout130whi t eshadbeenki ll
ed.
-Thos ewhoes capedwer es ur r
oundedi nBul awayobyt heAmabut ho.
-TheNdebel ewer ej oinedbyt heShonai nJ une1896.
-TheBr itishs et tler sas kedt heBr iti
shgover nmentt os topt heupr is
ing.
-TheBr itishi ns teadr einf orced1000s oldierst oSout her nRhodes ia.
-Thewhi tesat tackedNdebel eAmabut hoonebyone.
-TheNdebel eAmabut howi thdr ewt oMat opoHi l
lwher etheywer eabletodef end
thems elves .
-TheBr itishcons truct edl aager si nBul awayo,Gwer uandMber engwa.
-Theyor gani sedmount edpat r
ol stor escues urvivor s.
-Theydes troyedNdebel egr ains toresandanyf oodi tems .
-Theybl ewupcavesus ingdynami t
es .
-Theybr oughtr einf orcement sf rom out s i
de,t hati s,from Sout hAf ri
ca,Bechuanal and,
Johannes bur gandNat al.
-Theybur ntvi l
lages .
-Theyus edt her out ewhi cht he Ndebel el eftopent obr i
ngr einforcement sfrom South
Afri
ca.
-Thef oughtt heNdebel eundert hecommandofFr eder ickCar r i
ngton.
-Theycapt ur edNt abaz ikamamboi nJ uly1896.
-Thes ettlersal s obur ntNdebel ecr ops .
-Rhodeshel dameet i
ngwi t
hNdebel es oast os topt hewar .
-Duringt henegot iat i
onswi ththeNdebel es eniori ndunas ,Rhodesus edbriber ytogett he
i
ndunast onegot iatef orpeace.
-Hepr omi sedi ndunasj obsi nt heBSAC,pens ionsandt hei ndunaswer etor etaintheir
regi
onalpower s .
-TheNdebel es eni orindunasmadepeacewi thRhodesi nOct ober1896atMat opos .
-Thewarcamet oanend.

Mili
tar
yr eacti
onofthewhites ettl
ersincol
oni
alZimbabwet otheNdebel
eupr
isi
ng
-Theycons t
ructedl
aagersi
nBul awayo,GweruandMber engwa.
-Theyorganisedmountedpatrolstor es
cuesur
vivor
sandbur yt
hedead.
-Theydes t
royedNdebelegrai
ns toresandanyfooditems.
-Theyblewupt hecaves.

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-
Theybroughtr ei
nforcementsf r
om out si
de,thatis
,from SouthAf r
icaandBechuanal
and.
-
Theyburntvill
ages .
-
Theyusedther outeleftopen-toSout hAfr i
catobringinreinf
orcements.
-
TheyfoughttheNdebel eundert hecommandofFr ederi
ckCar r
ington.
-
TheycapturedNt abazikamamboi nJuly1896.
-
Theyusedhor sesandf ootsoldi
er s.
-
Theysoughtands oli
citedas
sistancef rom Khama.
-
Theybri
beds omeShonat ofi
ghtont heirside.
Whi
teoffi
cialswhoat t
endedt heMat opoI ndaba
-
Ceci
lJohnRhodes -DrSauer
-
VStent -JohanColenbrander

Ndebelel
eader
swhoat
tendedt
heMat
opoIndaba
-Umlugul
u -
SikomboMguni

Termsoft heagr eementmadeatMat opoI ndaba


-TheNdebel eagr eedt osuspendf i
ghtingt hes ettlersandevenr aidingthem.
-Mwar icul toffi
cialswer etobepuni shedf ortheirr oleint heupr isi
ng.
-TheNdebel eof ficial
sandpeopl ewhomur deredorcommi ttedot hercrimesduringthe
upris
ings houl dbet ri
ed.
-Ndebeleas segaisandgunss houldbes ubmi ttedt ot hes ettlergover nment .
-Rhodeswoul dwi thdrawwhi teforcesf r
om Mat abel el
and.
-Aper manentBSAPwoul dbedepl oyedi nMat abelelandt or eplacewhi t
ef or
cesand
maintainpeaceaf tertheupr i
sing.
-NoAf ricanpol ice,es peci
all
yt heShonawoul dwor kinMat abelelandwi thoutNdebel
e
approval .
-Thes ettl
ergover nmentwoul drecogniseNdebel echi ef
sandheadmen.
-Rhodes ’gover nmentwoul dgi vetheNdebel egr ainandf ood.
-TheIndabaal sopr omisedthatt hegover nmentwoul dgives eedst ot heNdebeleinthe
planti
ngs eason.
QN:Di dMat opoI ndabaort heupr isi
ngbenef ittheNdebel e?

Ndebel
ebenef i
ts
-Therewasre-establ
is
hmentofpeacei nMatabel
eland.
-Theyrecei
vedgrain,foodandplanti
ngseeds.
-Thesettl
ergovernmentr ecogni
sedNdebel
echief
sandheadmen.
-TheywereassuredthatnoShonapol i
cewouldwor kinMat
abel
elandwi
thoutNdebel
e
approval
.

Ndebelel
os s
esatMatopoIndaba
-
Lossoffreedom andi ndependence.
-
Theylostalotoft heirs
pears[13000]andguns[2500]
.
-
Someoft heirleadersweretri
ed,sentencedt
odeathandex ecut
ed.
-
Lostl
andt os ettl
ers
-
Weret opayt axes

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-
Nyamandawasnotrecogni
sedaski
ngoft heNdebel
e
-
Ther
ewasdestr
ucti
onoft r
adi
ti
onali
nst
ituti
onsli
keager
egi
ment
s.

WhyRhodesnegot i
atedwi tht heNdebel e
-TheNdebel ewer ebraveandwer eknownt obegoodf ightersandwar li
ke,sot
ocontinue
fi
ght i
ngt heNdebel ewouldtakeal ongtime.
-Thef i
ght i
ngwascos tlytotheBSACi nt
ermsofmoney.
-Themi nesandf armswer enotwor kingduringtheupr isi
ngandt heBSACwasl os
ingits
pr of
its
.
-TheBr it
ishgover nmentwasunwi l
lingtobearthec ostofsendingt r
oopst ocr
ushthe
upr i
si
ng.
-Therewer egrowingdemandsi ntheBr i
ti
shparliamentt owi thdr
awt heBSACchar t
erto
ruletheter ri
toryandt hisdr
oveRhodest omaket al
kswi t
ht heNdebel e.
-Theguer ril
latacti
csus edbyt heNdebelewer edi ff
icul
ttodealwi th.
- Thewhi teswer elosi
ngbot hintermsofmanpowerandmat eri
alresources
.

Ndebelechief
s/Indunaswhot
ookparti
nt he1896war
-Si
komboMguni -Ndiweni
-SomabulanaDhl
odhlo -Mahlahleni
-Gumbo -Nyamanda
-Mathaf
eni

Ndebelereli
giousleader
swhot
ookparti
nthe1896war
-Umlugulu -Mwabeni
-Sigi
nyamatshe -Mkwati
-Tengera/Tenkela -Ts
hiwa

Whyt
heNdebel
ewer
edef
eat
ed

Weakness
esoft heNdebel e
-
Theyhadinferi
orweapons .
-
Theyhadpoors tr
ategies.
-
Theyhadpoorcommuni cati
onnet wor
ks.
-
Therewasdisunit
yamongt heNdebele.
-
TheNdebelehadpoort r
ansport.
-
Notallt
heNdebel etookpar ti
nthewar .

Strengt
hsofwhi t
es
-Thewhiteshadbettertransport
-Thewhitesgotexternalsupportfr
om SouthAfri
ca.
-Thewhiteshadsuper i
orweaponsl i
kemaxim guns.
-Thewhitesusedalotofbr utal
it
ythatfr
ightenedtheNdebel
e.
-Thewhitesuseddynami tes.

Reas
onsf
orbl
ami
ngr
eli
giousl
eader
sfordef
eatoft
heNdebel
e
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-
Thei
rprophecywasmisleading
-
Theysuggest
edpoorstrategies
-
Theycouldnotgi
vereadys olut
ionstopr
obl
ems
-
Theyali
gnedthemsel
vest oonegr oup
-
Thei
rpropagandawasmi sl
eading

Cour
seofChi
mur
engai
nMas
honal
and

-InMas honal andt hewars tar tedi nJ une1896af terhar vestingcr ops .
-Itbeganwi tht heki l
lingofwhi tesi nMas hayamombear ea.
-TwoI ndiant rader swer eki lledbyMas hayamombepeopl ewhoal s oki ll
edt henative
commi ssionerf orChegut u.
-Byt heendofJ une,over10whi teshadbeenki ll
ed.
-Thewhi teswer et akenbys ur prisebecaus et heycons i
deredt heShonaasapeacef ul
group.
-Thewhi tesr es pondedbys ettingupl aager si npl acesl i
keGwer u,Bul awayo,Mber engwa,
Mut are,Har ar eandChar ter .
-TheShonaf ight er sbl ockedr oadsus ingt rees .
-TheShonaus edguer r i
ll
awar far etact ics .
-SomeShonadi dnotj oint hewar .
-Chiefdomsi nMas vingo,Chi komba, Buher a,ex t remeEas ternZi mbabweandNor thern
Zimbabwes tayedoutoft hewar .
-TheShonachi efsf oughtt hewhi tesass epar at eent i
t i
es.
-SomeShonaf oughtont hes i
deofwhi tes .
-TheShonahi di ncaves
-Thewhi tesus eddynami test oat tackt heShonai ncaves .
-Thes pr eadofChi mur engat oot herar easwasdonet hroughs piritmedi umsandf ir
e
signals[ ont opofmount ai ns ].
-NehandaandKaguviwer ei mpor tants pi ritmedi umswhoencour agedt heShonat of i
ght,
especi all
yinMaz oeandChi s hawas haar eas .
-Theupr isi
ngr apidl ys preadt oHar ar e,Maz oe,Char ter,Mar onder a,Makondeandot her
easterndi strictsofZi mbabwe.
-Thes et tl
ersmount edpat rolst or es cues urvivor sandf erryi
ngt hem t ol aagersinHar are,
Mut areandChar ter .
-Thewhi teswer eas sistedbyr einfor cement sfrom Sout hAf r i
ca.Br itishimper ialf
orces
wer ebr oughti nf rom Sout hAf ri
caunderLi eutenantCol onelAl der son.
-TheBSAf orcesunderAl der sonat tackedanddef eatedMakoni ’sGwi ndingwif ortr
es s
.
-Theyal sodef eat edMangwende’ sMaopef or tres s.
-Def eatedShonachi efswer eex ecut ed,f orex ampl e,Makoni .
-Thewhi tesadopt edt hes cor chedear thpol i
cy ,des t
r oyingShonagr ains t
or es
,homesand
wat ers ourcest os tarvet heShonai nt os ubmi ss ion.
-Thewhi tes ettlersat tackedanddef eat edShonachi efdomss epar at ely.
-Nehandawascapt ur edandex ecutedi nApr il1897.
-Shehador der edt heki ll
ingofPul lar d,t heNat ivecommi ssi
onerf orMaz oe.
-Shonar esistancecol laps edf ollowi ngt hecapt ur eoft heirleader slikeMas hayamombei n
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J
uly1897andKaguviwhowasani nspirat
ionalmedium oft
heHar
arear
eai
nOct
ober1897.
-
Thiscapt
ureofi
nspirat
ionall
eader
sbr oughtthewartoanend.
-
Maponderahowever,conti
nuedtofightuntil1903.

Areaswher ethef
irs
tChi
mur engawasf oughti
nMas
honal
and
-Chinamhor a -Makoni
-Mas hayamombe -Chihota
-Nemakonde/Zvimba -Mangwende
-Maz oe -Svosve
-Chiwes he -Mut ekedz
a
-Nyandor o -Maponder a

Shonachi ef
swhotookparti
nt he1896-7war
-
Mas hayamombe -
Makoni
-
Zhanda -
Mangwende
-
Nyamweda -
Maponder a
-
Chihota -
Zvimba
-
Chinamhor a -
Sango
-
Seke -
Hwat a
-
Chiwes he -
Nyachur u
-
Chikwaka -
Rusike
-
Maromo -
Mut ekedza
-
Mas honganyika -
Kunz viNyandor
o

Reli
giousleader
swhowereacti
vei
nMashonal
anddur
ingt
hef
irs
tChi
mur
enga
-Kaguvi -
Nehanda[
Chagwe]
-Zhanda -
Gumbores
humba
-Chaminuka -
Bonda
-Mponga

Roleplayedbyr eligiousl eader sint heupr i


sing
-Theyplannedandor gani s
edt heupr isi
ng.
-Theyprophes i
edont hewarandas suredAfricansthattheywouldwinthewar
.
-Theyencour agedpeopl et ofight.
-Theyadvis edons trategiest obeus ed.
-Theycommuni cat edwi thances tr
als pi
ri
ts.
-Theycommandedt hes oldiers.
-Theyrelayedi nf ormat i
onf rom Godandances tor
stochiefsandpeople.
-Theyprov i
dedmedi calher bs
-Theyledatwardi scus si
onsandpr esidedoverwarcr imes.
-Theycoor dinatedt hewar .
-Theymobi lisedt hepeopl eandt aughtpeopl epoliti
caleducat
ion.
-Theyprov i
deds pi ri
t ualguidance.
-Theygavemor als uppor ttothef ight ers
.
-Somet rai
neds ol dier s

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-
Theywer
ethechi
efpr
opagandi
sts
.

Whyt heShonat ooks ol ongt obedef eat edi nt he1896- 7upr is


ing
-Theyhads tor edal otoff oodi ncaves.
-TheShonachi ef sfoughts eparatel
yins mallgr oupsandt hismadei tdiffi
cultforthe
whi test odef eatt hem eas i
ly.
-TheShonaus edguer r
ill
awar faretacticss uchasni ghtattacks,hitandr unands urpri
se
attacks .
-Spiritmedi umscoor dinatedt hewarandencour agedt hei ndi
vidualchiefst okeepon
fighting.
-Shonachi efss uchasMakoniandMangwendeus edf ort
ifi
edmount ai
ns .
-Theyhadgunsobt ainedf rom thePor tugues ethrought radeandaf ewmoder nrif
lesthey
capt ured.
-TheShonawer ef ami l
iarwi t
ht heterraint hant hewhi t
es.
-Thewari nMas honal andwasnotl i
mitedt opr ofessionalfightersbutitincludedever yone
includi ngwomen.
-Ther ewer emanyhi ll
si nMas honalandandt hes epr ovi
dedcoverf ortheShonaf i
ghters.
*However ,thewhi t
esini ti
all
yhadf ewers oldiersbecaus es omehadbeent akent oSout h
Af r
icai nt heJ ames onr aid.
-TheBSAChadf inancialpr oblems .
-Thewhi teswer enotpr eparedf orwarwi t
ht heShonaandt heytookt oolongt omobi l
is
e.
-Ther esour cesoft hewhi t
eshadbeenover stretchedduet othewari nMat abelel
and.
-Thewhi teswer enotf ami li
arwi ththet errain.

Whyt
heShonawer
edef
eat
edbyt
heBr
iti
sh

Weaknes
s esoft heShona
-
TheShonal ackedcoor dinati
on.
-
Theyhadnocommonmi li
tarystrat
egy.
-
TheShonawer enotuni ted.
-
SomeShonaf oughtont hes i
deoft hewhites.
-
SomeShonadi dnotj oi
nt hewar ,forexample,Mutasa.
-
Theyhadi nfer
iorweaponsl i
kes pears.
-
Theyhadi nfer
iort r
aini
ngast heywer enotregul
arsoldier
s.
-
Theyhadpoorcommuni cat i
on.
-
Theyhadpoort ransport.
-
Thespir
itmedi umsmi sl
edt hepeopl ebytell
ingthem thatbul
let
swon’
twor
kagai
nst
t
hem.

Strengthsoft hewhites
-Thewhi teshadbettertranspor
t.
-Thewhi teswerebetterorganis
ed.
-Thewhi teshadsuperiorweapons .
-Thes urr
enderoftheNdebel emadet hewhit
estoconcent
rateontheShonaonl
y.
-Thes corchedear
thpol i
cyadopt edbythewhi
tess
tarvedtheShonai
ntosubmis
sion.
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-Thewhi tescapt ur
edinspir
ati
onalleaderslikeMakoni,Mashayamombe,Kaguviand
Nehanda.
-Useoft ortur
eandcr uelinter
rogationmet hodsbyt hewhit
esf or
cedt
hecaptivest
o
revealthewher eaboutsoftheirl
eader sands tr
ongholds.
-Thewhi tesusedex pl
osivesanddynami tes.
-Thes ett
lersbribedsomeShonat of ightont heirs
ide.

Contri
but
ionoftheexecuti
onofNehandaandKaguvit
ot hedef
eatoft
heShona
-Theywer
eas our
ceofmot i
vati
onandcour
ageoftheShona.
-Theywer
eleadershencet
heirdeat
hres
ult
edinl
ackofleader
shi
p.
-Theywer
ecoordinator
sduri
ngthewar.

Towhatex t
entdi dlackofunitycontri
butetot hedefeatoftheShona?
-Therewaslackofcoordinati
onamongt heShona.
-SomeShonachi efsdidnotjointhewar,forexample,Mutasa.
-SomeShonachi efsassi
stedthewhi t
es.
-Theyhadnocommonmi li
taryst
rategy

Otherfactors
-TheShonahadi nfer
iorweapons
-Whiteswerebet t
erorgani
sed
-Whiteshadf as
tertr
ansport
-ThesurrenderoftheNdebele

Weaponsus edbythewhi
tesagai
nstt
heNdebel
eandShona
-
Dynami t
es -Maxi
m guns
-
2,5inchs cr
ewguns -HenryMart
inr
ifl
es
-
Sevenpounderguns -Wagons
-
Scorchedearthpol
icy -Hors
es

-
Weaponsus edbytheAfri
cans
-
Oldmus ket
sobtai
nedfrom Por
tugues
e -Fewcapt
uredri
fl
es
-
Spear
s -
bowsandar r
ows
-Cl
ubsandknobkerri
es -Forti
fi
edMountai
nsandcaves
-
Guerr
il
lawarfar
e

Res
ult
soft
heFi
rstChi
mur
enga

-
Afr
icanswer edefeat
ed.
-
Afr
icansl
os tthei
rindependence.
-
Afr
icantraditi
onalpol
it
icswasdestr
oyed.
-
Nehanda,MakoniandKaguviwer eexecut
ed.

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-Mas honalandwasdi videdi ntodistr


icts
,eachunderanat i
veCommi ssioner.
-TheBSACi ntroducedf ormalgover nmentt hrought heRhodes ia-Order-Councilof1898.
-TheBr iti
shintroducedar es i
dentCommi ssionertomoni tort headmi nis t
rat
ionofthe
BSAC.
-Thos ewhodef i
eds ettlerauthorityweres ubs t
itut
edbycol labor ators.
-TheNdebel ecouldnotchoos eanewki ngandt hisl edtot hecol lapseoft heNdebele
stat
e.
-Mos tAf r
icanleaderswer eeitherimprisonedorki lled.
-Mor ereserveswer ecr eated,especiall
yinMas honal andandAf ricansbecamedes per
ate
forlandands omebecames quatters.
-Mos tAf r
icanmenwor kedf orlowwagesi nmi nesandf arms .
-Africansbecameeconomi cal
lydependentonwhi tesasl abour ers.
-Paymentoft axesbyAf ri
canscont i
nued.
-Kunz viandMaponder acont i
nuedwi thresistancebutwer el aterdefeat ed.
-ManyAf ri
canswer et urnedi ntoChr i
sti
anity.
-TheShonawer eforbiddent obuildhous esinmount ai
ns.

Howwer ethesettl
ersaffect
edbyt heres
ultsoftheFir
stChi
murenga?
-
Cheaplabourwasobt ai
nedfrom bothMatabel
elandandMashonal
and.
-
Theyappropri
atedmor elandandcattl
e
-
Theynowhadmor erevenuebase
-
Secur
itywasenhanced
-
Thesettl
erswereunited

Negativeeffectsoft heresult
stot hewhit
es
-Therewasi nter
nationalcondemnat i
onespecial
lybyBr
itai
n.
-Theywerebl amedf orvariousactsofoppressi
on.
-Hatr
edbet weenbl acksandwhi tesint
ensi
fied.
-BSACs haresdropped.
-Rhodes’imagewast arni
shed.

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