Proposed Syllabus and Scheme of

Examination
For
M.Sc. Forensic Science and Criminology

Madurai Kamaraj University

Madurai-625021

APPENDIX-
1
 MADURAI KAMARAJ UNIVERSITY
(University with Potential for Excellence)

M.SC. FORENSIC SCIENCES AND CRIMINOLOGY (Semester)

CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM

(With effect from the Academic year 2019-2020 onwards)

REGULATIONS AND SCHEME OF EXAMINATIONS

1. Introduction of the Programme

M.Sc. Forensic Sciences and Criminology is a 2 year Master degree Course which involves the
application of scientific knowledge to the investigation of crimes. Professionals in this discipline
apply their knowledge of science to analyze the evidence found at a crime scene. It is a unique
and creative programme meant for young students to draw insights of the social and behavioral
sciences, the physical sciences, statistics, and the humanities to illuminate the issues of
maintaining social order in a constitutional democracy committed to individual freedom, equality
and justice .After 3 years of intensive study of foundational disciplines, the students train as
Cyber Forensic Expert, Forensic Scientist and Criminal Investigator along with the students of
the Institute’s 2-year Post Graduate Programme in Science (M.Sc), undertaking the same course
package in Forensic Science in years 4 and 5. The program in Forensic Science and Criminology
is intended to prepare students for careers in public security, criminal justice administration, law
and paralegal professions, public administration, policy analysis and graduate study in those
fields. The M.Sc program will assist students to develop and apply research expertise towards
the resolution of contemporary justice practice and policy issues.

The 2 Year M.Sc. Course is a unique course the first of its kind offered in Madurai Kamaraj
University will be a boon to rural youth. The aspiring rural youth can opt their careers as jury
consultants, counselors, social workers, and prison psychologists .

2
2 .Eligibility For Admission:
A candidate for admission to M.Sc. FORENSIC SCIENCE AND CRIMINOLOGY shall be
required to have passed in any under graduate degree under any science discipline such as
Mathematics physics, chemistry botany, zoology, computerscience,Biotechnology, Genetic
engineeringor psychology or any other science discipline with minimum one science
subject.Issued by the Government of Tamil Nadu oraccepted by the Madurai Kamaraj University
or any other board or universities.
Admission will be doneonly on merit basis taking into considerationof the aggregate marks
obtained in major core subjects:
Age:Candidates applying for the above course should have maximum age limit for admission
joining in M.Sc. Forensic Sciences and Criminology should be 25 Years,however 3 Year of
relaxation will be given in the case of student who comes under SC/ST category.
1. OBJECTIVES OF THE PROGRAMME

Forensic science and Criminology is the use of scientific procedures and the examination of
scientific information to assist the legal and law enforcement systems. Bachelor's degree
programs in Criminology and Forensic science offer a well-balanced education in mathematics
and science, including statistics, biology, and chemistry. Bachelor’s degree programs in forensic
science combine lecture and laboratory classes and may include internships and exposure to
crime laboratories and related agencies.Thisprogramme is designed to introduce students to
forensic science and its interdisciplinary nature through an exploration and examination of
forensic sub-disciplines and emerging techniques including: DNA forensics and forensic
chemistry, among others. Beyond providing students with a broad overview of forensic science,
students will be encouraged to explore and develop their own specific interests within the field.

The following are the objectives of this course.

1. To emphasize the importance of scientific methods in crime detection.
2. To disseminate information on the advancements in the field of forensic science.
3. To highlight the importance of forensic science for perseverance of the society.
4. To review the steps necessary for achieving highest excellence in forensic science.
5. To generate talented human resource, commensuration with latest requirements of
forensic science.
6. To provide a platform for students and forensic scientists to exchange views, chalk out
collaborative programs and work in a holistic manner for the advancement of forensic
science.
7. To Fulfill the vision and mission of esteemed both central and state government.
2. OUTCOME OF THE PROGRAMME

At the end of the programme the students will be able to:

3
Understand the knowledge of key principles of crime and forensic science, conceptual
frameworks for forensic science and have understanding of relationships between the various
forensic science stakeholders.
 Analyze problems and use appropriate scientific and professional tools to solve it.
 Execute experimental design, analyze the data and evaluate the weight and applicability of
forensic evidence for investigative and court purposes.
 Acquire the art of logical and probabilistic thinking, evaluating hypotheses, analyzing, and
presenting complex phenomenon.
 Write the technical presentation, report and present the evidence effectively in court.
3. CORE SUBJECT PAPER:

All the core papers are mentioned inside the course structure.

4. SUBJECT ELECTIVE PAPER:

All subject elective papers are mentioned inside the course structure.

7. NON- MAJOR ELECTIVE PAPER

Non Major elective paper as prescribed by the Department of Forensic Science approved by the
University.

8. UNITIZATION:

Each Subject is segregated into five unites with each unit consisting of equal distribution of
major concepts.

9. PATTERN OF SEMESTER EXAM:

Examination will be conducted at the end of each semester. Each Semester has two patterns
of examination namely Internal (25 marks) and external (75 marks).

10. SCHEME FOR INTERNAL ASSESSMENT:

The Internal assessment will be as follows:

Test = 10Marks (Average of the best two tests)

Assignment= 5 Marks

Seminar/ Group Discussion =5Marks

Peer- team-Teaching = 5 Marks

Total = 25 Marks

4
11. EXTERNAL EXAM

External Examination will be conducted as semester exams as per University norms with
common question paper for all affiliated colleges.

12. QUESTION PAPER PATTERN:

The exciting pattern of Question Paper will be as follows.

Time: 3 Hours Maximum Marks: 75

Section A: (10*1=10 Marks) Question No: 1 to 10 (Multiple Choice Pattern)

1. Two question from each Unit

2. Four Choices ineach questions

3. No “None of these: choice.

Section B: (5*7=35 Marks)

1. Answer all questions either (a) or (b)

2. Answer not exceeding two pages

3. One question from each unit.

Section C: (3*10=30 Marks)

Answer should not exceed Four Pages. Answer any Three out of Five (One Question from each
Unit).

13. Scheme of Evaluation:

Students shall be evaluated on the basis of internal tests, seminar, and assignment, peer-teaching
and external examination. Question paper setters shall be requested to prepare scheme of
valuation for all the papers.

14. Passing Minimum

Passing Minimum for the B.Sc., COURSE is 40% marks in internal and External Separately.

5
Passing Minimum for the M.Sc., COURSE is 50 % marks in internal and External..

15. Duration of the Programme:

This is a 2-year M.Sc. Forensic Science and Criminology Programme.

Exit facility is available after Semester VI for students who wish to leave the program with a
B.Sc. Forensic Science and Criminology Degree.

Students completing the M.Sc. degrees in Criminology and Forensic Science

Lateral entry into M.Sc. Programme is permitted. Any student who has completed B.Sc.
Chemistry, Physics, Botany, Zoology, Anthropology, Bio-Chemistry, Bio-Physics,
Mathematical Sciences, Bio-Tech, Genetics, Microbiology or B.Pharma, B.Tech, MBBS,
BDS or life sciences with minimum 55% marks from a UGC recognized University.

M.Sc. (Forensic Science and Criminology) Course involves 3 weeks attachment with a
designated Forensic Science Laboratory (in/outside Tamilnadu ) during the forth Semester.

16.TEACHING METHODOLOGY

To enhance the quality of students through creative and effective teaching the
following teaching methodologies by classroom teaching methods, Practical training,
Power Point Presentation classes, Guest lectures, Demonstrations and Internship for
one month after each semester and study tour programmes.

17. TEXT BOOKS

The text books are mentioned below each individual paper.

18. REFERENCEBOOKS

The reference books are mentioned below each individual paper.

19. RETOTALLING AND REVALUATIONPROVISION

Revaluation and re totaling shall be pursued by submission of respective application

forms duly filled and authorized by the head of the Institution as per University
norms. The applications must reach the University within the stipulated time frame as
set by University.

20. TRANSITORY PROVISION

The revision of syllabus shall be done once in FIVE years for better enhancement and
Updations.
6
21. SUBJECT AND PAPER RELATEDWEBSITE

The websites are mentioned below the reference books column for every subject.

7
 COURSE STRUCTURE
M.Sc. Forensic Science and Criminology (Semester)

8
 FIRSTYEAR

SEMESTER I
S.No Title of the Paper Hour Credit Internal External Total

1 Forensic Science& Criminal 6 5 25 75 100

Procedure Code

2 Medical Jurisprudence 6 4 25 75 100

3 Instrumental Methods of 6 4 25 75 100

analysis – Physical, chemical,
Biology

4 Forensic Physics and Ballistics 6 5 40 60 100

5 Crime Scene Investigation – 6 5 40 60 100

Outdoor, Indoor, Conveyance,

others- Practical’s

Total 30 23 140 360 500

SEMESTER II

S.No Title of the Paper Hour Credit Internal External Total

1 Criminology and Law 6 5 25 75 100

2. 6 5 25 75 100
Forensic Biology and Serology
and DNA Profiling

3 Forensic Medicine and 6 5 25 75 100

Pharmacology

4 Questioned Document And 4 25 75 100 100

Fingerprint Examination

5 Questioned Document and 6 5 40 60 100

Fingerprint Examination –
Practical’s

Total 28 23 125 375 500

9
 SEMESTER III

S.No Title of the Paper Hour Credit Internal External Total

1 Forensic Ballistics and Explosive and 6 5 25 75 100

forensic chemistry

2. Cyber and Advanced Digital Forensic 6 5 25 75 100

3. Forensic Anthropology and 3 3 25 75 100

Odontology

4. Forensic Toxicology and Narcotics 3 3 25 75 100

5. Research Methodology and Quality 3 4 25 25 50

Management

6. Practical : Explosive and Forensic 3 3 25 25 50

toxicology, Anthropology, Cyber &
digital forensic

Total 30 23 155 245 500

SEMESTER IVDISSSERTATION:

S.No Title of the Paper Exam Hour Credit Internal Externa Total
Duration l

1 INTERNSHIP 3 6 8 25 75 100

2. PROJECT REPORT 3 3 8 40 60 100

3. VIVA 12 9 5 40 60 100

Total 21 30 21 300

10
 FIRST YEAR
SEMESTER I
PART III CORE SUBJECTS

SEMESTER-I

Forensic Science &Criminal Procedure Code

Unit–I

Forensic Science: Basic principles and its significance. History & development of orensic
science. Nature and scope of forensic science.Organizational structure of Forensic Science
Laboratories at central & State level.Ethics in Forensic science.Organizational setup of CFSL,
FSL, GEQD, FPB, NICFS, CDTS, NCRB, NPA.Mobile Forensic Science Laboratory.Education of
Forensic Science, Role of Media, Human Right & Criminal Justice System.Ethics in Forensic
Science.Duties of Forensic Scientist, Qualification of Forensic Scientist. Various Police
Organizations, Organization of Police Station, Evolution of Police as an Institution, Role &
Function of Police Organization in the State & Centre, Police and Forensic Scientist Relationship
with reference to Crime Investigation. International Perspective of Forensic Science.

Unit II:
Scene of crime: Types, protection of scene of crime, preservation (recording) of scene of crime-
photography and sketching methods. Crime Definition, concept and scope of crime.Types of
crime.Causes, effects, control and prevention of crime.Recent developments.
Physical evidence: Meaning, Types, search methods, collection and preservation, Forwarding.
Chain of custody. Collection, preservation, packing and forwarding of: blood, semen and other
biological stains, firearm exhibits, documents, fingerprint, viscera, hair & fiber, glass, soil and
dust, petroleum products, drugs and poisons, etc.
Unit III
Criminology and criminal anthropology Aim and scope of criminology; Criminal behavior and
theories of criminal behavior: classic, positivist, sociological. Organized crimes, white collar
crime.Juvenile delinquency.Role of correctional institutions.Criminal profiling and modus
operandi, portrait parley, voice stress analysis.Victimology.

11
Unit IV:

Criminal Law Indian Penal Code: sections-23, 24, 25, 39, 44, 52, 76-79, 84-86. Criminal
Procedure Code: sections-2, 6-35, 41-60, 61-90,154-176, 293, 294.

Unit V:

Criminal Law & Charges Charges: bailable/non-bailable offences, cognizable/ non-cognizable,

summon case and warrant cases. Indian Evidence Act: sections- 3, 24-30, 45, 135-138, 141.
Expert testimony. NDPS Act, Food and Adulteration Act, Drugs and Cosmetic Act, Arms Act,
Explosives Act.

Police Administration History and development of police administration; Police duties,

responsibilities and powers.Organization and structure of police station; maintenance of crime
records and accountability of police to law.People and society.Custodial deaths, Police and
Human Rights.

Suggested Readings

1. James w. Robinson; Atomic Spectroscopy, 2nd ed. Revised & Expanded, Marcel
Dekkar, inc. NY, (1996).
2. V.B. Patania; Spectroscopy, Campus Books International, (2004)
3. Jerry Workman, Jr, Art Springsteen; Applied Spectroscopy- A compact reference for
practitioners, Academic Press (1997)
4. N. Subrahmanyam&BrijLal; A text book of Optics, S. Chand& co. (2004)
5. Gurdeep R. Chatwal& Sham k. Anand; Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis,
Himalaya Pub. House (2004)
6. Hobert H. Willard, Lynne L. MerrettJr, Jhon A Dean Frank A. Settle Jr; Instrumental Methods
of Analysis, 7th ed. CBS Pub & Distributors (1986)
7.R.S. Khandpur; Handbook of Analytical Instruments, Tata McGraw Hill Pub.Co. New Delhi
(2004)

12
 PAPER-2

Medical Jurisprudence

Unit–I

Concept of Medical Jurisprudence: Brief knowledge about legal procedures in Courts, inquest,
Criminal courts and their powers, Subpoena & oath of medical expert. Recording of Medical
experts evidence in courts. Types of Medical evidence.Kinds of witness and rules for giving
evidence.

Unit–II

Personal Identity: Definition and importance. Parameters contributing to personal identity-

Race, Sex, Age, Complexion, features & Photographs, Anthropometry, Fingerprints, Footprints,
Tattoo marks, Occupational marks, Handwriting, Clothes & Ornaments, Voice & Speech, DNA,
Superimposition techniques for skull. Disputed paternity.

Unit–III

Post-Mortem Examination: Importance, post-mortem report format, external & internal

examination in brief. Viscera & its preservation.Examination of decomposed and mutilated
bodies.Precaution to be taken during post mortem examination.Exhumation. Cause of death.

Unit–IV

Wounds: Wounds & its types, Medico-legal aspects, post mortem & ante mortem wounds,
General characteristics of injuries from burns, scalds, lightning, Electricity and radiation.
Forensic importance of wounds.

Unit–V

Deaths in its Medico-legal aspects: Modes of Death (Coma, Syncope, Asphyxia), Sudden
death. Sign of Death, cessation of vital functions, changes in the Eye & Skin, cooling of body,
post-mortem lividity, and cadaveric changes in the muscles, putrefaction, adipocere&
mummification. Estimation of time since Death.

13
 PAPER –3

Instrumental Methods of analysis – Physical, chemical, Biology.

Unit – I

Basic Concept of Spectroscopy: General idea on spectroscopy, electromagnetic spectrum,

various source of radiation their utility and limitation.Interaction of radiation with matter i.e.,
reflection, absorption, fluorescence etc. Detection of radiation i.e. photographic, photoelectric
etc.Forensic application of spectroscopy.Sample preparation for chromatographic and
spectroscopic evidence.Chromatographic methods.Fundamental principles and forensic
applications of thin layer chromatography, gas chromatography and liquid chromatography.

Unit II:

Electrophoresis – fundamental principles and forensic applications. Neutron activation analysis –

fundamental principles and forensic applications.Fundamental principles. Different types of
microscopes. Electron microscope.Comparison Microscope.Forensic applications of
microscopy.Atomic spectra and Molecular spectra.Ultra violet visible and IR spectrometry –
Forensic Applications– Principles – Instrumentation – Techniques – Applications.Nuclear
Magnetic Resonance Spectrometry – Principles, Instrumentation, Techniques Forensic
Applications.

UNIT III

Electrophoretic techniques: General principles, Classification of electrophoresis Factors

affecting electrophoresis, Preparative, Horizontal, Vertical, two dimensional electrophoresis
Brief idea of Low voltage electrophoresis, High voltage electrophoresis, Gel electrophoresis,
Isoelectric focusing etc General idea and working of Capillary Electrophoresis Forensic
Application of electrophoresis, electrochemical techniques: General principles Electron transport
process, Polarography and variants

14
Unit IV:

Mass Spectrometry (MS): Principle and Instrumentation, Correlation of MS with molecular

structure. A brief idea about the various forms of Mass Spectrometry Coupling MS with GC, LC,
and CE etc. Application of MS in Forensic Science

Light Microscopy-Introduction, Geometrical optics, Image formation, Magnification and

Resolution, Lens aberrations, Distortion of image and curvature of field. Basic principles,
working and Forensic Applications of Following Microscopes:

1. Compound Microscope
2. Comparison Microscope
3. Fluorescence Microscope
4. Polarized Microscope
5. Stereomicroscope

6. Infra-red Microscope

Electron Microscopy- Introduction, Historical review, Types of Electron Microscopy; Scanning

electron microscopy (SEM): Theory & Principle, Specific feature, instrumentation, sample
preparation, specimen interaction, specimen interaction volume, signal produced by specimen &
Forensic applications. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM): Theory and basic principles,
Instrumentation & Forensic applications

Unit V: Forensic photography

Basic principles and applications of photography in forensic science.3D

photography.Photographic evidence.Infrared and ultraviolet photography.Digital
photography.Videography. Crime scene and laboratory photography

Reference

1. John C. Lindon, George E. Tranter & John L. Holmes; Encyclopedia of Spectroscopy

&Spectrometry, Academic Press (2000)
2. Dudley H, Williams & Ian Fleming; Spectroscopic Methods in Organic Chemistry, 4th ed.
Tata McGraw-Hill Pub Co. New Delhi, (1994)

15
3. Colin N. Banwell& Elaine M, Mc. Cash; Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy 4th ed.
McGraw-Hill Pub Co. New Delhi, (1995)
4. R. Murugeshan; Optics & Spectroscopy, S. Chand& co. (1998)
5. Jack L Koeing; Spectroscopy of Polymers, 2nd ed. Elsevier pub. Co. (1999 D.A.
Skoog, D.M. West and F.J. Holler, Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, 6th Edition,
Saunders College Publishing, Fort Worth (1992).
6. W. Kemp, Organic Spectroscopy, 3rd Edition, Macmillan, Hampshire (1991).J.W. Robinson,
Undergraduate Instrumental Analysis, 5th Edition, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York (1995).

PAPER-4
Forensic Physics and Ballistics

Unit I:

Archimedes principle and law of floatation –Density and specific gravity-analytical balance –
theory of weighing-equal arm mechanical balance-substitution mechanical balance-substitution
mechanical balance- Electronic balance –Density determination for micro samples-forensic
application. 1. Melting point –boiling point-determination-comparative and mixed boiling point
determination –hot stage microscope.

Unit II:

Refractive index- Definition –variation of Refractive index with wavelength- Dispersion-Abbey

and pulfrischRefractometer Theory and practice –backline method of determining refractive
Index for micro samples.Firearms : Early history of firearms, the earliest firearms, the fifteenth
century Match lock, sixteenth & seventeenth century small arms, The age of the Flint lock, the
percussion lock firearms. Introduction of explosive.

Unit III:

2. Classification, Characteristics and firing mechanism of smooth bored firearms (M.L., B.L.)
Rifled firearms (Pistol, Revolver, Rifles, Machine Guns), Classification, nomenclature and
construction of country made firearms.3. Ammunition: Types, Cartridge Components (Cartridge
case primer propellant, Bullets, Pellets and wads)

16
Unit IV:

Matching of crime & test Bullets and cartridge cases in regular firearms, Identification of
Bullets, pellets &wads fired from improvised country made firearms. Automated method of
cartridge case and bullet comparison.Determination of Range of fire, time of fire. Visual and
Chemical, instrumental methods with special reference to the applications of Neutron activation,
Atomic absorptions, Scanning

Unit V:

Electron microscopy and other miscellaneous methods.Gun Shot Residues (GSR): Mechanism of
formation of GSR, modern methods of analysis of GSR from the shooting hand & target with
special reference to clothings. Firearm injuries: Ballistic aspect of firearm injuries, nature, Effect
of target, Velocity, constructional features and range on the wounding, identification of firearm
injuries. Evaluation of Firearm injuries, Reconstruction: Accident, Suicide, murder and self-
defense.

Suggested Reading:

1. Forensic science –Richard saferstein (Prentice Hall) 1978.

2. Police Photography – Harold Pountrey (Elsevier publishing company)1974.
3. Activation Analysis –R.C Kochi (Academic Press)1950.
5. Physicss part-I and II- devidhallidayetal (Wiley Eastern)1960.
6. Fundamendal of optics –Jenkinsand white (Mc Grawhill)1956.
7. Hand book of physics –E.U.Condon (Mc Graw Hill) 1956.
8. A treaise on heat –saha&Srinivasthava (Indian press Pvt.)1958.
Paper-V
Crime Scene Investigation: Practical
1. Searching method in crime scene

2. Collection of evidence –with proper equipments and tools

3. Packing, Labeling and Sealing of evidences from crime scene.

4. Lifting shoe print scene of crime.

5. Lifting foot print scene of crime.

17
 6. Analysis of various tire prints from scene of crime

7. To apply Sketching method indoor, outdoor and mobile scene of crime.

8. Photography of scene of crime using manual and digital camera.

9. Note Making scene of crime.

10. Reconstruction scene of crime.

SEMESTER II

PAPER 1:

CRIMINOLOGY AND LAW

Unit 1:

Concept and Definition of Crime , Causes of Crime , Social Change and Crime , Control and
Prevention of Crime in Context with Organization , Industrialization , Family set up, Criminal
Behavior and Psychology.
CriminalProcedureCode-
291,292,293,154,155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,172,173,174,175,176.Constitution of Courts,
Hierarchy of Courts and their Powers, Evidence in Enquiries and Trials, LokAdalat, LokAyukts
and Juvenile Courts.

Constitution of India – Preamble, Fundamental Rights Article 20, 21, 22.

Indian Evidence Acts – Sections 32,45,46,47,57,58,60,73,135,136,137,159.
Criminal Justice System: Structure of Police, Prosecution & Judicial Organizations.

Unit 2:

Sections of the Indian Penal Code:

(i) Offences against Person:
Sections:299,300,302,304B,306,319,320,326,339,340,351,359,362,357 & 377.
(ii) Offences Against Property:
Sections: 378,383,390,405,415,441,463,471,499,503,511.Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic
Substances Act , Drugs and Cosmetics Acts , Explosive Substances Acts , Dowry Prohibition
Act, Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, Prevention of Corruption Act, Arms Act, Wild Life
Protection Act, I.T. Act(Information Technology Act)-2000.Duties and responsibilities of food
inspector,Indian companies act;formation of company,memourandom of understandind and
article of association,powers of members,winding up of company.

18
Unit 3:

Nature of Punishment

Punishment : Meaning, aims, philosophy ofpunishment-Punishment in Ancient and Medieval

India-Theories of Punishment and TypesPunishment-Objectives ofPunishment-Sentencing -
principles, policies andprocedures-Capital Punishments-Recent approaches toPunishment-Role
of Central and State Governments in correctionaladministration.-Evolution of Correctional
Philosophy-Correctional Manuals, rulesetc.-Prisons Act, Prisoners Act, Transfer of Prisoners
Act, Juvenile JusticeAct.-Jail ManualVarious Prison Reforms, Committees and Commissions.
Unit 4:

Police Administration and Investigation

Policing in the early period - Police Act of 1861 and other Police acts - Police Administration
during British rule.

Indian Police after Independence - change in structure and organisation - The Indian Police
service - creation of new branches - and modification of the existing branches City Police and
District Police -Investigating Wings - Intelligence Wings and Assault Wings -State and Central
Police Forces - Special Task Forces and Special Units -National Police Commissions.

Investigation (Procedure)

A.Reporting of crime and registration of F.I.R.-b.Cognizable / Non Cognizable and bailable -

Non bailable offences.-c.Specialised investigation of homicides, property offences, white -collar
crimes and bomb blasts and death in custody.-d. Completion of investigation and filing of charge
sheet etc.

Unit 5:
Human Right and Victimology
Victimology: Definition and Scope, Historical Development, Types: Positivist, Radical and
Critical Role and Functions of Victimologists.
Who is a Victim? Demographic Characteristics; Victims of Violent Crimes, Typologies of
Victims,
Human Rights: Definition, Historical Development, U.N.Universal Declaration of Human
Rights; - Constitution of India -Fundamental Rights, Salient Features in the Code of Criminal
Procedure, the Indian Evidence Act, the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention
of Atrocities Act, 1)
Reference Books

1. Aloysius Irudayam and Jayashree P. Mangubhai (2004) Adivasis Speak Out,Books for change,
Bangalore.
2. Bajpai, Asha (2004) Child Rights in India, Oxford University Press.

19
3. Human Rights Watch (1999) Broken People, New York.
4. National Campaign on Dalit Human Rights (2000) Dalit Human Rights Violation Vol. 1
Chennai.
5. Rajan, V.N. Victimology in India (1995)

PAPER 2:

FORENSIC BIOLOGY AND SEROLOGY, DNA PROFILING

Unit 1:

Forensic biology

Hair and fibers: Hair: Structure, Forensic examination of Hair including determination of origin
race, sex, site, etc. Fibres: Type and Forensic aspects of fiber examination - fluorescent, optical
properties, refractive index, birefringence, dye analysis etc and natural fiber

Forensic Botany:Various types of wood, timber varieties, seeds and leaves - their identification
and matching. Diatoms - Types morphology, methods of isolation from different tissue and
forensic importance of planktons-especially diatom, forensic significance in drowning cases.
Study and identification of pollen grains, Identification of starch grains, powder and stains of
spices etc, Paper and Paper Pulp identification, Microscopicand biochemical examination of pulp
material etc.Isolation, classification and identification of microbial organism.

Unit 2 :

Forensic Entomology: General Entomology, importance of entomology, branches of

entomology, Significance of terrestrial and aquatic insects in forensic investigations and their
role in crime detection, insect's succession and its relationship to determine time since death.
Impact of ecological factors on insect's developments. Role can be played by entomologist in
estimating time of death. Organisms used in forensic entomology responsibilities of forensic
entomologist.

Unit 3:

Wild Life Forensic: Introduction and Importance of wild life, Protected and endangered species
of Animals and Plants, Wild life species - Identification and examination of physical evidence by
conventional and modern methods, Identification of Pug marks of various animals. Census of
wild life population. Wild life/Environment Protection Act

20
Unit 4:

Basic Concepts of Genetics: Mendel ion genetics, genotypes, phenotypes, mutation, multiple
alleles. Biochemical Markers of Individuality: General Understanding, classification of
markers, Biochemical basis of genetic variation. Expression of Gene and Gene Mapping.
Analysis of protein by electrophoresis and related methods. Protein polymorphism and
characterization by electrophoresis methods.

Genomes Introduction to Human genome, Genome Anatomies, Transcriptome and Proteomes,

Mapping genome, Sequencing of genome. Regulation of Genomes Accessing the genome,
Regulation of Genome activity.Transposons and rearrangementof DNA Transposition
mechanisms, controlling elements, retroviruses and retrotransposons, Ty elements,
rearrangement of DNA – yeast mating types, Ti plasmids Unit 4: Enzymes in laboratory
applications Restriction enzymes, Phosphatases, DNA polymerases and DNA ligases

Molecular Genetics of CancerProtooncogenes and Oncogenes, Onco-suppressor genes and

growth factors; Carcinogens, Mutagens and clinical aspects

Manipulating proteins, DNA and RNA Isolating cells and growing them in culture,
Fractionation of cells, Isolating, cloning and sequencing DNA, Analysing protein structure and
function, Studying gene expression and function

Unit 5 :

BLOOD: Composition, Histology, Examination of blood and blood stains, Blood spatter
patterns identification, Identification of menstrual and other stains by various methods.

SEMEN: Composition, St. of spermatozoa, forensic methods of detection and identification of

semen and seminal stain examination.

Serogenetic markers; Blood groups : History, biochemistry and genetics of ABO, Rh, Mn and
other systems, Methods of ABO blood grouping (absorption-inhibition, mixed agglutination and
absorption elution) from blood stains and other body fluids/stains viz. menstrual blood, semen,
saliva, sweat, tear, pus, vomit, hair, bone, nail etc. blood group specific ABH substances,
determination of secretor/non secretor status, Lewis antigen, Bombay Blood group, Polymorphic
enzymes typing- PGM, ESD, EAP, AK, etc., and their forensic significance, HLA typing, Role
of serogenetic markers in individualization, paternity disputes etc.

21
DNA Profiling: Structure of DNA, Damage to DNA, Variation in DNA, DNA as excellent
polymorphic marker, Basis of DNA typing. DNA typing technique - RFLP, PCR, Amplification,
PCR based typing methods such as HLA DQ A1 Ampli-Type (R) PM Polymarkers, D 1580,
STR, Gender ID, mt-DNA methods with their merits and demerits. Comparison of RFLP and
PCR based method.

Content Introduction to Recombinant DNA technology Historical aspects, applications,

containment systems and importance Vectors: Plasmids, cosmids, phage vectors (lambda, M13),
episomes, BAC, YAC; Yeast, plant and animalvectors (SV40, Adeno, AAV, Baculoviral) and
their hosts Cloning and Molecular methods Cloning – DNA cloning, Blunt-end method,
Homopolymer tailing, Cloning in other organisms (Bacillus, yeasts, eukaryotes) – advantages
and disadvantages, DNA libraries Transfection and Expression Transfection and identification of
transfected colonies, Expression systems (bacterial, yeast, viral, plant and mammalian),
Transgenesis Applications of recombinant DNA technology Agricultural (plant and animal),
Medical (Production of insulin, growth hormones, vaccines), Environmental and industrial
applications Protein engineering and design Approaches to Study Protein Functions and
Regulation in Budding Yeast, Regulation of expression of Proteins, Directed and random
mutagenesis and Protein Engineering, Methods for Studying Protein-Protein and Protein-DNA
Interactions

Suggested Readings:

1. E.J. Gardner, M. 1. Simmons and D.P. Snustad; Principles of Genetics; John Wiley, New
York; (1991)

2. H.G. Greenish & E. Collin; An anatomical Atlas of vegetable Powders; J&A Churchill,
London; (1904)

3. Richard Saferstein; Forensic Science Hand Book; Ed.; Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliff, New
Jersey; (1982)

4. P. L. Williams and R. Warwick; Gray’s anatomy; Churchill Livingston, London; (1980)

5. Biology Methods manual; Metropolitan Police Forensic Science Laboratory, London; (1978)

6. Herbert R. Mauersberger; Mathews Textile Fibres – their physical, Microscopic and chemical
properties; John Wiley, New York; (1954)

22
7. R.P. Pandey, Plant Anatomy; S. Chand, new Delhi; (1998)

8. Kimball, John W; Biology; Arvind Publishing Co. New Delhi (1974)

9. Edwin, H. Mc Caney – Human Genetics, The Molecular Revolution, Jones & Bartlett Pub.
London, (1993)

10. Albert’s, B, Bray, D, Lewis, J, Roberts K & Watson, J.D; Molecular Biology of Cell, 2 nd
ed. Garland Pub. New Yark (1989)

11. Lewis. B Gene IV, Oxford University Press, England (1980)

12. Clifford, B.J; The examination and typing of Bloodstains in the Crime Laboratory, US Court
Printing Press (1971)

13. Morrison, Robert D; Environmental Forensics Principles and Applications, CRC Press, Boca
Raton, New York, (2000)

PAPER: 3
QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS, FINGERPRINTS AND OTHER IMPRESSIONS

Unit 1:

Nature and scope of questioned document

Definition of questioned document, Types of questioned documents, Instruments used to

prepare documents, ink & its type, physical & chemical examination, paper & its type,
manufacturing and examination of paper, collection, preservation and handling of questioned
documents, photography of questioned document. Document in General: Importance,
Classification& Preliminary Examination. Nature & Problems of Document Examination.
Handling & Preservation of Documents.Tools in questioned document; Basic tools needed for
Forensic Document Examination and their use.Ultraviolet, visible, infrared, fluorenscence
spectroscopy, Photomicrography, Microphotography, Visible spectral comparator, Electrostatic
detection apparatus, Determining the age and relative age of documents.

Unit 2:

Handwriting:
23
Basic Principle of Handwriting Identification, Handwriting characteristics, General and
Individual.Development of Individuality in Handwriting, Comparison of Handwriting, Natural
variations, Fundamental divergences.Standard for Comparison. Signatures: Characteristics of
genuine and forged signatures and their Examination.Digital signature.

Unit 3:

Comparison of questioned document:

Merits and demerits of exemplar and non-exemplar samples during comparison of

handwriting.Standards for comparison of handwritings. Comparison of paper, ink, printed
documents, typed documents, Xerox documents.

Forged & Typed Documents: Alteration- Erasure, Addition, Obliteration and Sheet insertion.
Secret writing & its decipherment.Charred documents & their decipherment.Indented
writing.Typewriting- Class and individual characters & their comparison.Printed matter and their
examination.

Disguised writing and anonymous letters: Definition, Characteristics and Identification of

writer.Examination of seal impression and other mechanical impressions.determination of age of
documents by Examination of Printed Matter, Types Script Writing, Signatures, Paper and Ink.

Type writing: Working of type writer, Various type of typewriting devices, Identification of type
Scripts, Typist. Printed matter: Various type of printing processes, Examination of various types
of Printed Matter. Preparation of detailed report with reasons and illustrative charts, Use of
standard Terminology.

Unit4:

Finger Prints: History of finger print, formation of ridges, finger print patterns, ridge
characteristics, ridge count, ridge tracing etc. Classification of finger print- Ten digit Henry
System of Classification, single digit, etc. Computerization of finger print and finger print
bureau.

Chance Fingerprints-Types of chance prints, Composition of Sweat, Development of latent

Fingerprints.Conventional method of development of Fingerprints.Digital imaging &
Enhancement, Application of laser & other radiations to develop latent fingerprints. Photography

24
of Fingerprints, Digital Transmission, Comparison of Fingerprints, Automated Fingerprint
Identification System (AFIS).

Unit 5:

Examination of Finger Prints & Other Impressions: Types of fingerprint, latent, visible
prints, location of finger print, Photography of finger prints. Foot and footwear prints, gait
pattern, casting of print on different surfaces and their comparison.Examination of tyre and skid
mark on different surfaces and calculation of speed of vehicle. Forensic importance of lip print,
bite mark and palm print.

Suggested Readings:

1. Rev. ED.; Ordway Hilton; Scientific Examination I Of Questioned Documents, Elsevier, New
York; (1982)

2. Albert S. Osborn; Questioned Documents, Second Ed.; Universal Law Publishing, Delhi;
(1998)

3. Albert S. Osborn; The Problem of Proot~ Secon Ed.; Universal Law Publishing, Delhi; (1998)
4. Charles C. Thomas, Typewriting Identification I.S.Q.D.; Billy Bates; Springfield, Illinois,
USA, (1971)

5. Charles C. Thomas, I.S.Q.D. Identification System for Questioned Documents; Billy Prior
Bates Springfield, Illinois, USA, (1971)

6. Wilson R. Harrison; Suspect Documents – Their Scientific Examination; Universal Law

Publishing, Delhi. (1997)

7. Hard less, H.R. : Disputed Documents, handwriting and thumbs – print identification :
profusely illustrated, Low Book Co., Allahabad, (1988)

8. David R. Ashbaugh; Quantitative and Qualitative Friction ridge analysis, CRS Press, (1999)

9. Mehta M. K. ; Identification of Thumb Impression & Cross Examination of Finger Prints, N.

M. Tripathi (P) Ltd, Bombay (1989)

25
10. Henry C. Lee & R. E. Ganesslen, Advances in Finger Print Technology, ~RC Press, Boca
Raton, London, (1991)

PAPER 4:

FORENSIC MEDICINE AND PHARMOCOLOGY

Unit 1:

Personal Identification: Identification of Living Person and Medico-legal importance.

Identification of dead persons, skeletal remains and Medico legal importance. Injuries:
Meaning, Definition and Classifications) Nature and Medico Legal Importance of Thermal,
Chemical and Injuries due to electricity, lightening and X-rays. b) Mechanical Injuries:
i)Abrasion, ii)Contusion, iii) Punctured Wound, iv) Incised Wound v) Gun-Shot Wounds. vi)
Head Injury Medico legal aspects of wounds: -medical and legal definition of wounds, types of
mechanical and regional injuries, aging of wounds, difference between suicidal, homicidal and
accidental wounds

Unit2:

Thanatology: Meaning, Definition & Causes of Death- Natural & Unnatural Types of Death-
Somatic/Clinical and Molecular/Cellular. Post Mortem Changes and Determination of Time of
Death- Cooling of the body, Post Mortem Lividity, Rigor Mortis, Putrefaction, Adipocer and
Mummification; Factors affecting these changes. Determination of time since death, including
histo pathological methods. Medico legal aspects of asphyxia deaths (Hanging, Strangulation,
Suffocation, Smothering and Drowning – Diatom test), electrocution, thermal trauma, heat burns,
starvation, natural death, sudden death, death by accident. Medico legal investigation of sexual
offences, including examination of victims and suspects

Unit 3:

PHARMOCOLOGY:

Types of Pharmacology drugs, Steroids, Forensic Pharmacological studies, Ingestion of drugs,

absorption, distribution, metabolism, pathways of drug metabolism, drug metabolism and drug

26
toxicity, excretion of drugs. Court Judgments and Analysis of recent cases relating to; Medico-
legal experts and toxicological findings.

Unit 4 :

Exhumation:

Definition ,medical and legal aspects, procedure adopted for carrying exhumation, exhumation
conducted in india , procedural formalities in exhumation, legal requirements to exhume a body,
reasons and methods, exhumation of remains of a deceased person , burial act 1857 and
sections.

Suggested Readings:

1. C.K. Parikh (1990) – Medical Jurisprudence & Toxicology, CBS Publishers & Distributors,
New Delhi-32.
2. Dr.Rao G. Nageshkumar (1993) – Clinical Forensic Medicine, House of Research Publication
Aid, Manipal-19.
3. http://forensicsciencecentral.co.uk/toxicology.shtml
4. Krishnan’s M.K.R. &Patnaik V.P. (Editor) (11th Ed 1999), Handbook of Forensic Medicine
including Toxicology, Para Medical Publisher, Hyderabad - 095.
5. Laboratory Procedure Manual Forensic Toxicology(2005)-Directorate of Forensic Science
Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt.of India
6. Mathiharan K. &Patnaik K. Amrit (Ed. 2009) - Modi’s Medical Jurisprudence and
Toxicology (23rd edition), ButterworthsWadhwa, Nagpur
7. Mukherjee J.B. (Vol.1 1981) – Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Academy Publishers,
Calcutta.
8. RaoNageshkumar, G. (2009 & 2010) – Text book of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology,
Jaypee Publishers, New Delhi.
9. Ratan Deepak &ZaidiMohd.Hasan (2008) – Forensic Science in India and the World, Alia
Law Agency, Alahabad-211 001.
10. Reddy Narayan K.S. (5th Edition 1981) – The Essentials of Forensic Medicine and
Toxicology, Published K. Suguna Devi, Hyderabad.

27
11. Sharma B. R. (4th Ed. 2008) - Forensic Science in Criminal Investigation and Trial,
Universal Publishers
12. Walls H. J. (2nd Ed. 2008) – Forensic Science: An Introduction to Scientific Crime
Detection, Universal Law Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi-33.

PAPER 6: PRACTICALS

1. Identification of Handwriting General Characteristics.

2. Study of natural variations in handwriting.
3. Study of fundamental divergences.
4. Identification of individual characteristics.
5. Study of Disguised in handwriting.
6. Comparison of handwriting.
7. Detection of Simulated forgery.
8. . Detection of traced forgery.
9. To obtain Plain and rolled inked finger prints.
10. To identify the finger Print Patterns.
11. To perform ridge tracing and ridge counting.
12. To identify the ridge characteristics.
13. To Compare the finger Prints.
14. To develop latent finger Prints with powder method.
15. To develop latent finger Prints with fuming method.
16. To develop latent finger Prints with chemical methods.
17. Primary and secondary identification of blood/ semen sample.
18. Identification of species from the given hair sample.
19. Examination of given fiber by physical and chemical method.
20. Determine ABO and Rh factor of human blood. 5. Detection of salivary stains

SEMESTER III:

PAPER 1:

28
 FORENSIC BALLISTICS AND EXPLOSIVE AND FORENSIC CHEMISTRY

Unit 1:
Introduction to Forensic chemistry, sampling of chemical evidences, presumptive, screening
(color/ spot test), inorganic analysis. Detective dyes- cases and importance in trap cases. Arson
Chemistry of fire, searching of fire scene, collection, preservation and examination of arson
evidences. Adulteration in Petroleum products. Examination procedures involving standard
methods and instrumental techniques, analysis of beverages- alcoholic and nonalcoholic, country
made liquor and medicinal preparations containing alcohol as constituents. Significance of
alcohol in breath and breath screening devices.Forensic analysis of Fertilizers/ insecticides/
pesticides/ biocides.

Unit 2:
Analysis of petroleum products and residues: Distillation and fractionation, Various fractions and
their commercial uses, Standards/methods of commercial analysis of petroleum products as per
ASTM and BIS, Analysis of traces of petroleum products in forensic exhibits, Comparison of
petroleum products, Adulteration of petroleum products, Characterization of petroleum products
in oil spills, Application of conventional and Modern Techniques in the analysis of petroleum
products.

Unit 3:
Study of Analysis ofBeverages Introduction, Definition of alcohol and illicit liquor, Alcoholic
and non-alcoholic beverages and theircomposition, Proof spirit, absorption, detoxication and
excretion of alcohol, problems in alcohol cases and difficulties in diagnosis, Alcohol and
prohibition, Consequences of drunken driving, Analytical techniques used for the analysis of
alcohol. Food adulteration: Introduction, Prevention of food adulteration, Analytical techniques
for analysis of exhibits involved in food and other material. Forensic medicine

Natural and synthetic drugs of abuse.Drug dependence, classification of drugs- Narcotics,

Hallucinogens, Depressants, Stimulants, Anabolic steroids.Psychotropic and Psychedelic drugs
of abuse.Field and laboratory tests of drugs of abuse.Instrumental methods of analysis,
collection, preservation and transportation of drug evidences.
Unit 4:

Explosives

29
Classification of explosives, synthesis and characteristics of Tri-nitro toluene (TNT),
Pentaerythritoltetranitrate (PETN) and Research and Development Explosives (RDX).Explosion
process, blast waves, searching of scene of explosion. Post blast residue collection and analysis,
blast injuries and detection of hidden explosives. Improvised explosive devices.

Composition and Characteristics of explosives, pyrotechnics, IEDs, explosion process and

affects, types of hazard, effect of blast wave on structures, human etc., specific approach to scene
of explosion, post- blast residue collection, reconstruction of sequence of events, evaluation and
assessment of scene of explosion, systematic examination of explosives and explosion residues
in the laboratory using chemical and instrumental techniques in the laboratory and interpretation
of results.

Unit 5:

History and backgroundof firearms:- Their classification and characteristics, various

component of small arms, smooth bore and class characteristics, purpose & types of rifling,
trigger and firing mechanism, improvised / country-made / imitative firearm and their
constructional features.
Internal and ExternalBallistics:- Definition, ignition of propellants, shape and size of
propellants, manner of burning, various factors affecting the internal ballistics: Terminal
Ballistics Effects of projectile on hitting the target: function of bullet shape, striking velocity,
striking angle and nature of target. Principlesand practice of identification of firearms,
ammunition and their components, different types of marks produced on cartridge during firing
process - firing pin marks, breech face marks, chamber marks, extractor and ejector marks band
on bullet- number/ direction of lands and grooves, striation marks on lands and grooves,
identification of various parts of firearms Analysis of Gunshot Residues Mechanism of formation
of Gun Shot Residue (GSR), source and collection, spot test, chemical test, identification of
shooter and instrumental methods of GSR Analysis, Arms Act.

Suggested Readings:

1. Instrumental Method of Chemical Analysis by Chatwal&Anand, Himalya Publication.

2. Analytical Toxicology by S. N. Tiwari Govt. of India publications, New Delhi 1987
3. Advance in Chromatography by Brown P. R.

30
4. Introduction of Forensic Science in Crime Investigation by Dr. (Mrs.) R. Krishnamurthy
. 5. Forensics Analysis by Gas Chromatography by Howard
6. Forensic Application of Mass Spectroscopy by Yinon 1994.
7. Methods in Toxicology by Prakash M. et.al; Anmol Publication, New Delhi (1998)
8. Analytical Method in Human Toxicology by Curry
9. Advances in Forensic Science (Vol. 2) Instrumental Analysis by Lee and Gaensslem
10. Handbook of Instrumental Technique for Analytical Chemistry by Settle F. A.
11. Scientific Evidence in Criminal Cases by Moonesens A. A
12. Methods of Forensic Sciences by Lundquist and Curry
13. Hand book of drug and alcohol abuse by Holfmann, F. G
14. Analysis of Plant Poisons by Dr. M P Goutam
15. Indian Evidence Act.
16. Criminal Procedure code.
17. Indian Penal Code.
18. Bare Acts with short notes on the following : Narcotic Drugs & Psychotropic Substances
Act,
19. Drugs & Cosmetics Act, Explosive Substances Act, Dowry Prohibition Act, Prevention of
Food Adulteration Act, Pr

PAPER 2:

CYBER AND ADVANCED DIGITAL FORENSIC

Unit 1:

1. Meaning of Cyber Forensics, Nature and Characteristics of Cyber Crimes Role of “mensrea”
and Criminal Liability in Cyber Crime. Criminal Investigation analysis and behaviour:
Characteristics of computer criminal. 2. Definition of Cyber Crime, Types and Classifications of
Cyber Crime.Types of Malware: Viruses, Worms, Trojan Horses, Blended Attacks, Tracking
Cookies, Keystroke and Root kits. Prevention of Malware incidents, Spy ware detection and
Intrusion Prevention using different tools (Router, Firewalls and Biometrics), Malware incident
Response Process & Case Studies of Cyber Crime

Unit 2:

31
Online Frauds: Nature and Characteristics. Types of Internet Frauds: Phishing, Identity Theft,
Cyber Stalking, Spam Mails, and Spoofing. Web hacking, website defacing, DoS, DDoS attacks
and website cloning. 2. E-Banking Frauds: Characteristics and types: Fake bank website, Site
redirecting, and Social Engineering. Handling and prevention of E-Banking frauds.Credit Card
FraudsTypes of Frauds, Investigation and Prevention. 1. Investigation of Cyber Crimes: Incident
Response Methodology – Individual System and Networked system. Data collection: live
system, stand alone system and networked system 2. Volatile Memory data and Non-volatile
memory data. Evidence handling procedure, Preserving digital evidence and Chain of custody,
Challenges to Digital Forensic Evidence: Internet Crimes against children.

Unit 3:1.

Laws relating to Cyber Crime: Salient features of IT Act-2008, with emphasis on aspects
relating to offences, Punishments, Investigative powers and regulations. 2. Amendments arising
due to enactment of IT Act 2000 in IPC, Cr.P.C, I.E.A.,Copyright Act. 3. Prevention of Cyber
Crimes:Cyber Security, Global, National, Industrial & individual levels. Future Perspectives of
Cyber crimes: Cyber Terrorism, Cyber Warfare and Hacktivism. Forensics auditing Forensics
auditing – step-by-step, how-to process for securing, investigating, and auditing or assessing
various IT environments. Introduction to Forensic Accounting: Introduction to Forensic
Accounting and Fraud Examination; Principles of Forensic Accounting and Fraud Examination;
Roles of the Forensic Accountant;

Unit 4: Introduction to Fraud and Forensic Accounting; The Nature of Fraud, Why People
Commit Fraud, Fighting Fraud, Fraud Prevention, Fraud Detection, Recognizing the Symptoms
of Fraud; Data- Driven Fraud Detection, Fraud Investigation, Investigating Theft Acts;
Investigating Concealment, Conversion Investigation Methods; Private Sources of Information,
Inquiry Methods and Fraud Reports, Honesty Testing, The Fraud Reports, Management of
Fraud; Financial Statement Fraud; Revenue-and Inventory-Related Financial Statement Frauds;
Liability, Asset, and Inadequate Disclosure Frauds; Fraud Against Organizations, Consumer
Fraud; Identification of Theft, Investment Scams, Money Laundering; Bankruptcy, Divorce, and
Tax Fraud, Fraud in E-Commerce; Resolution of Fraud, Legal Follow-Up, Being an Expert
Witness; Financial Statement Fraud Standards; Avoiding common mistakes in fraud risk
assessment and examination; Credit Card Frauds, Online Transaction Frauds, Cheque Frauds etc.

Unit 5:

32
Trojan horse, trap door, super zapping, logic bombs. Types of computer crimes – computer
stalking, pornography, hacking, and crimes related to intellectual property rights, computer
terrorism, hate speech, private and national security in cyber space.An overview of hacking,
spamming, phishing and stalking. Computer Forensics Investigations: Seizure of suspected
computer. Preparation required prior to seizure. Protocol to be taken at the scene.Extraction of
information from the hard disk.Introduction to Cyber Forensics – Storage fundamentals – File
systems concepts – Data recovery – Cyber Forensic Investigation – Investigation tools – e-
Discovery – Digital evidence collection – Evidence presentation – E-mail investigation – E-mail
tracking – IP tracking – E-mail recovery – Encryption and decryption methods – Search and
seizure of computers – Recovering deleted evidence – Password cracking – Formatted partition
recovery – Data recovery tools – Data recovery procedures and ethics - Preservation and safe
handling of the original media – Chain of custody.

Unit 6:Digital Forensics: Introduction, Classification of Digital Crimes and Branches of Digital
Forensics. Digital Evidences: Types of Digital Evidences, Acquisition, Handling and Chain of
Custody. Evidence Imaging and File System Analysis (FAT and NTFS). Various Tools for Disc
Imaging and Data Recovery (ENCASE, NUIX), Vulnerability Assessment Tools. Investigations
on Various Imaging Methods (RAW, SMART, E01, AFF).Password and Encryption Techniques.
Password Recovery Tools.
References and Books:

1. Augustine T. Paul (2007) – Combating Cyber Crime, Crescent Publishing Corporation, New
Delhi-02.

Augustine T. Paul (2007) – Cyber Crime and Legal Issues, Crescent Publishing Corporation,
New Delhi-02

3. Augustine T. Paul (2007)-Intellectual Property crime, Crescent Publishing Corporation, New

Delhi-02

4. Barkha& Mohan U.Rama – Cyber Law & Crimes IT Act 2000 and Computer Crime
Analysis, Asia Law House, Hyderabad. 5. Bryan, Kellie, Dunnesen, Kristen & Jean Jayson
(2009) –

PAPER 3:
33
 FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGY AND ODONTLOGY AND FORENSIC
PHOTOGRAPHY
Unit 1:
Forensic Anthropology: Definition, scope and objectives, Human skeleton, comparative
skeletal anatomy of human and non-human. Identification of bones and determination of side:
Age determination from skeletal remains: General considerations, classification of bones, suture
closure in skull and ossification in other bones. Sex determination from skeletal remains: skull,
Pelvis, and other bones. Estimation of stature from skeletal remains with special reference to
long bones.

Unit 2:
Personal Identification Techniques (Somatoscopy, Somatometery, Osteometery and
Craniometery) & their Importance in Determination of Age and Sex. Portrait Parle/Bertillon
system, Introduction and Importance of Photofit/Identi Kit System for Facial Reconstruction.
Cranio Facial Super Imposition Techniques (Photographic Super Imposition, Video-
Superimposition, Roentgen graphic Superimposition). Use of Somatoscopic and Craniometric
Methods in Reconstruction. Importance of Tissue Depth to Reconstruct various Facial Features.
Genetic and Congenital Anomalies: Causes, Types, Identification and their Forensic
Significance.
Unit 3:
Forensic Odontology: Development and scope, role in mass disaster. Structural variation in
teeth ( human and non-human), types of teeth and their functions, determination of age from
teeth: eruption sequence, Gustafson’s method, dental anomalies, their significance in personal
identification. Bites marks: Forensic significance, collection and preservation of bite marks,
photography of bite marks, and evaluation of bite marks. Legal aspects of bite mark.

Unit 4:
Photography: Basic principles and techniques of photography, cameras and lenses, exposing,
developments and printing, Different kinds of developers and fixtures, modern developments in
photography, linkage of cameras and film negatives, digital photography, digital water marking
and digital imaging, photogrammetry, videography/ high speed videogaphy, crime scene and
laboratory photography

34
Suggested Reading:
Photography:
1. Henry Horeustein, Colour Photography A Working Manual; Little Brow Company, Boston;
(1995)
2. B.H.E. Jacobson, Sidney Ray GG Attridge, The Manual of Photograph ~ Focal Prss, London;
(1998)
3. Jahne B; Digital Image Processing; Heidelberg Springer (1996)
4. Workinson, J; Art of Digital Video; Oxford Focal Press (1994)

PAPER 4:
FORENSIC TOXICOLOGY AND NARCOTICS
Unit 1:
Forensic Toxicology: Introduction, concept and Significance Poisons: Definition, Classification
of poisons, Types of poisoning sign and symptoms of poisoning, mode of action, factors
modifying the action of poisons, Toxicological exhibits in fatal and survival cases, their
preservation Treatment in cases of poisoning, Analysis report

Unit 2:
Extraction, Isolation and Clean-up procedures: Non-volatile organic poison, Stas-otto,
DovbrieyNickolls (Ammonium sulphate) method, acid digest and Valov (Tungstate) methods,
Solid phase micro extraction techniques, Solvent extraction methods Volatile Poisons: Industrial
solvent acid and basic Distillation Toxic Cations: Dry Ashing and Wet digestion process Toxic
Anions: Dialysis method total alcoholic extract

Unit 3:
General Study and Analysis: Barbiturates, methaqualone, Hydromorphine, Methadone,
Meprobamate, Mescaline, Amphetamines, LDS, Heroin, Cannabinoids, Phinothiazines
Insecticides: Types, General methods for their analysis Alkaloids: Definition, classification,
Isolation and General characterization.

Unit 4:

35
Forensic Examination of Metallic Poisons: Arsenic, Mercury, Lead, Bismuth, Copper,
Aluminium, Iron, Barium, Zinc Analysis of Ethyl Alcohol in blood and urine, illicit liquor,
Methanol, Acetone, Chloroform, Phenol Snake venoms and Poisons, Irrespirable gases

PAPER 5: PRACTICALS
 Separation and identification of volatile liquid by simple distillation.
 Identification of salts and metals by simple colour test and group analysis.
 Identification of different vegetable poison by colour test, chromatography etc.
 Identification of insecticides and pesticides by TLC/ colour test.
 Restoration of erased punched mark on metal piece by chemical treatment.
 Identification of explosives and gunshot residue by chemical test.

Cyber and Digital Forensic – Practical

 Identify, seize and preserve digital evidence from crime scenes.

 Detect deletions, obliterations and modifications of files using encase software.
 Trace routes followed by e-mails and chats.
 Identify the IP address of the sender of e-mails.
 Identify encrypted files.
 Identify hidden files.
 Digital signatures for securing e-mail and online transactions.
 Acquire data from PCs/laptops/HDDs/USBs, pen drives, memory cards and SIM cards.
 Symmetric and asymmetric keys for protection of digital record.
 Carry out imaging of hard disks.
 Mobile forensic data recovery using Cellibrite touch Hardware tool.
 Chip of Forensic of Hard disk using chip of forensic kit.
 Data Recovery From hard disk using PC-3000 Software and hardware tool.

SEMESTER 4

DISSERTATION {INTERSHIP, PROJECT AND VIVA)

Every student will have to undertake a dissertation based on the option and the actual work
carried out on the problem under the guidance of his/her supervisor. The supervisor will be

36
allotted by the HOD to each of the student. The supervisor will be the faculty member of the
institute. The institution may decide to send the students to external institution for completion of
the experimental work/consultation with the scientist and library for their dissertation work. In
that case the HOD of the concerned external institute will allot one of its facility member/scientist
as co supervisor to the student. If a student goes to any external institute for the completion of his
dissertation work he/she has to submit one certificate duly signed by the allotted cosupervisor and
HOD of the external institution. The student will have to submit minimum four copies (04) of
his/her dissertation before the last date specified by the department. The dissertation will be
evaluated in terms of quality of written work, experimental and performance in the viva-voce by
internal and external examiners.

 Option -A:: Specialization in ForensicDNA

 Option - B Specialization in ForensicToxicology
 Option - C: Specialization in Questioned document.
 Option D: Specialization in Forensic Fingerprinting.
 Option E: Specialization in Cyber and Digital Forensic.

37