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LINUX FUNDAMENTALS    Page 1 / Linux Structure

Linux Structure 􏅜
 Cheat Sheet

History
Table of Contents
Many events led up to creating the rst Linux kernel and, ultimately, the Linux operating system (OS), starting with the Unix operating
Introduction
system's release by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie (whom both worked for AT&T at the time) in 1970. The Berkeley Software
Linux Structure
Distribution (BSD) was released in 1977, but since it contained the Unix code owned by AT&T, a resulting lawsuit limited the development of
BSD. Richard Stallman started the GNU project in 1983. His goal was to create a free Unix-like operating system, and part of his work Linux Distributions

resulted in the GNU General Public License (GPL) being created. Projects by others over the years failed to result in a working, free kernel Introduction to Shell
that would become widely adopted until the creation of the Linux kernel.
The Shell
At rst, Linux was a personal project started in 1991 by a Finnish student named Linus Torvalds. His goal was to create a new, free Prompt Description
operating system kernel. Over the years, the Linux kernel has gone from a small number of les written in C under licensing that prohibited
Getting Help
commercial distribution to the latest version with over 23 million source code lines (comments excluded), licensed under the GNU General
Public License v2. 􏆲
   System Information

Linux is available in over 600 distributions (or an operating system based on the Linux kernel and supporting software and libraries). Some Work ow
of the most popular and well-known being Ubuntu, Debian, Fedora, OpenSUSE, elementary, Manjaro, Gentoo Linux, RedHat, and Linux 􏆲
   Navigation

Mint.
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   Working with Files and Directories

Linux is generally considered more secure than other operating systems, and while it has had many kernel vulnerabilities in the past, it is 􏆲
   Editing Files
becoming less and less frequent. It is less susceptible to malware than Windows operating systems and is very frequently updated. Linux is
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   Find Files and Directories
also very stable and generally a ords very high performance to the end-user. However, it can be more di cult for beginners and does not
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   File Descriptors and Redirections
have as many hardware drivers as Windows.
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   Filter Contents
Since Linux is free and open-source, the source code can be modi ed and distributed commercially or non-commercially by anyone. Linux-
based operating systems run on servers, mainframes, desktops, embedded systems such as routers, televisions, video game consoles, and 􏆲
   Regular Expressions

more. The overall Android operating system that runs on smartphones and tablets is based on the Linux kernel, and because of this, Linux 􏆲
   Permission Management
is the most widely installed operating system.
System Management
Linux is an operating system like Windows, iOS, Android, or macOS. An OS is software that manages all of the hardware resources
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   User Management
associated with our computer. That means that an OS manages the whole communication between software and hardware. Also, there
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   Package Management
exist many di erent distributions (distro). It is like a version of Windows operating systems.
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   Service and Process Management
With the interactive instances, we get access to the Pwnbox, a customized version of Parrot OS. This will be the primary OS we will work
􏆲
   Task Scheduling
with through the modules. Parrot OS is a Debian-based Linux distribution that focuses on security, privacy, and development.
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   Network Services

Philosophy 􏆲
   Working with Web Services

Linux follows ve core principles: 􏆲

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   File System Management
Principle Description
􏆲
   Containerization
Everything is a file All con guration les for the various services running on the Linux operating system are stored in one
or more text les. Linux Networking

Small, single-purpose programs Linux o ers many di erent tools that we will work with, which can be combined to work together. 􏆲
   Network Con guration

Ability to chain programs together to The integration and combination of di erent tools enable us to carry out many large and complex Remote Desktop Protocols in Linux
perform complex tasks tasks, such as processing or ltering speci c data results.
Linux Hardening
Avoid captive user interfaces Linux is designed to work mainly with the shell (or terminal), which gives the user greater control over
the operating system. Linux Security

􏆲
   Firewall Setup
Configuration data stored in a text file An example of such a le is the /etc/passwd le, which stores all users registered on the system.

􏆲
   System Logs and Monitoring

Components Linux Distributions vs Solaris

Solaris
Component Description
Tips & Tricks
Bootloader A piece of code that runs to guide the booting process to start the operating system. Parrot Linux uses the GRUB Bootloader.
Shortcuts
OS Kernel The kernel is the main component of an operating system. It manages the resources for system's I/O devices at the hardware level.

Daemons Background services are called "daemons" in Linux. Their purpose is to ensure that key functions such as scheduling, printing, and multimedia
are working correctly. These small programs load after we booted or log into the computer. My Workstation

OS Shell The operating system shell or the command language interpreter (also known as the command line) is the interface between the OS and the
user. This interface allows the user to tell the OS what to do. The most commonly used shells are Bash, Tcsh/Csh, Ksh, Zsh, and Fish.

Graphics This provides a graphical sub-system (server) called "X" or "X-server" that allows graphical programs to run locally or remotely on the X-
OFFLINE
server windowing system.

Window Also known as a graphical user interface (GUI). There are many options, including GNOME, KDE, MATE, Unity, and Cinnamon. A desktop
Manager environment usually has several applications, including le and web browsers. These allow the user to access and manage the essential and
frequently accessed features and services of an operating system.
􏅄  Start Instance
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Utilities Applications or utilities are programs that perform particular functions for the user or another program.
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Linux Architecture
The Linux operating system can be broken down into layers:

Layer Description

Hardware Peripheral devices such as the system's RAM, hard drive, CPU, and others.

Kernel The core of the Linux operating system whose function is to virtualize and control common computer hardware resources like CPU, allocated
memory, accessed data, and others. The kernel gives each process its own virtual resources and prevents/mitigates con icts between di erent
processes.

Shell A command-line interface (CLI), also known as a shell that a user can enter commands into to execute the kernel's functions.

System Makes available to the user all of the operating system's functionality.
Utility

File System Hierarchy

Path Description

/ The top-level directory is the root lesystem and contains all of the les required to boot the operating system before other lesystems are mounted as well
as the les required to boot the other lesystems. After boot, all of the other lesystems are mounted at standard mount points as subdirectories of the
root.

/bin Contains essential command binaries.

/boot Consists of the static bootloader, kernel executable, and les required to boot the Linux OS.

/dev Contains device les to facilitate access to every hardware device attached to the system.

/etc Local system con guration les. Con guration les for installed applications may be saved here as well.

/home Each user on the system has a subdirectory here for storage.

/lib Shared library les that are required for system boot.

/media External removable media devices such as USB drives are mounted here.

/mnt Temporary mount point for regular lesystems.

/opt Optional les such as third-party tools can be saved here.

/root The home directory for the root user.

/sbin This directory contains executables used for system administration (binary system les).

/tmp The operating system and many programs use this directory to store temporary les. This directory is generally cleared upon system boot and may be
deleted at other times without any warning.

/usr Contains executables, libraries, man les, etc.

/var This directory contains variable data les such as log les, email in-boxes, web application related les, cron les, and more.

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