Module

Mathematical Language
4 weeks And Symbols

Module Overview
In this module begins with Mathematical language and Symbols, then the
definition of a Set, Set Notation and Definitions of terms regarding Sets. Following
is the Algebra of Sets which contains the operations on Sets and the Laws of Sets.

As you go over the discussion of the topics and the exercises provided, you
will appreciate more the importance of the Language of Mathematics and Sets in
daily life.

The Instructional model for this module is 3E’s. Explore, Explain, and
Evaluate. Explore part serves to introduce you the topic/s under discussion and
it runs your mind with some simple guide questions. Explain is the part which
discuss all about the topic/s. Lastly, Evaluate is the assessment part to validate
if learning with the module really takes place.

With this module, I expect you to be able to understand, learn, and be

equipped with the basic skills and knowledges by making above satisfactory mark
or higher on the activities provided for you. Moreover, you will make this learning
a part of your daily life.

Submit all the evaluation activities to be checked and recorded as a basis

in the computation of your grade.

General Objectives
At the end of this module, you are expected to have demonstrated the
following standards:

1. Discuss the language, symbols and conventions of mathematics.

2. Explain the nature of mathematics as a language.
3. Perform operations on mathematical expressions correctly.
4. Acknowledge that mathematics is a useful language.
5. Identify real-life relationships that are functions.
 Lesson
1
(2 hour)

Lesson Outcomes
At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:
1. Discuss the language, symbols and conventions of mathematics.
2. Translate word expressions to mathematical expressions or sentences
and vice versa.

Explore
Translate the following English expressions to Mathematical Expressions.

1. A certain number y increased by 45

2. Thrice the product of 4 and twice a number

3. The quotient of the numbers a and b

4. Four times a certain number diminished by 8

5. 39 more than a number

Explain
LANGUAGE as defined in the webster dictionary is the system of words or
signs that people use to express thoughts and feelings to each other.

Other dictionaries also state that, a language is a body of words or

symbols and the systems for their common use to a people who are of the
same community or nation, the same geographical area, or the same
cultural tradition.
According to Chen (2010), it is a systematic means of communicating
by the use of sounds or conventional symbols.
 The Language of Mathematics is a system used by mathematicians to
communicate and convey mathematical ideas. It consists of technical terms and
grammatical conventions that are particular to mathematical conversations.

The language of Mathematics may contain symbols, syntax, rules and

convention.

The symbols can be numbers or constants, variables, operation symbols,

brackets, punctuations or groupings.

The syntax makes the mathematical expression organized, making

characters and symbols clear and valid that it will not violate rules.

The rules help determine the order of the operation.

The Convention tells the meaning.

One needs to learn and understand the mathematical language in order to

think, to comprehend, and to communicate mathematically.

Mathematics deals with ideas, relationships, quantities, processes, ways of

giving attention to pertinent kinds of things, reasoning, generalizing and many
more. Not only on words but the ideas that needed to have meaning that it must
be conveyed. Words help us understand and communicate.

Language of mathematics has a specialist mathematical vocabulary which

includes:
1. Technical terms specific to mathematics
Example: equilateral, quotient, probability

2. Specialist uses of more general terms

Example: line, frequency, factor

3. Mathematical terms that we use every day for conveying ideas

Example: function, expression, difference, area
1.2 Mathematical Convention
- is a fact, name, notation, or usage which is generally agreed upon by
mathematicians. Mathematicians abide by conventions in order to allow other
mathematicians to understand what they write without constantly having to
redefine basic terms.

Mathematics is full of necessary symbols, rules and conventions. Each of

them has its own roles.

The basic symbols help us to work with mathematical concepts in a

theoretical manner. Symbols makes us do mathematics. The signs and symbols
are the representative of the value, they are used to express mathematical
thoughts.

1.3 Translations. Writing Mathematical Language as an Expression or a

Sentence

A mathematical expression is a finite combination of symbols that is well

organized according to rules that defines the context.

Expressions can be written as a number, variables, combination of

number and variables.

The most common expression are numbers, sets, and functions.

One key factor in understanding mathematical language and solving word

problems is the ability to express English expressions into mathematical
expressions and equations. Certain words indicate mathematical operations. This
time, you have to familiarize with vocabularies, and keywords with the operations,
symbols, meanings and expressions they represent.

KEY WORDS FOR ADDITION (+):

- increased by - added to
- combined - plus
- total of - sum
- more than - combined together
- augmented by
Examples:
Verbal expressions Mathematical expressions
The sum of 39 and x 39 + x
A certain number increased by thirteen y + 13
The sum of two numbers x+y
KEY WORDS FOR SUBTRACTION (-):
- difference of - smaller than
- reduced by - less than
- fewer than - decreased by
- smaller than - diminish by
Note: in translating with the use of less than, one common mistake is we do it
literally as stated in the order of word statement. Do not do it that way. For
instance, you translate “14 less than x”, in this case you tend to write
mathematically as “14 – x”. This translation is wrong. Consider a “real world”
situation over it and you’ll see how it is wrong. Let’s take the problem like this,
John earns P 75.00 an hour less than Mike. You do not figure Mike’s wage by
subtracting from P 75.00. Instead, P 75.00 is subtracted from Mike’s wage.

Example:
Verbal expressions Mathematical expressions
35 less than m m – 35
86 less than a number x – 86
A certain number reduced by 12 x – 12

KEY WORDS FOR MULTIPLICATION (x)

- times - multiplied by
- product of - of
- as much as - thrice
- twice
- increased/decreased by a factor of (this type can involve both addition
or subtraction and multiplication)
Example:
Verbal expressions Mathematical expressions
Twice a certain number y 2y
The number x multiplied by 24 24x

Note: in writing the product of a constant and a variable, standard

form requires the number to be written first before the variable coefficient.

KEY WORDS FOR DIVISION (÷,/)

- ratio of - quotient of
- percent (divide by 100) - per
- a - out of
- divided by
Example:
Verbal expressions Mathematical expressions
The quotient of 5 and z 5/z or 5 ÷ z
The ratio of 6 and 10
6/10
KEY WORDS FOR EQUALS (=)
- results to - coming up with
- is - was
- are - yields
- were - sold for
- will be - gives

Having learned some keywords and their corresponding operations, this

time we need to learn how to translate English phrases into Mathematical
expressions. Observe the following examples in the construction of mathematical
expressions.

Examples:
Verbal expressions Mathematical expressions
The sum of 25x and 4y 25x + 4y

Twice the product of m and n 2mn or 2(m)(n)

Thrice the product of 5 and m increased by 4 5m + 4

Twice the sum 6x and 5y subtracted from a m – 2(6x + 5y)

certain number

The difference between 13x and 6y 13x – 6y

8 less than the sum of x and 7 (x + 7) – 8

m is multiplied by 56 56m

Twice a certain number increased by 32 is 45 2x + 32 = 45

The product of three consecutive numbers x + (x + 1) + (x + 2) = 39

gives 39
 Evaluate
NAME: ______________________ SCORE: __________
YEAR & SECTION: _____________ DATE: ___________

ACTIVITY
TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING VERBAL PHRASES INTO MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSIONS
(use any variable to represent the unknown)

1. 45 more than y

2. Thrice a number decreased by 5

3. A number more than 26

4. The quotient of 10 and 3x

5. 67 increased by three times a number

6. The quotient of two umbers diminished by 13

7. 35 greater than a number

8. The quotient of 28 and m added to 5

9. The product of the sum and difference of two numbers

10. 8 times the sum of n and 10

11. The product of three consecutive even numbers is 42

12. Four less than three-fourths of a number gives 11

13. A number increased by another number is equal to twice the first number.

14. 9 times a certain number is equal to 50 minus the same number

15. The product of two consecutive integers is 25.

Lesson
2
(2 hour)

Lesson Outcomes
At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:
1. Define Numbers
2. Identify the types of numbers
3. Perform Operations on Numbers

Explore
A. Write the following in numerals
1. Five - _______________

2. Thirty-eight - _______________

3. Negative twenty-six - _______________

4. One thousand three hundred fifty-seven - ________________

5. One-fourth - ________________

B. Perform the indicated operations.

1. 3 + 4 x 7 – 8 =

2. 10 ÷ 5 + 6 x 6 =

3. 12 – 2 + 45 ÷ 15 x 4 =

4. 16 x 3 + 12 – 18 ÷ 6 – 4 =
 Explain
2.1 NUMBERS
A number is a mathematical term used to count, measure, and label.
Numbers can be represented in language with number symbols called
numerals.
The numeration system is an organized way to show numbers and their
symbols. The most common amongst the numeration systems is the Hindu-
Arabic numeral system. This system uses ten fundamental numeric symbols
called digits.
Numerals are used in many different functional ways such as counting
and measuring.

2.2 TYPES OF NUMBERS

a. Natural numbers – it is commonly called as Counting numbers. They
are positive numbers excluding zero.
b. Whole numbers – are positive integers including zero.
c. Integers – set of numbers composed of the positive natural numbers
including zero and negative non-zero numbers.
d. Rational numbers – numbers that are written in the form of a fraction
where the numerators and denominators are integers, and denominators cannot
be zero.
e. Irrational numbers – they are numbers that can be written as
nonterminating and nonrepeating decimals.
f. Real numbers – it comprises the rational and irrational numbers.
g. Imaginary number – it is any number multiplied by i, where i is equal
to the square root of negative 1.
h. Complex numbers – it is a combination of a real and imaginary
numbers.
2.3 BASIC OPERATIONS ON SIGNED NUMBERS
a. Addition of numbers with like signs
- add the absolute values and follow the sign of the addends
Example:
(-7) + (-12) = -19
28 + 14 = 42
b. Addition of numbers with unlike signs
- subtract the number with smaller absolute value from the number
with greater absolute value and follow the sign of the number with the
greater absolute value.
Example:
25 + (-14) = 11
-36 + 23 = - 13
c. Subtraction of signed numbers
- change the operation sign of the subtrahend and perform addition.
1. Positive minus positive
Example:
8 – 13 = 8 + (-13) = - 5
65 – 32 = 65 + (-32) = 33
2. Negative minus a positive
Example:

-15 – 12 = (-15) + (-12) = -27

-3 – 5 = (-3) + (-5) = -8

3. Positive minus a negative

Example:

45 – (-12) = 45 + 12 = 57
86 – (-35) = 86 + 35 = 121

4. Negative minus a negative

Example:
-5 – (-14) = -5 + 14 = 9
-46 – (-21) = -46 +21 = -25
d. Multiplication of signed numbers
1. The product of like signed numbers is always positive
Example:
(8) (9) = 72
(-5) (-23) = 115
2. The product of unlike signed numbers is negative
Example:
(-12) (6) = -72
(24) (-2) = -48

e. Division of signed numbers

1. The quotient of like signed numbers is always positive
Example:
(90) ÷ (15) = 6
(-75) ÷ (-25) = 3

2. The quotient of unlike signed numbers is negative

Example:
(20) ÷ (-10) = -2
(-100) ÷ (25) = 4
2.4 OPERATIONS ON MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSIONS
In simplifying mathematical operations, one must consider the order of
the operation. There is a rule to follow starting from the most important
operation to the least. The order of operation is the hierarchy of mathematical
operations.
Before, the MDAS rule was used, but to consider to some multiple
operations within a group enclosed with parenthesis or symbols of enclosures
and some expressions with exponents, the PEMDAS rule is introduced as the
order of operations.

Steps using PEMDAS

1. P – simplify all inside parenthesis
2. E – simplify all expressions with exponents
3. MD – multiply and divide numbers whichever comes first from left to
right.
4. AS – add and subtract numbers whichever comes first from left to
right.

Examples:
1. Evaluate: 20 ÷ 4 + 6 ÷ 2 x 5
= (20 ÷ 4) + (6 ÷ 2) x 5
=5+3x6
= 5 + 18
= 23

2. Simplify: 4 – 3[4 – 2(6 – 3)] ÷ 3

= 4 – 3[4 – 2(3)] ÷ 3
= 4 – 3[4 – 6] ÷ 3
= 4 – 3[-2] ÷ 3
=4+6÷3
=4+2
=6
3. Simplify: 16 – 3(8 – 3)2 ÷ 25
= 16 – 3(5)2 ÷ 25
= 16 – 3(25) ÷ 25
= 16 – 75 ÷ 25
= 16 – 3
= 13
 Evaluate
Name: _________________________ Score: __________
Course & Year: ________________ Date: ___________

ACTIVITY #
OPERATIONS ON SIGNED NUMBERS
(Strictly no using of electronic calculators)

Perform the indicated operations

1. 8 + (- 14) =

2. – 67 – (- 32) =

3. (15)(21) =

4. (- 49) ÷ (- 7) =

5. 96 – (- 54) =

6. – 51 + (93) =

7. 16 – 4 + 8 =

8. 15 x 5 ÷ (12 – 7) =

9. 2 + [3 – (2 x 8) + 6 – (5 – 8) =

10. 15 x 4 + (20 ÷ 4) – (15 x 3) + 32 =

11. 12 x 3(5 – 2)2 – 25 ÷ 5 + 7 =

12. 33 – 36 ÷ 18 + 2(2 + 3) =
 Lesson
3
(3 hour)

Lesson Outcomes
At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:
1. Define a set
2. Express sets in different notations
3. Identify the different types of sets.

Explore
Identify if the following are well-defined. Write WD if well-defined and ND if not.
______1. The set of members of your Mathematics class
______2. The set of Municipalities of Abra.
______3. The set of corrupt politicians.
______4. The set of three months of the year.
______5. The set of numbers divisible by 3.

Explain
Today, Cycling is one of the crazes where most sports-oriented and health-
conscious people get into. Parts of the bicycle are composed of groups or called
group sets, in which one must upgrade for a better rideability. Thus, makes
climbing uphill terrain easier or faster on flat terrain. Same is true to ancient
astronomers, in order to better understand the universe, they classified certain
groups of stars as constellations. Classifying items into groups enables us to find
order and meaning in our challenging world. The concept of sets is used for the
foundation of various topics in mathematics.

Now, let’s take a look what really a set is…

3.1 Definition of a Set
A set is the collection of well-defined distinct objects. Thus, well-
defined refers to a specific property which makes it easy to identify whether the
given object belongs to the set or not and the word ‘distinct’ means that the
objects of a set must be all different.

A set is represented by capital letters. The objects that belong in a set

are the elements, or members of the set. The objects of a set are separated by
commas.

Examples:
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
M = {𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑠}
The books in the shelves in a library

3.2 Set Notation

1. List or Roster method – this notation is made by listing all the elements
of the set.

Examples:
B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
C = {𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑧𝑜𝑛 𝐴𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑛𝑜, 𝐹𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑅𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠, 𝐽𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑝ℎ 𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑎, 𝐺𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑎 𝐴𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑦𝑜}

The symbol ∈ is used to denote that an element belongs to a set.

Example:
5∈B read as “5 is an element of set B”
2 ∈B

2. Set Builder Notation or Rule Method – another way of writing a set in

which the elements of the set are being described or with a given rule
or conditions. It refers to defining a set, the rule form.

Examples:
B = {𝑥 ǀ 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 10}
C = {𝑥 ǀ 𝑥 > 5}

3. Recursive Rules – by defining a set of rules which generates or defines

its members

Examples:
The set E of even numbers greater than 5
a. 6 ∈ E
b. If x ∈ E, then x + 2 ∈ E
c. Nothing else belongs to E.
3.3 Definition of Terms

1. Universal Set or Domain of discourse It is the set of all elements that are
being considered.

Example:
Suppose we list the digits only
U = {0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}, since U includes all the digits.

2. Finite set – a set that contains a countable number of elements.

Example:
C = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
D = {𝑀𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝐴𝑏𝑟𝑎}

3. Infinite Set – a set whose elements has no end.

Example:
E = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5,… }
*the succeeding dots signify infinity and it is called ellipsis.
F = {𝑁𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠}

4. Empty Set, or Null set = the set that has no elements. The symbol ∅ or { }
is used to represent the empty set.

Example:
G = {𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒}
A=∅

5. Unit set – the set with only one element.

Example;
M = {𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 30 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠}
S = { 3}

6. Equal set – sets having exactly the same elements.

Example:
H = {𝑝, 𝑜, 𝑒, 𝑚}
I = {𝑚, 𝑒, 𝑝, 𝑜}

Sets H and I are equal sets.

7. Equivalent sets – sets having the same number of elements.

Example:
J = {𝑝, 𝑜, 𝑒, 𝑚}
K = {𝑚, 𝑎, 𝑡, ℎ}
Set J is equivalent to set K. Written as J ↔ K.

8. Joint sets – two sets with common elements.

Example:
L = {𝑝, 𝑜, 𝑒, 𝑚}
M = {𝑝, 𝑜, 𝑟, 𝑡}
• Both sets have the elements p and o in common.

9. Disjoint sets – two sets having no elements in common

Example
N = {3, 6, 9, 12}
P = {2, 4, 6, 8}

10. Subset – a set whose elements belongs to another set.

11. Proper subset – by definition, if there is at least one element found in B but
not in A. A subset that is not equal to the original set.

Example: A C B, A is a subset of B.
A = {3, 6, 9, 12}
B = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15}

12. Improper subsets – the empty set and the set itself.

13. Power set – the set of all subsets of a given set.

14. Cardinality of the Set – it is the number of distinct elements belonging to

a finite set. It is also called the cardinal number of the set A denoted by n(A)
or card (a) and ǀAǀ.

Example:
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
n(A) = 6
 Evaluate
Name: _________________________ Score: __________
Course & Year: ________________ Date: ___________

Activity
Sets

A. Determine if the given set is empty, unit, finite or infinite. Answers only.
_____________ 1. A = {𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝐴𝑏𝑟𝑎}
_____________ 2. B = {𝑆𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑦𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑜 𝑎𝑟𝑒 9 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑙𝑑 }
_____________ 3. C = {𝑀𝑖𝑑𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐴𝐵}
_____________ 4. D = {𝑇𝑉 𝑁𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑃ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠}
_____________ 5. E = {𝑊ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 6}
_____________ 6. F = {𝑅𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑠}
_____________ 7. G = {𝑦𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟}
_____________ 8. H = {𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 − 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 10}
_____________ 9. I = {𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑥 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠}
_____________ 10. J = {𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑚}

B. Determine if the pair of sets are equal, equivalent, joint or disjoint. Put a checkmark on
the corresponding box.

SETS EQUAL EQUIVALENT JOINT DISJOINT

1. A = {𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝}
B = {𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑜𝑙 }
2. C = {𝑣𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐸𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑖𝑠ℎ 𝑎𝑙𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑏𝑒𝑡}
D = {𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛}
3. E = {𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑑 𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑡ℎ}
F = {𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑑 ℎ𝑜𝑝𝑒}
4. G = {𝑤ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 10}
H = {𝑤ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 10 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 15}
5. I = {𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 8 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠}
J = {𝑤ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 0 𝑡𝑜 9}
6. K = {𝑢, 𝑟, 𝑏, 𝑎, 𝑛}
L = {𝑟, 𝑢, 𝑟, 𝑎, 𝑙 }
7. M = {𝑢, 𝑟, 𝑏, 𝑐 }
N = {𝑖, 𝑛, 𝑣, 𝑢}
8. O = {𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑑 𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑑 }
P = {𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑑 𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑙𝑒}
9. Q = {𝑣𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐹𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑜 𝑎𝑙𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑏𝑒𝑡}
R = {𝑣𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑑 𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠}
10. S = {𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 0 𝑡𝑜 10}
T = {𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 0 𝑡𝑜 10}
 Lesson
3
(2 hours)

Lesson Outcomes
At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:
1. Perform operations on sets
2. Familiarize with the Laws governing sets

Explore
Given:
B= {𝑥 ǀ 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑 }
C= {𝑥 ǀ 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒}
D= {𝑥 ǀ 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 10}
E= {𝑥 ǀ 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 5}

Find:
1. List the elements of C.
2. List the element of D.
3. B union A.
4. D intersect E

Explain
3.1 Operations on Sets
1. Union of Sets: A ∪ B, combine all the elements of the given sets.

Example:
A = {3, 6, 9, 12}
B = {1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8}
A ∪ B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12}
 2. Intersection of Sets: A ∩ B, it is a set composed of elements found on
both sets.

Example:
A = {3, 4, 5, 7, 8}
B = {1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9}
A ∩ B = {2, 4, 8}

3. Complement of A: A’ or Ac, Is the set of all elements of the universal

set U that are not elements of A.

Example:
U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
A = {3, 6, 9, 10}
A’ = {1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8}

4. Difference of sets A and B: A\ B, the relative complement of B in A.

it is the set of elements in A but not in B.

Example:
A = { 4, 5, 6,7}
B = {1, 6, 7,8, 9}

A\ B = { 4,5}
B\ A = { 1, 8,9}

5. Cartesian Product – given sets A and B, the cartesian product of A and

B, denoted by A X B, read as “A cross B”, is the set of all ordered pairs
(a, b), where a is in A, and b is in B. In symbols:
A X B = {(𝑎, 𝑏) ǀ 𝑎 𝜖 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 𝜖 𝐵}
Example:
A = {1, 2, 3, } and B = {𝑢, 𝑣 }
A X B = {(1, 𝑢), (2, 𝑢), (3, 𝑢), (1, 𝑣 ), (2, 𝑣 ), (3, 𝑣) }

3.2 Laws of Sets

1. Commutative Law – the order in which the sets are taken does not affect
the result.

AUB=BUA
A∩B=B∩A

2. Associative Laws – the grouping in which the sets are taken does not
affect the result.

A U (B U C) = (A U B) U C
A ∩ (B ∩ C) = (A ∩ B) ∩ C
3. Identity Laws – a set operated to another set called the identity element
gives the set itself.

A U ∅ = A, for union of sets, the identity is the empty set.

A ∩ U = A, for intersection of sets, the identity element is the
universal set.

4. Inverse or Complement Laws – this involves inside and outside of a set.

A U A’ = U
A ∩ A’ = ∅

5. Distributive Laws – these laws involve three sets with two different
operations, distributing the first operation over the second one.

A U (B ∩ C) = (A U B) ∩ (A U C); Left distributive Law of U over ∩.

A ∩ (B U C) = (A ∩ B) U (A ∩ C); Left distributive Law of ∩ over U
(A ∩ B) U C = (A U C) ∩ (B U C); Right distributive Law of U over ∩.
(A U B) ∩ C = (A ∩ C) U (B ∩ C); Right distributive Law of ∩ over U.
 Evaluate
Name: _____________________ Score: ______________
Course & Year: ____________ Date: _______________

Activity

Given:
U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
B = {5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
C = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
D = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}

Find the following:

1. A U B =
2. A’ ∩ B =
3. (A U B) ∩ B’ =
4. A – C’ =
5. (A ∩ C)’ =
6. A U D =
7. (B ∩ C) U A =
8. (A U D’)’ =
9. A U U =
10. (B’ U C) ∩ D =
Lesson
4
(3 hours)

Lesson Outcomes
At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:
1. Define and demonstrate understanding of a Relation and a
Function.
2. Determine whether a given relation represents a function. Relation
and Function
3. Determine the Domain and Range of a Relation
4. Evaluate Functions
5. Perform operations on functions

Explore
A. Identify the type of a Relation. Write OO if the relation is One-to-one, OM
for One-to-Many, and MO for Many-to-One relations.
_____ 1. {(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 5), (5, 6)}
_____ 2. {(3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6)}
_____ 3. {(1, 1), (2, 1), (3, 1), (4, 1), (5, 1)}
_____ 4. {(1, 2), (1, 3), (3, 4), (4, 3), (5, 3)}
_____ 5. {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5)}

B. Evaluate the following for the given value of x.

1. f(x) = 3x + 4, if x = 3

2. f(x) = 5x2 – 3x + 7, if x = -2

3. f(x) = 2x3 – 2x2 + 3x -9, if x = 1

 Explain
C. Relation

4.1 Relation

Relation is present in daily life. You may find almost all things are related
with each other in many ways. For example, the relation of parents and children,
employer and employees, coaches and players, teachers and students, and many
others. Prices in commodities is related also on supply and demand. In the
construction of new buildings, there is a relation on the mixture of gravel and
sand with the bags of cement in order to come up with a strong and reliable
foundation of the building. Likewise, in geometry, the area is related with the
volume. Thus, any correspondence between the elements of any two sets is a
relation.

Relation is a correspondence between two things or quantities.

- It is a set of one or more ordered pairs
- Relations can be expressed as a statement, arrow diagram, table,
equation, or a graph.

Domain – is the set of all first coordinates

Range – is the set of all the second coordinates

Example:
R = {(1, 3), (2, 6), (3, 9), (4, 12)}
Domain = {1,2,3,4}
Range = {3,6,9,12}

Relations and its types concepts are one of the important topics of set
theory. Sets, relations and functions, all three are interlinked topics. Sets denote
the collection of ordered elements whereas relations and functions define the
operations performed on sets. The relations define the connection between the two
given sets. Also, there are types of relations stating the connections between the
sets. Hence, here we will learn about relations and their types in detail.

4.2 Types of Relations

1. One-to-one relation
- for every domain is paired to only one unique element of the
range.
Example:
a. A = {(1, 3), (2, 6), (3, 9), (4, 12)}
b. B = {(Bangued, Abra), (Vigan, Ilocos Sur)}
 2. One-to-many relation
- one element of the domain is paired many times with the
elements of the range.

Example:
R = {(1, 3), (1, 6), (1, 9), (1, 12)}
• Notice that the domain 1 is repeatedly paired with the numbers of
the range 3, 6, 9, and 12.

3. Many-to-one relation
- The elements of the domain is paired only to one element of the
range.

Example:
R = {(1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4), (4, 4)}
• Look at the range. There is only one used and paired with different
values of the domain.

3.3 Properties of Equivalent Relation:

i. Reflexive: x ~ x
ii. Symmetric: if x ~ y, then y ~ x
iii. Transitive: if x ~ y and y ~ z, then x ~ z.

3.4 FUNCTION

A function is a relation such that each element of the domain is

paired with exactly one element of the range. In a function, no two ordered
pairs have the same first coordinate. Mathematically, it is denoted with the
functional notation:

y = f(x)

where f indicates that a function exists between variables x and y. The notation
f: A → B is used to denote a function which means that f is a function with domain
A and range B; f(x) = y means that f transforms x (which must be an element of
A) into y (which must be an element of B).
3.5 EVALUATING A FUNCTION
The functional notation y = f(x) allows us to denote specific values of a
function. To evaluate a function is to substitute the specified values of the
independent variable in the formula and simplify.

Example 1:
Evaluate f(x) = 4x – 5 when f(3)

Solution:
f(x) = 4x – 5
f(3) = 4(3) – 5 - Substitute the value of x into 3.
f(3) = 12 – 5 - simplify
f(3) = 7

Example 2.
Evaluate f(x) = 2x2 – 3x + 5, find f(4)

Solution:
f(4) = 2(4)2 – 3(4) + 5
= 2(16) – 12 + 5
= 18 – 12 + 5
= 11

3.6 OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS

1. Addition of functions
(f + g) (x) = f(x) + g(x)

2. Subtraction of functions
(f - g) (x) = f(x) - g(x)

3. Multiplication of functions
(f ∙ g) (x) = f(x)g(x)

4. Division of functions
(𝑓/𝑔) (x) = 𝑓(𝑥)/𝑔(𝑥), g(x) ≠ 0
Example 1: if f(x) = 8 – 3x and g(x) = 5 – x
Find
a. (f + g) (x)
b. (f - g) (x)
c. (f ∙ g) (x)
𝒇
d. ( ) (x)
𝒈
Solution:
a. (f + g) (x) = f(x) + g(x)
= (8 – 3x) + (5 – x)
= 8 – 3x + 5 – x
= 13 – 4x

b. (f - g) (x) = f(x) - g(x)

= (8 – 3x) - (5 – x)
= 8 – 3x – 5 + x
= 3 – 2x

c. (f ∙ g) (x) = f(x)g(x)
= (8 – 3x)(5 – x)
= 40 – 23x + 3x2

𝒇 𝒇(𝒙)
d. ( ) (x) =
𝒈 𝒈(𝒙)
𝟖−𝟑𝒙
= 𝟓−𝒙

Example 2: if f(x) = 8 – 2x and g(x) = 6 – 2x2

Find
a. (f + g)(2)
b. (f – g)(2)
c. (f∙g)(2)

Solution:
a. (f + g)(2) = (8 – 2x) + (6 – 2x2)
= 8 – 2x + 6 – 2x2
= 14 – 2x – 2x2
= 14 – 2(2) – 2(2)2
= 14 – 4 – 8
=2
 b. (f – g)(2) = (8 – 2x) - (6 – 2x2)
=8– 2x - 6 + 2x2
=2– 2x + 2x2
=2– 2(2) + 2(2)2
=2– 4+8
=6

c. (f ∙ g)(2) = (8 – 2x)(6 – 2x2)

= 48 – 12x – 16x2 + 4x3
= 48 – 12(2) – 16(2)2 + 4(2)3
= 8 – 24 – 64 + 32
= -8

3.7 COMPOSITION OF FUNCTIONS: FUNCTION OF A

FUNCTION
The composition of the function f with the function g is:

h(x) = (f o g) (x) = f(g(x))

The domain of h is the set of all x-values such that x is in the domain of g
and g(x) is in the domain of f.

Example:
Let f(x) = 2x – 1 and g(x) = 6 – x – x2

Find:
a. (f o g) (x)
b. (g o f) (x)

Solution:
a. (f o g) (x) = f(g(x))
= f(2x – 1)
= 2(6 – x – x2 ) – 1
Substitute x with the value of
g(x)
2
= 12 – 2x – 2x – 1 Apply Distributive Axiom
= 11 – 2x – 2x2 Simplify. Combine Similar
terms.
b. (g o f) (x) = g(f(x))
= g(6 – x – 2x2)
= 6 – (2x – 1) – (2x – 1)2
= 6 – (2x – 1) – (4x2 – 4x + 1)
= 6 – 2x + 1 – 4x2 + 4x – 1
= 6 + 2x – 4x2
 Evaluate
Name: ______________________________ Score: __________
Course & Year: _____________________ Date: ___________

ACTIVITY
A. RELATION

Give the Domain and Range of each relation.

1. (1,2), (5,0), (0, -2), (-3,4)
Domain: _________________________
Range: ___________________________
2. (-3,4), (-3,5), (-4,6), (-4, 7)
Domain: _________________________
Range: ___________________________
3. (4, -2), (3, -2), (2, -2), (1, -2)
Domain: _________________________
Range: ___________________________
4. y = -x
Domain: __________________________
Range: ____________________________

𝒙−𝟒
5. f(x) =
𝒙+𝟏
Domain: _________________________
Range: ___________________________

B. FUNCTION
GIVEN:
f(x) = 4x – 5 and g(x) = 3x – 2
Find the following:
1. (f + g) (x)

2. (f – g) (x)

3. (f ∙ g) (x)

4. (𝑓/𝑔) (x)

5. (f + g) (6)

6. (f – g) (-2)
 C. COMPOSITION OF FUNCTIONS

SOLVE:
a. (f o g)(x)
b. (g o f)(x)

GIVEN:
1. f(x) = 2x – 3 and g(x) = 3x + 2
2. f(x) = x2 – x and g(x) = x + 4
3. f(x) = 4 – 3x and g(x) = 2x – 3x2

Rubrics:
1. Correct solution and answer = 5 points
2. Wrong Answer with solution = 3 points
Summary
In this module, you were able to learn the following concepts:

1. The language of Mathematics is a system used by mathematicians to

communicate and convey mathematical ideas.
2. Mathematical Convention is a fact, name, notation, or usage which is
generally agreed upon by mathematicians.
3. A mathematical expression is a finite combination of symbols that is
well organized according to rules that defines the context. Expressions
can be written as a number, variables, combination of number and
variables.
4. A set is the collection of well-defined distinct objects. A set is
represented by capital letters. The objects that belong in a set are the
elements, or members of the set. The objects of a set are separated by
commas.
5. Set Notation
a. List or Roster method
b. Set Builder Notation or Rule
c. Recursive Rules
6. Universal Set or Domain of discourse It is the set of all elements that are
being considered.
7. Finite set – a set that contains a countable number of elements.
8. Infinite Set – a set whose elements has no end.
9. Empty Set, or Null set = the set that has no elements. The symbol ∅ or
{ } is used to represent the empty set.
10. Unit set – the set with only one element.
11. Equal set – sets having exactly the same elements.
12. Equivalent sets – sets having the same number of elements.
13. Joint sets – two sets with common elements.
14. Disjoint sets – two sets having no elements in common
15. Subset – a set whose elements belongs to another set.
16. Proper subset – by definition, if there is at least one element found in
B but not in A. A subset that is not equal to the original set.
17. Improper subsets – the empty set and the set itself.
18. Power set – the set of all subsets of a given set.
19. Cardinality of the Set – it is the number of distinct elements belonging
to a finite set. It is also called the cardinal number of the set A denoted
by n(A) or card (a) and ǀAǀ.
20. Operations on sets
a. Union of Sets: A ∪ B
b. Intersection of Sets: A ∩ B
c. Complement of A: A’ or Ac
d. Difference of sets A and B: A\ B, the relative complement of B in A.
 e. Cartesian Product – given sets A and B, the cartesian product of A
and B, denoted by A X B, read as “A cross B”,
21. Laws on Sets
a. Commutative Laws
b. Associative Laws
c. Identity Laws
A U ∅ = A, for union of sets, the identity is the empty set.
A ∩ U = A, for intersection of sets, the identity element is the
universal set.
d. Inverse or Complement Laws
A U A’ = U
A ∩ A’ = ∅
e. Distributive Laws – these laws involve three sets with two different
operations, distributing the first operation over the second one.
A U (B ∩ C) = (A U B) ∩ (A U C); Left distributive Law of U over ∩.
A ∩ (B U C) = (A ∩ B) U (A ∩ C); Left distributive Law of ∩ over U
(A ∩ B) U C = (A U C) ∩ (B U C); Right distributive Law of U over ∩.
(A U B) ∩ C = (A ∩ C) U (B ∩ C); Right distributive Law of ∩ over U.
22. Relation is a correspondence between two things or quantities. It is a
set of one or more ordered pairs
23. Domain – is the set of all first coordinates
24. Range – is the set of all the second coordinates
25. Types of Relations
a. One-to-one relation
b. One-to-many relation
c. Many-to-one relation
26. Properties of Equivalent Relation:
i. Reflexive: x ~ x
ii. Symmetric: if x ~ y, then y ~ x
iii. Transitive: if x ~ y and y ~ z, then x ~ z.
27. Function is a relation such that each element of the domain is paired
with exactly one element of the range. In symbols: y = f(x)
28. EVALUATING A FUNCTION - To evaluate a function is to substitute the
specified values of the independent variable in the formula and simplify.
29. OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS
a. Addition of functions
(f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x)
b. Subtraction of functions
(f - g)(x) = f(x) - g(x)
c. Multiplication of functions
(f∙g)(x) = f(x)g(x)
d. Division of functions
(𝑓/𝑔)(x) = 𝑓(𝑥)/𝑔(𝑥) , g(x) ≠ 0
30. COMPOSITION OF FUNCTIONS: FUNCTION OF A FUNCTION
The composition of the function f with the function g is:
h(x) = (f o g)(x) = f(g(x))

The domain of h is the set of all x-values such that x is in the domain of g
and g(x) is in the domain of f.
 References
Castillo, Leticia L., et al. (2008). College Algebra and Trigonometry, Mandaluyong
City: National Book Store
Daligdig, Romeo M. (2019) Mathematics in the Modern World, Quezon City:
LORIMAR PUBLISHING, INC.
CENGAGE (2018) Mathematics in the Modern World Philippine Edition, Manila:
Rex Book Store Inc.
Dugopolski, Mark (2013) Algebra for College Students, 6th Edition, New York:
McGraw-Hill Education
Guillermo R., Abratique M., Ballena IV J., Garambas Z. (2018) Mathematics in the
Modern World, Quezon City: NIEME PUBLISHING HOUSE CO. LTD
Johnsonbaugh, Richard (2009) Discrete Mathematics 7 th Edition, Singapore:
Pearson Education South Asia Pte. Ltd.
Romeral, Cipriano Jr. B. (2011) Techniques in Solving Algebraic Word Problems,
Manila: Booklore Publishing Corp.
Rosen, Kenneth H. (2001) Discrete Mathematics and its Applications Fourth
Edition. Singapore: McGraw-Hill Education

Guillermo, Raflyn M; Mathematics in the Modern World. (2018). Quezon City:

NIEME PUBLISHING HOUSE CO. LTD

Nykamp DQ, “Relation definition.” From Math Insight.

http://mathinsight.org/definition/relation

https://www.google.com/search?sxsrf=ALeKk03E9aQyNgksuFSNBK4RtyxyFFgu
vw%3A16032
69885242&source=hp&ei=_fSPX
e9DMPYhwPT1JOIAw&q=relation&oq=RE&gs_lcp=CgZwc3ktYWIQARgAMgcIIxDJ
AxAnMgQII
xAnMgQIABBDMgQIABBDMgQILhBDMgQIABBDMgQIABBDMgQIABBDMgQIAB
BDMgQIABB
DUL0QWPgRYIMkaABwAHgAgAFfiAG-
AZIBATKYAQCgAQGqAQdnd3Mtd2l6&sclient=psy-ab

https://www.math-only-math.com/sets.html

End of this Module