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Drive Test Learning:

1) What is the motivation behind GSM Air Interface drive testing?

Ans) GSM Drive testing is traditional and best way to verify network performance for New Sites or
Existing sites.

Drive testing can be asked for various objectives like:

 Coverage verification
 New site Performance Verification and Field optimization
 Network Problem trouble shooting like Drop calls, Handover failure, Poor Coverage patches, Poor
RX Quality patches, etc
 Benchmarking Drive test to find out Coverage and Quality comparison against competitors
networks.

2) Types of Drive Tests?

Ans)

 New Site Drive Test (Coverage Drive)

 Bench-marking Drive Test (Comparative Drive)

 Migration Drive Test (Night activity and Software Up-gradation)
 Route Drive Test.

2) How to do Coverage verification Drive test?

Ans) Best way to do it by putting TEMS Phone in Idle mode and drive across targeted routes .

 In Idle mode, MS will measure BCCH TRX’s Time slot 0 and TS 0 transmit always full power
which is consider as real foot print of BCCH ( which is call as Cell foot print ) and such RX
LEVEL is RX LEVEL Full because TIMESTOL 0 doesn’t have DTX and POWER CONTROL
 But when you do Dedicate mode Drive testing then TCH TRX has most of the time DTX ON
and POWER Control too so that RX LEVEL Measurement is RX LEVEL SUB which is not
genuine Cell foot print.

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3) What is the information need to be collected and carry before to start any Drive testing work?

Ans) we go for Drive test, we need to collect all require information for site or group of sites (cluster)
like:

 Site Master Database, which has Antenna parameters like Azimuth, antenna tilts, Antenna Type,
Height, Tilt, Azimuth( Physical Verification and Optimization)
 Digital Maps for DT
 Frequency Plan for Sites including BCCH and Hopping ( Frequency Optimization and
Interference detection)
 Neighbor List so we can compare who is missing for addition or unnecessary defined for removal
( Neighbor Optimization)
 Complete tools like DT Kits, Camera, Campass, etc
 Rigger with require tool for Physical optimization changes
 Drive test desired route if any specific
4) What need to be check when you reach to any new sites for Drive test?

Ans) when we reach to site, 1st thing need to be done is Sites Antenna physical parameter
verification

 If any antenna parameter is wrongly implemented like Azimuth or Tilt then there is no
use of doing drive test
 Once Antenna parameter check and all are as per require or planed, then we can start
call testing , handover testing and area coverage verification
 Drive testing can be done with various testing scenario but widely done as per below :
Call testing cell wise to understand performance of cell and each TRX
Inter cell between same site handover testing
Inter cell between different sites for handover testing
Coverage verification drive till you get -95 dBm RX Level Full in idle mode
Frequency Plan check BCCH and Hopping C/I Verification
RX Quality Sub in Dedicated mode

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During Drive test some time you might face, Call drop , Handover fail, Block call, …etc and in
that’s case we need to do some analysis and you have find out who is service cell when we had
such problem

5) What are the major causes behind bad quality during the call?

Ans) Major cause behind Poor RX Quality is Interference and call can suffer interference due to
various reasons like:

 Current serving cell RX Level( C )is poor so C is very close to Interference ( I )

 Due to Missing neighbor, Call is dragging on current poor servicing cell and after
sometime it will suffer Interference
 Due to closely reuse of Co_Ch, even Mobile is closer to Cell sites but interference ( I ) is
very strong which might reduce C/I margin
 Hardware issues, and due that Receiver can loose sensitivity so it’s become more
sensitive to Interference
 Sometime Target cell is strong but doesn’t have free capacity to take handover so call will
drag in serving cell and it will suffer interference

There might be more reason behind bad quality ….

6) What is BCCH Pollution? How to overcome from such problem?

Ans) BCCH Pollution mean, more than at any location if MS is getting more than 3 GSM Cells
and none of them are dominating and most of their RX LEVEL difference is less than 3 dB,
means Mobile is unnecessary will be in “Cell reselection” in idle more or “Ping Pong handover”
in Dedicated mode Best way to overcome from such problem to Optimize Antenna parameter
and remote such heavy overlapping.

7) What is cell overshooting?

Ans) During GSM Cell planning, RF Planner has design each cells such way to serve specific area
of target ,Base on Cell planning Frequency and Neighbor also planned, But sometime due to

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propagation friendly clutter or wrong Antenna parameter planning Cell coverage goes beyond
desired area and create interference .

 Such cell doesn’t add any value in network performance but they create more
interference to other cell and resulting in high drop call.
 Using Drive test you can find out such overshoot Cell and fine tune Antenna parameters
like Height or Tilt or … and restrict their propagation to specific area.

8) What are the prominent results behind CALL DROP?

Ans)

 Low Signal Strength (Bad Rx Level)

 Missing Neighbor (Handover not define)
 Bad RX Quality
 Delayed Handover due to lack of capacity in target cell
 Interference
 BTS related hardware
 TCH Activation Failures During Call
 Hardware Problem
 Radio Link Timer out (when becomes zero).

What to do when CALL Drop happen?

 We need to understand who is serving cell

 Call was in BCCH or TCH/Hopping TRX
 We need to understand who is serving cell after call drop
 If serving cell change after drop call then need to find out that and BSIC was there in
neighbor list, if not means this is missing neighbor
 What was the C/I? is it better than 9 dB or bad, If it’s bad means there is Co_Ch
interference in DL
9) Hand over Failure reasons?

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Ans)

 Low signal strength or bad quality on target cell.

 Hardware problems in target cell
 Interference in target cell

What to do when handover failure happen?

Find out who was serving cell

Find out who was target cell from layer 3 message ( HO Command )

10) What is difference between Electrical tilt and Mechanical tilt?

Ans)

 In urban area mostly now a day’s Electrical tilt used, and reason is when you give tilt
using E tilt , font and back lobe both get tilted which reduce interference in network, and
also shape of Main lobe doesn’t get change only size become small
 In case of Mechanical tilt, if you give tilt then font lobe will get tilted and back lobe will
up tilted which might create interference to other cells, and also shape of main lobe will
get wide which again create interference in network so that’s why such antenna can be
use in rular or highway kind o sites where intra site distance is high and those kind of
area are not much sensitive to interference.
10) What is Radio Link Timeout ( RLT )?

Ans) Radio link time out is bi-directional counter, it will set as per parameter when call started
in Downlink in Mobile and uplink at TRX in that particular timeslot

 RLT is applied only when call is on TCH During call in TCH, in Downlink Network send
System info 5 and 6 which is carrying very important information about neighbor , cell
and power control related in every 480 ms ( 1 complete SACCH Radio block), if Mobile
cannot able to decode 1 SACCH block then RLT will reduce by 1 and if it decode SACCH
Block then it will increase by 2 and if it’s become 0 means call is drop due to some

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downlink problem and DT Engineer has to find out and co-related current RF
Measurement and parameter with Call drop .

11) DATA LINK FAILURE?

Ans) If you come across any data link failure in sites it means that packets are not sent
properly. So from RF side we have to check whether any interference is there or not.

12) Why Rx Level is in negative? What is its unit?

Ans) we know that:

Power (in Watt) = 10 log10 (P).

Since available power is in mill watts so

10 log10 (P/10^3)

= 10 log10 (P*10^-3)

= -3*10 log10 (P)

= Rx Level in negative.

Q13) how can we reduce Co-channel interference?

Ans)

1) Frequency Hopping
2) DTX mode operation
Q14) what are the parameters present in Current Channel Window?

Ans)

1) Cell Name
2) CGI ( MCC, MNC, LAC, CI)

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3) Cell GPRS Support

4) BCCH ARFCN
5) TCH ARFCN
6) BSIC
7) Time Slot
8) Band
9) Channel Type
10) Channel Mode
11) Speech Codec
12) Ciphering Algorithm
13) Hopping Channel
14) Hopping Frequency
15) MAIO
16) HSN
Q15) what are the parameters present in Radio Parameter window?

Ans)

1) Rx Level
2) Rx Quality
3) FER (Frame Eraser Rate)
4) BER Actual (Bit Eraser Rate)
5) SQI (Speech Quality Index)
6) C/ I Worst
7) MS Power Control Level
8) RL Timeout Counter
9) MS Behavior Modified
10) DTX- Discontinuous Transmission.
11) TA – Timing Advance

16) what is c/I?

Ans) Its Carrier to interference ratio. It is the ratio of power of carrier to the power of all the
sources producing interference.

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Ranges:

12 to 32 Excellent. 5 to 9 Poor.

9 to 12 Average. –5 to 5 Worst.

17) What is Rx-Level?

Ans) it will be the Received Signal Strenth.Measured in Mili Desible and it will be always in
negative.

Ranges:

-60 to o Excellent. –90 to –80 Poor.

-70 to -60 Good. –110 to –90 Worst.

80 o –70 Average.

18) What is Rx-Quality?

Ans) It is the quality of signal means quality of voice we can say.

Ranges:

0 to 3 Excellent.

3 to 4 Average.

4 to 7 Worst.

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19) What is SQI?

Ans) It is the Speech Quality Index Which is based on No of frames Erased and No of Bits
Erased.

Ranges:

25 to 31 Excellent. 5 to 14 Average.

14 to 25 Good. –5 to 5 Worst

20)How much is C/I if Frequency hopping is present or absent?

Ans) In case of Absence of Frequency Hopping C/I will be Greater than 12db.In case of
Frequency Hopping C/I will be Greater than 9db.

21) What is M Com? For what purpose it is used?

Ans) it’s a planning and post processing tool.

a) To check interference

b) To know about handover relation definition.

c) To find any site in map.

d) To make Ppt of Rx Level, Rx Quality, C/I worst, SQI, etc.

22) What is swap?

Ans) Sometimes, TX/ Rx coming from GSM Antenna gets mismatched while getting
connected with TRU cards. So, SWAP get occurs. It’s of two types, Partial & Sectoral.

 If completely TX/ Rx of one sector gets connected to TRU Card, sectoral swap is there.

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 If one of the TX or Rx gets mismatched with TRU, partial SWAP is there.

23) What is Dongle?

Ans) It is the license key for the network radio parameters. It is used with TEMS , PROBE
and NEMO.

24) What are MAIO and HSN?

Ans) MAIO is Mobile Allocation Index Offset which shows from where the Hopping will
starts.

HSN it is Hopping Sequence Number will shows the different algorithms used in Frequency
Hopping.

When an ongoing call the Hopping will be 217 times in 1 sec.

24) What is TA?

Ans) it is Timing Advance Which Shows How much meters we r away from BTS. If Ta=0
means we r 500m away from BTS.

WCDMA
Active set& Monitored set& Detected set?
Active set:- the set of cells with which the UE is currently connected/communicating with MS,usually
show them as SC or Pilots but they are actually Communicating with MS cells.Typical Active set size
is 3 or 4
Monitored set;- Cells, which are not included in the active set, but are included in the
CELL_INFO_LIST belong to the Monitored Set.like nighboring cell list
Detected set:- Cells detected by the UE, which are neither in the CELL_INFO_LIST nor in the active set belong to
the Detected Set. Reporting of measurements of the detected set is only applicable to intra-frequency
measurements made by UEs in CELL_DCH state.

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what is Pilot Pollution?

Pilot pollution means that there are too many strong Cells within the coverage, but none of the pilots is
dominant.Simply speaking, when the number of strong cells exceeds the active set size, there is “pilot pollution”
in the area. Typically the active set size is 3, so if there are more than 3 strong cells then there is pilot pollution.

Effect of Pilot Pollution

 High BLER
 Low system capacity
 High call drop rate due to frequent handover
 Low access success rate due to no dominant cell

HOW TO REDUCE THE PILOT POLLUTION PROBLEM ?

 Maximise the signal inside the best server
 Minimise the energy overshoot from the neighbor cells with some RF consideration (tilt, azimuth,…)
 Proper transmit power and power ratio of sites
 Probable Solution : adjust engineering parameters of an antenna so that a best server forms around the
antenna. For handover problems caused by pilot pollution, adjust engineering parameters of other
antennas so that signals from other antennas becomes weaker and the number of pilots drops

Softer Handover:- a UE is connected to cells owned by the same NodeB.a UE is connected to cells owned by
the same NodeB
Soft Handover:- when a UE is connected to cells owned by different NodeB

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Measurement events of soft handover/softer handover

Event 1A: The quality of a cell reaches the quality of the best cell or active set quality thais cell
add a in to the active set

Event 1B: The quality of a cell is far lower than the quality of the best cell it’s a removed a cell
from active set

Event 1C: Replacement event. A non-active primary CPICH becomes better than an active
primary CPICH.ie replace a cell.

Event 1D: Change of the best cell

Event 1E: Primary CPICH becomes better than an absolute threshold

Event 1f: a Primary CPICH becomes worse than an absolute threshold.

Measurement report-Events:-
Event 2D: The estimated quality of the currently used frequency is below a certain threshold. Used to
enable the compressed mode.

What is Compressed mode?why we Need ?

Ans:-When Radio Condition is poor below thrisholed value RSCP-92dBm,Ec/Io-12dB.

What are the conditions you typically set to trigger IRAT handover?
Ans:-RSCP and Ec/Io are used to trigger IRAT handover:RSCP ≤ -100dBm.Ec/Io ≤ -16dBm.

what is the SSV Drive&Clluster Drive in Wcdma?

Ans:-WCDMA RNO Single Site Verification(SSV-Drive test)

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Through the single site verification, check whether the following functions in each cell are proper.

 Configuration data collection(From Planner)

 Site installation check (Ensure that the feeder is connected properly.)
 Site state and alarm check
 Parameter configuration check in idle&Ded mode
 Objectivity: scrambling code, frequency, and LAC/RAC
 Call check in connection mode(Voice,Vedio,R99,HSDPA,SMS..all Services)
 Coverage check (CPICH RSCP & CPICH Ec/Io)
 Handovers Soft,softer,Hard Handovers check.
Before the site check, collect the configuration data of network planning and other data in RNC database, and
ensure that the configured data is consistent with the planned one.when visited the site need to check the site
installation type as per planned like (height,azimuth,tits..) ofter thet Before the site verification, the
optimization engineers need to confirm with the product support engineers whether the alarm is generated,
whether problems are solved, and whether cell state is proper. Check whether the cell configuration data is
consistent with the planned one by the UE/Scanner such as NODEBNAME,LOCELL ID, MAXTXPOWER, LAC,
RAC,PSC CODE, and UARFCNDOWNLINK. Azimuth,tilts.

 Drop Call Analysis - RF related issues :

 Poor coverage (RSCP & Ec/Io)
 High interference and hence poor Ec/Io
 Poor uplink coverage (insufficient UE Tx power)
 Poor dominance (best cell changes too frequently resulting in too many SHO events)
 Pilot pollution (too many cells present)
 Missing neighbors
 Fast change of RF conditions (e.g. turning a corner)

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LTE
SIB (System Information Block )

System Information provides information to the UEs about various parameters of both the Access
Stratum and Non Access Stratum. These are the parameters that are common for all the UEs in the
same cell and are traditionally broadcasted in all the wireless technologies. UEs use this information
for multiple purposes, mainly system access and other idle mode procedures like cell selection,
reselection etc.

In LTE, main system information consists of the following:

1.Master Information Block (MIB) : MIB gives information about the most important parameters like
SFN, system bandwidth( In Terms of RBs) and HICH configuration. It is transmitted every 40 ms and
the scheduling information is standardized.
2. System Information Block1: SIB1 is scheduled every 80ms. SIB1 broadcasts cell access related
parameters -cell identifier (plmn id, cell id), qrxlevmin, cell specific timers and the scheduling
information for all other SIBs.
3. System Information Block2: SIB2 provides information about common and shared channels-rach,
prach, bcch, dlsch, ulsch etc.
4.System Information Block 3 to 8 provides information required for cell reselection.
SI3 provides information on intra frequency cell reselection except neighbor cell information.SIB4
provides info on neighbor cell information’s. SIB5 is for inter frequency cell reselection, SIB6 is for
UTRAN, SIB7 for GERAN and SIB8 for CDMA related cell reselection.

LTE DRIVE TEST- PROCEDURE:

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SSV: (Single site verification)

 Preparation for DT :
 Initially we want check HUAWEI tools like Genex probe with license,
 UE equipments HUAWEI E392 USB Dongle and LTE enabled mobile with data cables,
 USB GPS and Inverter,
 Updated cell file and Map.

In field:

 First visit the site and want to do full site audit.

 In this site audits primary things correct co-ordinates, azimuth, antenna height, tower type,
antenna model, feeder cable model & length.
 We want re-check with azimuth as per plan sheet, if want changes required inform to RF
engineer.
 Audit photos like panoramic photos, antenna view & three sector direction photos, tower full
view and antenna model photos and building photos.
 For drive test we want to confirm the correct siteID, DL freq, PCI matching any swap or no swap.
 Static point test in LTE using FTP download, FTP upload, ping test and CSFB testing.
 Before monitoring for nearest site in sector main lobe RSRP and SINR level, after start FTP
downloading, it should be more than 75Mbps for Avg value and save the log files, also take the
snapshot.
 If we facing any low throughput issue or not downloading, any fluctuations. Then check with FTP
server and HTTP server. Also close it previous downloading and try it reload again.
 We just check with SINR value also because DL through depends on SINR& RSRP.
 Secondly continuous uploading files through FTP server(only upload, close all downloading files)
 Upload value should be more than 45Mbps (Avg value) and save the logfile, also take the
snapshot.
 In this Test plan ping test column is there, just enter the server IP and test count for 20 times.

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 Ping value should be less than 20 (avg) also take the snap and save it.

CSFB: (Circuit switch Fallback)

In this test LTE handset mobile connecting through probe and check for MO and MT.

When is idle, then making a call from LTE to 3G mobiles .it handover given to 3G and initiating a call.

Also check with 10 no of call for MT & MO, save the log files.

Coverage drive:

 LTE dongle continuous downloading for both FTP and HTTPS.

 Cover the all sectors direction possibility roads and Main roads, monitoring the RSRP value and
throughput values.
 Coverage drive up to handover neighbor site or else RSRP value goes to bad.
 Checking for inter HO and intra HO success and there is no abnormal releases.
 Events all want should positive, if getting any HO delay or failure and throughput down inform
to RNo’s.
 After finishing the SSV drive logs export to Genex assistant for analysis.
 SSV Report:
 According to customer given format, we prepare the reports.
 Site ID, name, region, date and DT engineer name with RF engineer name.
 Summary sheet fill up the all FTP DL, UL and ping values for all sectors.
 In CSFB success list.
 For plots like RSRP, SINR, RLC DL throughput and PCI plots.
 Also extras for throughput charts and ping values chart.

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 We just prepare it and consider for KPI values and check LTE events, there is no ERAB setup fail
and abnormal releases.
 Finally sent to report concern RF engineer, who’s looking ours.

Cluster coverage-Drive:

 Cluster drive routes are given by RF engineers and we just plan it for drive, plot with Google
earth and see the all sites are on-air and there is no issue with the cluster.
 Cluster drive in LTE for continuous downloading for both FTP & HTTP servers.
 Start the drive for first site to neighbor sites, check with DL throughput values and RSRP levels.
 Serving cell signal strength is poor than neighbor site means we want optimize before starting
drive.
 Monitoring for all events like inter HO& intra HO success, ERAB setup, abnormal releases and
HO delays.
 Always keep the downloading files more, then we get good throughput without fluctuations.
 We can follow the given route tab and any important places we do that places also.
 Overall cluster avg DL throughput is more than 45Mbps should be required.

Walktest: (Indoor test)

 popular shopping malls, particularly in customer complaint places requires for indoor test.

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 In this indoor map open the Bmp files. Use for the image for testing
 For example OMANTEL_HQ want to do coverage for all floors. Use the floor bmp files and UE
continuous downloading, mainly no GPS.
 We will put pin-point for manually for samples, and then only plot will come.
 We just follow all drive test rules for this one also.

Customer complaints:

 Fix the appointment from customer and visit the location, find out issues.
 Issues like coverage issue and less DL throughput.
 We just take full customer details with co-ordinates. Then UE models and sim IMSI details.
 Because max complaints will comes under UE issues.
 Then perform indoor test and outdoor test for coverage as well as DL throughput.
 As discussed with RF engineers, any optimization for near serving sites.
 Any building blocking and other such things.
 Try to solve the issue as well sent to the report to our RF engineer.

Remarks:

When during the drive I’m facing such kind of problems,

 Overshooting
 Cable swap.
 Bad coverage
 Missing neighbors
 HO failures and delays
 Less Dl throughput values
 CSFB not success.

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