Mathematics formulas

compiled by Muhammad Affan

Basic formulas
Quadratic formula
−𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
2𝑎

Expansion
𝑎(𝑏 + 𝑐) = 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑐
(𝑎 + 𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2
(𝑎 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)2 − 2𝑎𝑏
𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏)
Indices
𝑎𝑚 × 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛
𝑎𝑚 ÷ 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚−𝑛
(𝑎𝑚 )𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚𝑛
𝑎0 = 1
1
𝑎−𝑛 =
𝑎𝑛

(𝑎 × 𝑏)𝑚 = 𝑎𝑚 × 𝑏 𝑚
𝑎 𝑚 𝑎𝑚
( ) =
𝑏 𝑏𝑚
𝑚 𝑚
𝑛
( √𝑎) = 𝑎𝑛

√𝑎 × √𝑏 = √𝑎 × 𝑏

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Mensuration notes
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ2 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑟𝑒 = (𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ)(ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡)
= (𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ)(4) 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = (2)(𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ + ℎ𝑖𝑔𝑡ℎ)
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ

ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
= (𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ)(ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡) 1
= (𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒)(ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡)
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 2
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
= (2)(𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ + 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑖𝑔𝑡ℎ)
= 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ .

ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

.
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒

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 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑧𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 = 𝜋𝑟 2
1
= (ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡)(𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠) 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒
2 = 2 𝜋r
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑧𝑖𝑢𝑚
= 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠

𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ1
θ
ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

(𝜋𝑟 2 )
360
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ2

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟

θ = 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑢𝑠 2 (ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡)
= (𝜋𝑟 2 )
360 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 2 𝜋 𝑟ℎ + 2 𝜋 𝑟 2
= 2𝑟
+ 𝑎𝑟𝑐 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
θ
𝑎𝑟𝑐 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = (2𝜋r)
360
𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑢𝑠
ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

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 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑖𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑖𝑑
= 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ3 = (ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡)(𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ)(𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ)
𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑖𝑑 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑖𝑑
= 6(𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ)2 = 2[(𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ × 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ)
+ (𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ × ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡)
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
+ (𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ × ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡)]

ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ

𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑖𝑑

4 3 1
= 𝜋𝑟 = × 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 × ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
3 3
𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑖𝑑
= 4𝜋𝑟 2 1
= 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 + (
2
× perimeter of base
× slant hight
𝑟adus
ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒

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 1 2 (A prism is a solid shape that is bound on
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 𝜋𝑟 ℎ all its sides by plane faces.)
3
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑚
𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑒
= (𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎)(ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡)
= 𝜋𝑟𝑙 + 𝜋𝑟 2
𝑐𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑒
= 𝜋𝑟𝑙
𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝜋𝑟 2
ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑢𝑠

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Co-ordinate geometry notes
Formula of finding distance between two
points is
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = √((𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 )

Formula of finding midpoint is. Formula of finding gradient is.

𝑴𝒊𝒅𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏
𝑮𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒕 =
𝒙 𝟏 + 𝒙 𝟐 𝒚𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏
= ,
𝟐 𝟐
If two lines are perpendicular
Formula of finding the
equation of a line is. and we multiply there
gradients we will always get -1.
𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒄
Where m is the gradient 𝒎𝟏 𝒎𝟏 = −𝟏
and c is y intercept.
The gradient of two
parallel lines is the same.
• The x value at the y
intercept is 0. • If you want the point of intersection of two lines,
solve them simultaneously.
• The y value at the x
• A downward sloping line has a negative gradient.
intercept is 0.
• An upward sloping line has a positive gradient.
• Horizontal lines have equations of the form y = k.
• Vertical lines have equation of the form x = k.

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Geometry notes
 Angle around a point is equal to 360°.
 Angle on a straight line is equal to 180° and are also known
as supplementary angles.
 Angles that add up to 90° are known as complimentary
angles.

 Vertically opposite angles are

equal to each other, when we
have a pair of intersecting lines.

 Line of transversal is a line that

cuts through a pair of parallel
lines.
 Two types of angles here are
exterior angles [a, b, g and h]
while interior angles [c, d, e and f].

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  So in above diagram [a, d, e All vertically opposite angles are
and h] are equal and [b, c, f equal.
and g] are equal.

Alternate interior angles looks like:

Alternate exterior angles looks like:

So the angles equal are:

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 In this case [b, d, f and h] are same side angles on left
while [a, c, e and g] are same side angles on right.

Now interior same side angles are [d, f] and [c, e] while
angle [b, h] and [a, g] are exterior same side angles.
(Interior same side angles and exterior same side
angles add up to 180)

Corresponding angles
are all ways equal.
They are on same
corner and make same
shape.

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 Angles in the same
segment are always equal

Total exterior angle for all polygons is 360°.

Opposite angles in cyclic quadrilaterals are
supplementary and add up to 180

If one of the line of triangle passes from the

center of the circle then the triangle is
always right angle triangle.

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In this kind of situation the angle at the center is always double then
the angle after that.

Alternate segment theorem is same as shown below.

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Percentages notes
 Basic percentage formula.
𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝑛% 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = ×𝑛
100

 Expressing one value as a percentage of another value formula.

𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒1
× 100
𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒2
 Increasing or decreasing a value by a given percentage formula.
𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆
𝒏𝒆𝒘 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 = × (𝟏𝟎𝟎 ± 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞)
𝟏𝟎𝟎
 Percentage change formula.
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 (𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒)
Percentage change = × 100
𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
 Reverse percentages formula.
𝒏𝒆𝒘 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆
𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟏𝟎𝟎 ± 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞

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Simple finance notes
Simple Interest formula.
𝒔𝒊𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒕
𝒑𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒊𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝒂𝒎𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕 × 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒕 × 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒑𝒊𝒓𝒊𝒐𝒅 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒍𝒐𝒏𝒆
=( )
𝟏𝟎𝟎
+ 𝒑𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒊𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝒂𝒎𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕
Compound Interest formula
𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒕
= (𝒑𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒊𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝒂𝒎𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕 (𝟏

𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒑𝒊𝒓𝒊𝒐𝒅

+ ) ) − 𝒑𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒊𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝒂𝒎𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕
𝟏𝟎𝟎
Profit and loss formula.
𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒇𝒊𝒕 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔 = 𝒔𝒆𝒍𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒑𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒆 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 𝒑𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒆
Percentage profit and loss formula.
𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒇𝒊𝒕/𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔
𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒇𝒊𝒕/𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 𝒑𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒆

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Statistics notes
Mean formula.
𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 ∑𝑥
𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 = =
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑛
Finding median.
𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟, 𝑛𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑒
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑤𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠, 𝑖𝑛
𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑤𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒
𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠. 𝐴𝑣𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟1+𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟2
2
Finding mode.
𝑀𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑙𝑦 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒
Mean of frequency distribution.
∑(𝑓∗𝑥)
𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 = ∑𝑓
Frequency density formula.
𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ(𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡−𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡)
Central angle formula.
𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 ∗ 360
And relative frequency formula.
𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦

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Trigonometry notes

𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑜 90 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠.

𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒.
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒.

(Pythagoras theorem can only be used in right angle triangle.)

Pythagoras theorem is
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 2 = 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 2 + 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 2
(Trigonometric Ratios can only be used in right angle triangle.)

Trigonometric Ratios are

(A hint to lean it)
𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒑𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓
𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝜽) = 𝒉𝒚𝒑𝒐𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒖𝒔𝒆 Some people have
𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆
𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝜽) = 𝒉𝒚𝒑𝒐𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒖𝒔𝒆 Curly brown hairs

𝒕𝒂𝒏(𝜽) =
𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒑𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 Though proper brushing.
𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆

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 (Sine rule used for all triangles unlike Pythagoras theorem and Trigonometric Ratios.)

Sine rule is
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐵 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐶
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐴

We can use the sine rule when we are given one side and any two angles. We can
also use the sine rule when we are given two sides and one angle and the angle that
is given is corresponding to one of these sides.

(Cosine rule used for all triangles unlike Pythagoras theorem and Trigonometric
Ratios.)

Cosine rule
𝑏 2 +𝑐 2 −𝑎2
cos 𝐴 = Or 𝑎2 = 𝑏2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑏𝑐 cos 𝐴
2𝑏𝑐
𝑎2 +𝑐 2 −𝑏 2
cos 𝐵 = Or 𝑏2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑎𝑐 cos 𝐵
2𝑎𝑐
𝑎2 +𝑏 2 −𝑐 2
cos 𝐶 = Or 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 − 2𝑎𝑏 cos 𝐶
2𝑎𝑏

We can apply the cosine rule when we are given three sides of a triangle and no
angle and we want to find an angle. We can apply the cosine rule when we are given
two sides and the third angle that is given is not the corresponding angle of either of
the sides given.

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Vector Transforms made by Affan
Translation
• A translation is a type of transformation that moves every point of a
figure, or shape on a given coordinate plane by a given translation
vector.
In the example below the triangle x is translated (8,-5)

• Only the position of the figure changes.

• The shape of the figure does not change.
• The size of the figure does not changes.
• The orientation of the figure does not changes (it is not rotated).
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Enlargement
• An enlargement is a type of transformation in which an object or
figure maps to an Image of the same shape, but of different size.
• In other words, enlargement is changing a figure’s size, while
retaining the same shape.
• An enlargement requires 2 things:
 A scale factor
 A center of enlargement
Factor:
• The scale factor describes the size of an enlargement.
• The scale factor can also be negative.
In the example below the triangle y is enlarged by a scale factor of 3 to
form x, that means triangle y is 3 times bigger than triangle x.

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If scale factor is negative the enlargement looks like this.
If the scale factor is negative, the enlarged image is produced on the
other side of the center of enlargement, and appears upside down.
The enlargement appears rotated 180 degrees. (When the scale factor
is negative, the image is also rotation 180 degree.)

(• If the scale factor is between -1 and 1, then the image produced is

smaller than the original image.)

Center of enlargement
• The center of enlargement is a point or coordinate, which tells you
where to draw an enlargement.
• Depending on the coordinate of the center of enlargement, the
position of the enlarged image changes.
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Question On the grid, draw the image of shape P after an enlargement
with scale factor = 3 and center = (1, 3). Label the new shape formed P’.

→ = (21) → ′ = (21) × 3 = (63)

𝑂𝐴 𝑂𝐴
→ = (41) → = (41) × 3 = (12 )
𝑂𝐵 𝑂𝐵 ′ 3

→ = (34) → ′ = (34) × 3 = (12

9
)
𝑂𝐶
𝑂𝐶

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Determine the exact enlargement
• In enlargement, the image and the pre image have a different size.
• First determine the center of enlargement. This can be done by
drawing a line through each pair of corresponding points. The point at
which all the lines intersects, is the center of enlargement.
• We can determine the scale factor by:
𝑙′
= 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑙
• Where 𝑙 and 𝑙′ are any two corresponding sides. 𝑙 ′ from the image
and 𝑙 from the pre-image.
Question Describe fully the single transformation that maps triangle X
onto triangle Y.

𝑙′ 6
𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = = =3
𝑙 2
Center of enlargement = (-7, 8)
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Rotation
• Rotation is simply rotating a shape about a point or center of rotation.
• In exam, we will only be required to perform rotations of simple
shapes by 90°, 180°, 270° or 360°.
• In order to perform rotation on a shape, we need the following
information:
1. The point about which to rotate the shape (also called center of
rotation).
2. The direction of rotation (Clockwise or anticlockwise).
3. The degree of the rotation (90, 180, 270, 360).

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Rotating the point P about the center of rotation O
Step 1: Find and label O (center of rotation) on the graph.
Step 2: Find the vector 𝑂𝑃.
→ = (𝑚
𝑛
)
OP

Step 3: Find the vector 𝑂𝑃′.

90° Anti-Clockwise 90° Clockwise
→ = (−𝑛𝑚
) → = (−𝑚 𝑛
)
OP′ OP′
Step 4: Find the point P′ by moving from O by →
OP′

Question Rotate the point A = (3, 4) 90° anticlockwise about the point
(0, 0). Call this point A’ and write its coordinates.

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How to find the exact rotation happening?
• We can find the center of rotation by drawing the perpendicular
bisectors for any two pairs of corresponding points. The point at which
the perpendicular bisectors intersect is the point about which the
rotation is taking place.
• We can find the angle and direction of rotation by finding the angle
between OA and OA'. Where O is the center of rotation, and A & A' are
any two corresponding point from the image and pre-image.
Find the transformation that maps triangle A into triangle B.

So the center of rotation is (0, 0).

Now draw line from two corresponding point to rotation is (0, 0) and
mesure the angle in between it, in this case it is 90 degrees anti-
clockwise.

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Reflection
• All the points on a shape or figure are flipped on a line called the line
of reflection or the axis of reflection.
• The line across which the shape is flipped can be thought of as a
mirror line.
• In order to perform a reflection on an object or shape we need to
know the equation of the line of reflection.

Perform a reflection
1. Plot the line of reflection. In order to plot a line, you find any two
points on the line, and join them.
2. For each point on the pre-image, find the line that is the shortest
distance from the point to the line of reflection, then find the
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corresponding point by doubling the distance line, keeping the mirror
line in the center.

Shortest distance from point to line of reflection

• The shortest distance from a point to the line is the perpendicular
distance (the distance line makes a 90° angle with the line of
reflection).

Question Reflect the given figure across the line x = -1

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𝑃′ = (−4,1)
𝑆 ′ = (−5,2)
𝑅 ′ = (−6,2)
𝑃′ = (−6,1)

How to figure out exact reflection?

• Figure out the type of transformation. At first glance, the
transformation might seem like rotation, but it is reflection, or vice
versa.
• To find the line of reflection, find the midpoints of any two pairs of
corresponding points and find the equation of the line passing through
them. The line that passes through the midpoints is the line of
reflection.
• The line of reflection passes through the midpoints of every pair of
corresponding points from the image and pre-image

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