For Sec 3

Students

63
Sec3
Chapter Page Number
1. Indices 64
2. Quadratic Equations 66
3. Linear Inequalities 69
4. Coordinate Geometry 71
5. Graphs 73
6. Congruence and Similarity 77
7. Properties of Circles 80
8. Trigonometry 83
9. Applications of Trigonometry 85
10. Circular Measure 87
 Chapter 1: Indices
an means the rfh power of a , where a > 0 and n is a positive integer

a is known as base and n is the index or power

am= ax ax a . .. x a

Example: 10 000 = lOx lOx lOx 10 =104

m factors 2 6 = 2x 2x 2x 2x 2x 2 = 64

Indices Law
(a , b, m and n are positive integers)
Example
Same base
l. amx an= am+n
1. 2 3x 2 6 = 29
2. a m + an = am-n
2. 27 + 22 = 25

Same index but different base

3. am x bm = ( ax b) m 3. 3 3
2 x 5 =10
3

4. am + bm = (; J 4. 2+5':(¾J
3

5. (23) 4 = i2

6 . a0 =l any number to the power of O is l

6. 2° = 1
7. a1 =a no need to show when index is l
1 7. 21 = 2
negative index ➔ division
8. 2-3 =_!_
23

9. (ff :(U
I
1 23 =~
10.
10. a-;, = ef; when index is a fraction ➔ root form

11. 2s3 =2 ~ 5I = ( ½3 )

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Indices Simplification

Example 1 Simplify 2• x (3
2 2
) +(s1 J
= 24 x 34 +54
Solving Indices Equations
Solving equations involving same base or same index

Example

Solve 125x+l = 0.2

5Jx+3 = 5-1

Comparing the power

3x+3=-1

4
x=- - (Ans)
3

Example - Substitution
Solve 22x+ 3 + 2x + 2 + 3{2x_} = 1.

Let U = zx , 22 xz 3 + zx2 2 + 3( zx) =1

8U2 + 4U + 3U = 1
8U 2 + 7U -1 =0

(8U-1) (U + 1) = 0

1
U = - or U = -1
8

{N.A}

x=-3 (ans)

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 Chapter 2: Quadratic Equations
A quadratic equation is in the form of ax'- + bx + c = 0 where a, b and c are constants, and a
/0.
It can be solved by :

(i) Factorisation
(ii) Completing the square
(iii) Using quadratic formula

(i) Factorisation

Example: 2r-3x-9 = 0 By trial and error, cross multiply

2xx3 3x
(2x+ 3) (x- 3) =0 X -3 -6x
2r -9 -3x
2x+3=0 or x-3=0

3
x= - - or x= 3 (ans)
2
(ii) Completing the square

To solve the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a t 0

b C
Step 1 Change coefficient of r- equal to 1 a(r +-x+-) = 0
a a
b C
Step 2 Leave Jil- and x terms on LHS r+ - x=- -
a a

Step 3 Coellident of x+ 2, square it, add to both sides r +!!__x+(}!__)2 =- c+(}!__)2

a 2a a 2a

Step 4 Factorise the equation

Step 5 Simplify

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Example: 2.r - 3x-9 = 0

3 9
.r--x--=0
2 2

3 9
.r--x=-
2 2

,l-¾x+(-U-~+U
(x-¾J-~+ I~

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=
16

( x-¾ )=±¾

3 9 3 9
X=-+- or x=---
4 4 4 4
3
=3 or =-- (ans)
2
(iii) Quadratic Formula
To solve the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a i= 0 using the formula

.J
-b± b2 - 4ac
x=-----
2a

Example: 2.r-4x+1=0
a=2, b=-4, c=l

2
x= - (-4) ±.J(- 4) -4(2)(1)
2(2)

4± ✓8
X=--
4
x=l.71 or 0.293 (to3s.f.) (ans)

Note:

In the case where b2 -4ac< 0, x= -

.J
-b+ b 2 - 4ac
has no solution (no real roots)
2a

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2. Graphical Method
To solve the quadratic equation ax2 + bx+ c = 0, where a ::j:. 0 and the highest power of x is 2,

the solution can be obtained from the intersection of the graph y = ax2 + bx + c and the x-axis.

The graph cuts the x-axis when y = 0.

X
6 7 8

(a) If a> 0, the graph open upwards (b) If a < 0, the graph open downwards

Example : y= 2r - 3x- 9

y y=2r-3x-9

wheny= 0, 2r -3x-9 = 0
(2x+ 3)(x-3) = 0
3
x= -- or x= 3 (ans)
2

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 Chapter 3: Linear Inequalities
1. Solving linear inequalities in one variable

Linear inequalities are linear equations with either of the following signs

< " is less than "

> " is greater than "

< " is less than or equal to "

> " is greater than or equal to"

2. Representing the solution on the number line

The solution set to a linear inequality can be represented on a number line with the below
symbols

0 open dot for < and > ( means the endpoint value is not included )

• solid dot for ~ and ~ ( means the critical endpoint value is included )

•◄--► arrows
Inequality notation Number line

a< x<b 0'------------0

a 0 b

a-5, x< b

-•--------0

a 0 b

a< x-5, b

Qi------------•-

◄ I

a 0 b

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Special rules for linear inequalities:
- When an inequality is multiplied or divided by a negative number, the inequality sign must

be reversed.

Example (l) -2x> 10

Multiply by-1, (-2x)(-1) < (10)(-1) * sign reversed to " < "
2x<-10

:. x<-5
- Reverse the inequality sign whenever you take the reciprocal of both sides

1
Example 3> -
x

1
-<x * sign reversed to " < "
3

1
:. x>-
3
Combined inequality

Example (1) Solve -7~ 3x-5~ 2

separate it into 2 inequalities, -7 ~ 3x-5, 3x-5~ 2

move the variable to one side, -7+5~3x, 3x~ 2+5

simplify, -2~3x, 3x~7

2 7
- -< X X~-
3- ' 3

2 7
:. - - ~ x~ - (ans)
3 3

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 Chapter 4: Coordinate Geometry
Finding Length

The length of the line segment joining two points A(Xj _Yi) and B(x2 _y 2 ) is given by
y

AB= ✓( Xz -Xj )2 +(Y2 - Yt)2

Y2- Yi

·---------------

X
0
Finding gradient and parallel lines

The gradient of the line joining two points A(Xj,J'i) and B(.xz,y 2 ) is given by
y

gradient= m = Y2 - Yi where Xj -:t- x2

.xz-Xi

·--------------
X
0

The gradient of a line can be positive, negative or zero.

y y y

m<O
c>O C y=c

m =0
_______ x
X X
0 0 0

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 Gradient of special line
y

X=k

m = undefined ( oo )

X
0

Parallel lines have the same gradient ( m)

Y2=mx2+c2

X
0

Finding Equation of Straight Line

To find the equation of the straight line given the gradient ( m), and they-intercept ( c).
y

C
m = gradient

X
0

The equation of a straight line is y= mx+ c where m = gradient and

c = y--intercept

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 Chapter 5: Graphs
Straight Line Graphs (y= mx+ c. x= a, r= b)

y=mx+c

_______ j
I vertical change
. vertical change
grad 1ent = - - - - - - = - -
horizontal change
◄ ►
horizontal change
X
0

y y

X= a b
y= b

X X
0 a 0

Quadratic Graphs
(a) y= ax+ bx+ c where a, band care constants and a =f; 0

y y

X X

a>O a<O

If a > 0 , the graph has a minimum point

If a < 0 , the graph has a maximum point

The graph of y= ax-+ bx+ c has an axis of symmetry which passes through the minimum or
maximum point.

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(b) y=(x-p)z+q y=-(x- p)2 + q

y y

X
0 p
X
0 p

minimum point at (p, q) maximum point at (p, q)

To find the x - intercepts, let y = 0

To find they- intercepts, let x = 0

The line of symmetry of the graph in the form y =± (x- p) 2 + q is x = p.

(c) y= (x- a) (x- b) y= -(x- a) (x- b)

y y

0 X

0 X

a+b a+b
x=-- x=--
2 2

x-intercept are x = a and x = b

The line of symmetry of the graph in the form y= ±(x- a) (x- b) is x= a+ b.

2

74
Cubic Graphs

y=ax'1, when n = 3, a -:t= 0

X X

a>O

Recipro cal Graphs

y=ax'
-1 whenn=- 1• a-:t=O

a<O
·Y

y=ax-2 , whenn=- 2 • a-:t=O

a>O a<O

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Exponential Graphs

y = kax, where a is a positive integer

y y

a>O,k>O

X a>O,k<O

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 Chapter 6: Congruence and Similarity
Tests of Congruency

1. Side - Side - Side

B E

A C D F
LA=LD AB=DE
LB=LE BC=EF
LC=LF AC=DF

So L\ABC = ~DEF (SSS Rule)

2. Angle - Side - Angle

A D

C F

Let BC = EF, LB = LE, AB = DE, LC = LF

So L\ABC =
Af)EF (ASA Rule)

3. Side-Angle - Side
A E

AB=EF
LABC = LEFG
BC=FG

So L\ABC ~ ~FG (SAS Rule)

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4. Right angled - Hypotenuse - Side

B C y z
LB = LY = 90°
AB= XY
AC= XZ
So MBC =
/!,,.XYZ (SAS Rule)

Tests for Similarity

MBC and L\DEF are similar if, 8 E

1. 2 pairs of corresponding angles are equal

i.e. LA = LD, LB = LE (AA)

A--------c
Example
A
In MBC and L\DEC,
D B
LACB= LDCE (common)
LABC= LDEC (corresponding angles)

LBAC= LEDC (corresponding angles)

:. L\ABC is similar to L\DEC (AA Similarity)

C
2. 3 pairs of corresponding sides are in the same ratio
AB BC AC
-=-=-
i.e. DE EF DF (SSS)

Example
F In MBC and L\DEF,
C
AB 12 2 BC 8 2 AC 10 2

~
-=-=-, -=-=-, -=-=-
DE 18 3 EF 12 3 DF 15 3

A B :. MBC is similar to L\DEF (SSS Similarity)

12 D--------E
18

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Ratio of Areas of Similar Figures

If 2 figures are similar, then the ratio of their areas is given by

~ =(1 J=U:J
Ratio of Volumes of Similar Solids

For 2 geometrically similar solids,

the ratio of their length or heights are 11 : 12 and Ji. : l1z

then the ratio of their areas is given by ~ = ( ~ J= UJ

and the ratio of their volumes is given by ~21v. --( ''2~ J3 --( ]3
11,2

79
 Chapter 7: Properties of Circles
Parts of a circle
________ arc Arc : A segment along the circumference of a circle.

--- - ------ chord Chord : A line segment with both endpoints on a circle.

Segment: The area bounded by a chord and the included arc.

radius Radius : A line segment that joins the centre of a circle

with any point on its circumference.
diameter
Diameter: A straight line segment passing through the
tangent centre of a circle and has its endpoints on the
circle.

Circumference : is the distance around a circle.

Tangent : A line that touches a circle at only one point.

Symmetry properties

1. Equal chords are equidistant from the centre

Chords AB and CD are equal,

AB = CD ~ OH= OG

2. The perpendicular bisector of a chord passes through the centre

AM = MB ~ OM l. AB
0

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3. Tangents from an external point are equal in length

IfTA and TB are tangents from T to a circle centre 0

then TA=TB

4. The line joining an external point to the centre of the circle bisects the angle between the
tangents

IfTA and TB are tangents from T to a circle centre 0

A
then OT bisects L A TB

and La= Lb

Angle properties

1. Angle in a semicircle is a right angle

AB is the diameter <=> L APB = 90°

2. Angle between tangent and radius of a circle is a right angle

If OA is the radius, BC is the tangent,

A is the point of contact,
then OA is perpendicular to BC

C
A

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3. Angle at the centre is twice the angle at the circwnference subtended by the same arc.

L AOB = 2 xL ACB

C C

A B

4. Angles in the same segment are equal

C

LACB= LADB
D

5. Angles in opposite segments are supplementary

La + L c = 180° , Lb + L d = 180° C

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 Chapter 8: Trigonometry

Trigonometric Ratios of Acute Angles

For right-angled triangle,

. opposite
1. Sine Sill 0 = - - - -
hypotenuse
adjacent
SOH
hypotenuse JC
2. Cosine co
0 s=---- CAH // opposite
/
hypotenuse
A✓
./it\
--~--~ B
opposite
3. Tangent tan 0 = - - - TOA
adjacent adjacent

Sine and Cosine of Obtuse Angle

Definition of obtuse angle :

An obtuse angle is an angle more than 90 degrees and less than 180 degrees.
The range of an acute angle is between 90° and 180°.

For any acute angle 0 ,

sin (180° - 0 ) = sin0

cos (180° - 0) =- cos0 180° - 0

Example

Express in terms of trigonometric ratios of acute angle and find the value.
Give your answers correct to 4 significant figures.

(a) sin 160° (b) cos 118°

(a) sin 160° = sin (180° - 20°)

= sin 20°

= 0.3420

(b) cos 118° = cos (180° - 62°)

= - cos 62°

=-0.4695

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Area of Triangle

For non-right angled triangle with any 2 given sides and an included angle,

Area of MBC = .!.. absin C

2
1 . B
=-acsm
2 B

= .!..bcsin A
2

Sine rule
C
For any triangle ABC, A b

a b C

sin A sin B sin C

where A. B and C are the interior angles

a, b and c are length of their opposite sides respectively.

Cosine rule

For any triangle ABC,

a 2 = b2 + c2 - 2bc cos A cos A is an included angle

2 2 2
b = a +c - 2ac cos B cos B is an included angle
c2 = a 2 + b 2 - 2ab cos C cos C is an included angle

or

bz + c2 -a2
cos A = - - - -
2bc
az + cz -b2
cosB=----
2ac
a2 + bz - c2
cosC=----
2ab

where A. B and C are the interior angles

a, b and c are length of their opposite sides respectively.

84
 Chapter 9: Applications of Trigonometry
Angles of Elevation and Depression

1. When you look at an object above your location, the angle formed between the
horizontal ground and the line of sight is called the angle of elevation.

object

~ ______,_ _ _ _ __
horizontal

2. When you look at an object below your location, the angle formed between the
imaginary horizontal ground and the line of sight is called the angle of depression.

fforlzontal Linc
\
--------Observer

Objec:t

Bearing

3 rules of bearings
1. Always measured from the North (N) .
2. Measure in a clockwise direction.

3. Always express in 3-digit number.

NW (315°) NE (045°)

w (270°) E (090°)

SW (225°) SE (135°)

s (180°)

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3-D Problems

The basic technique used to solve a 3-D problem is to reduce it to a problem in a plane (2-D).

The diagram below shows a 16 cm - cube.

Find
(i) DG
(ii) DF
(iii) L FDG A B

E F

H G

(i) DG- 2 = DH 2 + HG 2 (Pythagoras Theorem)

DG-2 = 162 + 152 D
2 2
DG = .J16 + 16
16
=✓512
= 22.63 H ~G
~ 22.6 cm (3 s .f.) (ans) 16cm

(ii) DF2 = DG 2 + GF (Pythagoras Theorem)

~~
DF2 = 512+162
2
DF=.JS12+16
=✓768
G F
= 27.71
16cm
~ 27.7 cm (3 s.f.) (ans)

F
16
(iii) tanLFDG=--
22.63
16
LFDG = 35.26°
~ 35.3° (1 d .p.) (ans) D G
✓512 cm

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 Chapter 10: Circular Measure

Radian is another unit of measure for angles, similar to degrees.

One radian is the angle made at the center of a circle by an arc whose length is equal to the
radius of the circle.

Conversion from radians and degrees

27l' radians= 360°

360°
7l' radians= - - = 180°
2

180°
l radian=--
7l'

Conversion from degree to radians

3600 = 27l' radians

1800 =7l' radians

7l'
1°= - rad
180
Conversion between radians and degrees

7l'
x--
~~dioo ~ 180°
x--
1800 7l'
Degree

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Parts of a circle

Arc Length

0 r

9
If 0 is measured in degree then arc length = - -x 21rr
360'

If 0 is measured in radian then arc length = ~ x 21r r = re

21t

Area of Sector

Area of sector Central angle, 0

=------
Area of circle 360°

Area of circle = 1tr

8
If 0 is measured in degree then area of sector = - -x
360°
1rr

If e is measured in radian then area of sector = ~ X 1t r = .!. r 20

21t 2

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Area of Segment

Area of segment = Area of Sector - Area of Triangle

=-0°- x 1r r 2 - -1 r 2 sm0
• (
if 0 is in degree)
3600 2

= -12
r 0 - -12.
r sm0 (if 0 is in radian )
2 2

Important: If angles are in radian, change the calculator to radian mode.

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