3

WASTEWATER FLOWRATES AND

CONSTITUENT LOADINGS
PROBLEM 3-1
Problem Statement - See text, page 254
Solution
1. In determining what level of water conservation is realistic, an evaluation of
the components of the wastewater is necessary, especially in determining if
interior water use in the community is excessive. The average residential
flowrate of 320 L/d given in the problem statement represents non-
excessive domestic water use and the presence of relatively low flowrates
from other sources into the sewer system. This conclusion is based on unit
flowrates given in Table 3-2 that indicate for an average household size of
3 to 4 persons, a domestic flowrate of 168 to 180 L/capita • d might be
expected. As reported in Table 3-9, installation of water conservation
devices will reduce an average residential flowrate from about 246 to 154
L/capita • d, or a maximum reduction of 37 percent.

2. An aggressive water conservation program based on installing flow

reduction devices might reasonably accomplish a flow reduction of 25 to 40
percent over time. Implementation would require the ultimate replacement
of clothes washers, which would be very expensive to implement all at once.

PROBLEM 3-2
Problem Statement - See text, page 254

Instructors Note: It is suggested that flowrates be developed for more that one
alternative so that alternative proposals can be compared.
Solution
1. Prepare a table of all sources of wastewater and the amount of flow
expected from each of the four proposals. In the below table, flowrates for
Developers 1 and 2 are given.

3-1
Chapter 3 Analysis and Selection of Wastewater Flowrates and Constituent Loadings

Developer 1 Developer 2
Facility Units Flow/unit, No. of Total flow, No. of Total flow,
L/user units L/d units L/d
Hotel Guest rooms 190 120 22,800 80 15,200
Employees 40 25 1000 16 640
Department Toilet rooms 1500 8 12,000 12 18,000
store Employees 40 40 1600 60 2400
Self-service Machines 1700 20 34,000
laundry
Restaurant, Seats 35 125 4375 100 3500
no bar
Restaurant, Seats 40 100 4000 125 5000
with bar
Theatre Seats 10 500 5000 400 4000
Totals 50,775 82,740

PROBLEM 3-3
Problem Statement - See text, page 254
Solution
1. Prepare a table of all sources of wastewater and the amount of flow
expected. Use typical flowrate factors from Tables 3-3 and 3-5. For
the automotive service station, estimate the number of employees and
include flowrate contributions.

3-2
 Chapter 3 Analysis and Selection of Wastewater Flowrates and Constituent Loadings

Area 1 Area 2
Flow/unit, No. of Total flow, No. of Total
Facility Units L/user units L/d units flow, L/d
Visitor center Visitors 15 250 3750 300 4500
Motel Guests 230 60 13,800
Resort cabins Guests 150 100 15,000
Cottages Guests 190 60 11,400
Campground Persons 95 140 13,300 120 11,400
RV park Connections 380 40 15,200 50 19,000
Laundry Machines 1700 8 13,600 10 17,000
Shopping Employees 40 10 400 15 600
center Parking 8 30 240 40 320
spaces
Service station Vehicles 40 80 3200 120 4800
Employees 50 2 100 3 150
Restaurant Customers 40 200 8000 300 12,000
Totals 69,190 98,570

PROBLEM 3-4
Problem Statement - See text, pages 255
Solution

1. Analyze values for data set 1. Assume the dormitory is fully occupied.
2. Compute the per capita wastewater generation =

(125,000 L/d)
= 417 L/capita d
300 persons

3. Allocate sources of wastewater based on given data

a. Toilets (assume 6 uses/capita•d) = 6 x 9 L/use = 54 L/d
b. Faucets = 10 L/d
c. Showers ( 417 – 64) L/capita•d = 353 L/d

(353 L/d)
Average duration of shower = 19.6 min/use
(18 L/min• use)

4. Compute water savings using low-flush toilets (6 L/use) and low-flow

showerheads (11 L/min•use). (Note: data are from Table 3-6).

3-3
Chapter 3 Analysis and Selection of Wastewater Flowrates and Constituent Loadings

a. Toilets (assume 6 uses/capita•d) = 6 x 6 L/use = 36 L/d

b. Faucets = 10 L/d
c. Showers = 11 min/use x 19.6 min = 216 L/d
Total 262 L/d

[(417 - 262) L/d]

Percent reduction = (100) 37.2
(417 L/d)

The percent reduction achieved by the water conservation devices greatly

exceeds the flow reduction goal (15%), without affecting a life-style change,
i.e., reducing the length of showers. Further flow reductions can be achieved
by installing timer activated shutoff valves to limit the duration of the showers.

PROBLEM 3-5
Problem Statement - See text, pages 255
Solution
1. Prepare a table and calculate flow-weighted values for BOD and TSS.

Time Flowrate 1 BOD TSS

m3/d g/m 3 g/d x 1000 g/m 3 g/d x 1000

02:00 8000 130 1040 150 1200

04:00 6000 110 660 135 810
06:00 9400 160 1504 150 1410
08:00 12,800 220 2816 205 2624
10:00 13,000 230 2990 210 2730
12:00 14,400 245 3528 220 3168
14:00 12,000 225 2700 210 2520
16:00 9600 220 2112 200 1920
18:00 11,000 210 2310 205 2255
20:00 8000 200 1600 210 1680
22:00 9000 180 1620 185 1665
24:00 8400 160 1344 175 1470
Totals 121,600 24,224 23,452
Flow weighted values 199.2 192.9

3-4
 Chapter 3 Analysis and Selection of Wastewater Flowrates and Constituent Loadings

PROBLEM 3-6
Problem Statement - See text, pages 255

Solution

1. Arrange the measured data in an order of increasing magnitude, assign a

rank serial number, and compute a plotting position using Eqs. (D-10).

Plotting Flowrates, m3/d

Number position, % 2007 2008 2009 2010
1 7.7 2000 1500 2800 2200
2 15.4 2400 2000 3300 3100
3 23.1 2800 2600 3800 3800
4 30.8 3200 3200 4400 4400
5 38.5 3600 3600 4800 4600
6 46.2 4000 4200 5300 5000
7 53.8 4000 4800 6000 6500
8 61.5 4800 5700 6500 7600
9 69.2 5200 6700 7300 8600
10 76.9 6200 8100 8300 10,000
11 84.6 6800 9900 9400 13,000
12 92.3 8800 13,900 11,800 18,400

2. Plot the data in the above table on both arithmetic- and log-probability
paper. Note for this problem, a log-probability plot is more appropriate. For
clarity, two separate plots have been prepared as shown below: one for
2007-2008 data and one for 2009-2010 data.
a. The data are log-normally distributed.
b. Determine the average annual flowrate, average dry weather flowrate,
and average wet weather flowrate.
i. The average (mean) annual flowrates from the following plots are:
2007 = 4700 m3/d
2008 = 4000 m3/d
2009 = 5900 m3/d
2010 = 6500 m3/d.

3-5
Chapter 3 Analysis and Selection of Wastewater Flowrates and Constituent Loadings

ii. Compute the AWWF. Compute the AWWF based on the highest
seven months of flow records. The data are log normally
distributed and the plotting positions and plots are shown below.

3-6
 Chapter 3 Analysis and Selection of Wastewater Flowrates and Constituent Loadings

Plotting Wet weather flowrates, m 3/d

Number position,
% 2007 2008 2009 2010
1 12.5 4000 4200 5300 5000
2 25 4000 4800 6000 6500
3 37.5 4800 5700 6500 7600
4 50 5200 6700 7300 8600
5 62.5 6200 8100 8300 10,000
6 75 6800 9900 9400 13,000
7 87.5 8800 13,900 11,800 18,400

iii. Plot wet weather data for 2007 and 2008.

iv. Plot wet weather data for 2009 and 2010.

3-7
Chapter 3 Analysis and Selection of Wastewater Flowrates and Constituent Loadings

v. Compute the ADWF. Compute the AWWF based on the lowest

five months of flow records. The plotting positions and plots are
shown below.

3
Plotting Wet weather flowrates, m /d
Number position, % 2007 2008 2009 2010
1 16.7 2000 1500 2800 2200
2 33.3 2400 2000 3300 3100
3 50 2800 2600 3800 3800
4 66.7 3200 3200 4400 4400
5 83.3 3600 3600 4800 4600

vi. Plot dry weather data for 2007 and 2008.

vii. Plot dry weather data for 2009 and 2010.

3-8
 Chapter 3 Analysis and Selection of Wastewater Flowrates and Constituent Loadings

viii. Summarize data.

Year ADWF, m3/d AWWF, m3/d

1996 2800 5100
1997 2580 6900
1998 3820 7200
1999 3620 9100

3. Set up a table to compute the commercial and industrial flow.

Year

Item 2007 2008 2009 2010

ADWF, m3/d 2800 2580 3820 3620
Population 8690 9400 11,030 12,280
Unit flowrate, L/capita 260 260 260 260
Domestic flowrate, m 3/d 2259 2444 2868 3193
Commercial and industrial 541 136 952 427
flowrate, m3/d

4. Set up a table using the above flowrate data and compute the
infiltration/inflow.

Year

Item 2007 2008 2009 2010

AWWF, m3/d 5100 6900 7200 9100
ADWF, m3/d 2800 2580 3820 3620
I/I = AWWF – ADWF, m3/d 2300 4320 3380 5480
Population 8690 9400 11,030 12,280
Unit I/I flowrate, L/capita•d 265 460 306 446

PROBLEM 3-7
Problem Statement - See text, pages 256
Solution

1. Estimate the average annual flowrate at buildout with an I/I contribution of

200L/capita•d.
3
a. Residential flowrate = 16,000 x 300L/capita x 1 m /1000 L = 4800 m3/d

3-9
Chapter 3 Analysis and Selection of Wastewater Flowrates and Constituent Loadings

b. Commercial flowrate = (1000 m3/d)/0.80 = 1250 m3/d

––––––––––––
Average dry weather flow (ADWF) = 6050 m3/d
c. I/I = 200 L/capita•d x 16,000 x 1 m3/103 L = 3200 m3/d
–––––––––
Average wet weather flow (AWWF) = 9250 m3/d
3
d. Average annual flow = 6,050 m3/d + (8/12) 3,200 m /d = 8183 m3/d
2. None of the stated flowrates is acceptable for selecting the maximum design
capacity. The design flowrate should also include allowances for peak
flowrates. The design capacity should consist of the following, assuming a
residential peaking factor of 3.4 (from Fig. 3-18):
a. Residential flowrate = 4800 m3/d x 3.4 = 16,320 m3/d
b. Commercial flowrate = 1250 m3/d
c. I/I = 3200 m3/d
––––––––––––––
Total = 20,770 m3/d

PROBLEM 3-8
Problem Statement - See text, pages 256
Solution

1. See the probability plots for Problem 3-6. The wettest year of record was
2010. Using the plot for 2010, construct a line parallel to the plotted line at
the 50 percentile point. The peak month (at the 92 percentile) is
approximately 23,000 m3/d.

3-10
 Chapter 3 Analysis and Selection of Wastewater Flowrates and Constituent Loadings

PROBLEM 3-9
Problem Statement - See text, page 256 - 257
Solution
1. Arrange the data in order of increasing magnitude, assign a rank serial
number, and compute a plotting position using Eq. (D-10).

Plotting Flowrates, m3/d

Number position, %
1996 1997 1998 1999
1 7.7 6880 6720 7040 7200
2 15.4 6960 6800 7200 7200
3 23.1 7040 6800 7280 7280
4 30.8 7120 6880 7280 7280
5 38.5 7120 6880 7360 7360
6 46.2 7200 6960 7520 7440
7 53.8 7360 6960 7680 7440
8 61.5 7440 7120 7680 7600
9 69.2 7840 7200 7920 7680
10 76.9 8640 7280 8080 7680
11 84.6 8800 7600 8800 7840
12 92.3 9440 7760 9360 8000

3-11
Chapter 3 Analysis and Selection of Wastewater Flowrates and Constituent Loadings

2. As noted in Problem 3-6, a log-probability plot is more appropriate. For

clarity, two separate plots have been prepared as shown below: one for
2007-2008 data and one for 2009-2010 data.

a. Determine the mean annual flowrates from the probability plots.

The data are log-normally distributed.

The average (mean) annual flowrates are:
2007 = 7500 m3/d 2009 = 7700 m3/d
2008 = 7000 m3/d 2010 = 7400 m3/d

b. Compute the AWWF and ADWF. Assume the wet season occurs
from November to April and the dry season occurs from May to
October.

3-12
 Chapter 3 Analysis and Selection of Wastewater Flowrates and Constituent Loadings

i. Compute the AWWF based on the highest seven months of flow

records. The plotting positions and plots are shown below.

Plotting Wet weather flowrates, m 3/d

Number position, % 2007 2008 2009 2010
1 12.5 7200 6960 7520 7440
2 25 7360 6960 7680 7440
3 37.5 7440 7120 7680 7600
4 50 7840 7200 7920 7680
5 62.5 8640 7280 8080 7680
6 75 8800 7600 8800 7840
7 87.5 9440 7760 9360 8000

ii. Plot wet weather data.

3-13
Chapter 3 Analysis and Selection of Wastewater Flowrates and Constituent Loadings

iii. Compute and plot ADWF flowrate data in a similar manner.

iv. Summarize the mean values. (Average dry weather flowrates

may be averaged as the monthly variation is small).

Year ADWF, m3/d AWWF, m3/d

2007 7000 8000
2008 6800 7300
2009 7200 8100
2010 7300 7700

5. Set up a table to compute the commercial and industrial flow. Domestic unit
flowrate = 260 L/capita•d (same as Problem 3-6).

Year

Item 2007 2008 2009 2010

ADWF, m3/d 7000 6800 7200 7300
Population 17,040 17,210 17,380 17,630
Unit flowrate, L/capita 260 260 260 260
Domestic flowrate, m 3/d 4430 4475 4519 4584
Commercial and 2570 2325 2681 2716
industrial flowrate, m 3/d

6. Set up a table using the above flowrate data and compute the
infiltration/inflow.

Year

Item 2007 2008 2009 2010

AWWF, m3/d 8000 7300 8100 7700
ADWF, m3/d 7000 6800 7200 7300
I/I = AWWF – ADWF, m3/d 1000 500 900 400
Population 17,040 17,210 17,380 17,630
Unit I/I flowrate, L/capita•d 59 29 52 23

3-14
 Chapter 3 Analysis and Selection of Wastewater Flowrates and Constituent Loadings

PROBLEM 3-10
Problem Statement - See text, page 257
Solution
1. Prepare a table of all wastewater sources and the amount of flow expected
to be generated by each source. Assume 300 vehicles per day use the
automobile service station and the station employs six persons per day.

Number of Flow/user, Total flow,

Source units Units L/unit•d L/d
Campground (with 200 Persons 95 19,000
toilets only)
Lodges and cabins 100 Persons 150 15,000

Apartments 150 Persons 230 34,500

Dining hall 300 (100 x 3) Meals 25 7500

Cafeteria 200 Customers 10 2000

4 Employees 40 160
Visitor center 500 Visitors 15 7500
Laundry 10 Machines 1700 17,000
Cocktail lounge 20 Seat 80 1600
Service station 300 Vehicles 40 12,000

6 Employees 50 300

Total flow 116,560

PROBLEMS 3-11 to 3-12

Problem Statement - See text, pages 257

Instructors Note: The solutions to these problems obviously vary depending

upon the location. Instructors may want to provide their students with the
necessary data to use for solving these problems.

PROBLEM 3-13
Problem Statement - See text, pages 257 - 258

3-15
Chapter 3 Analysis and Selection of Wastewater Flowrates and Constituent Loadings

Solution
1. Calculate the base (dry weather flow) for flowrate regime 1 by averaging
the flowrates for the lowest months, in this case June, July, August, and
September.

(108,000 95,000 89,000 93,000) m3 / d

Base flowrate = 96,250 m3/d
4

2. Calculate the average wet weather flowrate for the remaining months.

293,000 328,000 279,000 212,000 146,000 111,000 132,000 154,000 m3 /d

WW Flowrate
8
= 206,875 m3/d

3. Calculate the excess flowrate by subtracting the base flow from the WW
flowrate.

Excess flow = (206,875 – 96,250) m3/d = 110,625 m3/d

4. Infiltration is estimated to be 67 percent of excess flow.

Infiltration = (0.67 x 110,625) m3/d = 74,119 m3/d

5. Infiltration will be reduced by 30 percent.

Reduction in flow = (0.30 x 74,119) m3/d = 22,236 m3/d

The reduction in flow is assumed to be approximately 10 percent per year

for the first three years.

6. Estimate the value of the repair cost.

Repair cost = $200,000/km x 300 km = $60,000,000

7. The savings in treatment for the first year is:

8. The number of years it will take to pay back the construction cost by savings
in treatment costs can be calculated by using a spreadsheet.

3-16
 Chapter 3 Analysis and Selection of Wastewater Flowrates and Constituent Loadings

Flow reduction
Treatment Cumulative
Year cost, $/m3 m3/d m3/y Savings, $/y savings, $
1 1.00 7412 1,778,880 1,778,880 1,778,880
2 1.06 14,824 3,557760 3,771,226 5,550,106
3 1.12 22,236 5,336,640 5,977,037 11,527,143
4 1.19 22,236 5,336,640 6,350,602 17,877,745
5 1.26 22,236 5,336,640 6,724,166 24,601,911
6 1.34 22,236 5,336,640 7,151,098 31,753,009
7 1.42 22,236 5,336,640 7,578,029 39,331,038
8 1.50 22,236 5,336,640 8,004,960 47,335,998
9 1.59 22,236 5,336,640 8,485,258 55,821,256
10 1.69 22,236 5,336,640 9,018,922 64,840,178

As shown in the above table, the cost of the sewer repair will be paid for in
less than 10 years by the savings in treatment costs.

PROBLEM 3-14
Problem Statement - See text, pages 258 - 259
Solution

1. Using the data for flowrate regime 1, develop a table, compute plotting
positions, and plot data.

Flowrate regime 1
Weekday average Weekend average
Number Plotting position, %
flowrate, m 3/d x 103 flowrate, m 3/d x 103
1 2.70 39.7 42.8
2 5.41 40.5 43.1
3 8.11 40.9 43.5
4 10.81 41.3 43.9
5 13.51 42.0 44.3
6 16.22 42.1 44.7
7 18.92 42.2 45.0
8 21.62 42.4 45.4
9 24.32 42.9 45.8
10 27.03 43.5 46.2
11 29.73 43.9 46.6
12 32.43 44.3 46.7
13 35.14 44.7 46.9

3-17
Chapter 3 Analysis and Selection of Wastewater Flowrates and Constituent Loadings

14 37.83 45.0 47.7

15 40.54 45.4 47.9
16 43.24 45.6 48.8
17 45.95 45.7 49.2
18 48.65 46.0 50.0
19 51.35 46.4 50.3
20 54.05 46.9 51.1
21 56.76 47.7 51.5
22 59.46 48.4 53.0
23 62.16 48.8 53.4
24 64.86 49.0 53.7
25 67.57 49.2 54.9
26 70.27 49.6 55.3
27 72.97 50.5 56.0
28 75.68 51.1 56.8
29 78.39 52.2 57.2
30 81.08 53.0 58.3
31 83.78 53.2 59.1
32 86.49 54.3 60.6
33 89.19 55.3 60.9
34 91.89 56.0 61.7
35 94.59 60.6 62.1
36 97.30 62.5 63.6

1. The data are log-normal distributed.

2. Higher flowrates occur on the weekend.
3. The mean and 95 percentile values for weekdays are 47 and 57 x 103
m3/d.
4. The mean and 95 percentile values for weekends are 51 and 63 x 103
m3/d.

3-18
 Chapter 3 Analysis and Selection of Wastewater Flowrates and Constituent Loadings

5. The probable one day maximum flowrate (99.7 percentile) is 72 x 103

m3/d, which occurs on a weekend.

PROBLEM 3-15
Problem Statement - See text, page 259 - 260
Solution for Area 1
1. Solve the problem by use of a computation table, as follows.

Type of Units Number Flow, Average Peaking Peak flow,

development of units m3/unit.d flow, m3/d Factor m3/d

Residential ha 125 40 5000 3.0 15,000

Commercial ha 11 20 220 2.0 440
Industrial ha 6 30 180 2.5 600
School students 1500 75 L/student 113 4.0 450

Total 16,490

PROBLEM 3-16
Problem Statement - See text, page 260
Solution for City 1
1. Set up a spreadsheet and calculate the average flowrate for the 24 h period
(see below). The average flowrate is 0.328 m3/s.
2. Select a peak flowrate not to be exceeded; select 1.25 x avg for this example.
The peak flowrate being discharged is 0.410 m3/s.
3. Calculate the excess flow that has to be stored (flowrate – 0.410 m3/s).
4. Compute the hourly volume to be stored (excess flowrate x 3600 s/h).
5. Compute the cumulative volume in storage. Consider the amount leaving
storage when the average flowrate is less than 0.410 m3/s. The peak volume
in storage is the offline storage and is 819.6 m3.
Avg To storage Filling From storage Emptying Cumulative
Time Flowrate (peak-0.410) Volume (0.410-peak) volume storage
m3/s m3/s m3 m3/s m3 m3
M-1 0.300
1-2 0.220
2-3 0.180
3-4 0.160
4-5 0.160

3-19
Chapter 3 Analysis and Selection of Wastewater Flowrates and Constituent Loadings

5-6 0.185
6-7 0.240
7-8 0.300
8-9 0.385
9-10 0.440 0.030 106.3 106.3
10-11 0.480 0.070 250.3 356.6
11-N 0.480 0.070 250.3 606.9
N-1 0.460 0.050 178.3 785.2
1-2 0.420 0.010 34.3 819.6
2-3 0.390 -0.020 -73.7 745.9
3-4 0.355 -0.055 -199.7 546.2
4-5 0.331 -0.079 -286.1 260.1
5-6 0.315 -0.095 -343.7 0.0
6-7 0.320 -0.090 -325.7
7-8 0.346 -0.064 -232.1
8-9 0.362 -0.048 -174.5
9-10 0.392 -0.018 -66.5
10-11 0.360 -0.050 -181.7
11-M 0.300 -0.110 -397.7
Total 7.881
Avg 0.328
Avg x 1.25 0.410

PROBLEM 3-17
Problem Statement - See text, page 260

Solution

1. Determine the off-line storage volume needed to equalize the flowrate

The off-line volume required to equalize the flow is that same as the in-line
volume given in Example 3-10.

2. Determine the effect of flow equalization on the BOD mass loading to the
wastewater treatment plant. The computation table required to determine
the BOD mass loadings is presented below.
3 3
a. The average flowrate over the 24 h period is 0.307 m /s = 1,106 m /h
b. The volume diverted to the storage basin is equal to:
Diverted volume = inflow volume during a 1 h time period – 1,106 m3

For the time period 8-9:

3-20
 Chapter 3 Analysis and Selection of Wastewater Flowrates and Constituent Loadings

Vd = 1278 m3 – 1106 m3 = 172 rage basin during the current time

period, g/m3 (mg/L)
Vic = volume of wastewater diverted to storage basin during the current
period, m3
Xic = average concentration of BOD in the inflow wastewater volume
during the current period, g/m3
Vsp = volume of wastewater in storage basin at the end of the previous
time period, m3
Xsp = concentration of BOD in wastewater in storage basin at the end of
the previous time period, g/m3

For the time period 8-9:

(172 m3 )(175 g/m3 ) (0)(0)

X ec 175 g/m3
172 m3 0

For the time period 9-10:

(370 m3 )(200 g/m3 ) (172 m3 )(175 g/m3 )

X ec 192 g/m3
(370 172) m3

All the concentration values computed in a similar manner are reported in

the computation table.

d. The third step is to compute the hourly mass loading rate using the
following expression:
i. Mass loading to the plant for treatment while the storage basin is
filling:
3 3
Mass loading rate to plant, kg/h = (VT – Vic, m /h) (X, g/m )

where VT = total influent flowrate

For example, for the time period 8-9, the mass loading rate is
= [(1278 – 172) m3](175 g/m3)/ 103 g/kg)
= 194 kg/h (rounded)
ii. Mass loading to the plant for treatment while drawing from storage:

3-21
Chapter 3 Analysis and Selection of Wastewater Flowrates and Constituent Loadings

Mass loading to plant, kg/h = [(VT)(Xic) + (Vsp)(Xsp)]/103 g/kg)

For example, for the time period M-1, the mass loading rate is
= [(990 m3)(150 g/m3) + (116 m3)(214 g/m3)]/103 g/kg)
= 174 kg/h (rounded)
e. Set up a spreadsheet and computation table similar to that below.

3-22
 Chapter 3 Analysis and Selection of Wastewater Flowrates and Constituent Loadings

Volume of Influent Volume Average BOD BOD to

flow BOD, diverted to Cumulative concentration plant, BOD mass
Time during (+) or from volume in in storage, loading to
g/m 3 g/m 3 plant, kg/h
period time (-) storage, storage, m 3 g/m 3
3
period, m3 m
8-9 1278 175 172 172 175 175 194
9-10 1476 200 370 542 192 200 221
10-11 1530 215 424 966 202 215 238
11-N 1548 220 442 1408 208 220 243
N-1 1530 220 424 1832 211 220 243
1-2 1458 210 352 2184 210 210 232
2-3 1386 200 280 2464 209 200 221
3-4 1260 190 154 2618 208 190 210
4-5 1170 180 64 2682 207 180 199
5-6 1170 170 64 2746 207 170 188
6-7 1188 175 82 2828 206 175 194
7-8 1314 210 208 3036 206 210 232
8-9 1440 280 334 3370 213 280 310
9-10 1440 305 334 3704 222 305 337
10-11 1368 245 262 3966 223 245 271
11-M 1242 180 136 4102 222 180 199
M-1 990 150 -116 3986 222 158 174
1-2 792 115 -314 3672 222 145 161
2-3 594 75 -512 3160 222 143 158
3-4 468 50 -638 2522 222 149 165
4-5 378 45 -728 1794 222 162 179
5-6 360 60 -746 1048 222 169 187
6-7 432 90 -674 374 222 170 189
7-8 738 130 -368 6 222 161 178
Average 213

3. Does the difference in the mass loading rate justify the cost of the larger
basin required for in-line storage?
a. If flow is to be equalized, the size of the basin required is the same for
in-line and off-line storage
b. Comparing the BOD mass loading values given in the above table for off-
line storage to the corresponding values given in Example 3-10 for in-
line storage (see computation table given on page 250), the benefits of
using in-line storage with respect to BOD mass loadings is apparent.

3-23
Chapter 3 Analysis and Selection of Wastewater Flowrates and Constituent Loadings

BOD Mass loading

Ratio In-line Off-line
Peak/averqge 271/213 = 1.27 337/213 = 1.58
Minimum/average 132/213 = 0.62 158/213 = 0.74
Peak/minimum 271/132 = 2.05 337/158 = 2.13

PROBLEM 3-18
Problem Statement - See text, page 260

Instructional Guidelines
Because an iterative solution is necessary to obtain an answer to this problem, a
considerable amount of time is required to obtain a precise answer; however, a
spreadsheet can facilitate the computations. It is suggested, therefore, that the
students be advised that an approximate answer is acceptable.
Solution
1. Determine the required storage volume and peak-to minimum BOD loading
ratio for equalized flow.

From Example 3-10, a basin with a volume of 4110 m3 (max. volume in

storage), a peak-to-minimum BOD loading ratio of 2.05 is obtained.

2. Determine the peak-to minimum BOD loading ratio for a storage volume of
3,000 m3 using the same procedure outlined in Example 3-10. The
computations are summarized in the following computation table.

3-24
 Chapter 3 Analysis and Selection of Wastewater Flowrates and Constituent Loadings

Computation Table, Basin Volume = 3000 m3

Volume Volume Equalized Equalized

of flow in in BOD BOD
during Volume storage during mass
time Influent Volume to at end of time
BOD, of flow loading to
Time period, storage, time period, plant,
3 3
period 3 g/m out, m 3 period, 3
m m g/m kg/h
m3
8-9 1278 175 1106 172 172 175 194
9-10 1476 200 1106 370 542 197 218
10-11 1530 215 1106 424 966 210 233
11-N 1548 220 1106 442 1408 216 239
N-1 1530 220 1106 424 1832 218 241
1-2 1458 210 1106 352 2184 215 237
2-3 1386 200 1106 280 2464 209 231
3-4 1260 190 1106 154 2618 203 224
4-5 1170 180 1106 64 2682 196 216
5-6 1170 170 1106 64 2746 188 208
6-7 1188 175 1106 82 2828 184 203
7-8 1314 210 1142 172 3000 192 219
8-9 1440 280 1440 0 3000 221 318
9-10 1440 305 1440 0 3000 248 357
10-11 1368 245 1368 0 3000 247 338
11-M 1242 180 1242 0 3000 227 282
M-1 990 150 1106 -116 2884 208 230
1-2 792 115 1106 -314 2570 188 208
2-3 594 75 1106 -512 2058 167 185
3-4 468 50 1106 -638 1420 145 161
4-5 378 45 1106 -728 692 124 137
5-6 360 60 1052 -692 0 102 108
6-7 432 90 432 0 0 90 39
7-8 738 130 738 0 0 130 96

For a storage basin volume of 3000 m3, the peak-to minimum BOD5 loading
ratio is:
Peak 357
9.15
Min 39

3. Using the spreadsheet, the maximum basin volume can be changed and the
volumes, mass loadings, and concentrations can be recalculated. For

3-25
Chapter 3 Analysis and Selection of Wastewater Flowrates and Constituent Loadings

example, if the basin volume is increased to 3,300 m3, the following results
will be obtained:

Volume of Influent Volume Volume Volume in Equalized Equalized

Time flow in BOD, of flow to storage at BOD during BOD mass
during time 3 3 storage, end of time time period, loading to
period g/m out, m
period, m
3
m
3 period, m3 g/m
3 plant, kg/h

8-9 1278 175 1106 172 172 175 194

9-10 1476 200 1106 370 542 197 218
10-11 1530 215 1106 424 966 210 233
11-N 1548 220 1106 442 1408 216 239
N-1 1530 220 1106 424 1832 218 241
1-2 1458 210 1106 352 2184 215 237
2-3 1386 200 1106 280 2464 209 231
3-4 1260 190 1106 154 2618 203 224
4-5 1170 180 1106 64 2682 196 216
5-6 1170 170 1106 64 2746 188 208
6-7 1188 175 1106 82 2828 184 203
7-8 1314 210 1106 208 3036 192 213
8-9 1440 280 1176 264 3300 220 259
9-10 1440 305 1440 0 3300 246 354
10-11 1368 245 1368 0 3300 246 336
11-M 1242 180 1242 0 3300 228 283
M-1 990 150 1106 -116 3184 210 232
1-2 792 115 1106 -314 2870 191 211
2-3 594 75 1106 -512 2358 171 189
3-4 468 50 1106 -638 1720 151 167
4-5 378 45 1106 -728 992 132 146
5-6 360 60 1052 -692 300 113 119
6-7 432 90 732 -300 0 99 73
7-8 738 130 738 0 0 130 96

For a storage basin volume of 3000 m3, the peak-to minimum BOD loading
ratio is:
Peak 354
4.85
Min 73

3-26
 Chapter 3 Analysis and Selection of Wastewater Flowrates and Constituent Loadings

The ratio is close to the desired ratio of 5:1 indicated in the problem statement
thus the equalization volume of 3300 m3 is adequate.

3-27