Lecture 5: Control

Statement
Sub: Object Oriented Programming (OOP)
Code: CSE-1205

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Control Statements
• Java’s control statements are nearly identical to those in C/C++.
• There are a few differences – especially in the break and continue
statements.
• The control statements discussed here:
• if
• if - else
• if - else if
• switch
•?
• while
• for
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if statement
• What does the following do?
________________________________________________________
Scanner stdin = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter an integer number: ");
int value1 = stdin.nextInt();
System.out.print("Enter another integer number: ");
int value2 = stdin.nextInt();
if (value2 < value1) {
int rememberValue1 = value1;
value1 = value2;
value2 = rememberValue1;
}
System.out.println("The numbers in sorted order are "
+ value1 + " and then " + value2);

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If-then-else precedence
if (number != 0)
if (number > 0)
System.out.println("positive");
Which if does this
else refer to? else
System.out.println("negative");

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If-else-if
• Consider
if (number == 0) {
System.out.println("zero");
}
else if (number > 0) {

System.out.println("positive");
}
else {
System.out.println("negative");
} 5
Finding the minimum value using “?” notation
• Consider:

// z is to hold the minimum of x and y

if ( x < y )
z = x;
Notice no braces!
else
z = y;

• Another way to do this:

z = (x<y) ? x : y;
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The ?: notation
• Only works when both “cases” return a value!
• Meaning when both “cases” are expressions
• Example: z = (x<y) ? x : y;
• Thus, you can’t put a print statement in there!

• Can be difficult to read

System.out.println ((number != 0) ? ((number > 0) ? "positive“ : "negative") : "zero“);

if (number != 0)
if (number > 0)
System.out.println("positive");
else
System.out.println("negative");
else
System.out.println("zero");
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A switch statement example
if (a == ‘0’) switch (a) {
case ‘0’:
System.out.println (“zero”); System.out.println (“zero”);
break;
else if (a == ‘1’)
case ‘1’:
System.out.println (“one”); System.out.println (“one”);
break;
else if (a == ‘2’) case ‘2’:
System.out.println (“two”); System.out.println (“two”);
break;
else if (a == ‘3’) case ‘3’:
System.out.println (“three”); System.out.println (“three”);
break;
else if (a == ‘4’) case ‘4’:
System.out.println (“four”); System.out.println (“four”);
break;
else default:
System.out.println (“five+”); System.out.println (“five+”);
break;
} 8
Testing for vowel-ness

switch (ch) {
case 'a': case 'A':
case 'e': case 'E':
case 'i': case 'I':
case 'o': case 'O':
case 'u': case 'U':
System.out.println("vowel“);
break; The break causes an exiting of the switch
default:
System.out.println("not a vowel“);
}

Handles all of the other cases 9

Java looping
• Options
• while
• do-while
• for

• Allow programs to control how many times a statement list is

executed

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for vs. while
• An example when a for loop can be directly translated into a while loop:

int count;
for ( count = 0; count < 10; count++ ) {
System.out.println (count);
}

• Translates to:

int count;
count = 0;
while (count < 10) {
System.out.println (count);
count++;
}

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for vs. while
• An example when a for loop CANNOT be directly translated into a
while loop: only difference

for ( int count = 0; count < 10; count++ ) {

System.out.println (count);
}
count is NOT defined here
• Would (mostly) translate as:

int count = 0; count IS defined here

while (count < 10) {
System.out.println (count);
count++;
} 13
Nested loops
int m = 2;
int n = 3;
for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
System.out.println("i is " + i);
for (int j = 0; j < m; ++j) {
System.out.println(" j is " + j);
}
}

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Loop controls

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The continue keyword
• The continue keyword will immediately start the next iteration of the loop
• The rest of the current loop is not executed

for ( int a = 0; a <= 10; a++ ) {

if ( a % 2 == 0 ) {
continue;
}
System.out.println (a + " is odd");
}

• Output: 1 is odd
3 is odd
5 is odd
7 is odd
9 is odd
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The break keyword
• The break keyword will immediately stop the execution of the loop
• Execution resumes after the end of the loop

for ( int a = 0; a <= 10; a++ ) {

if ( a == 5 ) {
break;
}
System.out.println (a + " is less than five");
}

• Output: 0 is less than five

1 is less than five
2 is less than five
3 is less than five
4 is less than five
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Averaging
•Problem
• Extract a list of positive numbers from standard input and produce their average
• Numbers are one per line
• A negative number acts as a sentinel to indicate that there are no more numbers to
process

•Solve the Problem

Enter positive numbers one per line.
Indicate end of list with a negative number.
4.5
0.5
1.3
-1
Average 2.1

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public class NumberAverage {
// main(): application entry point
public static void main(String[] args) {
// initialize variables

// set up the input

// prompt user for values

// get first value

// process values one-by-one
while (value >= 0) {
// add value to running total
// processed another value
// prepare next iteration - get next value
}

// display result
if (valuesProcessed > 0){
// compute and display average

}
else{
// indicate no average to display
}
}
}
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Solve? What Loop?
int valuesProcessed = 0;
double valueSum = 0;
Scanner stdin = new Scanner (System.in);
System.out.println("Enter positive numbers 1 per line.\n"
+ "Indicate end of the list with a negative number.");
double value = stdin.nextDouble();

valueSum += value;
++valuesProcessed;
value = stdin.nextDouble();
double average = valueSum / valuesProcessed;

System.out.println("Average: " + average);

System.out.println("No list to average");

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