Western Cape Education Department

Telematics
Learning Resource 2017

MATHEMATICS
Grade 11
Mathematics Telematics Resources Gr 11 2 February to October 2017

Dear Grade 11 Learner

In 2017 there will be 5 Telematics sessions for grade 11 learners. This workbook provides you with material
for sessions 1-5. Please make sure that you bring this workbook along to each and every Telematics session.
The table below indicates the number of marks each of the different content areas will be allocated in the
grade 11 & 12 end of year paper.
Paper 1 (Grades 12:bookwork: maximum 6 marks)

Description Grade 11 Grade. 12

Algebra and equations (and inequalities) 45 ± 5 25 ± 3
Patterns and Sequences 25 ± 3 25 ± 3
Finance and Growth
Finance, growth and decay 15 ± 3 15 ± 3
Functions and Graphs 45 ± 3 35 ± 3
Differential Calculus 35 ± 3
Probability 20 ± 3 15 ± 3

Total 150 150

Paper 2: Grades 11 and 12: theorems and/or trigonometric proofs: maximum 12 marks
description Grade 11 Grade. 12
Statistics 20 ± 3 20 ± 3
Analytical Geometry 30 ± 3 40 ± 3
Trigonometry 50 ± 3 50 ± 3
Euclidean Geometry and Measurement 50 ± 3 40 ± 3

Total 150 150

Grade 11 is a vital year, 60% of the content you are assessed on in grade 12 next year, will be on the grade
11 content.
Please note the marks allocated for bookwork in paper 2. Ensure you know the proofs to the Area, Sine and
Cosine Rule. There are altogether 4 proofs of Geometry theorems you must know. The proofs you are
required to know is marked are indicated in the Geometry Session 5 material. Any of these could be assessed
in grade 11and 12 in paper 2.

You are encouraged to come prepared, have a pen and enough paper (ideally a hard cover exercise book) and
your scientific calculator with you.

You are also encouraged to participate fully in each lesson by asking questions and working out the
exercises, and where you are asked to do so, sms or e-mail your answers to the studio.

Remember:” Success is not an event, it is the result of regular and consistent hard work”.

GOODLUCK, Wishing you all the success you deserve!

Mathematics Telematics Resources Gr 11 3 February to October 2017

Term 1

Day Date Time Grade Subject

Monday 6 February 15:00 – 16:00 Grade 11 Mathematics

Monday 20 February 15:00 – 16:00 Grade 11 Mathematics

Term 2

Day Date Time Subject Topic

Thursday 18 May 15:00 – 16:00 Grade 11 Mathematics

Term 3

Day Date Time Grade Subject

Monday 7 August 15:00 – 16:00 Grade 11 Mathematics

Term 4

Day Date Time Grade Subject

Tuesday 10 October 15:00 – 16:00 Grade 11 Mathematics

Mathematics Telematics Resources Gr 11 4 February to October 2017

Session 1:
Exponents and Surds
Exponents:
Def: ܽ௡ ൌ ܽ ൈ ܽ ൈ ܽ ൈ ܽ ൈ ܽ ǥǥ ǥ Ǥ݊‫ݏ݁݉݅ݐ‬

Laws:
Note:
1. ܽ௠ ൈ ܽ௡ ൌ ܽ௠ା௡
௔೘
2. ೙ ൌ ܽ௠ି௡ 1. ܽ଴ ൌ ͳ
௔ ଵ
3. ሺܽ௠ ሻ௡ ൌ ܽ௠௡ 2. ܽି௠ ൌ ௔೘
4. ሺܽǤ ܾሻ௡ ൌ ܽ௡ Ǥ ܾ ௡

Surds:
Note:
భ
೙
1. ܽ೙ ൌ ξܽ
೘
೙
2. ܽ ೙ ൌ ξܽ௠
೙ ೙ ௠
3. ξܽ௠ ൌ ൫ ξܽ൯
4. ξܽǤ ξܾ  ൌ  ξܽǤ ܾ
೙ ೙ ೙
5. ξܽǤ ξܾ ൌ  ξܽǤ ܾ

Calculate:
1. ͳ͸ െ ʹ ൈ ͺ
2. ξͺͳ െ ͻ

Are the following expressions the same?

x ʹହ ൈ ʹଶ Ȁʹ
ଶఱ ൈଶమ
x
ଶ
x ʹହ ൈ ʹଶ ൊ ʹ

What are the order of operations?

Are there patterns in exponent and surd questions?

Write down examples of expression and then examples of equations. What is the difference between an
expression and equation?

What are the types of question that could be asked involving expressions?

What are the types of questions that could be asked involving equations?

Some expressions are defined for all real values of the variable. Some expressions are undefined for certain
value(s) of the variable.

What is a non-real number?

When do we say an expression is non-real?

Mathematics Telematics Resources Gr 11 5 February to October 2017

Consider the following, try and see if you can identify any patterns?
మ ଵଵ೙శభ Ǥଵ଴೙శఱ
ష
ൣሺଷ௫ሻషమ ൧ ఱ 2. 3. ඥͺ‫ݕ‬ଵ଴ ൅  ξͷͲ‫ ݕ‬ହ  െ  ඥʹͲͲ‫ ݕ‬ଵ଴
1. మ ଶ೙శభ Ǥହହ೙శభ
ሺଷ௫ షమ ሻషఱ
଺లೣ Ǥଽయೣ ξ௫ିଷ 6. ʹଶ଴଴ଽ ൈ ʹଶ଴଴଼
4. భ మషೣ
5.
ହସరೣ Ǥቀ ቁ ଶ௫ାଵ
ర

7. ʹଶ଴଴ଽ ൈ ʹଶ଴଴଼ 8.
ଷయబమఱ ିଷయబమళ 9. ʹଷ௫ାଵ ൅ ʹଷ௫ ൌ ͳʹ
ଶర

మ ଵ
10. ʹʹͲͳͷ ൈ ͷʹͲͳͻ 11. ͳʹͷయ ͳʹǤ ͷ௫  ൌ
ଵଶହ

13. 2 3 x 1  2 3 x 12 5a 2 . 2 a  2 15. ξ‫ ݔ‬െ ͳ ൅ ͵ ൌ ‫ ݔ‬െ Ͷ

14.
10 a 10 a 1 .2

27m6  48m6 2 a 1  2 a 1 18.

2

8
2
16. 17.
2a 1 2 8
12m6

19. ʹ௫ ξ௫  ൌ  ʹଶ଻ ʹ݊൅ʹ ǤͶ݊൅ͳ ඥ‫ ݔ‬൅  ξʹ‫ ݔ‬െ ͳǤ ඥ‫ ݔ‬െ  ξʹ‫ ݔ‬െ ͳ
20. 21.
ͺ݊െͳ

͵‫ݔ‬൅ͳ െ͵‫ݔ‬െͳ 24. ඥሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ʹሻെ͵  ൌ ͸Ͷ

22. ‫ݔ‬ට‫ݔ‬ඥ‫ݔ‬ξ‫ݔ‬
ʹǤ͵‫ݔ‬ 23. ͺ
ඥ ‫ݔ‬͹

మ ͵ ଶ
ଵଶହ௫ ళ య 26. ඥ͵‫ ݔ‬െͻ
27. ൫ξ͵ ൅ ͵൯  െ ʹξʹ͹
25. ቀ ௫
ቁ

Ͷ‫ݔ‬െͳ ൅Ͷ͸‫ݔ‬൅ͳ ͳͲʹ‫ݔ‬൅͵ ǤͶͳെ‫ݔ‬ 30. ൫͵ξʹ  െ ͳʹ൯൫ʹξʹ  ൅ ͳ൯

ʹͺǤ ͳ͹Ǥͳʹ‫ݔ‬
ʹͻǤ
ʹͷʹ൅‫ݔ‬

͵ ఱ భ
31. ξʹ͹Ǣ ξെʹ͹Ǣ ξെʹ͹ ͵ʹǤ ʹ‫ି ݔ‬య  ൌ ͸Ͷ 33. ‫ ݔ‬െ ͵‫ ݔ‬మ ൌ Ͷ

34. ͵௫ାଶ െ ͵௫ାଶ ൌ Ͷͺ͸ 35. ʹଶ௫  െ ͸Ǥ ʹ௫ ൌ ͳ͸ 36. ସೣశభ

ξ͵Ǥ ξͶͺ  െ ଶమೣ 

଻మబభర ି଻మబభమ
మ
‫ ݔ‬య  ൌ Ͷ 39. ͵௫ ሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ͷሻ ൏ Ͳ
37. ට  ൌ ܽሺ͹ ሻ 38.
௕
ଵଶ

By examining what is given from 1 – 42, can you tell what the question could possibly be?
 Mathematics Telematics Resources Gr 11 6 February to October 2017

Questions from Examination papers:

1. Simplify fully, WITHOUT using a calculator:
2+2 . 4+1 2 a 1  2 a 1
1.1 1.2
81 2a
5a 2 . 2 a  2
a 1
1.3 10 10 .2
a
 .
1.4
 . 
  
1.5  1.6  + 2  1 .   2  1
 

1.7 3 + 3  227 1.8 32  1222 + 1

2. Solve for x


2.1  = 4 2.2 2 = 64

   
2.3 5 = 
 2.4 2 = 2

2.5 2 + 2 = 12 2.6 3
 3
= 486
2.7 (  2)3 = 64 2.8 3 (  5) < 0

27m6  48m6
3. 3.1 Given:
12m6
For which value(s) of x will the expression be,

a) Undefined
b) Non –real

3.2 Given : () =
 

3.2.1 Determine the value of (3). Leave your answer in simplest surd form.
3.2.2 For which value(s) of x is f(x) undefined?
3.2.3 For which value(s) of x is f(x) non-real?

3.3 Which of the following is real, irrational and non-real.


27 ; 27 ; 27

2 8
4. WITHOUT using a calculator, show that:  2
1 2 8

  
5. Determine the value of a & b. = ! (7" )


Mathematics Telematics Resources Gr 11 7 February to October 2017

Session 2:
Equations & Inequalities
In this session we will be solving quadratic equations and quadratic inequalities.
The standard form of a quadratic equation is, !
+ #  + $ = 0. By completing the square a quadratic
equation can be written into the form !( + %)
+ & = 0.

By completing the square of the quadratic !

+ #  + $ = 0 , the formulae,
" ± " '*,
=
*
, is derived.

A quadratic when written in standard form !

+ #  + $ = 0, with rational roots, could be solved by either,
x Factorizing
x Using the formula
A quadratic equation with irrational roots can be solved by using the formula.

The nature of roots of a quadratic equation is determined by the different values of #

 4!$

#
 4!$ = 0 #
 4!$ > 0 #
 4!$ < 0
# ± 0 # ± #
 4!$ # ± -/
= = =
2! 2! 2!
#
=
2!

#
 4!$ #
 4!$
= 9/:/$? @&A!:/ B 9/:/$? @&A!:/
One real root, which Two real roots, Two real roots, Roots will be non-
will be rational rational irrational real.

Examples:
1. What is the difference between an equation and an inequality?
Consider a) 
 4 = 0 b) 
 4 > 0

2
2. ACDF is a rectangle with an area of x  2x 8 cm2. B is a point on AC and E is a point on FD
such that ABEF is a square with sides of length x  2 cm each.
A B C

x  2

F E D
Calculate the length of ED.
Mathematics Telematics Resources Gr 11 8 February to October 2017

Questions:
1. Solve for x:
1.1 ሺʹ‫ ݔ‬െ ͵ሻሺ͵‫ ݔ‬൅ ͳሻ ൌ Ͳ 1.2 െʹ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ͵‫ ݔ‬൅ ͺ ൌ Ͳ
1.3 ሺʹ‫ ݔ‬െ ͵ሻሺ͵‫ ݔ‬൅ ͳሻ ൌ Ͳ 1.4 ‫ݔ‬ሺʹ‫ ݔ‬െ ͵ሻ ൌ ͷ
1.5 ሺ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͳሻሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ʹሻ ൌ Ͷ 1.6 ሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ʹሻଶ െ ͻ ൌ ͳ͸
1.7 ͹ ൌ ͳ ൅ ሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ͳͳሻଶ 1.8 ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൌ ʹሺͳͳ‫ ݔ‬െ ͹ሻ
1.9 ʹ‫ ݔ‬െ ͵ ൌ ௫
ସ଴ହ 1.10 ʹ‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ Ͷ‫ ݔ‬൏ Ͳ
ଶ௫ିଵ
1.11 ξ‫ ݔ‬െ ͳ ൅ ͵ ൌ ‫ ݔ‬െ Ͷ 1.12 ൏Ͳ
ሺ௫ାଵሻమ
1.13 െ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ʹ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͳͷͲ 1.14 ξʹ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͳ ൌ ‫ ݔ‬െ ͳ
1.14 ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൑ ʹሺ‫ ݔ‬൅ Ͷሻ

2. Solve for x and y simultaneously:

2.1 ‫ ݔ‬െ ʹ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ͵ and Ͷ‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ ͷ‫ ݕݔ‬ൌ ͵ െ ͸
௬ ௫
2.2 ͵ ൌ ͺͳ and ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ ͸‫ ݔ‬൅ ͻ
2.3 ͵‫ ݔ‬െ ‫ ݕ‬ൌ െʹ and ‫ ݕ‬െ ͺ ൌ െ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ʹ‫ݔ‬
ଵ଺
2.4 ‫ ݔ‬െ ʹ‫ ݕ‬൅ ͵ ൌ Ͳ and ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ௫

௫ మ ି௫ି଺
3. Given: ଷ௫ିଽ
3.1 For which value(s) of x will the expression be undefined?
3.2 Simplify the expression fully.

ଷേඥସି଼௣
4. The solution of quadratic equation ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ସ
where ‫ܳ א ݌‬.
Determine the value(s) of p so that, the equation has non-real roots.

5. Show that the roots of ͵‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ሺ݇ ൅ ʹሻ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ͳ െ ݇ are real and rational for all values of k.

6. Given: ξ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͸ ൌ ‫ ݔ‬൅ Ͷ

6.1 Calculate x in the given expression.

6.2 Hence, or otherwise, write down the solution to , ξ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͺ ൌ ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͸.

7 Given: ሺ‫ ݔ‬൅ ʹሻሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ͵ሻ ൏ െ͵‫ ݔ‬൅ ʹ

7.1 Solve for x.
7.2 Hence or otherwise, determine the sum of all the integers satisfying the expression,
‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ʹ‫ ݔ‬െ ͺ ൏ Ͳ.

8 Given: ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ͷ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ͸‫ ݔ‬െ ͹

8.1 Solve for x if f(x)=0
8.2 Hence, or otherwise, calculate the value d for which ͷ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ͸‫ ݔ‬െ ݀ ൌ Ͳ has equal roots.

9 Show that -‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ͺ‫ ݔ‬െ ͳ͹ is always negative.

10 Show that ‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͻ ൐ ͷ for all real values of x.

Mathematics Telematics Resources Gr 11 9 February to October 2017

Session 2: FUNCTIONS- Parabola, Hyperbola, Exponential and Straight Line

PROPERTIES RELATING TO ALL FUNCTIONS
x intercept: Point on the x-axis where y = 0 (solve for x when y = 0) y-intercept: Point on the y-axis where x = 0 (substitute x = 0)
Domain: The set of all x-values that make the function true (usually x  R, unless there is a vertical asymptote)
Range: The set of all y-values that make the function true.
TRANSFORMATIONS IN FUNCTIONS
g(x) = f(– x) Reflection of f about the y-axis
g(x) = – f(x) Reflection of f about the x-axis
g(x) = f(x) + q Translation of f up or down q units q > 0 UP , q < 0 DOWN
g(x) = f(x + p) Translation of f left or right p units p > 0 LEFT , p < 0 RIGHT
g(x) = f(ax) Changes steepness in a graph (non-trigonometric)

Straight Line Parabola Hyperbola Exponential

Equation y = ax + q y = ax2 + bx + c or a y a.b x  q
y = a(x – p)2 + q y q
x p
Shape a>0 a<0 a=0 a undefined a>0 a<0 a>0 a<0 a>0; b>1 a<0; b >1
?y=q ?x=… (p ; q)
y

(p ; q)
(Axis of (Axis of a>0; 0<b<1 a<0;0<b<1
Symmetry, Min Symmetry, Max
Value) Value)
(A/S; Min V) (A/S; Max V)

Domain xR xR xR xR xR x  R- {p} x  R- {p} xR xR
Range yR yR yR y  [q ; f) y  (-f ; q] y  R- {q} y  R- {q} y  (q ; f) y  (– f ; q)
Other y 2  y1 Turning Point ( -p ; q) Asymptotes: y=q Asymptotes: y=q
Importan a = gradient = To calculate the turning if x=p
x2  x1 y = ax2 + bx + c
t points q: y-value of the y-intercept For the x-coordinate, (A/S) Lines of symmetry:
b y ( x  p)  q
x  ; this is equation of A/S
2a y [( x  p )  q ]
For y-coordinate:
substitute the calculated x-value
into the equation
 Mathematics Telematics Resources Gr 11 10 February to October 2017

Question type Summary of procedure Example question

1. Sketch any of the Identify the shape of graph, intercepts Sketch x=2, y=-3,
graphs. with axes, determine what other ,
information is required i.e turning point or &
asymptotes or neither.
2. Find the equation of a Identify the general equation for the graph
given graph. from the shape and then determine the
other variables.
3. Find the equation of a Determine whether the transformation is a If f ( x) 2( x  1) 2  1 , find the
given graph that has horizontal/vertical shift or reflection a
equation f ( x  3) , f ( x  5)
undergone a about a particular line. It should then be
transformation. easy to write down the new equation

FUNCTIONS
1. Given: f ( x) ( x  1) 2  4 ,
1.1 Sketch the graph of f showing the co-ordinates of the turning point and the co-ordinates of any
intercepts with the axes.

1.2 Write down the equation of

1.2.1 the reflection of y ( x  1) 2  4 in the y-axis,
1.2.2 the reflection of y ( x  1) 2  4 in the x-axis and
1.2.3 the graph formed by translating by 1 unit to the right, the graph of y ( x  1) 2  4 .
1.3 Does the point (2; 3) lie on the graph? Why or why not?

2. Sketched below are graphs of p x  2 x 2  x  3 and q x  2 x  3

2.1 Calculate the distance AB.

D ^y
2.2 Determine the co-ordinates
of C, the turning point of the
parabola. F
2.3 Determine the value(s) of x A
for which px  q(x)
2.4 Determine the co-ordinates G O E
>x
of D and E.
2.5 If G(-1 ; 0), determine the
H B
coordinates of F & H. C
2.6 Determine the value(s) of x for which
a) px  ! 0 b) px .q( x)  0
c) x. px   0
2.7 For what value(s) of k will the roots of the equation 2 x 2  x k have,
a) Real roots b) Equal roots
Mathematics Telematics Resources Gr 11 11 February to October 2017

3.Given: f ( x)  x 2  6 x  7
g ( x) x  1
3.1 Sketch the graph of f and g, showing clearly all intercepts with the axes and turning points.
3.2 Write down the range of f.
3.3 Write down the equation of the axis of symmetry.
3.4 Calculate x where f(x) = g(x).
3.5 Hence, or otherwise, determine the value(s) of x for which f(x) t g(x).
3.6 Determine the average gradient between x = – 1 and x = 4.
3.7 Write down the axis of symmetry of f(x – 2).

4.Sketched below are the graphs of y

R
f ( x) ( x  2)  4
2

g ( x) ax  q f

4.1 Write down the coordinates of R.

4.2 Calculate the length of AB.
4.3 Determine the equation of g. B A x
4.4 For which values of x is,
1) g(x) > f(x)?
2) f strictly increasing g

4.5 Write down the equation of the axis of

symmetry of h if h(x) = f(– x).
4.6 Write down the range of p if p(x) = – f(x).
4.7 Determine the equation of a line through B, making an angle of 30q with the x-axes.
y

L x
5.Sketched alongside are the graphs of A O B

f ( x) 3 x  6 and g ( x) x 2  8 x  20
A and B are the x-intercepts of the graph of g. F

C and F are the y-intercepts of g and f P

respectively. g

QPL is a straight line with Q in f and P in g such

that QPL A x-axis. f
A and D are the points of intersection of the C
graphs of f and g.
E is the turning point of g.
5.1 Write down the length of FC. Q D

5.2 Calculate the length of AB.

5.3 Calculate the coordinates of D.
5.4 Determine an expression for the length PQ.
5.5 For which values of x, between the points A E

and D, will PQ be a maximum?

5.6 Calculate the maximum length of PQ, between the points A and D.
Mathematics Telematics Resources Gr 11 12 February to October 2017

FUNCTIONS- Hyperbola, Exponential & Parabola

a y
1. Sketched below is the graph of f ( x) q 7
x p 6

1.1 Write down values of p and q. 5

4
1.2 Calculate the value of a if T(– 2 ; 2,5) lies on the graph of f.
3
1.3 Write down the domain of f. 2
1.4 Write down the equations of the lines of symmetry of f . 1
x
1.5 For which value(s) of x is f(x) < 0? -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1
-1
1.6 Write down the range of f(x – 1).
-2
1.7 Describe the transformation of f to g if g(x) = f(– x). -3

2. Given: h( x ) 2 x 1  1
2.1 Determine the y-intercept of the graph of h.
2.2 Write down the equation of the asymptote of h.
2.3 Draw a sketch graph of h, showing all asymptotes and intercepts.
2.4 Write down the range of g(x) = h(x) +3
2.5 Describe the transformation of h to g if g ( x) 2 x 1
2
3. Given: h( x ) 1
x4
3.1 Write down the equations of the asymptotes of h.
3.2 Determine the x- and y-intercepts of the graph of h.
3.3 Sketch the graph of h.
3.4 Write down the domain of h.
3.5 Write down the range of h.
3.6 Describe the transformation of h to f if
3.6.1 f(x) = h(x +3) 3.6.2 f(x) = h(x) – 2

1 y
4.The graph of f ( x)  2 and
x3
g ( x) a ( x  p ) 2  q are drawn. O and F are
the x-intercepts of the graph of g. E is the turning
point of g. B is the x-intercept of the graph of f. D
is the point of intersection of the graphs of f and g. f
E
4.1 Write down the coordinates of E.
2 4 f C
4.2 Show that, g ( x)  x2  x g
9 3
4.3 Calculate the length of OF.
x
4.4 Write down the equation of the axis of O B F
symmetry of f that has a negative
gradient.
4.5 Write down the equation of p if p is the
reflection of g in the line y = 2.
4.6 Find the coordinate(s) of a point on f which is closest to E.
 Mathematics Telematics Resources Gr 11 13 February to October 2017

Session 4: Trigonometry
x Definitions of trigonometric ratios:
o In a right-angled ' o On a Cartesian Plane

opposite y
SinT SinT y
hypotenuse r
hypotenuse
adjacent opposite x r y
CosT CosT
hypotenuse r
T T
opposite adjacent y x
TanT TanT x
adjacent x

x Special Angles
o 0°, 90°, 180°, 270°, 360° can be
30 °, 45 ° and 60 ° can be obtained
obtained from the following unit circle
from tthe following two triangles.
. T 90q
y
r, the radius is
(0 ; 1) 30q 45q
 1 since it is a 2 2
3 1
unit circle
60q 45q
T 0q
T 180q   1 1
(-1 ; 0) (1 ; 0) x T 360q

(0 ; -1) T =30q T = 45q T = 60q

sin 30q = 1 2 sin 45q = 1 sin 60q = 3
2 2
T 270q
cos 30q = 3 cos 45q = 1 cos 60q = 1 2
2 2
x The “ASTC” rule enables you to obtain the tan 30q = 1 tan 45q = 1 tan 60q = 3
sign of the trigonometric ratios in any of the 3

four quadrants. y

S Sine is +ve in the

180q-T T A - ALL trig
2nd quadrant S A ratios are +ve in
Sine +ve All +ve the first quadrant

x
Tan +ve Cos +ve
T C
T Tan is +ve in the3rd C Cos is +ve in
quadrant the 4nd quadrant
180q+T 360q-T

The trigonometric function of angles becomes

± Trigonometric function of T
(180q±T) or (360q±T) or (-T)
The sign is
determined by
(180q  T ) (180q  T ) (360q  T ) (360q  T ) (T )
the “ASTC” rule.

sin(180q  T ) sin T sin(180q  T )  sin T sin(360q  T )  sin T sin(360q  T ) sin T sin(T )  sin T
cos(180q  T )  cos T cos(180q  T )  cos T cos(360q  T )  cos T cos(360q  T ) cos T cos(T )  cos T
tan(180q  T )  tan T tan(180q  T )  tan T tan(360q  T )  tan T tan(360q  T ) tan T tan(T )  tan T
Mathematics Telematics Resources Gr 11 14 February to October 2017

x TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
sin T sin 2 T  cos 2 T 1, sin 2 T 1  cos 2 T , cos 2 T 1  sin 2 T
tan T (cos T z 0)
cos T
sin(90q  T ) cos T sin(90q  T )  cos T
x Co-functions or Co-ratios r 90q-T y
cos(90q  T ) sin T cos(90q  T )  sin T
x Trigonometric Equations T
x

sin T 0,707 cos T 0,866 tan T 1

1 1
1. Determine the Reference ‘ = sin (0,707) = 45q Reference ‘ = cos (0,866) = 30q Reference ‘ = tan 1 (1) = 45q
Reference angle
2. Establish in which
? ș = 45q or ș = 180q - 45q ? ș = 180q- 30q or ș = 180q + 30q ? ș = 180q - 45q
two quadrants  is.
3. Calculate  in the
? ș = 45q or ș = 135q ? ș = 150q or ș = 210q ? ș = 135q
interval [0q; 360q]
? ș = r150q
4. Write down the ? ș = 45q+ k360º or ? ș = r150+ k360º where k  = ? ș = 135q+ k180º k  =
general solution ș = 135q + k360º where k  =

TRIGONOMETRY SUMMARY

Question type Summary of procedure Example question

1. Calculate the Establish whether you need a rough sketch or special 3
value of a trig triangles or ASTC rules. 1.1 If 13 cos D , D  [0q; 270q] and
5 and tan E 
expression 4
without using a E  [0q; 180q] Determine, without using a calculator,
calculator.
a) sin   cos 
cos(210 $ ). sin 2 405 $. cos 14 $
1.2 Calculate: a)
tan 120 $. sin 104 $
2. Express trig Draw a rough sketch with given angle and label 2 of the 2. If sin 27q q , express each of the following in terms of q.
ratio in terms sides. The 3rd side can then be determined using
of the given Pythagoras. Express each of the angles in question in a) sin 117q b) cos(27q)
variable. terms of the angle in the rough sketch.

3. Simplify a Use the ASTC rule to simplify the given expression if 3. Simplify:
trigonometrical possible.
expression. See if any of the identities can be used to simplify it, if not cos ( 720q  x) . sin ( 360q  x) . tan ( x  180q)
a)
see if it can be factorized. Check again if any identity can sin ( x) . cos (90q  x)
be used. This includes using the compound and double
angle identities. sin ( 90q  x) . tan ( 360q  x)
b)
sin (180q  x) . cos (90q  x)  cos(540q  x). cos( x)
4. Prove a given Simplify the one side of the equation using reduction 4. Prove that
identity. formulae and identities until it cannot simplify any further.
tan x . cos 3 x 1
a) sin x
1  sin 2 x  co s 2 x 2
b) cos 2 (180q  x)  cos(90q  2 x) tan(360q  x) sin 2 x  1

5. Solve a trig Find the reference angle by ignoring the “-“sign and
equation.
finding sin 1 (0,435) 5. Solve for x  [180q; 360q]
0
Write down the two solutions in the interval, x [0 ;360 ] 0
a) sin x 0,435
Then write down the general solution for the given eq.
From the general solution you can determine the solution
b) cos 2 x 0,435
for any specified interval by using various values of k. 1
c) tan x  1 0,435
2
Mathematics Telematics Resources Gr 11 15 February to October 2017

TRIGONOMETRY QUESTIONS

1 In the diagram below, P(–8 ; t) is a point in the Cartesian plane such that OP = 17 units and reflex
XÔP T .

T
O x

17

P(– 8 ; t )

1.1 Calculate the value of t. (2)

1.2 Determine the value of each of the following WITHOUT using a calculator:

(a) cos(T ) (2)

(b) 1 sin T (2)

2 If sin 17q a , WITHOUT using a calculator, express the following in terms of a :

2.1 tan 17q (3)

2.2 sin 107q (2)

2.3 cos 2 253q  sin 2 557q

(4)

3 Simplify fully, WITHOUT the use of a calculator:

cos(225q). sin 135q  sin 330q

(6)
tan 225q

1 1
4 Prove the identity: (4)
(cos x  1)(cos x  1) tan x.cos 2 x
2

5 Determine the general solution for 2sin x. cos x cos x. (6)

[31]
Mathematics Telematics Resources Gr 11 16 February to October 2017

Session 5: Grade 11 geometry

Below are Grade 11 Theorems, Converse Theorems and their Corollaries which you must know. The proofs of
the theorems marked with (**) must be studied because it could be examined.
1 Theorem** The line drawn from the centre of a circle perpendicular to a chord bisects the chord;
(line from centre ٣ to chord)
Converse The line from the centre of a circle to the midpoint of a chord is perpendicular to the chord.
(line from centre to midpt of chord)
The perpendicular bisector of a chord passes through the centre of
the circle; (perp bisector of chord)
2 Theorem** The angle subtended by an arc at the centre of a circle is double the size of the angle
subtended by the same arc at the circle (on the same side of the chord as the centre);
‫ ס‬at centre = 2 ×‫ס‬
(‫ס‬ ‫ ס‬at circumference)
Corollary 1. Angle in a semi-circle is 900 ‫ס‬s in semi circle)
(‫ס‬
2. Angles subtended by a chord of the circle, on the same side of the chord, are equal
‫ס‬s in the same seg)
(‫ס‬
3. Equal chords subtend equal angles at the circumference (equal chords; equal ‫ס‬s)
4. Equal chords subtend equal angles at the centre (equal chords; equal ‫ס‬s)
5. Equal chords in equal circles subtend equal angles at the circumference of the circles.
(equal circles; equal chords; equal ‫ס‬s)
Corollary 1. If the angle subtended by a chord at the circumference of the circle
is 900, then the chord is a diameter. (converse ‫ס‬s in semi circle)
Converse
2. If a line segment joining two points subtends equal angles at two points on the same side
of the line segment, then the four points are concyclic.
3 Theorem** The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary; (opp ‫ס‬s of cyclic quad)
Converse If the opposite angles of a quadrilateral are supplementary then the quadrilateral is a cyclic
quadrilateral. (opp ‫ס‬s quad sup OR converse opp ‫ס‬s of cyclic quad)
Corollary The exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is equal to the interior opposite angle of the
quadrilateral. (ext ‫ ס‬of cyclic quad)
Corollary If the exterior angle of a quadrilateral is equal to the interior opposite angle of the
quadrilateral, then the quadrilateral is cyclic.
Converse
(ext ‫ = ס‬int opp ‫ ס‬OR converse ext ‫ ס‬of cyclic quad)
4 Theorem The tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the radius/diameter of the
circle at the point of contact. (tan ٣ radius)
Converse If a line is drawn perpendicular to a radius/diameter at the point where the radius/diameter
meets the circle, then the line is a tangent to the circle. (line ٣ radius)
5 Theorem Two tangents drawn to a circle from the same point outside the circle are equal in length.
(Tans from common pt OR Tans from same pt)
6 Theorem** The angle between the tangent to a circle and the chord drawn from the point of contact is
equal to the angle in the alternate segment. (tan chord theorem)
Converse If a line is drawn through the end-point of a chord, making with the chord an angle equal to
an angle in the alternate segment, then the line is a tangent to the circle.
(converse tan chord theorem OR ‫ ס‬between line and chord)
Mathematics Telematics Resources Gr 11 17 February to October 2017

QUESTION 1

O is the centre of the circle PTR. N is a point on chord RP such that ON A PR. RS
and PS are tangents to the circle at R and P respectively.

RS = 15 units; TS = 9 units; RP̂S 42,83q.

42,83q

O
N
9
T
S

15
R

1 Calculate the size of NÔR.

2 Calculate the length of the radius of the circle.

QUESTION 

In the diagram, PQRS is a cyclic quadrilateral. PS and QR are produced and meet at T. PR

bisects QP̂ S . Also, PŜR 92q and QP̂S = 68°.

P
2 S
1
1
68° 92°

M
2 3
1 Calculate the size of the following angles:
1 R
2
.1 RP̂T
Q
.2 TQ̂S

.3 PQ̂S

.4 T̂
Mathematics Telematics Resources Gr 11 18 February to October 2017

QUESTION 
In the diagram, M is the centre of the circle. A, B, C, K and T lie on the circle.
AT produced and CK produced meet in N. Also NA = NC and B̂ 38q.
B
.1 Calculate, with reasons, the size of the
38°
following angles:
(a) KM̂A

ˆ2
(b) T C M

(c) Ĉ
A
(d) 
ˆ
K
 1 2
3
K
.2 Show that NK = NT.
4 1
.3 Prove that AMKN is a cyclic quadrilateral. 2 T

QUESTION 

In the diagram M is the centre of the circle passing through points L, N and P.
PM is produced to K. KLMN is a cyclic quadrilateral in the larger circle having KL = MN.

K
LP is joined. KM̂L 20q
1 2
L
.1 Write down, with a reason, the size 2
of NK̂M. 1

.2 Give a reason why KN | | LM. 20°

1
.3 Prove that KL = LM. M
2 4
3
.4 Calculate, with reasons, the size of:
4. KN̂M 1
1
2 2
.4.2 LP̂N N P
Mathematics Telematics Resources Gr 11 19 February to October 2017

QUESTION 
. In the diagram, Q P is a common chord of the two circles. The centre, M, o t
 rger
circle lies on the circumference of the smaller circle. PMNQ is a cyclicquadrilateral in the
smaller circle. QN is produced to R, a point on the larger circle.NM produced meets the
chord PR at S. P̂2 x.

P
2
1

x S
1 2

1 M
R

2
1
1 2 N
Q

.1 Give a reason why N̂ = x.

2

.2 Write down another angle equal in size to x. Give a reason.

.3 Determine the size of R̂ n terms
i of x.
4 Prove that PS = SR.

K
.2 In the diagram O is
the centre of the
circle. KM and LM
are tangents to the
circle at K and L
respectively. T is a O 1 106° 1 T
2 M
point on the
circumference of the
circle. KT and

TL are joined. Ô1 = 106°.

L
.2.1 Calculate, with reasons, the size of T̂1 .
.2.2 Prove that quadrilateral OKML is a kite.
.2.3 Prove that quadrilateral OKML is a cyclic quadrilatera
.2.4 Calculate, with reasons, the size of M̂.
Mathematics Telematics Resources Gr 11 20 February to October 2017

QUESTION 
In the diagram, PN is a diameter of the circle with centre O. RT is a tangent to the circle at
R. RT produced and PN produced meet at M. OT is perpendicular to NR. NT and
OR are drawn.

N
1 3
O 2
3
1 2
P
2 3
S
1
T
1 2 3

R
.2 Prove that TO || RP.

.2 It is further given thatTR̂N x. Name TWO other angles each equal [

.3 Prove that NTRO is a cyclic quadrilateral.

.4 Calculate the size of M̂in terms of x.

.5 Show that NT is a tangent to the circle at N.

QUESTION 
B
In the diagram, the vertices A, B
and C of 'ABC are concyclic. 2 1
EB and EC are tangents to the
circle at B and C respectively.
T is a point on AB such that
TE | | AC. BC cuts TE in F.
T 3 F 2
2 E
.1 Prove that Bˆ T̂3 . 1 1
1

.2 Prove that TBEC is a cyclic

quadrilateral. 2 3
1
.3 Prove that ET bisects BT̂C. A C

.4 If it is given that TB is a tangent to the circle through B, F and E, prove that TB = TC.

.5 Hence, prove that T is the centre of the circle through A, B and C.