Se ania! Ha Pala pta H ree i racer (eee amrapan mauonal PRACTICAL -1 Aim: To st a ska Integumentary and Special Senses Using Specimen, models. Reference: quirement : Human skin chart model Theory : Structure — Skin has multipale layer of cells which are divided into two part . The skin has a surface area e about 1.5 t0 2 mm in adults and it contains glands, hair and nails. There are two main ayers: 1. Epidermis 2. Der Between the skin and underlying structures there is a layer of subcutaneous fat Epidermis This consist of the following- 1, Stratum coneum — the hory layer 2. Stratum lucidum - the transport layer 3. Stratum grenulosum — the granular layer 4. Stratum malpighian — the prickle ~ celled layer * Mapighian cells are branched, broad & thick. Melanoblast granules of pigment are found in the deepest layer. * The epidermis is the most superficial layer of the skin and is composed of stratified kertinised squamous epithelium which varies in thickness in different parts of the body. * It is thickest on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet, * There are no blood vessels or nerve endings in the epider'ais, but its deeper layers are bathed in interstitial fluid from the dermis, which provides oxygen and nutrients , and is drained away as lymph. ‘The skin showing the main layers of the epidermis:~ * desquamation (shedding) of the keratinized cells from the surface effective keratinisation of the cells approaching the surface, continual cell divison inthe deeper layers with newly formed cells being pushed to the surface * Hairs, secretions from sebaceous glands and ducts of sweat glands pass through the epidermis to reach the surface.r led the : : df ‘~< * The surface of the epidermis is ridged by projections of papillae. The pattern of ridges is different in every individual and the impression ‘made by them is the ‘fingerprint Figure 1.1 Dermis: The layer is below the epidermis . It has multiple layer & contains a large number of different structures:- 1, Melanophore cells : they contain the pigment melanin 2. Vessels : there is arterial & venous capillary network carrying blood and lymphatic vessels convey lymph. 3. Elastic fiber :~ minute fibres help to keep up texture of the skin. The dermis is tough and elastic, It is formed from connective tissue and the matrix contains collagen fibres interlaced with elastic fibres, Rupture of elastic fibres occurs when the skin is ‘overstreched, resulting in permanent striae, or stretch marks, that may be found in pregnancy and obesity. Collagen fibres bind water and give the skin its tensile strength, but as this, ability declines with age, wrinkles develop. Fibroblasts, macrophages and mast cells are the ‘main cells found in the dermis. Underlying its deepest layer there is areolar tissue and varying amounts of adipose tissue (fat), Mhe structures in the dermis are:‘The outer ear consists of the auri a) The auric Figure 1.2 the external acoustic meatus, wave and the external auditory head. I is1 1 Requi b) External acoustic meatus (auditory canal) “g’-shaped tube about 2.5 em long extending from the auricle to .d wax are present near its outer part to the tympanic membrane(cardrum). Hair conveys sound waves to the drum. us and the remainder is a canal continuous with that of the auricle, IIL There are numerous sebaccous and ceruminous glands in the skin of the lateral third, ¢) Ceruminous Glands: Are modified sweat glands that secrete cerumen(wax) , a sticky material containing Iysozyme and immunoglobulins, Foreign materials, e.g. dust, insects and microbes, are prevented from reaching the tympanic membrane by wax, hairs and the curvature of the meatus. Movements of the temporomandibular joint during chewing and speaking ‘massage’ the cartilaginous meatus, moving the wax towards the exterior. ‘The tympanic membrane (eardrum) completely separates the external acoustic meatus from the middle ear. It is oval- shaped with the slightly broader edge upwards and is formed by three types of tissue: the outer covering of hairless skin, the middle layer of fibrous tissue and the inner lining of mucous, membrane continuous with that of the middle ear. . EYE jrement ; Human Eye Model Theory: 1. Eyelids and eyelashes keep dust out of eyes; con junciva lines the eyelids and cover white of eye 2. Lacrimal glands produce tears, which flow across the eye ball to two lacrimal to lacrimal sac to nasolacrimal duct to nasal cavity. Tears wash the anerior ducts, bacterial growth eyeball and contain lysozyme to inh is protected by the bony orbit(socket). 3. The eyebs innervated by the 3 rd, 4th, and 6 th 4.The six extrinsic muscles move the eyeba cranial nerves. made of fibrous connective tissue ; anterior 5, Sclera- outermost layer of the eyeba por the transparent comea, the first 6. Choroid layer- middle layer of eyeball, glare within the eyeball 7. Ciliary body(musele) and suspensor made ofa transparent, elastic protein an dark blue pigment absorbs light to prevent ry ligaments- change shape of lens, which is .d which reffacts light. f smooth muscle fibers regulate diameter of pupil, that is, how much 8. Iris-two sets 0!Physiolgoy of Vision : eapuees snreenesrvear (CUE) only cones; area of cyeball contains vitreous humor (semi -solid ) that keeps the ret hat nourishes the lens and corena; made is reabsorbed to blood at the canal of Schel 1. Refraction (bending and focusing) pathway of light: cornea, aqueous humor , lens , vitreous humor. power. +3. Light strikes retina and stimulates chemical reactions in the rods and cones. 4, In rods: rhodopsin breaks down to scotopsin from vitamin A), and an clectrical impulse is generated . In cones, specific wavelengths of light are absorbed (red, blue, green) ; chemical reactions generate nerve impulses I fibres of both optic nerves, permitting binocular vision, lobes ~cach area receives impulses from both eyes; both 7. Visual areas in occi ‘areas create one image from the two sti right the upside ~down retinal image.ned structure present about 1200-1400 gm in ‘ourth ventricle vertebra iencephalon ~ Diencephalon (2) Mid brain (Mesencephaton) brain (Rhambencepl (i) Cerebellum ~ Metarm apes areata (Ae | outgrowth (Rathke’s pouch) of the s, there is cross of two optic nerves there is one pair of small, rounded, nipple- like bodies called lary bodies or corpora mammillares. The hypothalamus consists of many masses of grey matter, called hypothalamic nuclei, scattered in the white matter. Cerebrum is a centre for () Imelligence (ii) Emotion (iii) Will power (ii) Memory (») Consciousness (vi) Imagination (vii) Experience (vill) Knowledge _(ix) Reasoning (xiii) Defecation (i) Cerebellum (Sandwitched brain) : Cerebellum is highly convoluted and well developed icate movements of the body. in mammals. It controls the most coordinates sensory information received from muscles! jo as flow of impulses from cerebral cortex. rium receptors as wel Cerebellum is made up of- (2) Vermis, (b) Cerebellar lobes (= floccular lobes ), (Lateral lobes, (d) Pons. Medulla oblongataes cross from one side to ide of the body and vice ses into the spinal cord. tthe In the medulla oblongata, most of the sensory and motor fib the other. Thus, the left cerebral hemisphere controls the right si versa. The reason for this is not known. The lower end of medulla pass “There is no demarcation between the two. However, the medulla is considered 10 start a level of the foramen magnum of the cranium. (ii) Pons Varolii : An oval mass, called the pons varoli, lies above the medulla oblongata It consists mainly of nerve fibres which interconnect the who cerebellar hemispheres and also join the medulla with higher brain centres,hence its name pons means bridge. Pons posses pneumotoxic and apneustic areas or centre. From pons 5,6,7 and 8 th cranial nerve originate.Experiment - 9 Recording of Body Temperature To demonstrate recording of body temperature. Requirement Cli Reference: i le: Body temperature is the degree of sensible heat or cold which represents the balance ‘ween production and loss of heat by the body Normal body temperature. The physical properties of water in blood help to maintain body temperature. Normally, body temperature 1s 37°C (Celsius) or 98.4°F (Fahrenheit) when measured orally. This temperature corresponds to the temperature of vital organs of body and is also called as ‘core or inner temperature. The temperature on skin of body is called as surface temperature, The constant core temperature of body enabl (0 carry on various physiological processes required for normal functioning. Physiological measurement of temperature is one of the first tests observed in a person if he/she is, not feeling well. This is done by using a ical thermometer. The body temperature is commonly recorded on three body locations i, mouth, rectum and arm pit. When the person cannot hold the thermometer in mouth, then arm pit or rectal temperature is Mercury tube recorded. In general, armpit temperature also called as axillary temperature is 1°F less than oral temperature which in tum is 0.5°F to 1°F less than rectal temperature. An elevation in body temperature (99 to 105°F) or (37.2 to 40.5% lly due to bacteriz 1 or other microbial infecti Procedure: Set the lowest reading in the thermometer by holding the end opposite to the mercury bulb firmly it reads 95°F or less. (a) Recording of Mouth Temperature: 1. Ask the subject to place the thermometer under the tongue, and close the mouth Instruct the subject to use the lips and not teeth to hold the thermometer tightly in Place. 2. During this subject shall be instructed to breathe through the nose. 3, After 2 minutes care .¢ out thermometer and record temperature. 4, Take three readings at the interval of 5 minutes and calculate the mean body ‘Temperature (b) Recording of Arm Pit Temperature: 1. Ask the subject to place the thermometer in arm pit with arm placed against body 2. After 5 minutes take it out and note the temperature. 3. Take three readings at the interval of S minutes and calculate the mean body temperatureKink fconsincton) Thermometer bub (glass bub sexo ‘Containing mercury) fine clinical thermometer Fig 1: Clinical Thermometer Observation: Location Mouth Arm pit Result: The mean body temperature recorded was——~Reference: 1 measurement chart and weighing balance. Principle: Basal or Body Mass Index (BMI) is an internationally accepted measure of weight status of an ind he differences in weights according to heights. BMI is lograms (kg) by the square of their height in metres n (WHO) has classified category as undenveight: normal, overweight or obese based upon BMI values. Measurement of BMI is used as one of the diagnostic tests for overweight and obesity Procedure: 1. Select healthy human subject. 2. Ask the subject to stand in upright position with heels against the wall and without Wearing shoes / chappals / any footwear. 3 Measure the height in metres (1 feet = 0.3048 m; 1 inch = 0.0254 m). 4 Measure the weight in kg of the subject. 5, Calculate BMI using the following formula: BMI= Weight (Kg) / Height (m). SINo BMI Category 1 <18.5 Underweight 2 18.5-24.9 | Healthy normal acceptable weight 25.0-29.9 Grade I overw 30,0-39,9 Grade 2 overwei 240 Grade 3 oversWeight (kg) Height (m) BMI Interpretation