Handbook

Performance Solution Process

abcb.gov.au
 Handbook: Performance Solution Process

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© Commonwealth of Australia and States and Territories of Australia 2021, published by the
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© Commonwealth of Australia and States and Territories 2021, published by the
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While care has been taken in the preparation of this publication, it may not be complete or
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Version history

Original
Publish date: Apr 2021
Print version: 1.0

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 Handbook: Performance Solution Process

Preface

The Inter-Government Agreement (IGA) that governs the Australian Building Codes
Board (ABCB) places a strong emphasis on reducing reliance on regulation,
including consideration of non-regulatory alternatives such as non-mandatory
handbooks and protocols.

This handbook is one of a series produced by the ABCB. The series of handbooks is
being developed in response to comments and concerns expressed by government,
industry and the community that relate to the built environment. Handbooks expand
on areas of existing regulation or relate to topics which have, for a variety of reasons,
been deemed inappropriate for regulation. They provide non-mandatory advice and
guidance.

Development of Performance Solutions has until recently been largely unregulated.

Outside of fire safety design, little guidance material to understand the importance of
the Performance Solution development process has been available to assist
practitioners. This handbook has been developed in response to government and
industry requests for guidance specifically on the application of the requirements
introduced into the National Construction Code (NCC) with Amendment 1 of NCC
2019, specifically clause A2.2(4).

It will assist a range of stakeholders with the application of the performance-based

NCC, as well as understanding the relationship between the NCC and respective
state and territory legislative systems. Typically, legislative systems require
compliance with the NCC for construction of new buildings and new work to be
undertaken on existing buildings.

This handbook addresses issues in generic terms. It is not a document that sets out
approaches that may be taken in dealing with specific issues. It is expected that this
handbook will be used to develop solutions relevant to specific situations in
accordance with the generic principles and criteria contained herein.

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 Handbook: Performance Solution Process

Acknowledgements

The ABCB acknowledges the valuable contribution made by the Australian Institute
of Building Surveyors (AIBS) who provided input into the content of this handbook.

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 Handbook: Performance Solution Process

Contents

1 Background.............................................................................................................1

1.1 Scope ....................................................................................................................1

1.2 Using this document ..............................................................................................1

2 Introduction.............................................................................................................3

2.1 Legislation governing the NCC ..............................................................................3

2.2 NCC compliance ....................................................................................................4

2.3 Evidence and documentation ................................................................................6

2.4 Complexity of the project or solution ......................................................................6

2.5 Professional practice .............................................................................................8

2.6 Ethics .....................................................................................................................9

2.6.1 Acting in the public interest .................................................................................9
2.6.2 Independence .....................................................................................................9
2.6.3 Competence .......................................................................................................9
3 The Performance Solution process .................................................................... 10

3.1 Introduction to the Performance Solution process ............................................... 10

3.2 Preparing a performance-based design brief....................................................... 11

3.2.1 Scope ............................................................................................................... 12
3.2.2 Communicate with key stakeholders ................................................................ 13
3.2.3 Document relevant data.................................................................................... 14
3.2.4 An agreed brief ................................................................................................. 17

3.3 Carry out analysis ................................................................................................ 18

3.3.1 Comparative or absolute approach ................................................................... 19
3.3.2 Deterministic or probabilistic approach ............................................................. 20
3.3.3 Qualitative or quantitative approach ................................................................. 20
3.3.4 Sensitivity, redundancy and uncertainty studies ............................................... 21
3.3.5 Modelling and testing ........................................................................................ 22

3.4 Evaluate results ................................................................................................... 23

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 Handbook: Performance Solution Process

3.5 Prepare a final report ........................................................................................... 24

3.5.1 Final Performance Solution report context........................................................ 24
3.5.2 Report preparation ............................................................................................ 24
3.5.3 Limitations and conditions ................................................................................ 25
4 References ............................................................................................................ 26
Appendix A Compliance with the NCC .................................................................. 28

A.1 Responsibilities for regulation of building and plumbing in Australia ................... 28

A.2 Demonstrating compliance with the NCC ............................................................ 28

Appendix B Acronyms and symbols ..................................................................... 31

REMINDER

This handbook is not mandatory or regulatory in nature and compliance with it will
not necessarily discharge a user's legal obligations. The handbook should only be
read and used subject to, and in conjunction with, the general disclaimer at page i.

The handbook also needs to be read in conjunction with the relevant legislation of
the appropriate state or territory. It is written in generic terms and it is not intended
that the content of the handbook counteract or conflict with the legislative
requirements, any references in legal documents, any handbooks issued by the
Administration or any directives by the appropriate authority.

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 Handbook: Performance Solution Process

1 Background

The National Construction Code (NCC) is a performance-based code containing

mandatory Performance Requirements for the construction of buildings. A building,
plumbing or drainage solution will comply with the NCC if it satisfies the Performance
Requirements. This document provides guidance for practitioners seeking to develop
a Performance Solution, particularly the process required to conform with A2.2(4) of
the NCC.

1.1 Scope

This handbook assists NCC users in understanding and developing Performance

Solutions. It will be of interest to all parties who are involved in selecting or assessing
elements of buildings that must comply with the NCC. The handbook is structured to
provide the reader with an understanding of important NCC terms and terminology
used in the Performance Solution process and then expands each step in this
process.

Separate examples are available at the ABCB website (abcb.gov.au).

1.2 Using this document

General information about complying with the NCC and responsibilities for building
and plumbing regulation are provided in Appendix A of this document.

Acronyms and symbols used in this document are provided in Appendix B.

The term appropriate authority is used throughout this handbook. It is an NCC

defined term meaning the relevant authority with the statutory responsibility to
determine the particular matter. In general, this will be a building surveyor in respect
to the Building Code of Australia (BCA), a plumbing authority in respect of the
Plumbing Code of Australia (PCA) or may be a government entity with authority.

Different styles are used in this document. Examples of these styles are provided
below:

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NCC extracts

Examples

Alerts

Reminders

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2 Introduction

2.1 Legislation governing the NCC

The Governing Requirements are mandatory in all Australian jurisdictions, typically

via a regulatory reference to the entire NCC, which obliges compliance with the NCC
inclusive of the Governing Requirements. State and territory legislation typically
includes a requirement that the design and construction of new buildings, as well as
new work on existing buildings, must comply with the NCC.

Electronic access to respective legislation is available via the websites in Table 1 and
Figure 1 shows the relationship of legislation, administrative matters and the NCC.

Table 1 Website links for state and territory legislation governing building work

State/Territory Website link

Australian Capital Territory (ACT) legislation.act.gov.au
New South Wales (NSW) legislation.nsw.gov.au
Northern Territory (NT) legislation.nt.gov.au
Queensland (Qld) legislation.qld.gov.au
South Australia (SA) legislation.sa.gov.au
Victoria (Vic) legislation.vic.gov.au
Tasmania (Tas) legislation.tas.gov.au
Western Australia (WA) legislation.wa.gov.au

Figure 1 NCC regulatory framework

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2.2 NCC compliance

The NCC Governing Requirements in Section A/Section 1 1, set out how to conform
with the NCC requirements. NCC Part A2, Compliance with the NCC, includes clause
A2.0, which describes the mandatory parts of the NCC. Clause A2.1 describes the
means by which compliance with the Performance Requirements can be
demonstrated.

A2.0 Compliance

Compliance with the NCC is achieved by complying with –

1. The Governing Requirements of the NCC; and

2. The Performance Requirements.

A2.1 Compliance with Performance Requirements

Performance Requirements are satisfied by one of the following, as shown in

Figure 1:
1. A Performance Solution;
2. A Deemed-to-Satisfy Solution;
3. A combination of (1) and (2).

Figure 1: NCC compliance option structure

1
The Governing Requirements are in Section A of NCC Volumes One and Three and Section 1 of NCC Volume Two.

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 Handbook: Performance Solution Process

A Performance Solution will typically comprise a unique means of complying with

Performance Requirements. To facilitate assessment of Performance Solutions, NCC
clause A2.2(2) requires that a Performance Solution must be assessed according to
one or more of the NCC Assessment Methods.

A2.2 Performance Solution

1. …
2. A Performance Solution must be shown to comply with the relevant
Performance Requirements through one or a combination of the following
Assessment Methods:
(a) Evidence of suitability in accordance with Part A5 that shows the use of
a material, product, plumbing and drainage product, form of construction
or design meets the relevant Performance Requirements.
(b) A Verification Method including the following:
(i) The Verification Methods provided in the NCC;
(ii) Other Verification Methods, accepted by the appropriate authority
that show compliance with the relevant Performance
Requirements.
(c) Expert Judgement.
(d) Comparison with the Deemed-to-Satisfy Provisions.
3. …

The remaining clauses of A2.2, A2.2(3) and A2.2(4), set out what must be done
where a Performance Requirement is intended to be satisfied entirely using a
Performance Solution (i.e. without reference to a Deemed-to-Satisfy (DTS)
Solution/s), and the steps that must be followed whenever a Performance
Requirement is to be satisfied using a Performance Solution. The steps of A2.2(4)
are the basis for this handbook.

To round out Part A2, clause A2.3 addresses assessment of DTS Solutions and
clause A2.4 describes the approach when a combination of DTS and Performance
Solutions are used.

Another key section of the Governing Requirements linked to preparing Performance

Solutions is Part A5 Documentation of design and construction. This Part includes
A5.1 Evidence of suitability, providing further information about this Assessment
Method, which covers Volumes One, Two, and Three.

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Part A5 describes requirements related to documentation of design and construction

for various components of buildings, including additional requirements related to fire
resistance (clause A5.4), fire hazard properties (clause A5.5) and resistance to the
incipient spread of fire (clause A5.6). There are also requirements related to labelling
of Aluminium Composite Panels (clause A5.7) that must be observed through
documentation of design and construction.

Alert:

Plumbing and drainage products are subject to the requirements of the WaterMark
Certification Scheme, with some listed exclusions. Demonstrating suitability for use
of a product of a type subject to WaterMark certification by a means other than
WaterMark (including a Performance Solution) is not permitted. For further details
about requirements for plumbing and drainage products, and the WaterMark
Certification Scheme, refer to Part A5.3 of the NCC and the WaterMark website
(watermark.abcb.gov.au).

2.3 Evidence and documentation

There are various means used by design practitioners to identify and set out how the
relevant requirements are to be addressed in the design process. For simpler partial
performance-based proposals, a table, setting out which requirements are relevant
and providing a short description of why they are, will likely be adequate. For more
complex proposals, software, typically spreadsheets, are sometimes used.

In conjunction with documenting a design solution, a performance approach requires

preparation of evidence of conformity with the Performance Requirements. This
evidence may take many forms as set out at Part A5 of the NCC. A person designing
or constructing in conformity with the DTS Provisions is to be taken to be complying
with the Performance Requirement provided the documentation demonstrates
conformity.

2.4 Complexity of the project or solution

Complexity may relate to a whole project or a specific solution. Value and size alone
are not reliable indicators of complexity. Instead complexity can be thought of as a

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 Handbook: Performance Solution Process

higher potential for interaction between competing design elements. Thus relatively
simple projects may require a complex Performance Solution and a relatively
complex project may be addressed with a simple Performance Solution. Context for
each Performance Solution is therefore important and will need to be clearly
communicated during the process and ultimately reflected within the final
Performance Solution report.

Once the broad goals of the project are established, it will be possible to determine
the most appropriate process to develop the scope of design that accommodates
these goals. Additional stakeholder identification and decisions about the timing of
engagement of stakeholders in the process may stem from this knowledge. Early
stakeholder engagement is beneficial for all Performance Solutions, especially those
with greater complexity as more time may be needed to resolve competing design
requirements.

Complexity impacts the process of developing a solution because of a number of

factors including:

• the number of Performance Requirements that are to be met using a

Performance Solution (i.e. potential interaction between competing design
elements (e.g. energy vs fire));
• the extent to which the client brief establishes acceptance criteria that exceed
minimum compliance requirements (e.g. In a hospital with a MRI machine on an
upper level floor slab requires stringent vibration resistance of the supporting
floor slab, which has implications for the location of services suspended from
the underside of the slab impacting energy efficiency, acoustic separation and
fire resistance for the surrounding structural elements);
• the use of the building and characteristics of the proposed building;
• the use of novel materials, construction methods;
• other unique or new design considerations; and
• the characteristics of the proposed location of the project (i.e. bushfire hazard,
storm surge, or geology).

The process for development of the Performance Solution will not vary with project
complexity. However, what will vary with complexity, is the extent of information to
verify NCC compliance and the involvement of relevant stakeholders.

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2.5 Professional practice

Performance Solution development essentially involves establishing a bespoke set of

technical requirements for a specific project that, if followed, will address the
Performance Requirements of the NCC and any additional requirements of the client.
Therefore, the performance-based NCC provides a designer with an almost
unbounded approach to preparing a comprehensive scope of work for a new building
in conjunction with relevant stakeholders.

Some state and territory legislation empowers certain practitioners to develop and/or
approve Performance Solutions. Irrespective of controls about who can undertake
this process, the practitioners involved have a professional responsibility for ensuring
that appropriately skilled and experienced persons are engaged and participate as
stakeholders in the process.

Prior to commencing the process, consideration should be given to the extent of

stakeholder consultation needed to produce a successful outcome. This is because
the Performance Requirements of the NCC address all aspects of design and
construction, such as structural design, fire safety, access and egress, plumbing,
drainage, ventilation, lighting and energy efficiency. With an increasing number and
complexity of Performance Solutions applicable in a building design, together with
the need to identify interrelationships between requirements of different parts of the
NCC, it may not be feasible for an individual practitioner to understand whether a
particular solution complies with all relevant Performance Requirements.

Depending on the required Performance Solution, it may be appropriate to engage a

BCA/PCA consultant, to assist stakeholders to understand the compliance
requirements and opportunities for design output, including how issues might be
resolved. The BCA/PCA consultant would complement the appropriate authority who
is there to provide advice about compliance requirements for design approaches
contemplated rather than advice on how to solve compliance matters.

It is important that the integrity of the statutory role of the appropriate authority is not
compromised by design practitioners seeking solution advice, as this gives rise to a
conflict of interest when undertaking the statutory assessment of the design solution.

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2.6 Ethics

In general, state and territory legislation requires that the appropriate authority
exercises their duties within a code of conduct. The principles captured by a number
of these requirements are relevant to all construction professionals and are of key
importance in the use of Performance Solutions. These are:

• acting in the public interest

• independence and
• competence.

2.6.1 Acting in the public interest

In undertaking their duties, an appropriate authority must exercise their discretionary

powers in ways that safeguard the public interest. A construction professional’s
consideration of the interests of their clients and employers must not be contrary to
the public interest.

2.6.2 Independence

In performing their professional duties, construction professionals involved in

performance-based solutions must be objective, impartial and conduct themselves in
accordance with the relevant requirements of state and territory legislation in
managing any conflicts of interest.

2.6.3 Competence

A construction professional must not undertake professional work that they are not
competent to perform.

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3 The Performance Solution process

3.1 Introduction to the Performance Solution process

Clause A2.2(4) of the NCC describes the process for developing Performance
Solutions:

• Prepare a brief
• Carry out analysis
• Evaluate results
• Prepare a final report.

A2.2 Performance Solution

1. …
2. …
3. …
4. Where a Performance Requirement is proposed to be satisfied by a
Performance Solution, the following steps must be undertaken:
(a) Prepare a performance-based design brief in consultation with relevant
stakeholders.
(b) Carry out analysis, using one or more of the Assessment Methods listed
in (2), as proposed by the performance-based design brief.
(c) Evaluate results from (b) against the acceptance criteria in the
performance-based design brief.
(d) Prepare a final report that includes--
(i) all Performance Requirements and/or Deemed-to-Satisfy
Provisions identified through A2.2(3) or A2.4(3) as applicable; and
(ii) identification of all Assessment Methods used; and
(iii) details of steps (a) to (c); and
(iv) confirmation that the Performance Requirement has been met; and
(v) details of conditions or limitations, if any exist, regarding the
Performance Solution.

This handbook explains the steps in the process. The process is also summarised in
the ABCB Guidance Document – Performance Solution Process available from the
ABCB website (abcb.gov.au).

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 Handbook: Performance Solution Process

Developing a Performance Solution to satisfy the NCC Performance Requirements is

an iterative process. When undertaking this process, elements may need to be
reconsidered as analysis and results are evaluated and stakeholders engaged or re-
engaged. Noting this, the process is also proportional to the scope of the solution
being developed and is equally applicable to simple and more complex solutions.

NCC compliance is just one component of a project and the approaches taken to
meeting the Performance Requirements may be influenced by a range of other
project parameters such as legislative requirements and client needs. The
Performance Solution process may need to reflect these wider project parameters,
but the final report only needs to demonstrate that the relevant NCC Performance
Requirements have been met.

Reminder

Practical scenarios applying this Performance Solution process are also available
from the ABCB website to assist a better understanding of how to apply this
process. A range of other tools, guidelines and templates have also been produced
by state and territory regulatory authorities and industry associations.

3.2 Preparing a performance-based design brief

The development and approval of a Performance Solution can be a relatively simple

process if it is initiated by the collaborative preparation of a performance-based
design brief (also known as the brief or PBDB). Using this process can assist in
developing a solution which satisfies the requirements of the NCC.

The purpose of the brief is to record the fundamental activities and outcomes of the
performance-brief design process, as agreed by stakeholders. As a consequence,
the design process can be commenced with a high degree of confidence that the
design will be NCC compliant.

Typically the brief process is initiated by the designer. Broadly, the components in the
process of development of a brief include:

• Scope proposed solution

• Communicate with stakeholders

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• Document relevant data

• Stakeholders sign off on agreed brief.

Figure 2 illustrates each component in developing the brief.

Figure 2 Process of developing a performance-based design brief

Reminder

The level of detail required to complete the process articulated in Figure 2 is

typically proportionate to the complexity of the Performance Solution being
developed.

3.2.1 Scope

Scoping the proposed solution relates to defining the attributes or parameters of the
proposal (e.g. building type and function, effective height, location). This will largely
come from the client brief and will be informed by technical and regulatory
requirements that apply to the proposal. These might be identified by the lead design
practitioner or through stakeholders raising matters within their area of expertise.
These may include fire authorities advising on operational parameters.

The parameters may evolve throughout the process of developing the brief,
particularly for more complex designs. Adjustments may be made to ensure
limitations and assumptions that arise through the process are captured and
understood.

Evolving parameters may include: building classification; type of construction;

occupancy and use characteristics; and effective height.

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3.2.2 Communicate with key stakeholders

Consultation and active engagement with stakeholders is a fundamental component

in the process of formulating an appropriate scope of work and consequently, the
brief and all that flows from it.

Selection and engagement of the relevant stakeholders will often happen in

conjunction with scoping the proposed solution. Identification of relevant stakeholders
will stem from initial scoping of the attributes and parameters of the project and also
the relevant parts of the building that are to be subject to a performance-based
design approach. Within the proposed scope, the stakeholders can provide advice on
appropriate acceptance criteria, NCC Assessment Methods (suitable for the
acceptance criteria), potential risks and mitigation strategies.

As the design, assessment, and construction of any proposed work will normally
involve more than one stakeholder, the process will require collaboration and
negotiation to achieve a mutually acceptable performance-based outcome.
Therefore, there needs to be a designated person to manage the brief process. The
person responsible for brief process could be the lead designer, project manager,
consultant building surveyor, engineer, or other specialist. The person should have
an appropriate level of knowledge and experience commensurate with the specifics
of the issue(s) to be addressed.

Consultation with an appropriate authority should be initiated as soon as possible to

ensure the proposed acceptance criteria can be accepted in support of the approval
process. However, the stage at which consultation is commenced is a decision for
the person responsible for managing the brief process and may be influenced by the
complexity of the project. Legislation may also dictate when this must occur.

The complexity of the project will influence:

(a) the suitability of qualified and experienced individuals; and/or

(b) the need for, and breadth of, stakeholder consultation.

A primary benefit of early consultation is that stakeholders, who will be required to

contribute to decision making processes during the course of the project, have an
opportunity to express their needs. This could be regarding preferred processes,

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technical methodologies, and the scope of documentation to support future decision

making.

Key stakeholders commonly involved in Performance Solutions include:

• building owner (or owner’s representative)

• project manager
• builder/plumber
• design practitioners
• hydraulic designers
• engineers
• appropriate authority
• specialists.

Alert:

It is crucial that the appropriate authority is not asked to provide design advice. It is
a conflict of interest for those with regulatory responsibility to assess aspects of a
design that they have contributed to the development of.

3.2.3 Document relevant data

The inputs and negotiations of stakeholders should document relevant data.

Documentation is the final component in preparing the brief. This is where all the
agreements made though the process are set out, in addition to any known
limitations or assumptions that underpin the agreements made. The specific
acceptance criteria including compliance benchmarks that were agreed and the
methods of demonstrating conformity with them must be clearly documented. Any
and all risks that are to be managed must also be clearly set out.

The brief should also set out who has responsibility for provision of agreed evidence,
undertaking assessment, testing, modelling etc., and confirming acceptance criteria
have been satisfied.

Documenting relevant data is a process that brings together information on:

• Subject building

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• Scope and basis of proposal

• Applicable Performance Requirements
• Agreed acceptance criteria
• Applicable assessment processes
• Scope of evidence
• Required documentation and report format

The subject building and scope have been described earlier in this handbook. Other
data to be documented are described below.

3.2.3.1 Determining applicable Performance Requirements

A2.2(3) requires that when a Performance Requirement is entirely satisfied by a

Performance Solution, it must identify the relevant Performance Requirement.

A2.2 Performance Solution

1. …
2. …
3. Where a Performance Requirement is satisfied entirely by a Performance
Solution, in order to comply with (1) the following method must be used to
determine the Performance Requirement or Performance Requirements
relevant to the Performance Solution:
(a) Identify the relevant Performance Requirements from the Section or Part
to which the Performance Solution applies.
(b) Identify Performance Requirements from other Sections or Parts that are
relevant to any aspects of the Performance Solution proposed or that
are affected by the application of the Performance Solution.
4. …

3.2.3.2 Acceptance criteria

Acceptance criteria are the cornerstone of developing a Performance Solution and

need to be established to ensure the relevant Performance Requirements are met for
the particular project given the occupancy and use characteristics of the building. For
unquantified Performance Requirements, an approach to derive and agree
acceptance criteria may be:

• What is being measured or needs to be demonstrated?

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• Is there a metric to describe it?

• What is an acceptable level for the metric?

Practitioners often refer to the DTS Provisions to benchmark whether or not the
Performance Requirements have been met for a given design. The ‘performance’ of
the proposed design can be compared against the benchmark provided by a design
satisfying the DTS Provisions to assess the difference and the potential impacts on
the building, part of building and its occupants. Performance Solution documentation
should identify and quantify these impacts and show how the proposed design
addresses them and any mitigations or limitations proposed.

Another approach that may be useful is to apply a what, where, why, how, and when
approach to tease out the specifics of the matters to be addressed in the
Performance Solution to determine appropriate acceptance criteria.

• What is affected and where?

Is the whole building, part of building, facility, component, material, ground floor,
basement, etc. affected?
• How and why is the building, part of building, facility, component, material, etc.
affected?
• Who is affected, how and why?
Does the issue affect all users or specific user group (number, mobility and
other characteristics of occupants)? If so, how does it affect them? And why?
• Does the issue apply all the time or only some of the time (i.e. when is the
specific issue important?

The acceptance criteria should identify all relevant parameters in order to determine
the applicable NCC compliance pathways, measurable outcomes, methods of
analysis, and NCC Assessment Methods. During this process, matters outside the
scope of the NCC may need to be addressed as well.

Where possible, acceptance criteria should be quantified as they stand greater

scrutiny and can be more readily evaluated and validated. All evidence supporting
conformity with acceptance criteria should be clear and may include evidence to
support any opinion provided in support of a qualitative acceptance criteria. This may
include obtaining details of the qualifications of persons providing evidence of
suitability particularly where A5.2(1)(e) is used and/or peer review for validation.

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Fundamental to the success of the Performance Solution process is that there is

general agreement amongst the stakeholders on the acceptance criteria for the
proposal. It is essential to have the agreement of the appropriate authority for the
project. Without their agreement at this stage, the completed design documentation
including the performance proposal will not be accepted and subsequently will not be
approved for construction.

Assumptions and limitations of the acceptance criteria, NCC Assessment Methods

and analytical approaches and methods need to be clearly identified in the brief and
Performance Solution report.

3.2.3.3 Assessment processes

Assessment processes, including the NCC Assessment Methods for the agreed
acceptance criteria should also be generally agreed by stakeholders. Suitability of the
NCC Assessment Methods is informed by many factors including the type of criteria,
stakeholder engagement, timing, resources and also the availability of information.
Selection of the NCC Assessment Methods will also be guided by the mix of
Performance and DTS Solutions applicable to the proposal. It is key to ensure the
appropriate authority agrees with the decisions made.

The NCC Assessment Methods for Performance Solutions (A2.2(2)) are:

• Evidence of suitability
• Verification Method
• Expert Judgement
• Comparison with the DTS Provisions.

3.2.3.4 Final report criteria

Identifying what documentation is required as evidence of NCC compliance and the

required Performance Solution report format also forms part of the brief.

3.2.4 An agreed brief

The final element of the brief is the endorsement of stakeholders verifying that each
understands the brief and accepts its content.

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Alert:

Typically a brief should include:

• a summary of the proposal, including for example

• building type and function
• effective height
• location of the building
• a descriptions and explanation of the proposed solution
• nominated applicable Performance Requirement(s)
• agreed acceptance criteria
• required scope of supporting evidence
• format and content of the final report
• acknowledgement of participants.

Relevant state and territory variations may also guide the content and format of
design documentation inclusive of Performance Solutions and care needs to be
taken to ensure compliance with these.

3.3 Carry out analysis

Analysis, assessment and verification are different activities within the Performance
Solution process as illustrated by the definitions of these words.

Analysis

(n) 1. Separation of something into its basic parts in order to discover its nature,
meaning etc.

Assessment

1. the action or an instance of making a judgment about something: the act of

assessing something

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Verify

(v.t) 1.To prove (something) to be true; confirm; substantiate.

It is important to ensure that adequate analysis has been carried out prior to making
an assessment and prior to verifying NCC compliance.

Analysis is different to assessment, but what can be confusing is that some (but not
all) NCC Assessment Methods, contain analysis. Each Performance Solution is likely
to be unique and will require a specific analysis relevant to its complexity. Analytical
assessment should be completed as agreed in the brief and compared to the agreed
acceptance criteria and reflect any limitations, assumptions and identified risks.

A better understanding of analysis can assist formulation of compliant Performance

Solutions. The analysis concepts and principles in the International Fire Engineering
Guidelines (IFEG) (ABCB 2005) provides a useful description of a range of analysis
techniques that may be applied broadly to Performance Solutions. The following
sections, Sections 3.3.1 to 3.3.4, contains extracts from IFEG with minor adaptations.

3.3.1 Comparative or absolute approach

3.3.1.1 Comparative approach

A comparative approach aims to determine whether the Performance Solution is

equivalent to (or better than) the DTS or prescriptive design. The comparative
approach is often referred to as an “equivalence” approach.

For more guidance on comparative analysis, see the Handbook: Fire Safety
Verification Method (ABCB, 2020)

3.3.1.2 Absolute approach

When an evaluation is carried out on an absolute basis, the results of the analysis of
the trial design are matched, using the agreed acceptance criteria, against the
objectives or Performance Requirements without comparison to DTS or prescriptive
or “benchmark” designs.

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3.3.2 Deterministic or probabilistic approach

3.3.2.1 Deterministic approach

Deterministic methods are based on physical relationships derived from scientific

theories and empirical results. Characteristically, for a given set of initial boundary
conditions, a deterministic methodology will always produce the same outcome. They
do not, however, indicate the probability of that outcome being realised.

Deterministic methods are the most commonly used as they are better developed,
less complex and less demanding on data and analysis than a probabilistic method.

3.3.2.2 Probabilistic approach

These methods generally assign reliabilities to the performance of the various fire
protection measures and assign frequencies of occurrence of events. They may
analyse and combine several different scenarios. This use of multiple scenarios and
their combination through probabilistic techniques is a key feature of some of the
methods.

Probabilistic methods generally require much statistical data which are not always
readily available and because of their complexity, may involve time-consuming
calculations. Furthermore, their validity may be more difficult to demonstrate because
detailed examination of statistics and many experiments may be necessary.

3.3.3 Qualitative or quantitative approach

3.3.3.1 Qualitative approach

In the minority of cases, qualitative analysis may be agreed and be sufficient for the
consideration of a single non-compliance issue. The basis (logic) on which this
approach is used should be documented with appropriate references.

A “Delphi” approach may also be appropriate in certain circumstances, i.e. where a

group of suitably expert professionals reach consensus agreement regarding the
suitability of a particular solution.

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3.3.3.2 Quantitative approach

In the majority of cases, the more complex solutions will require a quantitative
approach. This entails the use of one or more of the many analysis methods
available. The quantitative methods will often be supported by additional qualitative
arguments.

If a quantitative approach has been selected for the analysis, suitable methods need
to be chosen. These analysis methods will reflect decisions made with respect to
approaches adopted (comparative or absolute, deterministic or probabilistic). There
are many forms of analysis methods including:

• formulas, equations and hand calculations

• spread sheet calculations
• statistical studies
• experiments with physical scale models
• full-scale experimental tests (such as fire tests or trial evacuations of real
buildings)
• computer simulation or modelling.

The methods chosen should:

• be well documented (especially their limitations and assumptions) either in the

literature or by the appropriate qualified person.
• be well validated.
• be suitable for the task.
• generate outputs that can be compared with the acceptance criteria agreed for
the analysis.
• have clearly defined limitations and assumptions that are well documented.

3.3.4 Sensitivity, redundancy and uncertainty studies

Depending on the type and complexity of the analyses, sensitivity, redundancy and
uncertainty studies may be required. These should be identified in the brief. For more
information about such studies and examples, refer to the IFEG (ABCB 2005).

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3.3.4.1 Sensitivity studies

Sensitivity studies measure the impact on the results of analyses of changing one or
more key input values (singly or in combination) especially if there is some doubt
about their quantification. The brief should state the nature and extent of the
sensitivity studies that will be undertaken.

3.3.4.2 Redundancy studies

Redundancy studies are similar to sensitivity studies but examine the redundant
measures of a trial design that essentially fulfil the same function. The brief should
state the nature and extent of the redundancy studies that will be undertaken. In
particular, designers should not expect each redundant component will deliver
exactly the same performance, but designers should look for single points of failure
and what systems will be available to provide backup to such a failure.

3.3.4.3 Uncertainty studies

Uncertainty studies often follow or complement a sensitivity study. An uncertainty

study determines how input data and uncertainties inherent in the methods used are
reflected in the outputs of the analysis. Some indication of the uncertainties
associated with the methods may be obtained by the use of a number of appropriate
methods and comparing outputs. The uncertainties may be due to poor
conceptualisation of the problem being investigated or to inadequate formulation of
the conceptual or computational model used. Calculation and documentation errors
may also lead to uncertainties. The brief team should determine whether an
uncertainty study is appropriate for the analysis to be carried out.

As each process may require specific input and output information, it is essential that
potential variables in the agreed method of evaluation are identified during the
stakeholder consultation process and documented within the brief prior to
commencing the activity.

3.3.5 Modelling and testing

Depending on the agreed analytical process(es), modelling or testing may have to be

undertaken to assist in determining compliance.

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Standards which set out how modelling or testing is undertaken should be observed
once compatibility with the brief objectives has been established. Careful
consideration must also be given to the ability of any testing body to provide an
appropriate standard of confidence in the processes used and test data produced.
Testing by an accredited testing body provides far greater certainty in the results than
otherwise and may form a part of the agreed risk management strategy agreed by
stakeholders within the brief.

Modelling is not as well-regulated as testing and as such careful consideration of this

approach is required. The modelling inputs, modelling mode and other parameters
must be available for review and independent verification, to support confidence in
the outputs.

Alert:

Ultimately, agreed analytical processes may need to be reviewed if initial outcomes

do not meet the agreed acceptance criteria.

3.4 Evaluate results

During the process of analysis, multiple trials or design scenarios may have been
considered and analysed. The various evidence and design documents must be
collated to allow the standard of conformity of the design to be properly evaluated, or
assessed, against the acceptance criteria.

The evidence and design documents need to verify that the preferred design
approach satisfies the agreed acceptance criteria, and in turn, meets the NCC
Performance Requirements. The evaluation of results is therefore a critical
component of the Performance Solution process.

The evaluation needs to take into account the agreed acceptance criteria for the
analysis as set out in the brief. Further design iterations and analysis, modelling
and/or testing may be required if the outcomes are not consistent with the agreed
acceptance criteria.

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3.5 Prepare a final report

3.5.1 Final Performance Solution report context

The final report is sometimes referred to as a Performance Solution report. Its prime
purpose is to provide the means of verifying compliance with the NCC Performance
Requirements. The appropriate authority will use the Performance Solution report for
compliance assessment purposes.

Once a design proposal is approved, the final report can also support decision
making processes during construction. It is an important tool providing information
about the way that the building might perform during construction, not just in service.
This can assist the construction team to understand important safety considerations
for site personnel, the public and emergency services.

Post completion of construction, the final report can support consideration for
authorisation of occupation, particularly through reference to identified inspection,
hold and verification points. In addition to the final report identifying how the design
conforms with the NCC, it will also provide a means of understanding how the
construction is to be confirmed as conforming with the approved design and relevant
regulatory, technical, and client specified requirements.

In service, the final report will also provide a valuable reference for building owners
and occupants who are seeking to understand how the building will impact decisions
about the provision of a safe workplace. It will also inform future plans to alter, re-
purpose, or demolish the building and may set out specific maintenance or
management requirements relevant to the particular solution.

3.5.2 Report preparation

The Performance Solution process may have considered a range of non-NCC

matters, but the final report only needs to demonstrate that compliance with the NCC
Performance Requirements outlined in the brief has been achieved. The content of a
typical final report must comply with A2.2(4)(d) and may include:

• An overview of the brief, including:

• Scope of the project

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• Stakeholders
• Applicable NCC Performance Requirements and DTS Provisions
• NCC Assessment Method/s used
• Approaches to methods of analysis
• Any assumptions that were made
• Limitations
• Acceptance criteria agreed to by stakeholders
• Overview and outline of the analysis, modelling and/or testing carried out
• Method of analysis used
• Calculations and outcomes
• The sensitivities, redundancies and uncertainty studies carried out
• The results obtained and relevance to the brief
• Evaluation of results including:
• Comparison of results with acceptance criteria
• Any further sensitivity studies undertaken
• Any expert judgement applied and its justification
• Conclusion
• Specifications of the final design that are deemed to be acceptable
• Confirmation that the NCC Performance Requirements/s were met
• All limitations to the design and any conditions of use.

The conclusion of the final report must include key design decisions, assumptions
and limitations that may affect future decisions for the building. For example, the
inclusion/exclusion of sprinkler protection, design and working floor loads; smoke
hazard management strategy etc.

3.5.3 Limitations and conditions

Conditions forming part of the final report are important and must be clearly
communicated. Conditions may relate to specific design inclusions to be constructed,
ongoing maintenance or management requirements, or post-occupancy
requirements, such as a periodic inspection.

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4 References

ABCB (Australian Building Codes Board) (2020) Handbook: Fire Safety Verification
Method ABCB, accessed Jan 2021.

ABCB (Australian Building Codes Board) (2005) International Fire Engineering

Guidelines (IFEG) ABCB, accessed Jan 2021.

ABCB (Australian Building Codes Board) (2019) National Construction Code (NCC)
Amendment 1 Complete Series ABCB, accessed Jan 2021.

ABCB (Australian Building Codes Board) (2020) Performance Solution process

guidance document ABCB, accessed Jan 2021.

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APPENDICES

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Appendix A Compliance with the NCC

A.1 Responsibilities for regulation of building and plumbing in

Australia

State and territory governments are responsible for regulation of building, plumbing
and development/planning in their respective state or territory.

The NCC is an initiative of the Council of Australian Governments and is produced

and maintained by the ABCB on behalf of the Australian Government and each state
and territory government. The NCC provides a uniform set of technical provisions for
the design and construction of buildings and other structures, and plumbing and
drainage systems throughout Australia. It allows for variations in climate and
geological or geographic conditions.

The NCC is given legal effect by building and plumbing regulatory legislation in each
state and territory. This legislation consists of an Act of Parliament and subordinate
legislation (e.g. building regulations) which empowers the regulation of certain
aspects of buildings and structures, and contains the administrative provisions
necessary to give effect to the legislation.

Each state's and territory's legislation adopts the NCC subject to the variation or
deletion of some of its provisions, or the addition of extra provisions. These
variations, deletions and additions are generally signposted within the relevant
section of the NCC, and located within appendices to the NCC. Notwithstanding this,
any provision of the NCC may be overridden by, or subject to, state or territory
legislation. The NCC must therefore be read in conjunction with that legislation.

A.2 Demonstrating compliance with the NCC

Compliance with the NCC is achieved by complying with the Governing

Requirements of the NCC and relevant Performance Requirements.

The Governing Requirements are a set of governing rules outlining how the NCC
must be used and the process that must be followed.

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The Performance Requirements prescribe the minimum necessary requirements for

buildings, building elements, and plumbing and drainage systems. They must be met
to demonstrate compliance with the NCC.

Three options are available to demonstrate compliance with the Performance

Requirements:

• a Performance Solution,
• a DTS Solution, or
• a combination of a Performance Solution and a DTS Solution.

All compliance options must be assessed using one or a combination of the following
Assessment Methods, as appropriate:

• Evidence of suitability
• Expert Judgement
• Verification Methods
• Comparison with DTS Provisions.

A figure showing hierarchy of the NCC and its compliance options is provided in
Figure A.1. It should be read in conjunction with the NCC.

To access the NCC or for further general information regarding demonstrating

compliance with the NCC visit the ABCB website (abcb.gov.au).

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Figure A.1 Demonstrating compliance with the NCC

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Appendix B Acronyms and symbols

The following table, Table B.1 contains acronyms and symbols used in this
document.

Table B.1 Acronyms and symbols

Acronym/Symbol Meaning
ABCB Australian Building Codes Board
AIBS Australian Institute of Building Surveyors
BCA Building Code of Australia
DTS Deemed-to-Satisfy
IFEG International Fire Engineering Guidelines
IGA Inter-government agreement
NCC National Construction Code
PBDB Performance-based design brief
PCA Plumbing Code of Australia

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