PHAM NGOC THACH UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE DEPARTMENT OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES Collected English Material POST-GRADUATE COURSE SPECIALTY IGRAMMARSIMPLE FUTURE, SIMPLE PRESENT & SIMPLE PAST TENSES Simple Future: Use: : We use will to talk about the future in general. The presentation will finish at about 4 o'clock. There won't be much time for questions afterwards. We also use will to talk about things that we know are definitely going to happen in the future, to make predictions, to express expectation about the future, to express a decision that we have made suddenly, and to make promises and requests. Your mother’s memory will get worse as she gets older. es I think they will give you some tips on your first day. hope I'll be able to enjoy my: ‘old age. ; You look tired. ll get you a coffee. Don’t worry — | won’t be away too long. | will pass you your glasses. Will you come to the restaurant with me? | think some tips will be given to you on your first day. Your glasses will be passed. EXERCISE: 1, The patient will take some exercises. 2. The instruments for the surgery will be sterilized.u 3, Nurses will use an antimicrobial agent for cleaning instruments. 4, Visitors will not be allowed to smoke in the area near the hospital. 5, They can improve patient care with qualified nurses. 6. His breathing has slowed down; | will call the doctor. 7. An epidural will take away the pain complétely. {8 The patient's signs will be checked each hour until he gets better $. We will see each consultant when they do their weekly ward rounds. 10. The needle will be attached to the syringe for the drip line. ‘Simple Preset Use: We use Simple Present to describe a state: The wound is very sore. He needs stronger painkillers. We also use Simple Present co talk about routines, duties and things that happen all the time or things that are true at any time. prepare the instruments for surgery and help with the operations. A surgeon doesn’t drive an ambulance. Passive Voice: The instruments are prepared for surgery and the operations are helped by myself. ‘An ambulance isn’t driven by a surgeon.EXERCISE: 1. He moves patients from one part of the hospital to another. 2. Doctors are paid well in Australia. 3, Damage to the heart caused by high blood pressure results in heart failure. 4. Patients with possible heart failure are sent for an examination called electrocardiogram. S. Diuretics are often prescribed to reduce the accumulation of fluid. 6. Acute pharyngitis pain is most often caused by a viral infection. 7. The irregularity of the heart beat makes the heart failure eventually. 8. Asimilar trend is seen with infant mortality. 9. Inthe liver, some of the food molecules are stored for later use. 10.The heart generates electrical signals that travel through its muscle. ‘Simple Past Tense: © Use: We use the Past Simple to talk about an action that happened at a particular point in the past. We often use pastime expressions such as yesterday, last week, and in + month/season/year. The doctor examined my leg yesterday. © Passive Voice: My leg was examined by the doctor yesterday.EXERCISE: 1, The patient was given a general anaesthetic. 2. Avariety of medicines was used to help contro! the mood swing. ei 3. Many accidents were prevented by following simple guideline. 4, The malaria life cycle was discovered in 1902. 5. Mr Bloomfield suffered from shortness of breath and wheezing three weeks ago. 6. The coughs woke him up at night about three times. 7. The patient showed a history of previous attacks. 8. Damage to the heart was possibly caused by high blood pressure 9. The specialist mentioned two main drugs that work on the heart. 10.Chest pain and tightness contributed to the patient's condition. MODAL FOR POSSIBILITIES IMPOSSIBLE — IRean't Wsunlikely Itcould/may/might It’s likely tobe It must be _Itis certain (100% No) (75% No) (50%) (75% Yes) (90% Yes) (100% Yes) ‘She's wheezing and in obvious respiratory distress (bronchiolitis - 50%) > She might have bronchiolitis.Modals for deduction | . The patient hes @ mid fever and a cough. | Could, might and may can be used to say thet situation ‘Wt could / might be 2 viral infection. ‘In this example, there ere other posible diagnoses 7 might / may ei rai ca With these levels of guar, must be | Mastcan be used when we hve igh lel oferta sera, tout «partici stuaton. ois case, the eel of ghznse incaes that other posses hve been insted. ‘We canbe fil certain thet the patient has diabetes. ‘The tats came back negative. “The oppose of must for epresaing a high degree of certainty te ean't be mening bout something is can. ln this case the tests done to check tha dagnasts of meingts were negative. We canbe {ory sure the patient doesn’t hove the dase. "= We can also us iti ely / unlialy to express strong possi. Theres no knoan family history. It's unlikely to be hereditary. {ts likely that sh picked it up at school. A lat of har cassmates are i PRACTICE 1 Write Do you think questions with the following models. 4 might / have an infection 2, could take a pain ler zs 3, may /have hurt the tendon 4 ight / ned tasts : PRACTICE 2 Use modal verbs to make deductions about the following situations. +, She's wheezing end in obvious respirstory distress. ‘Ske might have bronchiolitis 2, The patient as diarrhea, nausea and Stomach pan 3, Susan as been snezing all morning. 5 4 There are differences in percussion bebween each ede of the chest,—_—_— a. Verbs: past tense ~ regular verbs All the verbs in the box relate to medical matters, Use the past tense forms to complete the sentences. The fst question has been done for you as an example. | adapt aggravate develop examine fait fracture prolong react feces recover tequite strain suffer tremble weigh He received a new kidney rom his brother 2 He__ his back ting the table 3. She rom her concussion ina few days 4, thwass0 hot standing inthe sun that he The doctors decided that her condition _ __ surgery 5 She {rom poor aculation, which made her fee the cold 2 the well toher new det 8. Theembyo _ quite normally in spite of the mothers nes. 98. Hstibia in two places. 10, The patient badly tothe penialin 11. Thenurse the baby onthe scales 12. The treatment her ifeby three years 13, Playing football nly _ his knee injury 14, The doctor the boy's throat 15. Hishands___with the cod ee eeeVerbs: mixed tenses {Allthe verbs in the box relate to medical matters. Use them to complete the sentences. You may have to change the forms of the verbs to fit the grammar of the sentences (Remember the five forms of English verbs - for example: take, takes, took, taken, taking) The first question has been done for you as an example amputate bite bruise bum contol expel freeze heal hurt | ‘measure overcome progress rebuild undergo walt 1. 1am going to __visit my brother in hospital ait Sha, her disables and now leads anormal Me 3. After the accident herpes was completely 4 Shehas several operations 5. They _ my big toe to remave the nal 6 | She her knee on the corner ofthe table 7. Athermometer temperature a Airis ‘om the lungs when a person breathes out 9, Hisar is ___ so much he can't write, 30. Aminer cut wil ‘aster if it lft wathout a bandage. 11, Thegid ther hand on a hot frying pan. 12. He his asthma with a bronchodlator. 13, The patients leg needs to be blow the knee 14, Shewas__by an insect. 15, The doctor asked how the pat a maT.pee ee Verbs: active/passive Change the sentences below from active to passive tense, For example: Active. The GP referred the patient to a consultant. Passive: The patient was referred to a consultant by the GP Remember that itis not ahvays necessary fo mention the subject in 2 passive sentence For example ‘nective We have identified the cause of this outbreak of dysentery Passive. The cause of this outbreak of dysentery has been identified, 1. The nurse noticed 2 tise inthe patient's pulse rate Passve: 2 The constants allowing hi to watch the operation, Passive 3. Aller sl the tablets Passe 4. The doctor diagnosed appenic Pasive 5. The paramedics comforted the injured person until the ambulance arrived. Passve: 6. Themideife delvered the twins. Passive 7. Thegland was producing an excess of hormones Passive 18, Theylooked after him very wellin hospital Passive 9. We examined the tssue under the microscope. Passe. 10. Thedactor gave me an unpleasant modure to cink Passive 11. You cannot take the ltion orally. Passive 12, Toxic fumes poisoned the workers, Passive 13. Doctors are predicting arse in cases of whooping cough, Passve: 14. The drug suppresses the body's natural instinct to rect the transplanted tissue, Le SSS a Torrance A Cah Ory a Me erg 9796 85“READINGANitematesy ie ere LANGUAGE 1 Grammar Choose the correct option to complete the sentences. 1 Surgeons performs / performing / perform operations 2 Tmamidwife,t delivers / Tm delivering /detverbables, j 43 Theparamedicis unavailable He responds /‘sresponding respond toan emergency. 4 ADoyou workin a hospital” BYes,[ work /do / does. 5 Twant wanting / wants to quality asa physiotherapist. 6 Tlke to working / working / work with people + Doyou/Youare /Areyou taking the patient tosurgery? 8 1do{'mdoing /todoanight shift this week 2 Key words from the unit Complete the sentences with the words from thelist. [qomea_] 1 __areonthebottom grade. | nursing oes 2 oftenworkinadminstration prometlon 3 Thenew ira forken. | 4 Poychistricmurses, somentalhalth Bion uses 5 Youcandoa course whileyouwerk rearing 6 Youneed tosend aCV whenyou. specialize 7 Contact with patients canbe very. 6 Weareloskingfor well stat READING AND VOCABULARY [Abighospitalis ikea small town; itneeds thousands of people tomakeit work Allthese people {reorganized into teams and each personin each team has rank andoftenaspecialism. Inthe past the health care team’s chain ofcemmand was simple: doctors made decisions and gave senior furses orders. Senior nurses then instructed junior qurses, and soon Things are changing In many Countries nurses have much mote responsiblity harrthey once had. ‘One thingis not changing: iti sila doctor whotsin charge ofa patient’ treatment. In Britain, that doctor icalled a consultant Nex inline tothe consultants the registrar.Consultants and registrars train the unior doctors who ae called house officers orintens.Junir doctors work the samelong, ‘Unsocial hous that nurses don the watds. The most senior nurses are nursing officers they are ‘administrators. Then come ward managers who supervise staffnursesand students Ikisnotonly octorsand nurses who deliver treatment and care;there ate many other specialist too. For example, there are physiotherapists who specialize In exercises to treat injury or dysfunction and ‘occupational therapists wh help patients manage every-day ving There arealso many people the patient does not mest lab technicians doing the tests and pharmacists dispensing medicines. Like any town, ahespitalhas teams of office staff and ancllry workers suchas porters, orderies, ‘technicians, divers cleaners, receptionists and cooks. very team is essential forthe delivery of ‘treatment and care This includes the volunteers who, without ay raise money forthe hospital and ‘unshops, cinemas libraries and restaurants,3 Comprehension Use the information in the text to complete the sentences with a,b orc 1 Ahospital ikea small town because. a itsbusy, bb its fullof afferent kinds of people «there areso many buildings. 2 Thedifference between now and the pas sthat ‘8 nursingis easier. bb nurses make more decisions «nurses work harder, 5 Consultantsand nursing officersareboth a senior staff bb house offices. «¢ imchargeofa patients treatment 4 Ward managers are. b office workers € seniordactors 5 Labtechnicians and pharmacists_. fa deliver treatment and care ’b workin the background. € helpthe specialists. 6 Hospital volunteers are__ a sometimes needed bb paid well «essential. 4 Words from the text ‘Match each verb1-7toa suitable phrasea-g,The frst one's done for youu 1 specialize a newstaff 2 train vunsocialhours 3 make abusydepartment 4 dispense 4. injuries and dysfunctions 5 mun ¢ quickdecisions 6 work f impaediatrcs 7 treat 8 medicines 5 Further vocabulary practice ‘Underline the correct words in italics to complete the sentences. The first oneisdone for you. 1 Themurse understands the treatment /totreat. 2 Youcan consult /consultant the doctor about it 3 Iwant toseesaspecialis specialize / specialism 44 Tmworking in reception / receptions. 5 Thedirector manager / management / manages the hospital 6 Aregistrarhelpsto trainer /train training junior doctors, 7 Hels nursing / nurse fulltimenow. ‘onford Engl or Careers 10BCC edits LANGUAGE 1 Grammar Choose the correct option to complete the sentences 1 Tepatient it anrivng arrives /arivedat 9 4sppm.ast right 2 Wedlidntealled/ didn tcal/calingan ambulance because wasnt necessary. 3 id youcatch /catched caught your co at schoo!” 4 Twaed /am walking /was walking wien the dog tacked me 5. ADId she interview the patient” B Yes shed /interewed/do. 4.6 What were you doing while /when / uring you broke you leg? 7 she didn't /wasn/wereconcentrating while she was driving 8 They were /was/beeninafight 2 Key words from the unit Complete the sentences with the words from the lst. Tauern 1 Atriage murse makes an initial lifethveatening | 2 Asnake ite canbe peor "3 Sometimesitisdlficut toread, sterge 4 Receptionistsmake __ forpatients. assessment | 5 Arms andlegsarecalled, ‘appointments 6 Thedoctor decides onthe correct. limbs | 7 Thepatientis___tocetain antibiotics. 8 Gointothe to getundressed READING AND VOCABULARY ‘There are three waysto admita patient to hospital: eitheras an outpatient 2 day patient oran inpatient. An outpatient needs treatment but nota bed. A day patient needs a bed fora fewhours but doesn't need to stay overnight. An inpatient needs atleast one overnight stay Hospitalsneed to plan for patient admissions Theyhaveto predict how mary beds they will need. his quite easy to predict referrals from doctors lke General Practitioners buts larger numberof patients come through A&E, and it's more difficult to plan for them. Itisveryimportanttokeep accurate records of patients treatment, fom admission through to discharge and follow-up, These include personal detals such as marital status, occupation and next of kin, as well as medica history such is pat illnesses and treatments, family history and lifestyle. ‘Medical staffrecordalltreatments, test results and correspondence. They try to record these things, atthe time they happen. This simportant, and notonly toensure the corecttreatment, Medical records are sometimes used for research, orin acourt of law. for engl for Crcers cv3 Comprehension “According to the text, are the following statements are true (1) or false (F)? 1 Admissions tohospital areall inpatients, —__ 2 There are more emergency admissions than referrals — 2 Mospitalrecordsstopat discharge —_ 4 Personal details are part of medical records, 5, Staff should record treatments atthe end of thei shi 6 Only medical staff can ook at medical records, 4 Vocabulary ‘Match the words or phrases ~7 toa suitable definition 2-8, ‘The first one isdone for you. 1 overnight stay a whena patient is sent tohos 2 admission ' normal everyday behaviour 3 refer treatment aftera patienthas been discharged from hospital 4 discharge 4 timeazan inpatient 5 follow-up fe leters emails and messages 6 comespondence £ themoment when patient enters hospital 7 Mestyle {§ whena patients told they can leave hospital 5 Further vocabulary practice Underline the correct words in italics to complete the sentences, The first one's done for you 1 Wedon't needbedsforout /in/ day patients. 2 Whois your family history /nextoftin occupation? 5. What is your manta status past linezzes / personal details? “4 Thenew patient isaveferral / admission / discharge tom Cardiology 5. Weneed you tocome back tothe hospital for discharge follow-up / admission tests 6 you don't stop smoking and drinking so much your lifestyle /testresults/ medical history may allyou 17 -Afteryou sign the discharge /corespendence /recordform,youean gohome OsfrdEnghsh for Coreers 2Anaesthesia ‘hoose the best headings (i-6) t CTFILE (A-D) There aretwromore hectagi ninvadiaeen 1 Anaeatheti’ means ose of sensation’ Drags thet cause anaesthesia wrkby leclan tho signa hat pose ong your nerves to your br Thr stops you eeling pan, When the dre wear of you start toe 1 Sometypes of anaesthesia 2 Deathon the operating table 1 Thedevelopment of effective anaesthetic the 19th century was an Important tortor in execestl surgery Before this te fw operations 5 Ashorthistory ofanaesthesia ware posal, ord surgeons were jdgedby ther speed. Some doctors a ‘ned aeohel or morphine toredice the par but pater were uevaly hel oe sropped down, Many Secon the operating tabla Anaesth=et meant that surgeons cul she mere te and prform mara cmglex procedures Anaesthetic nurses ‘whhatie‘anaesthesa 6 Anaesthesia today —_ Ether was one ofthe saris anaasthats, bit t hed sor Answerthesequestionsaboutthe _forexage, could cause vomting Iwas icky rep chloroform. whch wos more potent and easier to use than ete: However twas nota safe touee as ether and coud cause con ath By the 16206, nravenovemdtion agent wore rico ‘They enabled patients to fal aieop guy nd pleasantly Inthe 13405 Why de you think patents ruses rlaants become avait, sac aetna esthosia canbe gen in ferent nays, and not all ansesthess beforeansestheticdruge were © Angestosiacanbe ov os makes you nconscous. svalable? Wtdaen Se, anaetheticdrugs make tothe Seen: Regal anaesthesia cont vedo operon nage ot dope parts ofthe body The not common epoa anes leo Kaown at egal bck are sal on pul enoosteace These canbe vedferepeate onthe oer ody ach oe 44 Which aseafertouce~ether or ehleroform? 5 Which waseasiertouse-ether Caesarean sections, blasser operations ot hip replacerments. You ‘orchloroform? stay conscious ba oo rom pan 6 Dopatientslose consciousness i Genera anaesthesia state of controled urconsclousness, and during regional anaesthesia? you feel ning. is eesortl for ome cpeations such a2 7 edeathrecuting fom Abdominal surgery. As the anasthate ruge wear ft your anaesthesia common? ‘oneciouenoes strat eum Findwordsor phmasesinthetext Modem monitoring vith these meanings systems anda greater Understandg ofthe having strong effect eects = ‘mean that loses the power tofee! naesthesia snow ‘ory af, Fewer than 1 250,000 deathe 9 operations are ty releted to anaesthesia disappear gradually 1BHeat Reactions of the Human Body “The human body can tolerate only a small range of temperature especialy when the person is enaged in vgorous ‘activity, Heat reactions usualy occur when large amounts of water and/or salt ate lost through excessive sweating following strenuous exercise. When the body becomes overheated and cannot eliminate this excess het, heat ‘exhaustion and heat stroke are possible. Heat exhaustion Is generally characterized by clammy shin, Fatigue, nausea, eiviness, profuse perspiration, and sometimes fainting, resulting fom an inadequate intake of water and te loss of us First ald treatment for this ‘condition Includes having the victim le down, ralsng the feet 8 to 12 inches, applying cool, wet cloths to the sin, and ging the vit sips of saltwater (1 teaspoon pe lst, half a lass every 15 minotes) vera I-hour period. Heat strokes much more serous; its an immediate fe-threatening situation. The characteristics of het stroke are ahigh body temperature (which may reael'106" Fr mdr a apd ule: hot, dry skin aid a Blocked sweating mechanism Victims of this condition may be unconscous, and frst.aid measures shoud be drected at ‘quick cooing the boy The victim shouldbe paced in tub of cold water or repeatedly sponged with cool water Lunt his or her temperature is suficenty lowered. Fans or air conditioners wil also help withthe cooling process, Care shouldbe take, however, otto over-chil the vim once the temperature is below 102" F |The mest immediate concern ofa person tending to wietim of heat troke should be to a. getsatint the vit’ body. raise the vein’ feet «lower the victim's pulse. lower the victim's temperature, 2.Which ofthe following sa symptom of heat exhaustion? 2 profuse sweating ce hot, dy skin 4a weakpulse” 3. Hest stroke fe more rious than heat exhaustion because heat stroke victims 2. donot sweat. have n saltin hele bos. cs cannot take in water have frequent faitng spells 14‘4: Symptoms such as nausea and dizziness in heat exhaustion victim indicate thatthe person most key needs to be immediately taken to hospital be elven more sat water {ce immersed in a tub of water, 4 sweat more Asthma "No longer is asthma considered a condilon with slated, acute eptaies of bronchospasm. Rather, asthma is now Understood to be a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airvays—that is, inflammation makes the always *hronclly sensitive. When these hyperresponsive aways are iritated, allow limited, and attacks of coughing wheering, chest tightness, and breathing lificty occur. ‘Asthma Involves complex interactions among inflammatory eal, mediators, and the cells and tssues In the ‘airways. The interactions result in arlow limitation from acute bronchoconstiction, sweling of the airway wal, Increased mucus secretion, and airway remodeling. The inflammation also causes an increase in sieray fesponsveness. During an asthma attack, the patient attempts to compensate by breathing at a higher lng ‘volume in order to keep the air owing through the constited airways, and the greater the airway lmitatin, the higher the lung volume must be to keep alrways open. The morpheloge changes that cur in asthma include bronchial infiltration by infammatory cells Key effector els in the inflammatory response are the mast cell, T Iymphooites, and eosinophils. Mast cells and eosinophils are also significant participants in alec cesponses, ‘hence the similarities between allergic reactions and asthma attacks, Other changes include mucus plugging ofthe airways, ntertil edema, nd microvascular leakage. Destruction of ‘bronchial epithelium and thickening ofthe subbasement membrane is ao characteristic. nado, there may be hypertrophy and hyperplasia of away smooth muscle, Increase in goblet cll number, and enlargement ot submucous lands -Athouph causes ofthe inl tendeny toward inlrmation fn the aways of patient wth astm are not yt certain, to date the strongest Identified risk factor Is stoby, This inherited familial tendency to have alles teactions includes increased sensitity to allergens that are risk factors for developing asthma. Some of these allergens include domestic dust mites, animals with fur, ceekroaches, pollens, and mots. Additionally, asthma may be triggered by viral respiratory infections, especially in children. By avoiding these allergens and triggers, a person with asthma lowers his or her ik of irtating sensitive airways A few avoidance techniques include: keeping the home clean and wel ventilate, using anal conditioner in the summer months when pollen and mold counts are high, and geting an annual Influenta vaccination. OF course, asthma sufferers should avod tobacco smoke altogether. Cigar, cgatette or pipe smoke isa trigger whether the patient smokes or Inhales the smoke from others. Smoke increases the rik of allege sensitization in ehlren, Increases the severity of symptoms, and may be fatal in children who already have asthma, Many of the risk factors for developing asthma may also provoke asthma attacs, and people with asthma may have one or more trggers, which vary from individual to individual. The risk can be futher reduced by taking medications that ‘decrease airway inflammation. Most exacerbations canbe prevented by the combination of avoiding trlggers and {aking anthinlammatory medications, An ¢xception fs physical activity, which is a common tiger of exacerbations 155 exertion, because some in asthma patients, However, asthma patients should not necessarily avoid all phys types faint ave been proven to feduce symptoms: Rater, they sheld wer In canjunctin th a decor to design a popes training regimen, which Includes the use of medication. are professional must appreciate the underlying disorder that Jeads to rition through Information gathered from the mn, and allege status. Because asthma In order to dlagnose asthma, 2 heal ‘asthma symptoms and understand how to recognize the co patents history, physcal examination, measurements of lung functor Symptoms vary throughout the day, the respiratory system may appear normal during physical examination. ‘nal signs are more Bel to be present when a patient is experiencing symptoms; however, the absence of symptoms upon examination dees nt exclude the dlagnosis of asthma, 4. acorig tothe psig, what the name forthe fama nnaon to ave hpersentinty to cela alergen? : a. Intestitaledema hype ce typertophy 4: atopy 2. Why des person suffering from an asthma attack tempt to inhale more ait? 2: preventthe ls of consciousness ‘bt kep ar flowing hugh shrunken ar passapeways «to preventhyperpiasia 4.10 compensate for weakened mast els, Tymphocytes, and eosinphis 3. The passage sueess that in the past asthma was regarded 2s which ofthe flowing? {arent the overuse of tobacco products 8. abystrcal eondton ‘impterous,unelated attacks affecting the lungs 4.a done condition 4 Wich ofthe folowing would be the best replacement forthe underined word exacerbationln this pastage? aalees beattads 16ee allergens 5. The passage mention al ofthe folowing body changes ring an asthma attack EXCEPT severe cramping in the chest. hea breathing, «always locked by Huds .consicted ays... 6 Although surprising which ofthe following triggers is mentioned in the passage as possibly reducing the symptoms of aethma insome patients? 4.uting fan instead ofan ar conditioner in summer months exposure to second-hand dgarette smoke te thelove ofa famiy pet 4. perorming physical exerese 7. Winy night patient with asthma have an apparently normal respvtor system durngan examination bya deter? «Asthma symptoms come and go throughout the day. severe asthma ocuts only after strenuous physical exertion. Doctor ofces ate smake free and very clean 4. The pollen and mold count may be low that day. ‘who ight be the most gia audience for this passage? a. researchers studying the respiratory system healthcare professionals « amotherwhove chidhas been dagnesed wth asthma 4. an antismoking att 17‘5, Whatisthe reason ven’ ths ate for hy passive smoke shouldbe avoled by children? 4 Asmote-fitedroomis breeding round for ial esplatory infection. bs sme can stunt an asthmatic cits growth, « Smoke an heighten the Intensity of asthma symptoms. Breathing smoke ca lead toa fatal asthma attack, Diabetes (a) There are two types of diabetes, Insulin dependent and non-insulindependent. Getween 90-95% of the estimated 12-14 milion people nthe United States with dabetes have noninsulin-dependent, o Type, labetes. ‘Because this frm of labetes usualy begins in adults over the age of 40 and is most common ater the age of 551. ‘ed tobe called adultonseteabetes. Its symptoms often develop gradually and are hard to identify at fst ‘therfore, nearly half ofall people with diabetes do not know they have It. For Instance, someone who has developed Type It dabetes may feel tred orl without knowing wiy. This can be particulary dangerous because untreated diabetes can cause damage to the heart, blood vessel, eyes, Kidneys, and nerves. While the causes, short-term effects, and treatments ofthe two types of dabetes lifer, both types can cause the same longterm ‘eatth robes. (2) Most important, both typer affect the bods ability te use digested food for energy. Diabetes does not Interfere with digestion, but it does prevent the bedy from using an important product of digestion, coselcommoniy known as sug), fr energy, After a meal, the norm digestive system breaks some food down Into glucose, The blond caries the glucose or sugar throughout the body, causing blood glucose levels rise. In response to this rise, the hormone Insulin is released nto the bloodstream and signals the body tissues to metabolize or burn the glucase for fuel, which causes blood glucose levels to return to normal. The glucose that, ‘thebody does not use right awayis stored inthe iver, muscle or ft. (2) in both types of sibetes, however, ths normal process malfunctions. gland called the pancreas, found just behind the stomach, makes insulin. in people with insull-dependent dlabetes, the pancreas dees not produce insulin a all. This condition usual begins In childhood and is known as Type | (formerly called jvenile-onset) iabetes, Mese patients must have dally insulin Injections to survive. People with noninsuin dependent diabetes ‘sually produce some insulin in their pancreas, but thelr bole tissues do not respond well othe insulin signal and, therefore, de net metabolize the lucose propery, a conlton known as insulin resistance. (4) insulin resistance san important factor in non-insuli-dependent diabetes, and scents ae searching for the ‘causes of insulin reitance. They have Identified two possibties. The fist Is that there could be a defect in the insula receptors on cel Uke an appliance that needs tobe plugged into anelectical outlet, Insulin has to bind to ‘receptor in order to funtion, Several tings can go wrong with receptors. For example, there may not be enough receptors ta which insulin may bind, ora defect inthe receptors may prevent insulin from binding. The second posible cause of inulin resstance I that, although insulin may bind tothe receptors, the cells do not read the signal to metabolite the glucose. Sletists continue to study these cells to se why tis might happen, 18(5) There's no cue for diabetes yet. However, there are ways to alleviate Its symptoms. In 1986, 2 National Institute of Health panel of experts recommended thatthe best treatment fr nor insulin dependent abetes is jet that helps one malta a normal weight and pays particular attention toa proper balance of the ciferent food groups. Many experts, inclodng thore Inthe American Diabetes Assocation, recommend that 50-60% of aly calories come {rom carbohydrates, 12-20% frm protein, and no mare than 30% from fat. Foods that are rich n carbohydrates, lke breads, cereals fut, and vegetables, break down Int glucose during digestion, causing blood glucose tors ‘Adana studles have shown that cooked foods rate blood glucse higher than raw, unpeeled foods. Adoctor ‘or nutitonist should shways be consulted for moe of thls kind of Information and for help in planing a det to ‘fet the effects of this form of diabetes. 1. Acconig i the passage what maybe the most dangerous aspect of Type betes? a. Insulin shots are needed diy for eaten of Type cabets Type labetes may go undetected and, therefore, untreated lo Type bets the pancreas does not produce isn 4. Typeiabetes Interfere wth digestion 2. Whichof the following ae the sme for Type land Tpe it dabetes? a treaents tong term heath sks ce shorttarm effects : causes 2. Aecriingto the passage one placein which exces cose is storedisthe 2. stomach ‘insulin receptors pancreas ver 4. A diet dominated by which ofthe following ls recommended fr non-Insulin-dependentsiabetics? protein, tet ‘carbohydrates 19a.raw foods ‘5, Which ofthe followings the man funtion of insulin? at signals Ussues to metabolic sugar. ‘be. breaks down food into aco «teats glucose throughout the bod. 4.ttbinds to receptors. 6. Which ofthe fllowing statements best summaries the main theme ofthe passage? a. Typel and Type i dlabetes are best treated by maintaining high-protein dt bs Typelt diabetes isa sstne condition that can be managed by maintaining a healthy dle. «Type! diabetes sa insidious condition most harmful when the patient snot taking dally insulin injections ‘Adults who suspect they may have Type i diabetes should immediately adopt a higharbohydrate det. “7. Which ofthe following ls mentioned In the passage asa posible problem with insulin receptors In insu resistant individuals? 1. Overeating causes the receptors to function improper. tb. There may be an overabundance of receptors present. A defect cause the receptors tobind with glucose. 4A defect hinders the receptors from binding with insulin, 1 According to the passage, In normal individuals, which ofthe folowing processes occur Immediately after the digestive system converts some food into glucose? «The pucose is metabolized by boul tissues ‘Insulin released ito the bloodstream, Blood sugar levels ise. 64. The pancreas manufactures increased amounts of insulin. ‘9. vasedon the Information inthe passage, which ofthe following best describes people with Type! diabetes? They do not need tobe treated with injections of insulin. ‘b. They comprise the majority of people with diabetes 20‘Ther pancreases do not produce insulin, 4. Tey are usualy graced as adults 10, Whatis the closest meaning ofthe underlined word efit in the final sentence of the passage? bowe erase ‘The Immune System (1) The immune system is equal in complesity tothe combined intricacies ofthe braln and nervous system. The sucess ofthe immune system in defending the body relies on a dynamic regulatory communications network ans of mitions and milion of els. Organited int sets and subsets, these eels pass Information back and forth tke ouds of bees swarming around 2 hive. The result sa seni system of checks and balances that produces an immune response that is prompt, appropriate, effective, and selliiting (2) At the heart ofthe immune system Is the aby to distinguish between self and non-sel. When immune ‘efender encounter cls or erganisms carrying forelgn or non-self molecules, the immune treops move quel to ‘eliminate the intruders. Virtually everybody cell cates distinctive molecules tat identi i 2s sl. The Body's Jmmune defenses do not normaly atack tissues that cary aselfmarker. Rather, immune cells and other body calls cosst peaceably in 2 state known as sefoleance. When a normally functioning immune system attacks 3 rnon-sef molecule, the sytem has the ality to remember the specifies ofthe foreign body.Upon subsequent ‘encounters with the same species of molecules, the Immune system reacts accordingh. With the posible ‘exception of antibodies passed during lactation, this socalled immune system memery snot inherited. Despite the cecurence of 2 vrs In your fal, your immune system must learn From experience withthe many mlons of distinctive non-sel molecules in the sea of microbes in which we lve. Leaming entails pricing the appropiate molecules and calls to match up with and counteract each non-elfinvader, (3) Any substance capable of triggering an immune response is called an antigen, Antigens are net tobe confused ‘with alergens which are most often harmless substances (such a5 ragweed pollen of ct har) that provoke the Immune system to set off the Inappropriate and harmful response known as clergy. An antigen can be 2 vis, 2 bacterium, a fungus, a parasite, of even a portion or product of one ofthese organisms, Tasues ot cels from another individual (except an identical twin, whose cls carry dential slfmackers) alo act a8 antigens; becuse the immune system recognizes transplanted tissues a orig, It rejects them. The body wil even reeet nourishing proteins unless they are fist broken down by the digestive system into ther primary, non-antigentc Bing blocks. An antigen announces it forelgnness by means of ntcate and characteristic shapes called epitopes, which protrude trom its surface. Most antigens, even the simplest microbes, carry several afferent Kinds of epitopes on thelr surface; some may even carry several hundred. Some epitopes will be more effective than others 3t stimulating an immune response. Only in abnormal stuatons does the Immune system wrongly identify sels ‘nonrself and execute 2 misdirected immune attack The result can be 2 so-called autoimmune disease such 3¢ ‘heumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus exhematosis. The painful side effects ofthese diseases are caused by 2 persor'simmune system actualy attaching isl u{whats the analogy ued to describe the communication network aang the cel nthe immune syst? ‘the immune system's memory bmn troops elsninating Inter «bees swarming around hive 4.2202 of microbes 2. The mmune cls and other cls inthe by coeds peaceably in a state known 35 | equilbrium. ‘bse tolerance e harmon. 4. tolerance 1. Whats the specter for the substance capable of tggring an inappropriate or harmful immune response toa harmless substance such 2s ragweed pollen? ‘antigen be. microbe allergen 4. autoimmune disease {How do the ces inthe inimune system recognite an antigen asforign or non self? a.ehrough an llerg response through blood FE «throug ine has potrcing from the antigen surface 4. through characteristic shapes onthe antigen surface ‘5. After you have hd the chien po, your immune system willbe able to do allo the following EXCEPT a. prevent your offpring from infection by the chicken pox vius. ’b. ditnguish between your body cells and that ofthe elcken pox vis ‘remember previous experiences with the chicken pox ius 24. match up and counteract nonself moleculsin the form ofthe chicken pox virus 6 Which ofthe flowing Dest expresses the man ea of hs passage? 4: Anantgen is any substance that gers an immune response ' The basic function ofthe immune systems to dstingsh betwen self and non sl {One ofthe immune ssten’s primary functions the alec response, 4. The human body presents an opportune habitat for microbes 7 Why would tsue transplanted from father to daughter havea greater risk of being detected as foreign than 3 tisue trneplnted between identical twins? a The age ofthe twig tue would be the same and, therefore, les likely tobe rejected b-The identical twins tissue would cary the same seitmarkers and would therfore, be less kel tobe rejected . wterus © neck a. leg © head 2. Aword tat has the same meaning as dorsalis b posterior caudal 4. inferior superior 3, Im referring to tssves, dhe (erm interstitial means a around cells . under cell «between cells 2. through eels e. within cells 4 The term axillary refers tothe a. bladder », abdomen 4. armpit groin 5. The term pyrexia refers to a(n) a. fever b. stone spasm €. poison 6, Dyspensa fe tgs, Papa nd dps fr ly wih breathing and coughing swallowing and urinating walking and chewing gum swallowing and breating, sleeping and breathing 31410 PART?“ DSEASE AND TREATMENT 7. Paraesophageal and paratacheal refer io __ the esophagus and trachea. a under superior 0 «. near or beside a imberween| within 8, The endocardium {& the lining of the inside of the heart. Endocarditis refets to a(n) To the lining of the heat. arowing ‘nflaration ‘overgrowth of tissue tanceros growth ‘thinning 9. DAs heart murmur was caused by a stenosis, oF __ of the aortic valve of has hear. a. namowing > inflammation «overgrowth of tissue 4. cancerous growth thinning 10, The tem fora condition or disease of unknown etiology is: bi. hypertrophic «. chronle a. acute idiopathic Fallin the blanks: 11, The wordin the case studies that means "protrusion of an organ through an abnormal Body open: ‘ng is a(n) 12, Adenopathy is any disease of a(n) 13, Tuberculosis is eaused by a rod-shaped bacterium described as a(n) 14. A malignant neoplasm arising from musele, connective, oF bone tissue is a(n) 15 A disease condition that ean be fata, rapidly spreads vo the entre body, and is characterized by a very high fevers called Puasa 32Case Study 16-1; Acute Pancreatitis ‘two weeks after his emergency cardia bypass surgery, RB. was admitted to the hospital with acute pancreatitis, probably miggeed by the trauma ofthe heart surgery. As nurse, 8, knew that the mild Formof the disease was self limiting, whereas severe pancreatitis has a morality rate nea 50%, He was tervfied, having survived heart surgery, to now have to worry about multisystem organ falure. He had tnce eared fora patient who died of necrotizing hemorrhagic pancreatitis ‘Oa admission, RB. had sevete stabbing mdepigastric pain tha radiated to his back, nausea, vom~ iting, abdominal distention and ngidity, and jaundice. He also manifested a low-grade fever, bype- tension, tachycardia, and decreased breath sounds over all lung fields. His cardiac enzymes were ‘normal, but he showed an mcrease in serum leukocytes, amylase, and lipase. CT sean of the abdomen ‘Showed pancreatic mflammation with edema. His chest radiograph showed bilateral pleural effusion and atelectasis. ‘RB's eeatmentsincladed NPO, an NG tube, medications co decrease his pam and gastric secretions, and supplemental oxygen, He was monitored forall physiologic parameter, with close atention paid to ‘hs laid and elecrolyte balance and intravascular volume, and recovered and was discharged after 6 days. Case Study 16-2: Hyperparathyroidism 1. 258-year-old woman wih history of hypertension, had a paral neprectomy 4 years ago for ‘eal calculy During out pscal examination, her otal serum calcium evel was 108 mg/dl Her erativtoidhormose evel was WNL, she wasn oapparet duress, andthe remainder fhe phys Tet ectmination and bortory data were noncontbatory. Te underventexplorry surgery for an enlaged right superior parathyroid gland The remao Ing ubsee glands appemed nora. The-ealaiged gland was excised, ad a iopry was performed on the easining lands The pathology report showed an adenoma of the abnormal gland, On her fst post ‘porate iy abe complained of perioral numbuess and tingling She had no other symptoms, but her seer alcign was subnormal she was given oneampule of calcium ghacoate. Within 2 days, her ea Shum Teel had improved and she was discharged 33\AG PART «BODY SYSTEMS, Case Study 16-3: Diabetes Treatment With an Insulin Pump M.G. a 32:yeat-ald marketing executive, was diagnosed with jventle-onset (ype 1) diabetes a te ee ycna She vividly remembers her mother taking her (0 te doctor because she bad an i ae tad canaed her to feel extremely tired and very thirsty nd hungry. She also had a cut on bet eae aaecaeeid not heal and had begun to wether bed. Her mother had had gestational dabetes wretches prguancy with MG; MG, was described asa "macrosomia" because she weghed 10 1b at birth, Mr has managed her disease with meticulous aitenton to her det, exercise, preventative healt cae. segula blood glacose monitoring and twice-daily injections of reglat and NFH insulin wich Shetek pong her upper arms, thighs, and abdomen, She continues in a smoking cessation pro shim supported by weekly acupuncture Weatments: She maineains good control of her disease ip Erle ofthe inconvenience and tine Mt consumes each day. She will be married next summer an Seed ike to siare a family. M.G-s doctor suggested she try an insulin pomp to give her mote free- saan enhance her quality of ife Alter intensive training, she has received hee pump. Its about saensa oka beeper wit a thi eather that she nttoduces through a needle into her abdominal sb atancons rue. She can administer her insulin in a continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion SEEM) and in calculated meal bolus doses. She stl has to test her blood for hyperglycemia and hypo flyemia and her urine for ketones when her blod sugar i oo high. She hopes one day to bavean islet ‘ransplantanon CASE STUDY QUESTIONS Multiple choice: Select the est answer and write the letter of your csice tothe left ofeach namber 1. Necrotisng hémorshagie pancreatitis eam be described a: ‘enlargement ofthe pancreas with anemia '. inflammation of the prireas with tissue death and bleeding, inflammation ofthe pancreas with overgrowth of tissue 4. marsupialization ofa pancreatic pseudocyst none ofthe abore 2. RAs midepigastee pain was located fa infenorto the sternum be periumbilical cephalad tothe clavicle lateral othe anterior costal ma anterolateral 3, Inavascular volume and hemodynamic stability refer to fa. measured amount of urine in the drainage bag >. speed with which pancreate lid moves ‘¢. movement of cells though aflow cytometer 4. body fluids and blood pressure «blood couatand clowting factors 34Renal calculi are Tadney ston gallstones bile obstructions b «stomach ueers 4 muscle spasms [EVs serum calcium was 108 mg/dl, wh 25.4 micrograms of calcium inher serous Maid '. 108 grams of electrolytes in parathyroid hormone 10.8 milligrams calcium in 100 ce of blood 44. 21.6 ters of calcium in 100 grams of serum B 10.8 micrograms of calekum in 100 ce of serous parathyroid fd sand tn 1. had perioral murbs peripheral to any on Iateal to the ye ‘within the buceal mucosa around the mouth céroummferenbal to the perineum ing Petiorall: adult-onset diabetes type 2 diabetes mellitus diabetes insipidus insalin-dependent diabetes mellitus NIDDM. Gestational diabetes occurs a. imawoman during pregnancy b. toany large ferus during menopause atthe time of puberty atthe time of delivery of large baby with high blood sugar >, a M.G 's diabetes i also described as b 4 The term macrosomia describes ‘excessive weight gain during pregnancy a large body an excessive amount of sleep Inability to sleep during pregnancy too much sugar in the amniotic fd G. injected the insulin into the subcutaneous tissue, which s ‘only present in the abdomen, chighs, and upper arms ‘topical application ‘below the skin inalarge arery above the pubie bone ah e Rein wee 35Medical knowledge in ancient Egypt ‘Medical knowledge in ancient Egypt had an excellent reputation, and rulers of other empires woul askthe PRESCRIPTIONS anaromy PrakAgh noone | Importance of the pulse and of 3 connection some knowledge of human anatomy, even though ‘they never dissected the body. For example, inthe dase mammieation process, they bnew how to Ss Incert along hooked implersent through 2 not, ding the thin bone of the brain case and ‘temove the bral. eudimieicérion MOULDS Eeyption physljans also were aware of the senean ple snd hear The developed tar her of “channel” that ated ay, water nd ood to the Bod by oberg the ier i. the ie Became Blocked ops became wheat, They aod | es thor to he boi ifapeson was url they would se aves to unblock the channels | | Most, the phycos' svc for staying Healthy was to wash and shave the bod, incuding under the | ‘21m. This may have prevented infections. They also advised patients to look after th foods such as raw fs e other animale considered tobe unclean, Some practices were harmful. Many medical presciptions contained animal dung which contain products | of fermentation and movis. Some of them have curative properties, but they also contain baceria, posing | a thveat of infection. Being unable to cstngish berween the orginal infection and | ‘the unwholesome effets ofthe feces treatment, they may have been impressed by the few cass when it is improve the patent's condition, 36uestons: Dnlean In thi context means ‘Asollet . 2. religiously impure. € causing infection containing animal dung. 7 Thiselection's mostly about ‘A ancient Egyptian physicians ‘medial knowledgein ancentExyp C the role ofthe Hein medical knowledge. infection in ancent Egypt. a. ttplcon saw thet the Mlebacone blocked, | 5.Pheskens wera correct lath trestments excep Jor ‘washing became problem. their surgery 1 fermentation and moulds occurred. ative. C eet was affected B Fake ops became unhealthy. is r 6. “curative"in this content means A soled, A The brain was removed ‘A dung mummifcation B tounblock channels C toprevent infections. 1. tokep the body clean. '.cuting the medical problem causing infection. ‘containing animal dung, 7. "Distinguish" inthis context means Avoiled, 2. religiousty impure C markas diferent 1. containing animal dun. | peers | Mony medica prescriptions contained animal dung, which contains products of fermentation and mouids Some of them have curative properties, but they olseconton bacteria, posing a threat of infection. Sentence: 48. “properties” could beste replaced by Asbilties powers C.quslties,_D. components 9."them” and “they” refer to which ofthe following? ‘i A.products — 8,moulds prescriptions. dung 10. "medica” a5 used heres what pat of speech? ‘Avnoun B.adverb —— C.conjunction 0, adjective 3tEating Disorder ed States are affected by eating disorders. More than 90% of those It women. Although all eating disorders share some common ia nervosa, and binge eating each have distinctive symptoms Millions of people in the Unit affcted are adolescents oF young adult manifestations, anorexia nervos, bulim and risks. People who intentionally starve themselves (even while experiencing severe hunger pains) suffer trom ncroxia nervosa. The disorder, which usualy begins around the time of puberty, involves extreme eight fom to atleast 15% below the individual's normal body weight. Many people with the disorder look ‘emaciated but are convinced they are overweight. In patients with anorexia nervosa, starvation can damage Vital organs such asthe heart and brain. ‘To protect itsel the body shift into sluw gear: Menstrual periods stop, blood pressure rates drop, and thyroid function slows. Excessive thirst and frequent urination may occur. Dehydration contributes to ‘constipation, and reduced bodyfat leads to lowered body temperature and the inability to withstand ‘cold. Mid anemia, swollen joints, reduced muscle mass, and light-headedness also commonly occur in [Anorexia nervosa sufferers can exhibit sudden angry outbursts or become socially withdrawn. One in ten cases of anorexia nervosa leads to death fom stanation, cardiac arrest, other medial complications, oF suicide. Cncal depression and ansety place many individuals wth eating orders at rik for suicidal behavior, People with bulma nervosa cansume large amounts af food and then rid their bodies ofthe excess calories by vomiting, abusing aratves or etic, taking enemas, or exerdsng obsessively. Some use a-conbination of all these forms of purging. Indliduals with bulimia who use drugs to stimulate ‘vomiting, bowel movements, or urination may bein considerable danger, a5 this practice increases the risk of heart failure Dieting heavily between episodes of binging and purging is common. ‘Because many individuals with bulimia binge and purge In secret and maintain normal or above normal Body weight they can often sucesfuly hie thee problem for yeats. But bulimia nervosa patients—even those of ronal weight can severely damage their bodies by frequent binge eating and purging, In rare instances, binge ‘eating causes the stomach to rupture; purging may result in heart fllure due to loss of vital minerals such 35 potassium, Voming can cause the esophagus to become inflamed and glands near the cheeks to become swollen. ‘Asin anoreta nervosa, bulimia may lead to regular menstrual periods. Psychological effects inciede compulsive seating as well as possible indication of obsessive-compulsive disorder, an ness characterized by repetitive thoughts and behaviors. Obsesive compulsive disorder can also accompany anoresia nervosa As with anorexia nervosa, bulimia typically begins dung adolescence. Eventually, half of those with anaresla nervosa wil develop bulnia. The condition ocurs mast often a women buts also found a men. ‘Singe-eatng dscrder is found in about 2% ofthe general population. As many as one-third ofthis group are men. It aloatfects older women, though withless frequency. Recent esearch shows that binge-eating disorder occurs In about 30% of people participating in medical supervised welght-contrl programe. This disorder cffers frm bumia because is suterers do not puge Individuals with binge eating disorder feel that they lose contol ofey eat large quantities of food and donot stop untl they are uncomfortably ul, Most ony of weight fuctuations. A 2 result, they are prone to the uch as high cholesterol, high Blood pressure, and diabetes heart disease, and some types of cancer ‘themesves when enti. T sullerers are overweight or obese and have 2 hist serous medical problems associated with obesity ‘Obese indvidvals aso havea higher isk fr gallbladder disease, LUaly they have more difcuty losing weight and keeping it off than do peor pralens uke anree and bli lees who emit pychologal problems, india wih Hoge 2g (Goordr have high ates of simultaneously cceutingpsyhlatac nesses, especially depression 4. Fataies occur in what percent of people with 2. hearalments stomach rupture « swollen joints 4 diabetes 2. wich of the allowing consequences do al the eating ssorders mentioned in the passage ave in common? heart aliments fy stomach pte «swollen its eats a. According tothe ase people wih ings eg dordeare prone asf the following EXE?T oss of eon depression € low bloodpressure. 4th cholesterol, “Which ofthe followings NOT a statement about people with eating dzorders? 4 Feape with anoresia nervosa commonly havea blod-rlted defclency. peopl with acres nervosa perecive themselves as overweight The female population the primary group affected by eating orders 64. Fity percent of people with bulimia have had anorexia nervosa.‘5, People who have an eating disorder but nevertheless appear tobe of normal weight are most key to have 2 obsestve-compusive disorder. > bulma nervosa binge eating sisorder 6. aneres nerves. 6. Ganda functions of eating order palents slow down as 2 esl of lowering body temperatures excessive hist and urination « protective measures taken by the Body 4. thelos of extential minerals. 2. Thelnabityto eliminate body wastes related 2. deyeraton. ‘bn anitamed esophagus the abuse oftaties «4. weight control programs. According tothe passage, which ofthe following iste of bulimia patients? 4. They may demonstrate unpredictable social behavior. 1 They often engagein cmpulive exec. «They are ess susceptible to dehyeration than are anorexia patients 4. They Frequently experience stomach ruptures , 9. Which of the following represent up to two thirds ofthe binge-eting Sisorder population? solder mates = bs cder females «younger mates 4. younger females 40" Unit 4 Reading Resource 4.1 Stroke Rehabilitation: Speech “The types and degrees of disability that fellow stroke deperl upon which area of the bain is ‘damaged, Generally, stoke can cause five types Of ‘isablitics: paralysis or problems controlling ovement, sensory disturbances inctaing pain, problems “using or “understanding, lanyoage; problems with thinking. and memory, and ‘emotional disturbances [At least one-fourth of all stoke, survivors experience languoge:mpairmens. involving the Sblity to speak, waite, and undestad spoken and ‘writen language. stroke indeed injury to any of the brains langunge-cotvoleeiers can severly Jmpaie. verbal. communication, Damage toa Janguags center located oo the dominant side ofthe brain, known as Broca’s area, eases expressive aphasia. People with this typeof aphasia have Giiculty conveying their thoughts through words ‘or wating. Tey lose the ability to speak the words they are thinking and to put words together in coherent, grammatically cortect seatenes. In ‘contrast, damage to anguage center located in a fear portion of the brain called Wericke’s area, resulis in receptive apbasia. People with this condition have difficulty understanding spoken or ‘writen language and often ave incobereot speech, [Although they can form grammatically coreet ‘sentences, their uterances, are often devoid of ‘meaning. The most severe form ofapasia, Jobat Questions aphasia, is caused by extensive damage to several eas involved in language function. People with tlobal aphasia Hore, neatly. all thir linguistic abilities; they can neither understand language nos tise it to convey thought. A less severe form of aphasia, called ami ce amnesic aphasia, occurs ‘when there is only a finimal amount of brain thamage its effects are often quite sbi. People ‘wih apomic aphasia may simply selectively forget Interlated groupe of words, such asthe names of people or particular kinds of objects ‘Many specialized therapeutic teciniques have ten developed to assist people with: aphasia Some forms of short-term therapy ca improve comprehension rapidly Intensive exercises such as fepealing the therapist's words, practicing following dzections, and doing reading or writing cnercises form the comerstone” of, language Fehabiltation.-Cooversational- coaching and rehearsal, as well ste development of prompts or tues to help poople remember specific words, are fometimes beneficial, Speech-fanguage prthologists also help stroke survivors, develop Frategies for circumventing language disabilities ‘These strategies cat include the we of symbol boards or sign language. Recent advances in ‘computer technology « have’ spurred the evelopment of new types of eiuipment to ‘enhance communication. - 1 Of the 5 main disobites follwang o stroke, vtch would you desenbe as physical disables and which es mental disabities? 2 What language shits does Broca’s area coral? 3 Which part ofthe brain controls grammar? 4, What do you tin “orm the comerstane" mons? 5 loud it be possible to use symbol cards or sgn language for patients with global asi?