FACULTY OF EDUCATION

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

BIO 511: GENETICS

SUBMITTED TO:
PUAN ERNIE EILEEN BINTI RIZLAN ROSS

NAME: NURDINA AFINI BINTI IZAMUDIN (2015100805)

CLASS: ED 247/6A

DATE OF SUBMITTED: 02nd DECEMBER 2018

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 RESULT

5A:

Deviations ∑(O-E)^2
CLASSES Observed (O) Expected (E) (O-E)2 E
(D)
Colored 41 50 -9 81 1.62
White 59 50 9 81 1.62
Total 100 100 X2 value= 3.24

5B:

Deviations ∑(O-E)^2
CLASSES Observed (O) Expected (E) (O-E)2 E
(D)
1 4 10 -6 36 3.6
2 14 10 4 16 1.6
3 11 10 1 1 0.1
4 15 10 5 25 2.5
5 6 10 -4 16 1.6
6 10 10 0 0 0
2
Total 60 60 -12 X value= 9.4

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 DISCUSSION:

The objective of this experiment is to enable the student to analyze experimental data

as valid or not. If the observed and predicted data area very similar, we can conclude that the

hypothesis consistent with the observed outcome. So the hypothesis can be accepted. In this

experiment, we have done two parts of experiment by using colored and white beans in part

A, and dice in part B.

Based on the result in part A, self-fertilization of white beans produce 59 white beans

and 41 colored beans. The ratio that fit Mendel First Law is 3:1 ratio, so that the null

hypothesis (H˳) is the crosses between Dd x Dd produces white (D_) and coloured (dd) plant

which fit Mendel First Law, 3:1 ratio. The degree of freedom (D.O.F) is equal to 1 because of

n-1, n represent the two phenotypic category which is white and colored. Referring to chi

square table, the critical chi square value, one degree of freedom at probability level 0.05

(5%) is equal to 3.841. Since calculated chi square value is equal to 3.24 which is less than

the critical chi square (< 3.841), so that we accept the hypothesis that these data fit a 3:1 ratio.

For the result in part B, students needed to roll the dices with the same way, on the

same kind of table to identify whether truly fair dice should be fair on any surface, some

types of bias may show up on some surfaces. The degree of freedom (D.O.F) is equal to 5

because of n-1, n represent the six classes of dice. Referring to chi square table, the critical

chi square value, five degree of freedom at probability level 0.05% (5%) is equal to 11.070.

since calculated chi square is equal to 9.4 which is less than the critical chi square (<11.070),

so that we accepted that the hypothesis that these data of dice is some types of bias may show

up on some surfaces.

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 CONCLUSION:

As the conclusion, chi-square is used to compare observed data with the expected data

that would get according to specific hypothesis. So that, in this experiment the hypothesis has

been accepted for both part A and part B. This is because in part A, the x² is value is 3.24

which is less than the critical value of x² distribution so that the data fit the hypothesis which

is fit with 3:1 ratios of Mendel’s First Law. While in part B, the x² value is 9.4 which also less

than the critical value of x² distribution which is 11.074. Therefore some types of bias may

be shown up on some surfaces.

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