Scribd
Upload
38 views3 pages

Spring Is An

Springs store mechanical energy and are typically made of spring steel. There are many designs of springs including coil springs, which are often referred to as ordinary springs. Springs exert an opposing force proportional to their change in length or angle of twist. The rate or stiffness of a spring is determined by how much the force changes relative to the spring's deflection. Springs can be classified by how the load is applied, such as tension, compression, or torsion, and by their shape, with common types including coil, leaf, and torsion springs.

Uploaded by

Vishnu Nair
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
38 views3 pages

Spring Is An

Springs store mechanical energy and are typically made of spring steel. There are many designs of springs including coil springs, which are often referred to as ordinary springs. Springs exert an opposing force proportional to their change in length or angle of twist. The rate or stiffness of a spring is determined by how much the force changes relative to the spring's deflection. Springs can be classified by how the load is applied, such as tension, compression, or torsion, and by their shape, with common types including coil, leaf, and torsion springs.

Uploaded by

Vishnu Nair
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 3

SPRING

Spring is an elastic object that stores mechanical energy. Springs are typically made


of spring steel. There are many spring designs. In everyday use, the term often refers
to coil springs.
When a conventional spring, without stiffness variability features, is compressed or
stretched from its resting position, it exerts an opposing force approximately proportional
to its change in length (this approximation breaks down for larger deflections).
The rate or spring constant of a spring is the change in the force it exerts, divided by the
change in deflection of the spring. That is, it is the gradient of the force versus
deflection curve. An extension or compression spring's rate is expressed in units of force
divided by distance, for example or N/m or lbf/in. A torsion spring is a spring that works
by twisting; when it is twisted about its axis by an angle, it produces
a torque proportional to the angle. A torsion spring's rate is in units of torque divided by
angle, such as N·m/rad or ft·lbf/degree. The inverse of spring rate is compliance, that is:
if a spring has a rate of 10 N/mm, it has a compliance of 0.1 mm/N. The stiffness (or
rate) of springs in parallel is additive, as is the compliance of springs in series.
Springs are made from a variety of elastic materials, the most common being spring
steel. Small springs can be wound from pre-hardened stock, while larger ones are made
from annealed steel and hardened after fabrication. Some non-ferrous metals are also
used including phosphor bronze and titanium for parts requiring corrosion resistance
and beryllium copper for springs carrying electrical current (because of its low electrical
resistance).

Types of spring

Springs can be classified depending on how the load force is applied to them:

 Tension/extension spring – the spring is designed to operate with a tension load, so the spring stretches
as the load is applied to it.
 Compression spring – is designed to operate with a compression load, so the spring gets shorter as the
load is applied to it.
 Torsion spring – unlike the above types in which the load is an axial force, the load applied to a torsion
spring is a torque or twisting force, and the end of the spring rotates through an angle as the load is
applied.
 Constant spring – supported load remains the same throughout deflection cycle [5]
 Variable spring – resistance of the coil to load varies during compression [6]
 Variable stiffness spring – resistance of the coil to load can be dynamically varied for example by the
control system,some types of these springs also vary their length thereby providing actuation capability as
well [7]
They can also be classified based on their shape:

 Flat spring – this type is made of a flat spring steel.


 Machined spring – this type of spring is manufactured by machining bar stock with a lathe and/or
milling operation rather than a coiling operation. Since it is machined, the spring may incorporate features
in addition to the elastic element. Machined springs can be made in the typical load cases of
compression/extension, torsion, etc.
 Serpentine spring – a zig-zag of thick wire – often used in modern upholstery/furniture.
 Garter spring - A coiled steel spring that is connected at each end to create a circular shape.
The most common types of spring are:

 Cantilever spring – a spring fixed only at one end.


 Coil spring or helical spring – a spring (made by winding a wire around a cylinder) is of two types:
 Tension or extension springs are designed to become longer under load. Their turns (loops) are
normally touching in the unloaded position, and they have a hook, eye or some other means of
attachment at each end.
 Compression springs are designed to become shorter when loaded. Their turns (loops) are not touching
in the unloaded position, and they need no attachment points.
 Hollow tubing springs can be either extension springs or compression springs. Hollow tubing is filled
with oil and the means of changing hydrostatic pressure inside the tubing such as a membrane or
miniature piston etc. to harden or relax the spring, much like it happens with water pressure inside a
garden hose. Alternatively tubing's cross-section is chosen of a shape that it changes its area when
tubing is subjected to torsional deformation – change of the cross-section area translates into change of
tubing's inside volume and the flow of oil in/out of the spring that can be controlled by valve thereby
controlling stiffness. There are many other designs of springs of hollow tubing which can change
stiffness with any desired frequency, change stiffness by a multiple or move like a linear actuator in
addition to its spring qualities.
 Volute spring – a compression coil spring in the form of a cone so that under compression the coils are
not forced against each other, thus permitting longer travel.
 Hairspring or balance spring – a delicate spiral spring used in watches, galvanometers, and places
where electricity must be carried to partially rotating devices such as steering wheels without hindering
the rotation.
 Leaf spring – a flat spring used in vehicle suspensions, electrical switches, and bows.
 V-spring – used in antique firearm mechanisms such as the wheellock, flintlock and percussion
cap locks. Also door-lock spring, as used in antique door latch mechanisms. [8]
Other types include :

 Belleville washer or Belleville spring – a disc shaped spring commonly used to apply tension to a bolt
(and also in the initiation mechanism of pressure-activated landmines)
 Constant-force spring — a tightly rolled ribbon that exerts a nearly constant force as it is unrolled
 Gas spring – a volume of compressed gas
 Ideal Spring – a notional spring used in physics—it has no weight, mass, or damping losses. The force
exerted by the spring is proportional to the distance the spring is stretched or compressed from its relaxed
position.[9]
 Mainspring – a spiral ribbon shaped spring used as a power store
of clockwork mechanisms: watches, clocks, music boxes, windup toys, and mechanically powered
flashlights
 Negator spring – a thin metal band slightly concave in cross-section. When coiled it adopts a flat cross-
section but when unrolled it returns to its former curve, thus producing a constant force throughout the
displacement and negating any tendency to re-wind. The most common application is the retracting steel
tape rule.[10]
 Progressive rate coil springs – A coil spring with a variable rate, usually achieved by having
unequal pitch so that as the spring is compressed one or more coils rests against its neighbour.
 Rubber band – a tension spring where energy is stored by stretching the material.
 Spring washer – used to apply a constant tensile force along the axis of a fastener.
 Torsion spring – any spring designed to be twisted rather than compressed or extended. [11] Used
in torsion bar vehicle suspension systems.
 Wave spring – any of many wave shaped springs, washers, and expanders, including linear springs—all
of which are generally made with flat wire or discs that are marcelled according to industrial terms,
usually by die-stamping, into a wavy regular pattern resulting in curvilinear lobes. Round wire wave
springs exist as well. Types include wave washer, single turn wave spring, multi-turn wave spring, linear
wave spring, marcel expander, interlaced wave spring, and nested wave spring.

You might also like