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XI STD. PHYSICS PRACTICAL HAND BOOK, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS 1

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

PRACTICAL HAND BOOK

HIGHER SECONDARY
FIRST YEAR

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PHYSICS
PREPARED BY

RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A.,

P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS,
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS,
SRM HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL,
KAVERIYAMPOONDI,
TIRUVANNAMALAI – 606603
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

2022 - 2023
“tho;ehs; KOtJk; xt;nthU kzpj;JspAk;
NeHikaha;, cz;ikaha; ciof;fpd;wtHfspd;
fuq;fNs J}a;ikahd fuq;fs;.”
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XI STD. PHYSICS PRACTICAL HAND BOOK, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS 2

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS
01. Before coming to the laboratory, a student should plan the experiment in
advance by consulting with his / her friends and reading this book.

02. As separate observation Note Book must be used and everything regarding
the experiment must be written before coming to the laboratory.

03. Write the date, experiment number, aim, apparatus required, formula,
procedure and result in the right-hand page and diagram (Ray diagrams, and
Circuit diagrams), tabulations, observations and calculations, in the left-hand
page of the observation note book / record note book.

04. After the completion of experiment with all observations in the laboratory, the
student should get the signature of the teacher. Within three days of the
experiment the student should complete the calculations and get the
signature of the teacher.

05. Enter the observed reading with the relevant units (gram, cm, mm…) but the
final calculation must be done with SI units only. The result must be given
with proper SI Unit.
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XI STD. PHYSICS PRACTICAL HAND BOOK, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS 3

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

PHYSICS PRACTICAL – SCHEME OF EVALUATION

Internal Assessment : 15 Marks

External Examination : 15 Marks
Total Marks : 30 Marks

Internal Assessment (15)

(Teacher should maintain the Assessment Register and the Head of the Institution
should monitor it)
Attendance (Above 80.01%) : 02 Marks

Test : 04 Marks

Assignment : 02 Marks

Performance (while doing the experiment : 02 Marks

In the laboratory
Record Note Book : 03 Marks
Co-curricular Activities : 02 Marks

External Examination (15)

01. Formula : 02 Marks

(mere expression –1, explanation of notations –1)

02. Brief Procedure : 03 Marks

03. Observations : 05 Marks

04. Calculations (Including graphs) : 04 Marks

05. Result : 01 Mark

(Correct Value –½ Mark, Mentioning SI Unit – ½ Mark)
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XI STD. PHYSICS PRACTICAL HAND BOOK, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS 4

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. Moment of Inertia of solid sphere of known mass using Vernier Caliper.

2. Non-uniform bending – verification of relation between the load and the

depression using pin and microscope.

3. Spring constant of a spring.

4. Acceleration due to gravity using Simple Pendulum.

5. Velocity of sound in air using resonance column.

6. Viscosity of a liquid by Stoke’s method.

7. Surface tension by capillary rise method.

8. Verification of Newton’s law of cooling using calorimeter.

9. Study of relation between the frequency and length of a given wire under

constant tension using sonometer.

10. Study of relation between length of a given wire and tension for constant

frequency using sonometer

11. Verification of parallelogram law of forces (Demonstration only. Not for

examination)

12. Determination of density of a material of wire using screw gauge and physical

balance (Demonstration only- Not for examination).

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XI STD. PHYSICS PRACTICAL HAND BOOK, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS 5

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

Expt. No. :1 Date:

MOMENT OF INERTIA OF A SOLID SPHERE OF KNOWN MASS USING
VERNIER CALIPER
Aim
To determine the moment of inertia of a solid sphere of known mass using
Vernier caliper
Apparatus Required
Vernier caliper, Solid sphere
Formula
2
Moment of inertia of a solid sphere about its diameter Id = MR2
5

Where M → Mass of the sphere (known value to be given) in kg

R → Radius of the sphere in metre
Diagram
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XI STD. PHYSICS PRACTICAL HAND BOOK, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS 6

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

Procedure
1. The Vernier caliper is checked for zero errors and error if found is to be noted.
2. The sphere is kept in between the jaws of the Vernier caliper and the main
scale reading (MSR) is noted.
3. Vernier scale division which coincides with some main scale division (VSC) is
noted. Multiply this VSC by least count (LC) gives Vernier scale reading VSR).
4. Add MSR with VSR. This will be the diameter of the sphere.
5. Observations are to be recorded for different positions of the sphere and the
average value of the diameter is found. From this value radius of the sphere
R is calculated.
6. Using the known value of the mass of the sphere M and calculated radius of
the sphere R the moment of inertia of the given sphere about its diameter can
be calculated using the given formula.

Least Count (LC)

Least Count ( LC ) = 1 Main Scale Division (MSD)
Total Vernier scale divisions
One main scale division (MSD) = 0.1cm
Number of Vernier scale division = 10
The length of the vernier scale = 0.9cm
L.C = 1 MSD – 1 VSD = 0.01cm

Observations
Zero Error: No Error Zero Correction: No Correction
Vernier VSR = TR = Diameter of the Sphere
S. MSR
coincidence (VSC x LC) (MSR + VSR) (2R) =
No. x10-2m
VSC (div) x10-2m x10-2m (TR ± ZC ) x10-2m
01 1.9 10 0.10 2.0 2.0
02 1.9 10 0.10 2.0 2.0
03 1.9 10 0.10 2.0 2.0
04 1.9 10 0.10 2.0 2.0
05 1.9 10 0.10 2.0 2.0
06 1.9 10 0.10 2.0 2.0

Mean Diameter (2R) : 2.0 x10-2m

Radius of the sphere (R) : 1.0x10-2m
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XI STD. PHYSICS PRACTICAL HAND BOOK, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS 7

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

Calculation
Mass of the sphere M = 27.75 x 10-3 kg (Known value is given)
Radius of the sphere R =. 1.0x10-2m

S. No. 1: Diameter of the Sphere (2R) = MSR + (VSR x LC) 10-2m

= 1.9 + (0.10) ; 2R = 2.0 x 10-2m
S. No. 2: Diameter of the Sphere (2R) = MSR + (VSR x LC) 10-2m
= 1.9 + (0.10) ; 2R = 2.0 x 10-2m
S. No. 3: Diameter of the Sphere (2R) = MSR + (VSR x LC) 10-2m
= 1.9 + (0.10) ; 2R = 2.0 x 10-2m
S. No. 4: Diameter of the Sphere (2R) = MSR + (VSR x LC) 10-2m
= 1.9 + (0.10) ; 2R = 2.0 x 10-2m
S. No. 5: Diameter of the Sphere (2R) = MSR + (VSR x LC) 10-2m
= 1.9 + (0.10) ; 2R = 2.0 x 10-2m
S. No. 6: Diameter of the Sphere (2R) = MSR + (VSR x LC) 10-2m
= 1.9 + (0.10) ; 2R = 2.0 x 10-2m
𝟐
Moment of inertia of a solid sphere about its diameter Id = MR2
𝟓
2
Id = x (27.75 x 10-3 x (1x10-2)2
5
𝟐
= x 27.75 x 10-3 x 1x10-4
𝟓

= 0.4 x 27.75 x 10-7

Id = 11.1 x 10-7kgm2

Result
The moment of inertia of the given solid sphere about its diameter using
Vernier caliper Id = 11.1 x 10-7kgm2
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XI STD. PHYSICS PRACTICAL HAND BOOK, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS 8

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

Expt. No. :2 Date:

NON – UNIFORM BENDING – VERIFICATION OF RELATION BETWEEN
LOAD AND DEPRESSION USING PIN AND MICROSCOPE
Aim
To verify the relation between the load and depression using non-uniform
bending of a beam.
Apparatus Required
A long uniform beam (usually a metre scale), two knife – edge supports,
mass hanger, slotted masses, pin, Vernier microscope
Formula
M
= a constant
S
where M → Load applied (mass) (kg)
s → depression for the applied load(metre)
Diagram

Model Graph
Load (M) vs Depression (s)
A graph between M and s can be drawn
by taking M along X- axis and s
along Y – axis. This is a straight line.
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XI STD. PHYSICS PRACTICAL HAND BOOK, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS 9

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

Procedure
1. Place the two knife – edges on the table.

2. Place the uniform beam (metre scale) on top of the knife edges.

3. Suspend the mass hanger at the centre. A pin is attached at the centre of the
scale where the hanger is hung.

4. Place a vernier microscope in front of this arrangement

5. Adjust the microscope to get a clear view of the pin

6. Make the horizontal cross-wire on the microscope to coincide with the tip of
the pin. (Here mass hanger is the dead load M).

7. Note the vertical scale reading of the vernier microscope

8. Add the slotted masses to the mass hanger one by one in steps of 0.05 kg (50
g) and corresponding readings are noted down.

9. Repeat the experiment by removing masses one by one and note down the
corresponding readings.

10. Subtract the mean reading of each load from dead load reading. This gives the
depressions for the corresponding load M.

Observations
𝐌
To find
𝐒
Microscope Reading (10-2m)
Depression
S. Load (M) 𝐌
Increasing Decreasing for M (kg) (kgm-1)
No. 10-3 (kg) Mean 𝐒
Load Load (S)

01 50 9.413 9.381 9.397 - -

02 100 9.314 9.290 9.302 0.095 52.63
03 150 9.237 9.186 9.211 0.186 53.76
04 200 9.109 9.109 9.109 0.288 52.08
05 250 9.019 9.019 9.019 0.378 52.91

𝐌
Mean = 52.85 kgm-1
𝐒
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XI STD. PHYSICS PRACTICAL HAND BOOK, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS 10

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS
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XI STD. PHYSICS PRACTICAL HAND BOOK, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS 11

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

Calculation
𝐌 𝟎.𝟎𝟓
(i) = = 52.63 kgm-1
𝐒 𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟗𝟓

𝑴 𝟎.𝟏𝟎𝟎
(ii) = = 53.76 kgm-1
𝑺 𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟖𝟔

𝑴 𝟎.𝟏𝟓𝟎
(iii) = = 52.08 kgm-1
𝑺 𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟖𝟖

𝐌 𝟎.𝟐𝟎𝟎
(iv) = = 52.91 kgm-
𝐒 𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟕𝟖

Result
The ratio between mass and depression for each load is calculated. This is
found to be constant.
Thus the relation between load and depression is verified by the method of
non-uniform bending of a beam.
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XI STD. PHYSICS PRACTICAL HAND BOOK, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS 12

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

Expt. No. :3 Date:

SPRING CONSTANT OF A SPRING
Aim
To determine the spring constant of a spring by using the method of vertical
oscillations
Apparatus Required
Spring, rigid support, hook, 50 g mass hanger, 50 g slotted masses,
stop clock, metre scale, pointer
Formula
𝐌𝟐 −𝐌𝟏
Spring constant of the spring K = 4𝛑𝟐 ( )
𝐓𝟐𝟐 −𝐓𝟏𝟐
where M1, M2 → selected loads in kg
T1, T2 → time period corresponding to masses M1 and M2 respectively in
second
Diagram
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XI STD. PHYSICS PRACTICAL HAND BOOK, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS 13

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

Procedure:
1. A spring is firmly suspended vertically from a rigid clamp of a wooden stand at
its upper end with a mass hanger attached to its lower end. A pointer fixed at
the lower end of the spring moves over a vertical scale fixed.
2. A suitable load M (eg; 100 g) is added to the mass hanger and the reading on
the scale at which the pointer comes to rest is noted. This is the equilibrium
position.
3. The mass in the hanger is pulled downward and released so that the spring
oscillates vertically on either side of the equilibrium position.
4. When the pointer crosses the equilibrium position a stop clock is started and
the time taken for 10 vertical oscillations is noted. Then the period of
oscillation T is calculated.
5. The experiment is repeated by adding masses in steps of 50 g to the mass
hanger and period of oscillation at each time is calculated.
6. For the masses M1 and M2 (with a difference of 50 g), their corresponding time
M2 −M1
periods are T1 and T2. Then the value is calculated and its average is
T22 −T21
found.
7. Using the given formula the spring constant of the given spring is calculated
Observations

Time Taken for 20 Oscillations

(t) (Sec) Period of 𝐌𝟐 − 𝐌 𝟏
S. Mass M oscillation T T2 (s2) 𝐓𝟐𝟐 − 𝐓𝟏𝟐
No. x 10-3 kg Trial 2 Mean (s) 𝒕
= (s) x 10-3 kgs-2
Trial 1 (s) 𝟐𝟎
(s)

01 150 16.5 16.5 16.5 0.825 0.681 -----

02 200 18.5 18.5 18.5 0.925 0.856 0.286

03 250 20.5 20.5 20.5 1.025 1.05 0.258

04 300 22.5 22.5 22.5 1.125 1.26 0.238

05 350 24.0 24.0 24.0 1.200 1.44 0.278

𝐌𝟐 −𝐌𝟏
Mean = 0.265 kgs-2
𝐓𝟐𝟐 −𝐓𝟏𝟐
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XI STD. PHYSICS PRACTICAL HAND BOOK, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS 14

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

Calculations

M2 − M1 (200 − 150)X10−3 M2 − M1 (250 − 200)X10−3

( ) = ( ) =
T22 − T12 0.856 − 0.681 T22 − T12 1.05 − 0.856

𝟎.𝟎𝟓𝟎 𝟎.𝟎𝟓𝟎
= 0.286 kgs-2 = 0.258 kgs-2
𝟎.𝟏𝟕𝟓 𝟎.𝟏𝟗𝟒

M2 − M1 (300 − 250)X10−3 M2 − M1 (350 − 300)X10−3

( ) = ( ) =
T22 − T12 1.26 − 1.05 T22 − T12 1.44 − 1.26

𝟎.𝟎𝟓𝟎 𝟎.𝟎𝟓𝟎
= 0.238 kgs-2 = 0.278 kgs-2
𝟎.𝟐𝟏𝟎 𝟎.𝟏𝟖

M2 − M1 Spring constant of a spring

( )
T22 − T12 M2 −M1
K = 4π2 ( )
0.286 + 0.258 + 0.238 + 0.278 T22 −T21
=
4 = 4 x 3.14 x 3.14 x 0.265x10-3
K = 10.45 kgs-2
𝟏.𝟎𝟔𝟎
= 0.265 kgs-2
𝟒

Result
The spring constant of the given spring K = 10.45 kgs-2
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XI STD. PHYSICS PRACTICAL HAND BOOK, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS 15

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

Expt. No. :4 Date:

ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY USING SIMPLE PENDULUM
Aim
To measure the acceleration due to gravity using a simple pendulum.
Apparatus Required
Retort stand, pendulum bob, thread, meter scale, stop watch.
Formula
𝐿
Acceleration due to gravity g = 4π2 ms-2
T2

where T → Time period of simple pendulum (second)

g → Acceleration due to gravity (metre sec-2)
L → Length of the pendulum (metre)
Diagram Model Graph

Procedure
1. Attach a small brass bob to the thread.
2. Fix this thread on to the stand.
3. Measure the length of the pendulum from top of the suspension hook to the
middle of the bob of the pendulum. Record the length of the pendulum in the
table given below.
4. Note down the time (t) taken for 10 oscillations using stop watch.
𝑡
5. The period of oscillation T = is calculated.
10
6. Repeat the experiment for different lengths of the pendulum ‘L’.
Find acceleration due to gravity g using the given formula.
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XI STD. PHYSICS PRACTICAL HAND BOOK, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS 16

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

Observations
To find the acceleration due to gravity ‘g’

Time Taken for 10 Oscillations

Length of t (s) Period of 𝐠 = 𝟒𝛑𝟐 𝟐
𝐋

S. Simple oscillation ms-2

𝐓
T2 (s2)
No. Pendulum L Trial 2 Mean (s) 𝑡
Trial 1 T = (s)
(metre) (s) 10
(s)

01 0.5 14 14 14 1.40 1.96 10.05

02 0.6 15 16 15.5 1.55 2.40 9.85
03 0.7 17 17 17 1.70 2.89 9.55
04 0.8 18 18 18 1.80 3.24 9.74
05 0.9 19 19 19 1.90 3.61 9.83
06 1.0 20 20 20 2.00 4.00 9.86
Mean: g= 9.81ms-2
Calculation
L 4 x 3.14 x 3.14 x 0.50 L 4 x 3.14 x 3.14 x 0.60
g = 4π2 2 = 𝐠 = 4π2 2 =
T 1.96 T 2.40

𝟏𝟗.𝟕𝟏 𝟐𝟑.𝟔𝟔
𝐠= ; g = 10.05 ms-2 𝐠= ; g = 9.85 ms-2
𝟏.𝟗𝟔 𝟐.𝟒𝟎

𝐿 4 x 3.14 x 3.14 x 0.70 𝐿 4 x 3.14 x 3.14 x 0.80

g = 4π2 = g = 4π2 =
T2 2.89 T2 3.24

𝟐𝟕.𝟔𝟏 𝟑𝟏.𝟓𝟓
𝐠= ; g= 9.55 ms-2 𝐠= ; g= 9.74 ms-2
𝟐.𝟖𝟗 𝟑.𝟐𝟒

𝐿 4 x 3.14 x 3.14 x 0.90 𝐿 4 x 3.14 x 3.14 x 1

g = 4π2 2 = g = 4π2 2 =
T 3.61 T 4.00

𝟑𝟓.𝟓𝟎 𝟑𝟗.𝟒𝟒
𝐠= ; g= 9.83 ms-2 𝐠= ; g= 9.86 ms-2
𝟑.𝟔𝟏 𝟒.𝟎𝟎
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XI STD. PHYSICS PRACTICAL HAND BOOK, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS 17

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

Result
The acceleration due to gravity ‘g’ determined using simple pendulum is
i) By calculation g = 9.78ms-2 ii) By graph g = 9.85ms-2
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XI STD. PHYSICS PRACTICAL HAND BOOK, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS 18

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

Expt. No. :5 Date:

VELOCITY OF SOUND IN AIR USING RESONANCE COLUMN
Aim
To determine the velocity of sound in air at room temperature using the
resonance column.
Apparatus Required
Resonance tube, three tuning forks of known frequencies, a rubber hammer,
one thermometer, plumb line, set squares, water in a beaker.
Formula
V =2v (𝑙 2 – 𝑙 1) m s-1
where V → Speed of sound in air (m s-1)
𝑙 2, 𝑙 1→The length of the air column for the first and second resonance
respectively (m)
v → Frequency of the tuning fork (Hz)
Diagram
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XI STD. PHYSICS PRACTICAL HAND BOOK, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS 19

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

Procedure
1. Adjust the position of the resonance tube, so that the length of air column
inside the tube is very small.

2. Take a tuning fork of known frequency and strike it with a rubber hammer. The
tuning fork now produces longitudinal waves with a frequency equal to the
natural frequency of the tuning fork.

3. Place the vibrating tuning fork horizontally at the open end of the resonance
tube. Sound waves pass down the total tube and reflect back at the water
surface.

4. Length of the water column in the tube is adjusted either by lowering or raising
the reservoir or the tube, until a maximum sound(resonance) occurs.

5. Measure the length of air column at this position. This is taken as the first
resonating length, 𝑙1

6. Then raise the tube approximately about two times the first resonating length.
Excite the tuning fork again and place it on the open end of the tube.

7. Adjust the height of the air column until the maximum sound is heard.

8. Measure the length of air column at this position. This is taken as the second
resonating length 𝑙2

9. We can now calculate the velocity of sound in air at room temperature by using
the relation. V = 2𝑣(𝑙2 − 𝑙1 )

10. Repeat the experiment with tuning forks of different frequency and tabulate
the corresponding values of 𝑙1 and 𝑙2

11. The mean of the calculated values will give the velocity of sound in air at room
temperature.
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XI STD. PHYSICS PRACTICAL HAND BOOK, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS 20

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

Observations

First
S. Frequency Second resonating V=
resonating length l1
No of length l2 (x10-2m) 𝒍𝟐 − 𝒍𝟏 2𝒗 (𝒍𝟐 − 𝒍𝟏 )
(x10-2m) ms-1
tuning fork (x10-2m)
v (Hz) Trial Trail
Mean
Trial Trail
Mean
1 2 1 2

01 512 13.2 13.2 13.2 46.0 46.0 46.0 0.328 335.9

02 480 17.3 17.3 17.3 51.6 51.6 51.6 0.343 329.3

03 426 17.6 17.6 17.6 53.6 53.6 53.6 0.38 323.8

Mean V = 329.7 m s-1

Calculation
1) V = 2𝒗(𝒍𝟐 − 𝒍𝟏 ) ms-1
= 2 x 512 x 0.328
V = 335.9 ms-1

2) V = 2𝒗(𝒍𝟐 − 𝒍𝟏 ) ms-1
= 2 x 480 x 0.343
V = 329.3 ms-1

3) V = 2𝒗(𝒍𝟐 − 𝒍𝟏 ) ms-1
= 2 x 426 x 0.380
V = 323.8 ms-1

(𝟑𝟑𝟓.𝟗+𝟑𝟐𝟗.𝟑+𝟑𝟐𝟑.𝟖)
Mean (V) = = 329.7ms-1
𝟑

Result
Velocity of sound in air at room temperature, (V) = 329.7 m s-1
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XI STD. PHYSICS PRACTICAL HAND BOOK, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS 21

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

Expt. No. :6 Date:

VISCOSITY OF A LIQUID BY STOKE’S METHOD
Aim
To determine the co-efficient of viscosity of the given liquid by stoke’s method
Apparatus Required
A long cylindrical glass jar, highly viscous liquid, metre scale, spherical ball,
stop clock, thread.
Formula
2r2 (δ−σ)g
η= Nsm-2
9V
where η - Coefficient of viscosity of liquid (Nsm–2)
r → radius of spherical ball (m)
δ → density of the steel sphere (kgm–3)
σ → density of the liquid (kgm–3)
g → acceleration due to gravity (9.8 ms–2)
V → mean terminal velocity (ms–1)
Diagram
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XI STD. PHYSICS PRACTICAL HAND BOOK, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS 22

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

Procedure
1. A long cylindrical glass jar with markings is taken.

2. Fill the glass jar with the given experimental liquid.

3. Two points A and B are marked on the jar. The mark A is made well below the
surface of the liquid so that when the ball reaches A it would have acquired
terminal velocity V.

4. The radius of the metal spherical ball is determined using screw gauge.

5. The spherical ball is dropped gently into the liquid.

6. Start the stop clock when the ball crosses the point A. Stop the clock when the
ball reaches B and note down the time ‘t’.

7. Note the distance between A and B and use it to calculate terminal velocity.

8. Now repeat the experiment for different distances between A and B. Make
sure that the point A is suitable for the ball to acquire terminal velocity.

Observations

Distance covered by the spherical ball (d) = 0.325(m)

Radius of spherical ball (r) = 5.5x10-3m

To find the terminal velocity:

Distance covered by the Time taken t Terminal velocity

d
S. No. spherical ball (d) (m) (s) (V) = ms-1
t

01 0.325 1.062 0.306

02 0.325 1.091 0.297
03 0.325 1.045 0.311
04 0.325 1.089 0.298
05 0.325 1.069 0.304
06 0.325 1.057 0.307
Average: V = 0.304 ms-1
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XI STD. PHYSICS PRACTICAL HAND BOOK, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS 23

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

Calculation

2r2 (δ−σ)g
η= Nsm-2
9V
2
=
2 x (5.5 x 10−3 ) x (7860−1260) x 9.8
9 x 0.304
=
3.913
2.736
η = 1.43 Nsm-2

Result
The coefficient of viscosity of the given liquid by stoke’s method
η = 1.43 Nsm-2
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XI STD. PHYSICS PRACTICAL HAND BOOK, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS 24

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

Expt. No. :7 Date:

SURFACE TENSION BY CAPILLARY RISE METHOD
Aim
To determine surface tension of a liquid by capillary rise method.
Apparatus Required
A beaker of Water, capillary tube, vernier microscope, two holed rubber
stopper, a knitting needle, a short rubber tubing and retort clamp.
Formula
𝐫𝐡𝛒𝐠
The surface tension of the liquid T = Nm-1
𝟐
Where T → Surface tension of the liquid (Nm–1)
h → height of the liquid in the capillary tube (m)
r → radius of the capillary tube (m)
σ → Density of water (kg m–3) (σ = 1000 kgm–3)
g → Acceleration due to gravity (g = 9.8 ms–2)
Diagram
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XI STD. PHYSICS PRACTICAL HAND BOOK, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS 25

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

Procedure
1. A clean and dry capillary tube is taken and fixed in a stand
2. A beaker containing water is placed on an adjustable platform and the
capillary tube is dipped inside the beaker so that a little amount of water is
raised inside.
3. Fix a needle near the capillary tube so that the needle touches the water
surface
4. A Vernier microscope is focused at the lower meniscus of the water and the
corresponding reading is taken after coinciding it with the horizontal line of the
cross wire.
5. Tip of the needle is focused using vernier microscope after coinciding it with
horizontal line of the cross wire
6. The difference between the two readings of the vertical scale gives the height
(h) of the liquid raised in the capillary tube.
7. Now to find the radius of the tube, raise the capillary tube and remove the
beaker. Carefully rotate the capillary tube so that the immersed lower end face
towards you.
8. Focus the capillary tube using Vernier microscope to clearly see the inner walls
of the tube.
9. Let the vertical cross wire coincide with the left side inner walls of the tube.
Note down the reading (L1)
10. Turn the microscope screws in horizontal direction to view the right side inner
wall of the tube. Note the reading (R1). Thus the radius of the tube can be
1
calculated as (L1 − R1 )
2

11. Finally calculate the surface tension using the given formula.
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XI STD. PHYSICS PRACTICAL HAND BOOK, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS 26

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

Observations
To measure height of the liquid (h)

Microscope Reading

For the position of lower meniscus of For the position of lower tip of
S. liquid the needle Height of
No the liquid
. h x10-2 m
TR = TR =
MSR VC VSR MSR VC VSR MSR +
MSR + VSR
x10-2 m (Div.) x10-2 m x10-2 m (Div.) x10-2 m VSR (b)
(a) x10-2 m x10-2 m

01 5.15 39 0.039 5.189 4.05 16 0.016 4.066 1.123

02 5.30 26 0.26 5.326 4.15 5 0.005 4.155 1.171

03 5.65 4 0.004 5.654 4.50 49 0.049 4.549 1.105

Mean h = 1.133 x10-2m

Radius of the capillary tube

Microscope Reading
Radius of
For the position of inner left wall of For the position of inner right the
S. the tube l1 wall of the tube R1 capillary
No tube.
TR = r=
TR = 1
MSR VC VSR MSR VC VSR MSR + (l1 – R1)
MSR + VSR 2
x10-2 m (Div.) x10-2 m x10-2 m (Div.) x10-2 m VSR (b)
(a) x10-2 m x10-2 m

01 4.50 6 0.006 4.506 4.25 30 0.03 4.280 0.113

02 10.30 4 0.004 10.304 10.05 15 0.015 10.065 0.1195

Radius r = 0.116x10-2m
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XI STD. PHYSICS PRACTICAL HAND BOOK, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS 27

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

Calculation
Radius of the capillary tube r = 0.116x10-2m
Density of the liquid σ = 1000 kg m-3
Acceleration due to gravity g = 9.8 m s-2
𝐫𝐡𝛒𝐠
The surface tension of the liquid T = Nm-1
𝟐
𝐫𝐡𝛒𝐠
Surface Tension T =
𝟐
0.116 X 10−2 X1.133X10−2 X1000X9.8
=
2
128.79 X 10−3
=
2
T = 64.39 x 10-3 Nm-1

Result
Surface tension of the given liquid by capillary rise method
T = 64.39 x 10-3 Nm-1
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XI STD. PHYSICS PRACTICAL HAND BOOK, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS 28

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

Expt. No. :8 Date:

VERIFICATION OF NEWTON’S LAW OF COOLING
USING CALORIMETER
Aim
To study the relationship between the temperature of a hot body and time by
plotting a cooling curve.
Apparatus Required
Copper calorimeter with stirrer, one holed rubber cork, thermometer, stop
clock, heater / burner, water, clamp and stand
Newton’s Law of Cooling
Newton’s law of cooling states that the rate of change of the temperature of
an object is proportional to the difference between its own temperature and
the ambient temperature. (i.e., the temperature of its surroundings)
dT dT
∝ (T – T0) where → Rate of change of temperature (°C)
dt dt
T → Temperature of water (°C)
T0 → Room Temperature (°C)
Diagram Model Graph
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XI STD. PHYSICS PRACTICAL HAND BOOK, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS 29

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

Procedure
1. Note the room temperature as (T0) using the thermometer.
2. Hot water about 90°C is poured into the calorimeter.
3. Close the calorimeter with one holed rubber cork.
4. Insert the thermometer into calorimeter through the hole in rubber cork.
5. Start the stop clock and observe the time for every one degree fall of
temperature from 80°C.
6. Take sufficient amount of reading, say closer to room temperature
7. The observations are tabulated
8. Draw a graph by taking time along the x axis and excess temperature along y
axis.
Observations
Measuring the change in temperature of water with time

Temperature Excess temperature

Time (s)
of water (T) °C (T– T0) °C
0 89 59
180 83 53
360 77 47
540 72.5 42.5
720 68.5 38.5
900 65 35
1080 61.5 31.5
1260 59 29
1440 56.5 26.5
1620 54 24
1800 52.5 22.5
1980 50 20

Result
The cooling curve is plotted and thus Newton’s law of cooling is verified.
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XI STD. PHYSICS PRACTICAL HAND BOOK, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS 30

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS
 www.nammakalvi.com

XI STD. PHYSICS PRACTICAL HAND BOOK, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS 31

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

Expt. No. :9 Date:

STUDY OF RELATION BETWEEN FREQUENCY AND LENGTH OF A
GIVEN WIRE UNDER CONSTANT TENSION USING SONOMETER
Aim
To study the relation between frequency and length of a given wire under
constant tension using a sonometer.
Apparatus Required
Sonometer, six tuning forks of known frequencies, Metre scale, rubber pad,
paper rider, hanger with half – kilogram masses, wooden bridges
Formula
The frequency n of the fundamental mode of vibration of a string is given by n
1 𝑇
= √ HZ
2𝑙 𝑚
1
a) For a given m and fixed T. n ∝ (or) n𝑙 = constant
𝑙

where n→ Frequency of the fundamental mode of vibration of the string (Hz)

m → Mass per unit length of the string (kg m–1)
𝑙 → Length of the string between the wedges (m)
T → Tension in the string (including the mass of the hanger) = Mg (N)
M → Mass suspended, including the mass of the hanger (Kg)
Diagram
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XI STD. PHYSICS PRACTICAL HAND BOOK, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS 32

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

Procedure
1. Set up the sonometer on the table and clean the groove on the pulley to ensure
minimum friction
2. Stretch the wire by placing suitable mass in the hanger. Keep a small paper
rider over the wire, between the two bridges.
3. Set the tuning fork into vibrations by striking it against the rubber pad and
place it over the sonometer, by its stem.
4. Adjust the vibrating length of the wire by sliding the bridge B till the vibrating
sound of the wire is maximum
5. when the frequency of vibration is in resonance with the frequency of the
tuning fork, the paper rider falls down.
6. The length of the wire between the wedges A and B is measured using meter
scale. It is called as resonant length.
7. Repeat the above procedure for tuning forks of different frequencies by
keeping the same load in the hanger.
Observations
Tension (constant) on the wire (mass suspended from the hanger including its
own mass) T = (mass suspended × 9.8) N
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XI STD. PHYSICS PRACTICAL HAND BOOK, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS 33

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

T = mg ; T= 3 x 9.8 ; T = 29.4 N

Variation of frequency with length

Frequency of the Resonant nl

tuning fork ‘n’ (Hz) length ‘l’ 𝟏
x10-2 m 𝒍

n1 = 256 21.5 4.65 55.04

n2 = 280 19.9 5.02 55.72

n3 = 288 19.2 5.20 55.29

n4 = 320 17.4 5.74 55.68

n5 = 384 14.5 6.89 55.68

n6 = 426 13.0 7.69 55.38

Mean = 332.79 / 6
55.46 Hzm
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XI STD. PHYSICS PRACTICAL HAND BOOK, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS 34

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS
 www.nammakalvi.com

XI STD. PHYSICS PRACTICAL HAND BOOK, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS 35

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS
 www.nammakalvi.com

XI STD. PHYSICS PRACTICAL HAND BOOK, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS 36

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

Calculation
The product 𝑛𝑙 for all the tuning forks remain constant (last column in the
table)
1) 𝑛 x 𝑙 = 256 x 0.215 = 55.04 Hzm
2) 𝑛 x 𝑙 = 280 x 0.199 = 55.72 Hzm
3) 𝑛 x 𝑙 = 288 x 0.192 = 55.29 Hzm
4) 𝑛 x 𝑙 = 320 x 0.174 = 55.68 Hzm
5) 𝑛 x 𝑙 = 384 x 0.145 = 55.68 Hzm
6) 𝑛 x 𝑙 = 426 x 0.130 = 55.38 Hzm

55.04+55.72+55.29+55.68+55.68+55.38 332.79
𝑛x𝑙= = = 55.46 Hz m
6 6

Result
For a given tension, the resonant length of a given stretched string varies as
1
reciprocal of the frequency (i.e., n ∝ )
𝑙

The product 𝑛𝑙 is a constant and found to be 55.46 (Hz m)

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XI STD. PHYSICS PRACTICAL HAND BOOK, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS 37

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

Expt. No. : 10 Date:

STUDY OF RELATION BETWEEN LENGTH OF THE GIVEN WIRE AND
TENSION FOR A CONSTANT FREQUENCY USING SONOMETER
Aim
To study the relationship between the length of a given wire and tension for
constant frequency using a sonometer
Apparatus Required:
Sonometer, tuning fork of known frequency, meter scale, rubber pad, paper
rider, hanger with half – kilogram masses, wooden bridges.
Formula
The frequency of the fundamental mode of vibration of a string is given by,

1 𝑇
n= √ HZ
2𝑙 𝑚

If n is a constant, for a given wire (m is constant)

√𝑇
is constant
𝑙
where n → Frequency of the fundamental mode of vibration of a string (Hz)
m → Mass per unit length of string (kg m–1)
T → Tension in the string (including the weight of the hanger) = Mg (N)
𝑙 → Length of the string between the wedges (metre)
M → Mass suspended, including the mass of the hanger (kg)
Diagram
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XI STD. PHYSICS PRACTICAL HAND BOOK, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS 38

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

Procedure
1. Set up the sonometer on the table and clean the groove on the pulley to ensure
that it has minimum friction.
2. Keep a small paper rider on the wire, between the bridges.
3. Place a mass of 1 kg for initial reading in the mass hanger.
4. Now, strike the tuning fork and place its shank stem on the bridge A and then
slowly adjust the position of the bridge B till the paper rider is agitated violently
and might eventually fall due to resonance.
5. Measure the length of the wire between wedges at A and B which is the
fundamental mode corresponding to the frequency of the tuning fork.
6. Increase the load on the hanger in steps of 0.5 kg and each time find the
resonating length as done before with the same tuning fork.
7. Record the observations in the tabular column
Model Graph
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XI STD. PHYSICS PRACTICAL HAND BOOK, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS 39

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

Observations
Variation of resonant length with tension

S. Mass M (kg)
Tension
√𝐓
Vibrating
l2 √𝑇
T = Mg (N) length l (m)
No. 𝑙
1 2.0 19.6 4.43 27.5 756.25 16.11
2 2.5 24.5 4.95 30.1 906.01 16.44
3 3.0 29.4 5.42 32.6 1062.76 16.63
4 3.5 34.3 5.86 35.3 1246.09 16.60
√𝑇
= 16.42
𝑙
Calculation
√𝑇
Calculate the value for the tension applied in each case.
𝑙

√𝑇 4.423
= = 16.11
𝑙 0.275

√𝑇 4.95
= = 16.44
𝑙 0.301

√𝑇 5.42
= = 16.63
𝑙 0.326

√𝑇 5.86
= = 16.60
𝑙 0.353
√𝑇 16.11+16.44+16.63+16.60 65.78
Mean: = = = 16.45
𝑙 4 4

Result
The resonating length varies as square root of tension for a given frequency of
√𝑇
vibration of a stretched string found to be a constant.
𝑙
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XI STD. PHYSICS PRACTICAL HAND BOOK, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS 40

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS
 www.nammakalvi.com

XI STD. PHYSICS PRACTICAL HAND BOOK, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS 41

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

SUGGESTED QUESTIONS FOR THE PRACTICAL EXAMINATION

1. Find the radius of the given solid sphere using Vernier Caliper. Hence
determine the moment of inertia of the solid sphere about its diameter (Mass
of the solid sphere to be given) (Take at least 6 readings)

2. Verification of relation between the load and the depression using pin and
microscope - Non-uniform bending (Take at least 4 readings)

3. By setting the given spring with various masses attached to vertical

oscillations and determine the spring constant (Graphical Method is not
necessary) (Take at least 6 readings)

4. Find the time period (T) of a simple pendulum for different lengths.
Draw graph between L and T2. Also calculate the acceleration due to gravity
in the laboratory. L and T graph not necessary) (Take at least 6 readings)

5. Determine the velocity of sound in air at room temperature using resonance

column apparatus (Take reading for 3 different frequencies)

6. Determine the terminal velocity of the given steel sphere in the given viscous
liquid Hence, calculate the co-efficient of viscosity of the given liquid using
Stoke’s Method (Take at least 6 readings) (Radius of the steel ball to be
given)

7. Determine the surface tension of water by the method of capillary use. (Radius
of the capillary to be given) (Take at least 6 readings)

8. Verification of Newton’s law of cooling using calorimeter (Take at least

6 readings)

9. Using Sonameter, Verify the first and second laws of vibrations of a stretched
string nl = constant (Take at least 4 readings)

10. Using Sonameter, Verify the first and second laws of vibrations of a stretched
√T
string = constant (Each 4 readings)
𝑙

“NeHikahd Kaw;rpapy; fpilj;j

ntw;wpapd; %ykhff; fpilf;Fk; kfpo;r;rpapd;
rpfuj;ij ahUk; msf;fNt KbahJ.”
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XI STD. PHYSICS PRACTICAL HAND BOOK, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS 42

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

Notes: