13-1

Chapter 13
RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER

13-13 View factors from the very long grooves shown in the figure to the surroundings are to be
determined.
Assumptions 1 The surfaces are diffuse emitters and reflectors. 2 End effects are neglected.
Analysis (a) We designate the circular dome surface by (1) and the imaginary flat top surface by (2).
Noting that (2) is flat, D
F22  0
(2)
summation rule : F21  F22  1 
 F21  1
(1)
A D 2
reciprocit y rule : A1 F12  A2 F21 
 F12  2 F21  (1)   0.64
A1 D 
2
(b) We designate the two identical surfaces of length b by (1)
and (3), and the imaginary flat top surface by (2). Noting that
(2) is flat,
F22  0 a
summation rule : F21  F22  F23  1 
 F21  F23  0.5 (symmetry)
(2)
summation rule : F22  F2(13)  1 
 F2(13)  1

reciprocit y rule : A 2 F2(13)  A(13) F(13)2 (3) (1)

b b
A2 a

 F(13)2  F(13) surr  (1) 
A(13) 2b

(c) We designate the bottom surface by (1), the side surfaces by (2)
and (3), and the imaginary top surface by (4). Surface 4 is flat and (4)
is completely surrounded by other surfaces. Therefore, F44  0 and b b
(2) (3)
F4(1 23)  1 .
(1)
reciprocit y rule : A 4 F4(1 23)  A(1 23) F(1 23)4
A4 a a

 F(1 23)4  F(1 23)surr  (1) 
A(1 23) a + 2b

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 13-2
13-14 A cylindrical enclosure is considered. (a) The expression for the view factor between the base and
the side surface F13 in terms of K and (b) the value of the view factor F13 for L = D are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The surfaces are diffuse emitters and reflectors.
Analysis (a) The surfaces are designated as follows: Base surface as A1, top surface as A2, and side
surface as A3
Applying the summation rule to A1, we have
F11  F12  F13  1 (where F11  0 )
or F13  1  F12 (1)
For coaxial parallel disks, from Table 13-1, with i = 1, j = 2,
  2
1/ 2 
1 D   1
F12  S   S 2  4  2     [S  (S  4 ) ]
2 1/ 2
(2)
2   D1    2
   
1  R22 1 4
S  1  2  2  2  4K 2 (3)
R12 R 2
( D / L) 2

where
D 1
R1  R2  R  
2L 2K
Substituting Eq. (3) into Eq. (2), we get
1
F12  {2  4 K 2  [( 2  4 K 2 ) 2  4 ]1 / 2 }
2
1
 [2  4 K 2  (16 K 4  16 K 2 )1 / 2 ]
2
1
 [2  4 K 2  4 K ( K 2  1)1 / 2 ]
2
 1  2 K 2  2 K ( K 2  1)1 / 2
Substituting the above expression for F12 into Eq. (1) yields the expression for F13:
F13  1  [1  2K 2  2K ( K 2  1)1/ 2 ]
Hence,
F13  2K ( K 2  1)1/ 2  2K 2
(b) The value of the view factor F13 for L = D (i.e., K = 1) is
F13  2(1)(12  1)1/ 2  2(1) 2  2 2  2  0.828
Discussion If the cylinder has a length and diameter of L = 2D, then from the expression for F13 we have
F13  2(2)( 2 2  1)1/ 2  2(2) 2  0.944

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 13-3
13-21 The view factors between the rectangular surfaces shown in the figure are to be determined.
Assumptions The surfaces are diffuse emitters and reflectors.
4m
Analysis We designate the different surfaces as follows:
shaded part of perpendicular surface by (1), 1m (1)
bottom part of perpendicular surface by (3),
1m (3)
shaded part of horizontal surface by (2), and
front part of horizontal surface by (4). 1m (2)

1m (4)
(a) From Fig.13-6
L2 1  L2 2 
  0.25   0.5 
W 4  W 4 
 F23  0.26 and F2(13)  0.33
L1 1 L1 1
  0.25    0.25
W 4  W 4 

superposition rule : F2(13)  F21  F23 

 F21  F2(13)  F23  0.33  0.26  0.07

reciprocit y rule : A1  A2 
 A1 F12  A2 F21 
 F12  F21  0.07

(b) From Fig.13-6,

L2 1  L2 2 
  0.25   0.5 
W 4  W 4 
 F( 4 2)3  0.16 and  F( 4 2)(13)  0.24
L1 2 L1 2
  0.5    0.5 
W 4  W 4 

superposition rule : F( 42)(13)  F(42)1  F( 4 2)3 
 F( 42)1  0.24  0.16  0.08
reciprocit y rule : A( 4 2) F( 4 2)1  A1 F1( 4 2)
4m
A( 4 2) 8

 F1( 4 2)  F( 4 2)1  (0.08)  0.16 1m (1)
A1 4
superposition rule : F1( 4 2)  F14  F12 (3)
1m

 F14  0.16  0.08  0.08 (4)
1m
since F12 = 0.07 (from part a). Note that F14 in part 1m (2)
(b) is equivalent to F12 in part (a).

(c) We designate 3m
(1) 1m
shaded part of top surface by (1), 1m
(3)
remaining part of top surface by (3),
remaining part of bottom surface by (4), and 3m
shaded part of bottom surface by (2).

(4)
1m
(2)
From Fig.13-5, 1m
L2 3  L2 3 
 1   1 
D 3  D 3 
 F( 2 4)(13)  0.15 and  F14  0.082
L1 2 L1 1
  0.67   0.33
D 3 
 D 3 

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 13-4
superposition rule : F( 24)(13)  F(24)1  F( 24)3
symmetry rule : F( 24)1  F(24)3

Substituting symmetry rule gives

F( 2 4)(13) 0.15
F( 2 4)1  F( 2 4)3    0.075
2 2
reciprocity rule : A1F1( 24)  A ( 24) F( 24)1 
(3)F1( 24)  (6)(0.075) 
 F1( 24)  0.15

superposition rule : F1( 2 4)  F12  F14 

 0.15  F12  0.082 
 F12  0.15  0.082  0.068

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 13-5
13-22 A cylindrical enclosure is considered. The view factor from the side surface of this cylindrical
enclosure to its base surface is to be determined.
Assumptions The surfaces are diffuse emitters and reflectors.
Analysis We designate the surfaces as follows:
Base surface by (1),
(2)
top surface by (2), and
side surface by (3).
Then from Fig. 13-7
L 4r1  (3) L=2D=4r
 4 
r1 r1 
 F12  F21  0.05 (1)
r2 r
 2  0.25
L 4r2  D=2r

summation rule : F11  F12  F13  1

0  0.05  F13  1 
 F13  0.95
A1 r 2 r 2 1
reciprocit y rule : A1 F13  A3 F31 
 F31  F13  1 F13  1 2 F13  (0.95)  0.119
A3 2r1 L 8r1 8
Discussion This problem can be solved more accurately by using the view factor relation from Table 13-
1 to be
r1 r
R1   1  0.25
L 4r1
r2 r
R2   2  0.25
L 4r2
1  R 22 1  0.25 2
S  1  1  18
R12 0.25 2
  2
0.5 
  2
0.5 
R  1  
2
1   
F12  2 S   S 2  4 2   
1
18  18  4     0.056
   R1   
2
   1   
     
F13  1  F12  1  0.056  0.944

A1 r 2 r 2 1
reciprocit y rule : A1 F13  A3 F31 
 F31  F13  1 F13  1 2 F13  (0.944)  0.118
A3 2r1 L 8r1 8

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 13-6
13-44 The base, top, and side surfaces of a furnace of cylindrical shape are black, and are maintained at
uniform temperatures. The net rate of radiation heat transfer to or from the top surface is to be
determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist 2 The surfaces are
black. 3 Convection heat transfer is not considered.
T1 = 700 K
Properties The emissivity of all surfaces are  = 1 since they are 1 = 1
black. R=3m
Analysis We consider the top surface to be surface 1, the
base surface to be surface 2 and the side surfaces to be
surface 3. The cylindrical furnace can be considered to be H=3m T3 = 1400 K
three-surface enclosure. We assume that steady-state 3 = 1
conditions exist. Since all surfaces are black, the
radiosities are equal to the emissive power of surfaces, and
the net rate of radiation heat transfer from the top surface T2 = 500 K
can be determined from 2 = 1
R=3m
Q A1 F12 (T1 4  T2 4 )  A1 F13 (T1 4  T3 4 )

and A1  R 2   (3 m) 2  28.27 m 2
The view factor from the base to the top surface of the
cylinder is F12  0.38 (From Figure 13-7). The view factor
from the base to the side surfaces is determined by
applying the summation rule to be
F11  F12  F13  1 
 F13  1  F12  1  0.38  0.62
Substituting,
 A F (T 4  T 4 )  A F (T 4  T 4 )
Q 1 12 1 2 1 13 1 3

 (28.27 m 2 )(0.38)(5.67  10-8 W/m 2 .K 4 )(700 K 4 - 500 K 4 )

 ( 28.27 m 2 )(0.62)(5.67  10-8 W/m 2 .K 4 )(700 K 4 - 1400 K 4 )
 1.0818 105 W  3.579  106 W   3.471 106 W  3471kW
Discussion The negative sign indicates that net heat transfer is to the top surface.

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 13-7
13-57 A furnace shaped like a long equilateral-triangular duct is considered. The temperature of the base
surface is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist 2 The surfaces are opaque, diffuse, and gray. 3
Convection heat transfer is not considered. 4 End effects are neglected.
Properties The emissivities of surfaces are given to be 1 = 0.8 and
2 = 0.4.
Analysis This geometry can be treated as a two surface
enclosure since two surfaces have identical properties. We
consider base surface to be surface 1 and other two surface to
be surface 2. Then the view factor between the two becomes
F12  1 . The temperature of the base surface is determined
T2 = 600 K
from 2 = 0.4
 (T1 4  T2 4 ) q1 = 800 W/m2
Q12  1 = 0.8
1  1 1 1 2
 
A1 1 A1 F12 A2  2
b=2m
(5.67  10 8 W/m2  K 4 )[ T1 4  600 K 4 ]
800 W 
1  0.8 1 1  0.4
 
(1 m )( 0.8) (1 m )(1) (2 m 2 )(0.4)
2 2

T1  630 K

Note that A1  1 m 2 and A2  2 m 2 .

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 13-8

13-61 A hemisphere with specified base and dome temperatures and heat transfer rate is considered. The
emissivity of the dome is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist 2 The surfaces are opaque, diffuse, and gray. 3
Convection heat transfer is not considered.
Properties The emissivity of the base surface is  = 0.55.
Analysis We consider the base surface to be surface 1, the dome surface to be surface 2. This system is a
two-surface enclosure. The surface areas and the view factor are determined as
A1  D 2 / 4   (0.3 m) 2 / 4  0.07069 m 2
A2  D 2 / 2   (0.3 m) 2 / 2  0.1414 m 2 T2 = 600 K
2 = ?
F11  F12  1 
 0  F12  1 
 F12  1 (summation rule)
The emissivity of the dome is determined from T1 = 400 K
1 = 0.55
 (T1 4  T2 4 )
Q21  Q12  
1  1 1 1 2 D = 0.3 m
 
A1 1 A1 F12 A2  2
(5.67  10 8 W/m2  K 4 )[400 K 4  600 K 4 ]
65 W    2  0.0981

1  0.55 1 1 2
 
(0.07069 m 2 )( 0.55) (0.07069 m 2 )(1) (0.1414 m 2 ) 2

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 13-9
13-64 Two very large parallel plates are maintained at uniform temperatures. The net rate of radiation
heat transfer between the two plates is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist
2 The surfaces are opaque, diffuse, and gray. 3 T1 = 600 K
Convection heat transfer is not considered. 1 = 0.5
Properties The emissivities  of the plates are
given to be 0.5 and 0.9.
T2 = 400 K
Analysis The net rate of radiation heat transfer 2 = 0.9
between the two surfaces per unit area of the
plates is determined directly from

Q12  (T1 4  T2 4 ) (5.67 10 8 W/m2  K 4 )[( 600 K ) 4  (400 K ) 4 ]

   2793 W/m 2
As 1 1 1 1
 1  1
1  2 0.5 0.9

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 13-10
13-68 Two very long concentric cylinders are maintained at uniform temperatures. The net rate of
radiation heat transfer between the two cylinders is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist 2 The
surfaces are opaque, diffuse, and gray. 3 Convection heat D2 = 0.5 m D1 = 0.35 m
T2 = 500 K T1 = 950 K
transfer is not considered. 2 = 0.55 1 = 1
Properties The emissivities of surfaces are given to be 1 = 1 and 2
= 0.55.
Analysis The net rate of radiation heat transfer between the
two cylinders per unit length of the cylinders is determined
from
A  (T1 4  T2 4 )
Q12  1 Vacuum
1 1   2  r1 
  
1  2  r2 
[ (0.35 m)(1 m)](5.67  10 8 W/m2  K 4 )[( 950 K) 4  (500 K ) 4 ]

1 1  0.55  3.5 
  
1 0.55  5 
 29,810 W  29.81kW

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 13-11
13-77 Two concentric spheres are maintained at uniform temperatures. The net rate of radiation heat
transfer between the two spheres and the convection heat transfer coefficient at the outer surface are to
be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist 2 The
surfaces are opaque, diffuse, and gray. Tsurr =30C
Properties The emissivities of surfaces are given to D2 = 0.6 m T = 30C
be 1 = 0.5 and 2 = 0.7. T2 = 500 K D1 = 0.3 m
2 = 0.7 T1 = 800 K
Analysis The net rate of radiation heat transfer between the 1 = 0.5
two spheres is

Q12 

A1 T1 4  T2 4   = 0.35

1 1   2  r1 2 


1  2  r2 2 



 (0.3 m) 5.67  10
2 8

W/m2  K 4 800 K 4  500 K 4 
2
1 1  0.7  0.15 m 
  
0.5 0.7  0.3 m 
 2641W
Radiation heat transfer rate from the outer sphere to the surrounding surfaces are
Qrad  FA2 (T2 4  Tsurr 4 )
 (0.35)(1)[ (0.6 m) 2 ](5.67  10 8 W/m2  K 4 )[( 500 K) 4  (30  273 K ) 4 ]
 1214 W
The convection heat transfer rate at the outer surface of the cylinder is determined from requirement that
heat transferred from the inner sphere to the outer sphere must be equal to the heat transfer from the
outer surface of the outer sphere to the environment by convection and radiation. That is,
Qconv  Q12  Qrad  2641  1214  1427 W
Then the convection heat transfer coefficient becomes
Qconv.  hA2 T2  T 
 
1427 W  h  (0.6 m) 2 (500 K - 303 K)
h  6.40 W/m  C 2

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 13-12
13-84 The floor and the ceiling of a cubical furnace are maintained at uniform temperatures. The net rate
of radiation heat transfer between the floor and the ceiling is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist 2 The surfaces are opaque, diffuse, and gray. 3
Convection heat transfer is not considered.
Properties The emissivities of all surfaces are  = 1 since they are black or reradiating.
Analysis We consider the ceiling to be surface 1, the floor to be surface 2 and the side surfaces to be
surface 3. The furnace can be considered to be three-surface enclosure. We assume that steady-state
conditions exist. Since the side surfaces are reradiating, there is no heat transfer through them, and the
entire heat lost by the ceiling must be gained by the floor. The view factor from the ceiling to the floor
of the furnace is F12  0.2 . Then the rate of heat loss from the ceiling can be determined from
E b1  E b 2
Q1  1 a=4m
 1 1 
 
R  R R  T1 = 1100 K
 12 13 23  1 = 1
where
Reradiating side
E b1  T1 4  (5.67 10 8 W/m2 .K 4 )(1100 K) 4  83,015 W/m2
surfaces
E b 2  T2 4  (5.67 10 8 W/m2 .K 4 )(550 K) 4  5188 W/m2
and
A1  A2  (4 m) 2  16 m 2 T2 = 550 K
2 = 1
1 1
R12    0.3125 m -2
A1 F12 (16 m 2 )( 0.2)
1 1
R13  R23    0.078125 m -2
A1 F13 (16 m 2 )( 0.8)
Substituting,
(83,015  5188) W/m2
Q12  1
 7.47  10 5 W  747 kW
 1 1 
  
 0.3125 m -2 2(0.078125 m -2 ) 
 

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 13-13
13-85 A circular grill is considered. The bottom of the grill is covered with hot coal bricks, while the
wire mesh on top of the grill is covered with steaks. The initial rate of radiation heat transfer from coal
bricks to the steaks is to be determined for two cases.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist 2 The surfaces
are opaque, diffuse, and gray. 3 Convection heat transfer is not Steaks, T2 = 278 K, 2 = 1
considered.
Properties The emissivities are  = 1 for all surfaces since they
are black or reradiating.
Analysis We consider the coal bricks to be surface 1, the steaks 0.20 m
to be surface 2 and the side surfaces to be surface 3. First we
determine the view factor between the bricks and the steaks
(Table 13-1), Coal bricks, T1 = 950 K, 1 = 1
ri 0.15 m
Ri  R j    0.75
L 0.20 m
1 R j 2 1  0.75 2
S  1   3.7778
Ri 2 0.752

  2
1/ 2 
 1/ 2 
1  Rj   1   0.75   
2
F12  Fij  S   S 2  4 

   3.7778  3.7778  4
2
    0.2864
2   Ri    2   0.75   
     
(It can also be determined from Fig. 13-7).
Then the initial rate of radiation heat transfer from the coal bricks to the stakes becomes
Q12  F12 A1 (T1 4  T2 4 )
 (0.2864)[ (0.3 m) 2 / 4](5.67 10 8 W/m2  K 4 )[( 950 K ) 4  (278 K ) 4 ]
 928 W
When the side opening is closed with aluminum foil, the entire heat lost by the coal bricks must be
gained by the stakes since there will be no heat transfer through a reradiating surface. The grill can be
considered to be three-surface enclosure. Then the rate of heat loss from the coal bricks can be
determined from
E b1  E b 2
Q1  1
 1 1 
 
R  R R 
 12 13 23 

E b1  T1 4  (5.67 10 8 W/m2 .K 4 )(950 K) 4  46,183 W/m2

where
E b 2  T2 4  (5.67 10 8 W/m2 .K 4 )(5  273 K) 4  339 W/m2

 (0.3 m) 2
and A1  A2   0.07069 m 2
4
1 1
R12    49.39 m -2
A1 F12 (0.07069 m 2 )( 0.2864)
1 1
R13  R 23    19.82 m -2
A1 F13 (0.07069 m 2 )(1  0.2864)

(46,183  339) W/m2

Substituting, Q12  1
 2085 W
 1 1 
  
 49.39 m -2 2(19.82 m -2 ) 
 

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Hill Education.
 13-14
13-91 A thin aluminum sheet is placed between two very large parallel plates that are maintained at
uniform temperatures. The net rate of radiation heat transfer between the two plates is to be determined
for the cases of with and without the shield.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist 2 The
surfaces are opaque, diffuse, and gray. 3 Convection heat
transfer is not considered.
Properties The emissivities of surfaces are given to be
1 = 0.5, 2 = 0.8, and 3 = 0.15. T1 = 900 K
Analysis The net rate of radiation heat transfer with a thin 1 = 0.5
aluminum shield per unit area of the plates is
 (T1 4  T2 4 ) Radiation
Q12,oneshield  T2 = 650 K
shield
 1 1   1 1  2 = 0.8
   1     1 3 = 0.15
 
 1  2    3,1  3, 2 
(5.67  10 8 W/m2  K 4 )[( 900 K ) 4  (650 K ) 4 ]

 1 1   1 1 
   1     1
 0.5 0.8   0.15 0.15 
 1857 W/m 2
The net rate of radiation heat transfer between the plates in the case of no shield is
 (T14  T2 4 ) (5.67  10 8 W/m2  K 4 )[( 900 K ) 4  (650 K) 4 ]
Q12, no shield    12,035 W/m2
1 1   1 1 
   1    1

 1  2   0.5 0.8 
Then the ratio of radiation heat transfer for the two cases becomes
Q12,oneshield 1857 W 1
 

Q12,no shield 12,035 W 6

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Hill Education.
 13-15
13-97 A coaxial radiation shield is placed between two coaxial cylinders which are maintained at
uniform temperatures. The net rate of radiation heat transfer between the two cylinders is to be
determined and compared with that without the shield.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist 2 The
surfaces are opaque, diffuse, and gray. 3 Convection heat D2 = 0.5 m D1 = 0.1 m
T2 = 500 K T1 = 750 K
transfer is not considered.
2 = 0.4 1 = 0.7
Properties The emissivities of surfaces are
given to be 1 = 0.7, 2 = 0.4. and 3 = 0.2.
Analysis The surface areas of the cylinders
and the shield per unit length are
Apipe,inner  A1  D1 L   (0.1 m)(1 m)  0.314 m 2
Apipe,outer  A2  D2 L   (0.5 m)(1 m)  1.571 m 2
Ashield  A3  D3 L   (0.2 m)(1 m)  0.628 m 2
The net rate of radiation heat transfer Radiation shield
D3 = 0.2 m
between the two cylinders with a shield per 3 = 0.2
unit length is
s (T14 - T24 )
Q&12,one shield =
1- e1 1 1- e3,1 1- e3,2 1 1- e2
+ + + + +
A1e1 A1F13 A3e3,1 A3e3,2 A3F32 A2e2
(5.67´ 10- 8 W /m 2 ×K 4 )[(750 K )4 - (500 K )4 ]
=
1- 0.7 1 1- 0.2 1 1- 0.4
+ +2 + +
(0.314)(0.7) (0.314)(1) (0.628)(0.2) (0.628)(1) (1.571)(0.4)
= 726 W
If there was no shield,
 (T1 4  T2 4 ) (5.67  10 8 W/m2  K 4 )[( 750 K) 4  (500 K) 4 ]
Q12,no shield    8329 W
1 1   2  D1  1 1  0.4  0.1 
     
1  2  D2  0.7 0.4  0.5 

Then their ratio becomes

Q12,oneshield 726 W
  0.0872
Q12,no shield 8329 W

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Hill Education.