UNIT 7 RURAL DEVELOPMENT

PROGRAMMES - I1
Structure
7.0 Introduction
7.1 Objectives
7.2 Shift of Focus in Strategiesof Rural Development Programmes
7.3 Rural Basic Servicesand InfrastructureDevelopment Programmes
7.3.1 Minimum Needs Programme (MNP)
7.3.2 Twenty Point Programme (TPP)
7.3.3 Bharat Ninnan
7.3.3.1 Irrigation
7.3.3.2Drinking Water Supply in Rural Areas
7.3.3.3Rural Housing
7.3.3.4Rural Telephony
7.3.3.5Rural Electrification
7.3.4 Pradan Mantri Cram Sadak Yojana (PGSY)
7.3.5 Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan
7.3.6 Programme for Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation: Central I\ i~ralSanitation
mFnme
7.3.7 National Rural Health Mission (NRHM)
7.3.8 Integrated Rural Energy Programme (REP)
7.3.9 Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP)
7.3.10 Convergence of Rural Development Programmes
7.3.11 Pradhan Mantri Adarsh Gram Yojana (PMAGY)

7.4 Let Us Sum Up

7.5 Answers to 'Check Your Progress' Questions
7.6 References

7.0 ICNTRODUCTION
Government has initiated, sustained and refined many rural development programmes
as part of the planned growth and development under different Five Year Plans. In Unit
6, we have discussed the programmesthat basically aimed at the economicdevelopment
and social security / welfare of the individuals and the families in rural areas and have
been contributing significantlyto poverty alleviationand economic developmentof the
rural people and area as a whole. Gradually, the rural developmentprogrammes have
focused on other areaslaspects of rural life as well.
Now, in Unit 7, the focus of our discussion will be on those programmes meant for
provision of basic services, socialtransformation and infrastn~cture
developmentincluding
various amenities in rural areas that have significant bearing not only on economic
developmentbut also on the holistic developmentof the ruralareasfor improved standard
of living and quality of life.
R M Development
7.1 OBJECTIVES
After going through this Unit, we expect that you should be able to:
Iden@ differentprogrammes of rural development that focus on improvement in
I
various aspects of rural life;
Differentiate the programmes meant for development of infrastructure and other
basic amenitiesin ruralareas as distinguishedfrom those discussed in the preceding
unit, i.e. Unit 6 of this Block; and
Appreciate the trend towards the convergenceof various prograrnmes for holistic
development of rural areas as part of integral development leading to model villages,
among other things.

7.2 SHIFT OF FOCUS IN STRATEGIESOF RURAL-

DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES
As we are aware, the rural development programmes started as a part of organized
efforts of development sincethe inceptionof five year plans. GraduaIljj,more intensified
and wide variety of programmes have been launched which have been reviewed time
and again and the focus has accordingly shifted to remaining aspects of rural life with a
view to enlarge the scope of rural development.
A review of different programmes of rural development reveals that the following
strategies of development were adopted (Singh Katar, 2000):
1) Growth-orientedstrategy;
2) Welfare-oriented strategy;
3) Responsive strategy; and
4) Integrated or holistic strategy.
Rural development policies are designed to improve the conditions under which the
rural people work and live. Changes are desired only when people feel that they
individually cannot bring about the desired adjustments.People in rural areas have a
right to reasonable access to a range of services to meet their various needs. India has
a long history of government intervention in the rural sector of its economy. The focus
for promoting rural development and employment should be on transforming and
developing new and distinctive economicfunctions (GopinathRao, 2006).
We have already discussed some programmes, in Unit 6, which basically focused on
economic development of the rural people and rural areas. Sincethe focus has shifted
over the years to cover different aspects of rural life with a view to make the
developmental effortsmore comprehensive and holistic, we will discuss, in Section 7.2
below, various other programmes of rural development which have combined the
economicdevelopment with infrastructuredevelopment and provision of basic facilities/
amenities in rural areas for increased standard of living and better quality of life.
I

7.3 RURAL BASIC SERVICES AND

INFRASTRUCTUREDEVELOPMENT

I
PROGRAMMES
Rural areas are at a great disadvantage,in relation to urban areas, as far as the provision
of basic infrastructural facilities and services such as roads, drinking water, electricity,
schools, hospitals, police protection, transport and communications is concerned. Not
only are these public facilities and amenitiesin rural areas inadequate,but they are also Rural Development
very poorly organized and undependable. As a result, poor villagers are damned, -
P r o p m e s I1
generation after generation, to poor education, poor health, unemployment and poverty.
Improvement of their plight required intensive government intervention. In fact, the
government has intervened by launchingprogrammes like Minimum Needs Progamme
(MNP), Twenty Point Programme (TPP) and Bharat Nirman.

7.3.1 Minimum Needs Programme (MNP)

The availability of certain basic public services, facilities and amenities represents 'real
income' and constitutespart of the standard of living and quality of life. Duly recognizing
the ne@ for the provision of such facilities and services in rural area, the Government of
India (GOI), as a part of its planned efforts, launched a scheme called the Minimum
Needs Programme (MNP) in the Fifth Five year Plan. The MNP initially included eight
components, viz. elementary education, rural health, rural water supply, rural roads,
rural housing, rural electrification,and environmentalimprovementof urban slums, and
nutrition. During the Sixth Five Year Plan one more component - adult education -was
added; and in the Seventh Five Year Plan the list of items was further expanded with
three more components, viz.ruraldomestic energy, ruralsanitation and public distribution
system (PDS). Thus, at present, totally 12 components are provided under MNP.
They are:
1) Elementary Education,
2) RuralHealth,
3) Rural Water Supply,
4) Rural Roads,
5) RuralHousing,
6) Rural Electrification,

7) EnvironmentalImprovement of Urban Slums,

8) Nutrition,
9) Adult Education,
10) Rural Domestic Cooking Energy,
11) Rural Sanitation,and
12) Public Distribution System (PDS).
To optimize benefits, all the 12 components of the MNP are taken as a package, and
related to specific areas and beneficiary.groups. The level of development of the various
social services and infrastructure varies widely from State to State. A review of the
progranlnle revealed that in most cases, the physical and financial targets had been
achieved satisfactorily. For example, the performance of the elementary education
programmes should be judged in terms of literacy rates and retention ratios, rather than
in terms of the number of children enrolled. Similarly, the performance of rural health
schemes should be judged in terms of the deciine in the death rate, infant mortality rate
and birth rate, and not in terms of number of primary health centres and sub-centres.
Besides, the need for integration of the MNP with other ongoing rural development
programmes at the dirtrict level was also increasingly emphasized.
81
 Check Your Progress
Notes: a) Space given below the question is for writing your answer.
b? Check your answer with the one given at the end of this unit under
"Answers to 'Check Your Progress' Questions."
1) List out four strategiesof Rural development.
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2) What are the components of Minimum Needs Programme (MNP)?
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7.3.2 Twenty Point Programme (TPP)
The Wenty Poiqt Programme (TPP) was launched by the Government of India in
1975.The Pro&amrme was first revised in 1982and againin 1986. Ou er the years, the
need for restructuring the Programme has been felt in the light of our ac hievements and
experiences, as well as the introduction of several new policies and pmgrammes by the
Gover~imentof India. Although the TPP has been in existence for more than three
decades, it is still relevant today as the desired objectivesof eradication of poverty and
improvementin the quality of life of the common man have yet to be completely attained.
TPP-86 has now been restructured keeping in view the challenges of the 2 1" century
with particular reference to the ongoing process of economic reforms, liberahzation
and globalisation of the Indian economy. The programmes and schemes under the TPP-
2006 are in harmony with the priorities contained in the National Common Minimum
Programme (NCMP). It renews the nation's commitmentto eradicatingpoverty, raising
prrxluctivity,reducing income inequalities and removing socialand economic disparities.
The original nomenclature, namely the Twenty Point Programme, which has been in
existence for the past three decades and carries the stamp of familiarity among the
people and administrativeagencies, has been retained ~ttp://www.tn.gov.in/acts-ruled
pdsutpp- updated guide-2008.pdf).
The restructured TPP-2006 consists of 20 Points and 65 monitorable items. The list of
20 Points is as follows (Ibid. For 65 items also, See http://www.tn.gov.in/acts-rules/
pdsu tpp-updated~uide- 2008.pdf):
1) Garibi Hatao (Poverty Eradication) -in Rural and Urban areas.
2) Jan Shakti (Power to People).
3 ) Kisan Mitra (Support to Farmers).
4) Shramik Kalyan (Labour Welfare).

82
5) Khadya Suraksha (Food Security).
 6) Subke Liye Aawas (Housing for All).
7) Shudh Peya Jal (Clean Drinking Water).
8) Jan Jan Ka Swasthya (Health for All).
9) Sabke Liye Shiksha (Education for All).
10) Anusuchit Jaati, Jan Jaati,Alpsankhyak evarnAnya PichhraVarg Kalyan (Welfare :
of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, Minorities and OBCs).
11) Mahila Kalyan (Wornen Welfare).
12) Bal Kalyan (Child Welfare).
13) Ybva Vikas (Youth Development).
14) Basti Sudhar (Improvement of Slums).
15) Paryavaran Sanrakshan evam Van Vridhi (Environment Protection and
Affo~station).
16) Samajik Suraksha (Social Security).
17) Grarneen Sadak (Rural Roads).
18) Grarneen Oorja (Energization of Rural Area).

dm 19) Pichhara Kshetra Vikas (Development of Backward Areas).

20) e-Shasan (IT enabled e-Governance).
The details of each of the above 20 Points include rural development programmes,
among others, and are as follows (Ibid).

1) Garibi HQtao (Poverty Eradication): The eradication of poverty has been an

integralcomponent of the strategy for economic development in India. High poverty
levels are synonymous with poor quality of life, deprivation of basic needs, poor
health, malnutrition, illiteracy and low human resource development. Providing
employment is the most important method of eradicating poverty. Major
employment generation programmes being implemented in the rural areas have
been included under this Point. The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
has come into existence for the enhancementof livelihood security of thehouseholds
in rural areas of the country by providing at least one hundred days of guaranteed
wage employment in every financialyear to every household whose adult members
volunteer to do unskilled manual work and for matters connected therewith or
incidental thereto. In addition, other employment generation scheme like
"Swaranjayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana (SGSY)" to deal with the nualpoverty is
included under this Point. The scheme "Rural Business Hubs in Partnership with
Panchayats" aims at extension of h i t s of economic liberalizationto the rural areas
of the country through rural business hubs. The "Self help Groups" formed under
different schemes, have also been included. To deal with urban poverty
"Swaranjayanti ShehariRojgar Yojana" has been identified.

2) Jan Shakti (Power to People): With a view to empowering the people and
providing quickjustice to them, the following are covered under item Local Self-
Government (Panchayati Raj and Urban Local Bodies): i) Activity Mapping for
devolution of fimctions;ii) Budget Flow of Funds and iii)Assignment of functionaries
for devolution of functions by Panchayats. "Quick and inexpensivejustice" and
"District Planning Cmmittees" have also been included under this Point.
RuralDe-nt 3) Kisan Mitra (Support to Farmers): Keeping in view the needs of the farmers,
this Point titled 'Kisan Mitra' has been formulated with items like "Watershed
development", "Marketing and infrastructural support to farmers", "Inigation
facilities (including minor and micro-irrigation)for agriculture7',"Credit to farmers",
and "Distribution of Waste Land to the Landless". The theme here is that availability
of water for agriculturethrough watershed development, minor and micro-irrigation
projects will improve living standard of farmers.They will also be supposed through
credit, marketing and infrastructural assistance.

4) Shramik Kalyan (Labour Welfare):Rural labourers are largely unorganized.

Many of them remain unemployed in the lean agricultural season, particularly in
unirrigated areas. Legitimate rights like minimum wages often remain elusive to
them. With a view to ensuringthe welfare and well-being of all workers, particularly
those in the unorganized sector,the items like "Social Security for Agricultural and
Unorganised Labour", and "Minimum Wages Enforcement" (including Farm
Labour) have been included in this Point. With the objective of withdrawing from
and rehabilitating children working in identified hazardous occupations and
processes, there is a National Policy on Child labour. The item "Prevention of
Child Labour" has been kept in line with the objectives of the Policy.A separate
Cell for women labour was set up by the Government to pay special attention to
the problems of women labour, specially to formulate policies that seek to remove
the handicaps under which women work and to strengthen their position, to improve
their wages and working conditions, to enhance their skills and open up new
avenues for better employmentopportunitiesfor them. The item 'Welfare of Women
Labour" has been included in this Point to meet the aforesaid objective.

5) Khadya Suraksha (Food Security): For a medium-term str ltegy for food ; ld
nutrition security and to bring out improvements in the fooc storage faciliti :s,
Khadya Suraksha includes items like: i) Targeted Public Di ,tribution Syste n,
(TPDS),ii) Anthoclhya AnnaYojana (AAY), and iii) Establisling Grain banks in
chronically food scarcity areas". In order to make TPDS more focused and targeted
towards BPL population, the Government has restructured the PDS. The AAY
and establishment of Grain Banks aim at ensuring that the poorer segments of the
population get food security coverage.

6) Subke Liye Aawas (Housingfor All): The Government is committed to a

comprehensive programme for urban renewal and to a massive expansion of housing
in towns and cities and also housing for weaker sections in rural area. The Point
'Subke Liye Aswas' has the items "Rural Housing - Indira Aawas Yojana" and
"EWSLIG Houses in Urban areas". The Indira Aawas Yojana is to provide houses
to the houseless poor in nual areas. Under this scheme, assistanceis provided for
new construction or for up-gradation of houses for rural houseless BPL families.
To deal with the problem of houses for economicallyweaker sections and low-
income groups in urban areas, the item "EWSLIG Houses in Urban areas" has
1
been included.

7) Shudh Peya Jal (Clean Drinking Water): Providing clean drinking water to
all households in urban and rural areas and augmenting availability of drinking
water sources is priority Government Policy. The items "Accelerated Rural Water
Supply Programme" in rural areas and "Accelerated Urban Water Supply
Programme" in urban areas have been included in this Point. The main objectives
of these programmes are to provide safe drinking water to all villages, assisting
local communities to maintain sources of safe drinking water in good condition,
84
l!m and giving special attention for water supply to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled
Tribes.
Rural Development
-
Programmes I1

8) Jan-Jan Ka Swasthya (HealthforAII): Improvement in the health condition

of the population is an essential element of human resource developmentand of a
better quality of life. Government is taking a multi-pronged approach in this vital
sector through preventive, promotive and curative measures along with clean
drinking water and proper sanitation. It is a fact that productivity has a direct link
with health, and it increases as health care improves. Keeping this in view, Jan-
Jan Ka Swasthya has the items: "Control and Prevention of major diseases like
(a) HIVIAIDS, (b) TB, (c) Malaria, (d) Leprosy, and (e) Blindness", "National
Rural Health Mission", "Immunisation of Children", "Sanitation Programme in Rural
and Urban areas", "Institutional Delivery", "Prevention of Female Foeticide",
"Supplementary nutrition for Mothers and Children", and 'Two-Child norm".
9) Sabke Liye Shiksha (EducationforAl1): Education is one of the priorities for
human development and is essential for the country's economic growth. The major
indicators of socio-economic development, viz. the growth rate of the economy,
birth rate, death rate, infant mortality rate and literacy rate are allinterconnected.
The literacy rate has been the major determinant of the other indicators. Efforts
are on to eradicate illiteracy in the 15-35 age group and to provide Universal
Elementary Education for children upto 14 years. To ensure that nobody is denied
education because he or she is poor, and also to increase literacy, Sabke Liye
Shiksha emphasises items like "Sarv Shiksha Abhiyan (SSAY' and "Mid-Day
Meal Scheme- and "Compulsory ElementaryEducation". The SSA is a pmenhip
programme between the Central and State Governments, which seeks to improve
the performance of the school system through a community-based approach, with
specific focus on the provision of quality education.The Mid-day Meal scheme is
the largest school-nutritionprogramme in the world. The main objective of the
programme is to improve the nutritional status of children.
10) Anusuchit Jauti, Jan Jauti, Alp-sankhyak evam Anya Pichhra Varg Kalyan
(Welfare of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, Minorities and OBCs):
The Government has given priority to protection of SCs, STs, Minorities and
OBCs for safeguardingtheir interests and ensuring socio-economicjustice to them.
The Prime Minister's New IS-Point Programme for the Welfare of Minorities, has
come into existence recently with the objectives of enhancing opportunitiesfor
education, ensuring an equitable share in economic activities and employment,
improving their conditions of living and prevention of communal disharmony and
violence.To ensure the above, the items like: "SC families assisted", "Rehabilitation
of Scavengers", "ST families assisted, "Rights of Forest dwellers - Owners of
minor forest produce", "Primitive Tribal Group", "No alienation of Tribal lands",
and "Tmplementation of Panchayats (Extensionto ScheduledAreas)Act (PESA)",
'Welfare of Minorities", "Professional education among all minority communities",
and "Reservation of OBCs in Education and Employment" have been included for
monitoring under this Point.
11) Mahila Kalyan (Women Welfare):Societal development is related to the rights
of women, and the full protection of their needs and interests. Gender equality
represented by equal opportunities for women in allspheres of activity will lead to
women's empowerment.The Governmenthas been implementing various schemes
for the socio-economicadvancement and development of women in the country.
To promote gender equality and empower women on the socio-economic front,
85
Rural Development the,Point titled Mahila Kalyan with items like "Financial assistance for women
welfare9', and "Improved participation of women in (a) Panchayats, (bj
Municipalities, (c) State Legislature, and (d) Parliament" will be monitored.
12) Bal Kalyan (ChiM WeEfare):To ensure the welfare of children, this Point has
the items: "Ui~iversalisationof ICDS Scheme", and "Functional Anganwadis". The
ICDS is one of the world's largest programmes for early childhood developrrient.
ICDS is the foremost symbol of India's commitment to her children - India's
response tc, ,'-echallenge of providing pre-school education on the one hand and
breaking the vlcious cycle of malnutrition, morbidity, reduced learning capacity
and mortality, on the other. The Scheme provides for an integrated approach for
converging basic services through com~nunity-basedworkers and helpers. The
services are provided at a centre called the 'Anganwadi'.
13) Yuva Vikas (Youth Developntent): The youth are the hope and future of our
country. They constitute about 30 percent of the population. Lack of proper
employmentopportunities, limited educational facilities, growing strength of divisive
and separatist forces, breakdown of the traditional Indian value system and lure of
western culture are some of the major problems of youth today. With a view to
gi\ ing emphasis or1the development of the youth in the country the Point titled
Yuva Mkas has items like "Sports for all in Rural and Urban Areas", "Rashtriya
Sadbhavaii Yojana9',and "National Service Scheme", which will be monitored.
14) Rasti Sudhar (Improvement of Slums): Urban slums, particularly in the big
cities of our country, are the picture of human misery and degradation.Urbanization
is an inevitablephenomenon of modernization and economic development. Slums
grow as a result of structural inequities in the development of the urban sector.
Due to the high price of land and housing and low purchasing power the urban
poor are forced to join the existing slums for cheap shelter or to occupy any
vacant landlareas wherever available in the city. With a view to paying particular
attention to the needs of slum-dwellers the Point titled Basti Sudhar will monitor
number of urban poor families assisted under the seven point charter, viz. land
tenure, housing at affordable cost, water, sanitation,health, education and social
security.
15) Paryavaran Sanrakshan evam Van Vridhi (Environment Protection and
Afiorestation): Ensuing environmental sustainability along with the development
process through social mobilization and participation of people at all levels is an
important foclis of our development strategy. Strictenvironmental laws, efficient
regulatory agencies and proper enforcement are vital for protection of the
environrnent. Public participation is particularly important for environmental
sustainability. In this area, mass-media has a big role to play. Keeping this in view,
the items like "Afforestation: (a) Area covered under plantation on public and
forest lands, (b) Number of seedlings planted on public and forest lands" have
been included under this Point. In addition, the schemes like National River
Conservation Plan and National Luke Conservation Plan have also been
included under the item "Prevention of pollution of rivers and water bodies". Further
an item, namely, "Solid and Liquid waste management in rural and urban areas"
has also been included under this Point.
16) Samajik Surakshu (SocialSecurity): With a view to providing social security
to the weaker sections of society, this Point has the items "Rehabilitation of
Handicapped and Orphans", and 'Welfare of Aged". ANational Policy for Persons
with Disabilities has been formulated by the Government. The Policy focuses on
 the prevention of disabilities and physical and economic rehabilitationmeasures Rural I[)evelopmen t
for disabled persons. It also addresses the problems of women and children with Programmes-II
disabilities.The Government has also introduced a scheme of assistanceto Homes
for Children to pro-mote In-CountryAdoption with the main objective of regulating
adoption within the country.The population of older persons in India is increasing
at a fast pace. Because of the general improvement in the health-care facilities
over the years, there has been a continuous increase in life expectmcy. More and
more people are now living longer.As such, India has a large percentage of aging
population. The Goverrmkent has announced the National Policy for Older Pelsons
(NPOP) with the main objective to encourage families to take care of their older
family members. The item "Welfare of Aged" has been included under this Point to
meet this objective.
17) Grameen Sadak (Rural Roads): The President of India, in his address to
Parliament on 25th February 2005, announced a majo: plan for rebuilding rural
India called Blurat Nirmun. The Government has identified Rural Roads as one
of the six components of Bharat Nirman and has set a goal to provide connectivity
to all villages with a population of 1000(500 in the case of hilly or tribal areas)
with an all-weather road by 2009 through the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana
(PMGSY). The item Grameen Sadak (Rural Roads) has been added with a view
to give highest priority to the development and expansion of Rural Roads. as
through connectivity the fruits of development can reach the rural areas.
18) Grameen Oorja (Energzklion of RuralAreas): In meeting basic energy needs,
ruralaeas lag behind their urban counterparts both in terms of quantum and quality.
Bio-fuels such as firewood, dung-cakes and agricultural residues continue to
constitute the main sourcesof energy in these areas. To meet the energy requirement
of rural areas, besides supply of conventionalelectricity,non-conventional energy
sources like bio-gas and solar systems hold the key to the energizationof remote
villages. To provide energy to ruralareas, items like "Bio-diesel Production", "Rajiv
Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana", "Renewable Energy", "Energizing Pump-
Sets", "Supply of Electricity", and "Supply of Kerosene and L P G have been
included under this Point. To promote the use of Bio-diesel, which besides being
eco-friendly also reduces the burden on import of petroleum products, the
Government is concentrating towards development of Bio-fuel. The National
Mission on Bio-diesel with special focus on plantation of Jatropha Curcas has
been recently launched by the Government. The Indian scientific establishment
has been working on the development of various renewable energy systems. The
Govenment supports a broad-spectrum programme covering the entire range of
new and renewable energy. The programme seeks to supplement conventional
power through wind, small hydro and biomass power reach, renewable energy to
remote rural areas for cooking and lighting, and encourage use of renewable energy
in urban, industrial and commercial applications; and develop alternatefuels, i.e.
hydrogen, synthetic fuel and bio-fuel systems/devicesfor stationary,portable and
transport applications. The item "Renewable Energy" has been kept to meet these
objectives. The National Electricity Policy has been notified. The Policy aims at
accelerated developmentof the power sector,providing supply of electricity to all
areas and protecting interests of consumers and other stakeholders. The salient
features of the policy are Access to Electricity and Availability of Power. The item
"Supply of Electricity" addresses these issues. With a view to address the energy
needs the item "Supply of Kerosene and L P G has been kept. The distribution of
Kerosene under the Public DistributionSystem (PDS) is through State Governments
and this item needs to be monitored especially for poor families.
Rural Development 19) Pichhara Kshetra Vikas (Developmentof BackwardAreas): With a view to
develop the backward areas in the country, the item titled "Backward Regions
Grant Fund" has been kept under this Point for monitoring. The Backward Regions
Grant Fund is designed to redress regional imbalancesin developmentthrough the
medium of Panchayati Raj Institutions. It aims to cover, through supplementary
infrastructure and capacity-building, substantial development inflows into 250
selected districts through a well coordinated effort at integrated development.
This programme will integrate multiple programmes that are in operation in the
district and, therefore, address backwardness through a combination of resources
that flow to the district. The fund itself will provide financialresources for filling of
critical gaps, capacity-building of local bodies, and enlisting professional support
for local bodies for implementation,planning and monitoring of their plans.
20) e-Shusan (IT enabled e-Governance):The Governmenthas recently approved
the National e-GovernancePlan (NeGP) consistingof Key Components including
Common Core and Support Infrastructure and several Mission Mode Projects
(MMPs) to be implemented at the Central, State and Local Government levels.
The NeGP aims at improving delivery of Government services to citizens and
businesses. The vision of NeGP is to make all Government services accessible to
the common man in his locality, h u g h common servicedelivery outlets and ensure
efficiency,transparency and reliability of such services at affordablecosts to realize
the basic needs of the common man. With a view to facilitate realization of this
vision, the Point titled e-Shasan (IT enabled e-Governance) with e-governance
projects at the Central and State Governments level as well as Panchayats and
Municipalities level has been included.
The above 20 Points along with the details thereof provide us a holistic understanding
of the efforts of the GO1for rural development, among others. These efforts continue
with minor modifications to the existing programmes / schemes and operationalisation
of some other yet to be operationalised programmes already included therein for their
effective implementationunder the relevant areas.
Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF): For furtherance of rural
development, the GO1has set up Rural InfrastructureDevelopment Fund (RIDF) in
1995-96, under the aegis of NABARD, which was a landmark in the government's
efforts to improvethe basic infrastructurein rural areas through increased availability of
funds for the purpose. The prime objective of RIDF is to provide financial assistance to
stategovernmentfor speedy completion of inhstructure projects such as major, medium
and minor irrigation projects, rural roads, bridges, market yards, drainage structures,
primary health centres,primary schools and ruraldrinking water supply projects, which
could not be completed due to the paucity of funds. With the initial corpus of Rs.2,000
crore under RIDF - I in 1995-96,the cumulative accretion to the fund had reached the
level of Rs. 60,000 crore under RIDF-XI1in 2006-07. The Fund lends to the state
governmentsevery year in tranches at an interest rate, which is 0.50 per cent higher
than the prevailing bank rate. Among the corpus funds, 40 per cent is invested on rural
roads and 39 percent on irrigation projects. NABARD conducts evaluation studies on
a regular basis to assess the socio-economic impacts of the investmentmade under the
RIDF programme (Singh, 2009).
 Rural IDevelopment
Check Your Progress Programmes- I1
Notes: a) Space given below the question is for writing your answer.

b) Check your answer wi* the one given at the end of this unit under
"Answers to 'Check Your Progress' Questions."
3) List out the 20 points in the Twenty Point Programme. Explain the ~ i ~ c a nofc e
TPP in the context of rural development.
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4) Expand RIDF. When was RIDF set up?
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7.3.3 Bharat Nirman
The development of rural India is an imperative for inclusive and equitable growth atid
to unlock the huge potential of the population that is presently Gapped in poverty with
its associated deprivations. The analysis of incidence of poverty across Indian States
indicatesthat poverty is very closely linked to the absence of social infrastructure.The
Eleventh FinanceCommission had constructed an index of hhstructure which included
economic, social and administrativeinfrastructureindicators.These were: i) agriculture,
ii) banking, iii) electricity, iv) transport, v) communication, vi) health, and vii) civil
administration.Ifwejuxtapose the index of infrastructure with incidence of poverty, we
find that generally States with high infrastructure index have low incidence of poverty
@~://planningcommission.nic.inlplandp1anreVfivey/ll W 11-~3111 v3-ch6.pdf).
Creation of infrastructure,both physical and social, has been given a greater thrust in
the Tenth Five Year Plan. Bharat Nirrnan is a four year programme executed during
2005-09 for achieving identified goals in six selected areas of rural infrastructure:
irrigation,drinkingwater, housing, roads, telephony and electrification.The main objective
of thisprogrammeis to have telephony and electricityin every village, and every habitation
will have access to safe drinking water for a population of at least 1,000(500 in hilly1
tribal areas) and access to all-weather roads. Further, it proposed to construct 60 lakh
houses and bring additional one crore hectares of cultivable area under irrigation. The
proposed investment over the period of four years is over Rs. 1,74,000 crore. The
Eleventh Plan had built further on the foundationslaid by the Bharat Nirman Programme
and other flagshipprogrammes to provide opportunities for improved living conditions
a3 well as livelihoods.

7.3.3.1 Irrigation
About one crore hectares of cultivable land will be brought under assured irrigation
through the completion of ongoing major and medium irrigation projects (42 lakh ha),
minor irrigation schemes (28 lakh ha), enhanced utilization of completed projects (20 89
Rural Development lakh ha) and ground water developmentin areas with unutilized ground water potential
(10 lakh ha). The estimated outlay for the year 2006-07 was Ks.7,12 1crore. During
firstyear (2005-06)of its implementationit is estimated that around 6 lakh ha or irrigation
potential had been created through completion of ongoingmajor and medium irrigation
projects. Conlpletion of another 17 projects with irrigation potential of 3.2 lakh ha wa\
targetel; for 2006-07.
7.3.3.2 Drinking Water Supply in Rural Areas
Providing safe drinking water in rural habitations is a state subject; the GO1has been
providing assistance to state governments. The GO1 has set the goal to provide safe
drinking water in all rural habitations by 2004. To achieve the desired results. many
programmes like Accelerated Rural Water Szipply Programme (ARWSP) and Prime
Minuter's Gramodaya Yojana -Rural Drinking Water (PMGY - RDW) have been
implemented.These programmes intended to help resolve drinking water crisis in mrd
areas emphasizing the need for rain-water harvesting, sustainabilityof resources and
community participation. ARIQSPis implemented by the implementing agencics like
Public Health and Engineering Department or the Panchayati Raj Department. The
progrrnme has taken into consideration the following for rural people:

1) 40 litre per capita per day (lpcd) for drinking water for human beings.
2) 30 lpcd of additional water for cattle in areas under the DDP.
3) One hand-pump or stand-post for every 250 persons.
4) Availability of water source in the habitation or within 1.6 krn in the plains and 100
in elevation in hilly areas.
The goal of the drinking water supply scheme is to ensure the provision of access to
safe drinlcing water to:

aj Estimated 55,000habitations in lndia which are without any :safesource of drinkbig

water;
b) Estimated 2.8 lakh habitations that have slipped back from full coverage, and
c) Estimated 2.17 lakl~habitations that have problems of w;vaftl quality.
For this, the total outlay for the first avo yeus of Bharat Nir),lan exceeds Rs.9,000
crore. Some 7,596 uncovered habitations were provided drinlring water and 46,106
slipped-back habitation?were covered again in 2005-06. Thr allocation of funds for
the Rctjiv Gandhi Nationul Llr-inking Water Missioa (RGND\;v lvl) has been increased
from Rs.4,680 crore in 2006-07 to Rs.5,350 crore in 2007-08.
7.3.3.3 Rural Housing
The budget outlay for rural housing under Indira Awaas Yojana (IAY) has heen enhanced
steadily from Rs.1,900 crore in 2003-04 to Rs.2,920 crore in 2006-07. Since,the
inception of the scheme in 1985-86 till 30 January 2006, about 138 lakh houses had
been consti.ucted and upgraded with the total expenditureof Rs.25,208 crore.
7.3.3.4 Rural Telephony

I
About 66.822 villages without telephones were targeted to be covered by September
2007. More than 50million ruralconnectionswere rolled out in three years and thereafter
connection made available on demand. About 24,687 villages were provided telephones
in 2005-06 itself.
 I

7.3.3.5 Rural Electr~cation Rural Ikvelopment

-
~ , r a r n m e sn
Prior to 2005, over 1,00,000villages in India did not have electricity. To remedy this
situation, the government had initiated Rujiv Gundhi Grameen Xdyuthikaran Yojana
(RGGVY) in April 2005. The total resource outlay for the first two years of Bharat
h'irman for this purpose was Rs.5,000 crore. Bharat Nirman will not only reach electricity
to the remaining villages but will also offer electricity cc)nnectionqto an estimated 2.3
crore households. Further, at least one 3311 1 KV sub-station will be set up in each
block and at least one distribution transformer in each habitation. Approximately, 6,580
villages were electrifiedin 2005-06,while projects were sanctioned for covering 5 1,284
villages and 69 lakh rural households. The GO1 has realized the need for involving the
1
private sectorin creatingnew and improving the existing infra~tructure and is encouraging
public-private partnership (PPP) for the purpose. The PPP offers several advantages
such as cost-saving, access to specialized expertise,proprietary technology,professional
I
management and sharing of risks.
Check Your Progress
Notes: a) Space given below the question is for writing your answer.
b) Check your answer with the one given at the end of this unit under
I
I
"Answers to 'Check Your Progress' Questions."
5) List out four considerations of Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme
(ARWSP) regarding drinking water supply in rural areas.

......................................................................................................................
5,) How many villages did not have electricity in India prior to 2@5?

......................................................................................................................
7) What does the acronym RGGVY stand for?

7.3.4 Pradan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PGSY)

F'radan Mantri Cram Sadak Yojana was launched on 251hDecember 2000 as a 100
per cent centrally-sponsoredscheme to provide all-weather road connectivity in rural
areas of the country. The programme envisaged connecting all habitations with a
population of 500 persons and above in the plain areas, and 250 persons and above in
hill states, the tribal and desert areas. About 1.67 lakh unconnected habitations are
Rural Development eligible for coverage under the programme. This involves construction of about 3.7 1
lakh Krns of roads for new connectivity and 3.68 lakh Krns under up-gradation (http:/
/pmgsy.nic.in/Intr-E.pdf).
Repairs of black-topped or cement roads even under bad surface condition are not
permitted. The objective of the scheme is to provide road connectivityto the unconnected
habitations in the rural areas by all-weather roads. Habitations with a population of
1000persons and above are initially covered under this programme and all unconnected
habitations with a population of 500 or more are to be connected by 2007 (Rajakutty,
2009).
An empowered committee chaired by the Secretary,Department of Rural Development.
Go1 receives project proposals from the state Governments. The state government
appoints a nodal department with the overall responsibility to implement the scheme.
Panchayati Raj Institutions would take rare of the maintenance of the entire road-
networks. The District Panchayat shall ensure that priority is accorded in providing
new connectivity to all unconnected habitations. The District Panchayat gives priority
as follows:
Providing new connectivityto unconnected habitations with a population of 500 +
(and 250 + in the case of hill states).
Providing new connectivity to unconnected habitations with population of 250-
499 (125 - 249 in the case of hill stations).
routcs in the case network (only ruralroads to be covered).
Upgradation of throilgl~
Up-gradation of link routes.
Benefits to rural people: The scheme provides benefits to the rural people through
an effective poverty-reductionstrategy which include:

1) Enhancing employment opportunities to the rural people through new road

construction and maintenance works, which leads to a rise in their income;

2) Increasing agriculturalproduction by making farm-inpulx easily available in the

villages;
I
3) Facilitating output-marketingby reduction in transport costs from rural to urban I

areas.
4) Improving the rural road-connectivity and the quality ( .: life through improving
access to facilities, viz. education, health, transport and rilarket.

5) Generating additional employmentdirectly as well as indirectly through easy access

to the market for the rural produce.
6) Helping in reduction of socio-culturaldifferences between m a l and urban areaq.

7) Reducing n . - u r b a n migration with all-weather-roadmaking village a better place

to live.

7.3.5 Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan

Education in India is provided by the public sector as well as the private sector, with
control and funding coming from three levels: federal, state, and local. The various
Articles of the Indian Constitution provide for education as a fundamental.right. India
has made progress in terms of increasing primary education, attendance rate anti
1
expanding literacy to approxinaately two-thirds of the population. The private education Rural 1)evelopment
market in India is merely 5% although in t e r n of value it is estimated to be worth $40 Programmes - I1
billion in 2008 and will increase to $78 billion by 20 12 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wikil
Eciucation-in-lndia). However, India continues to face stem challenges.
In 1986,the Govement of India brought out its landmark New Education Policy. The
policy made primary education a national priority and envisaged an increase in resources
committed - to at least 6 per cent of GDP. At the same time, the central government
also launched several cenb-ally-sponsoredschemes to improve primary education across
the country.
In the mid 1990s' a series of District Primary Education Programmes (DPEP) were
introduced in districts where female literacy rates were low. The DPEPs pioneered
new initiitivesto bring out-of-school children into school, and were the first to decentralize
planning for primary education and actively involve communities.
Zndiu9s Flagship Elementary Education Program - Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan:
In 2001, (he Central Govement introduced its flagship Sarva ShikshaAbhiyan (SSA)
programme to provide elementary education for all children of India. The SSA is one of
the largest programmes of its kind in the world. It builds on the pioneering initiatives of
the DPEPs and seeks to meet the needs of almost 200 million children living in over a
nlillion habitations across the country. It is one of India's first major programmes to
cover upper primary education - grades 6-8 as well.
Enrolling all 6-14year-old children by 2010: The programme aimed at enrolling all
6-14 year-olds in school by 2010, retaining them in school, and providing them with
quality education at least till grade eight, which has remained a target to be achieved, a
much tougher requirement than meeting the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) by
2015. To achievethis goal, the programme is improving access to education by making
a primary school available within one kilometer of all habitations, mobilizing communities
in favor of education, supportingthe training of teachers, developing teaching-learning
materials, and monitoring learning outcomes.
Bringing the hardest-to-reachchildren into school: The programme seeks to reduce
gender and social gaps by specially focusingon girls-children from disadvantagedgroups
such as the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes, and those belonging to minority
communities as well as children with special needs (http://www.worldbank.org.in).

7.3.6 Programme for Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation:

Central Rural Sanitation Programme
State Governments have the responsibility to provide safe drinking water and sanitation
in the rural areas. Government of India supports ar~dsupplements the efforts of the
State Governments in this regard. Programme for Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation
have been under implementationever since inception of the fust five-yearplan.
The Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme (ARWSP) was introduced by the
Government of India in 1942-43.ATechnology Mission on Drinking Water popularly
called the "National Drinking Water Mission (NDWM) was launched in 1986, which
subsequently was renamed as the Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission
(RGNDWM) in 1991.Upto end of November 2001,87.89% habitations in the country
were having access to adequate water (fully covered) with 40 litres per capita per day
(lpcd). About 10.85% were partially covered and about 20,000 habitations still remained
to be covered. States are also being supported from 2000-01, under the rural drinking
water componentof Prime Minister's Grarnodaya Yojna (PMGY-RDW). Sector Reform
Rural Development has been introduced in selected 63 districts in the collntry on a pilot basis on demand-
driven community participation, and cost-sharing approach by the user-groups. Other
support activities like social-mobilisation,capacity-building,IEC,Human Resource
Development (HRD), MIS. etc., supplement the main ARWSPand PMGY (RDW).
Cetitr.01Rurul Sui~ira~ion f ~ o g r u ~ n mwas
r launcllecl in 1986 to complement the efforts
of Smte Govzrn~~le~ltb. Due to the bpecial initiative taken duriug the 9th Plail Period,
total househulds coverage amo~~gst the Stale5 varied betwecn 16-20%.Based { J n the
strakgy o u t h d 3n Ninth Plm, the Central Rural Sanitatio~~ h g anme was restruciwed,
which is "de~inand-diven"aid people centered. Total SanitationCampaigr~(TSC) was
introduced and is being imnpleulented in p~ojectmode in 200 identified districts. The
revised approach in the progralmrle emphasizes more on Information, Education and
Conmiu~lication(IECjactivities. The Programme was continued in the 10th Plan Period
also it1order to cover remaining districts in the country (http://~~ww.ddws.gov.in/sites/
upload~files/ddws/files/pdf/Department%20of%20Drinking%20Water
%20and%20Sanitation%20-%20Agendav.pdf).
Thus, Rural Sanitatirjir is a State subje~t.The efforts of the States are, however,
suyple~ne~ited by tht: Ceutral Government through technical and financial assislarice
unde~the Central Kural Sar~itdtionProgramme (CRSP).The Programme objectives
include: improving the quality of life of iural lmple and providing privacy and dignity to
wor~len.'The concept of :;anitation wcis expanded in 1993to include personal hygiene,
home sanitation, safe waler and disposal of garbage, hullian excreta and waste-water.
The components ofthe programme included construction of individual sanitary toilets
for households below poverty-line (BPL), conversion of dry-latrinesto water-pour-
flush-toilets, constructionof village sanitary complexesfor women, setting up of sanitary
marts and production centres, intensive campaign for creating awareness and health
education, etc (littp://india.go~~.in/sectord~~~dindex. phpl?id=l1).
Keeping in view the experiences of the Central and State Governments, NGOs and
other implementing agencies rind the recommendations of the Second National Seminar
on Rural Sanitatiorr, the sisategy for the Ninth Five Year Plan was revised and the
programme was restructured from 1"April 1999.The restructured programme moves
away from the principle of stale-wise allocation of funds, primarily based on poverty
criteria, to a demand-driven approach in a phased manner. Total SanitationCampaign
(TSC) was introduced and the Allocation-Based Programme was phased out by 3 1''
March 2002. TSC has become community-led and people-centred. There was a shift
from a high-subsidy to a low-subsidy regime. The TSC approach emphasized
awareness-building component and meets the demand through alternate delivery
mechanism. School Sanitationhas been introduced as a major component to encourage
wider acceptance of sanitation among rural masses. The StatesIUTs are required to
formulate project proposals under the TSC in order to claim Central government
assistance (Ibid).
Under the TSC, 559 projects in 30 States/UTs have heen sanctioned with the total
project outlay of about Rs.6,240.27 crore. The Central, State and BeneficiaryJPanchayat
contributions are about Rs.3,675.38 crore, Rs. 1,424.09 crore and Rs, 1,140.80crore
respectively. The components sanctioned in the 559 projects are (Ibid):

a) Constructionof 499 lakh individualhousehold-latrines;

b) 6,56,690 toilets for Schools;
c) 36,098 Community Sanitary Complexes;
d) 1,99,033toilets for BalwadislAnganwadis;and Rural Developmenl
-
Programmes 11
e) 4,030 Rural Sanitary Marts/Production Centres.
Besides, funds hdve been earmaiked for start-up activities, Information,Education and
Comniu~lication(IEC)and Admirristrdtive charges.To add vigour to the implementation
of '1 SC, C;overnment of Inha has separately launched an award scheme 'R'in~uzlGrum
Puraskai-' @GI?) for fully-sanibsedand open-defecation-freeGram Yanchayats, blmks
and districts. In the first year of its instituhon, only 40 PRls were awarded NGP on 24
February 2005. In the second year, the nun~berof awarded PRIsrBlocks and
organisations has increased to 772. His Excellency, Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, President
of India, distributed the Awards on 23 March 2006 (Ibid).
Mo~piturhgand Evaluation:~ . Ministr). c of Rural Develcpment lays great emphasis
on rlloritoring and evalmtion of all nualdevelopinent progdlrmes in general and poverty
alleviation and employment genelationschemes in particular,king implementedin various
StatesrUTs. It is well recognised that the success of the programmes largely depends
on the effective delivery system and efficient iinplementation at the grassroots level so
that the pragramme benefits reach tlle 1urh1poctr in full measures. In order to ensure
this, the Ministry has evolved a comprehensive multi-level and multi-tool system of
Moaitoring and Eqaluation for the impleme~itationof its plogrammes. The Ministry has
alsorake~linihtivesto stn:nb&en the monitoringmechailism and quality of implementatio~l
of prngrammes by introducing District Level Monitoring (DLM) System in 130districts
of 27 States through external agencies which include monthly reporting of physical and
financiJ performatlce, qualitative reporting about policy and impleinentation
environrne~~ts in the district and physical verification of the assets crated under various
programmes of the Ministry (Ibid).
Sitnilarly, DLM of Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) and Swajaldhara is implemented
in 398 districts of the country w.e.f. 1" July 2005. This system aims at providing
continuous, transparent and accountable monitoring inputs in reporting form;it with the
objectives of reporting of the process and progress of the programmes covering dii'ferenf
componentsof the p r o ~ a n n ~Itsalso
. aimsat identificationof gaps in the implementation
at the village, block, district and state levels. The nionito~ingsystem also elicits the
stakeholders' views, assesses the institutional issues, and documents case-studies and
success stories on best practices, innovations and lessons-learned.
In order to strengthen the monitoring mechanism, the Ministry has a panel of about 300
National k v e l Moni~orscompising retired servicemen and Retired Civil Servants to
moriitor and furnish periodicreports to the Ministry on the implementationof programmes
in selected districts including verifying facts of the cases and complaints, if any, which
may be referred to them (http://india.gov.in/sectors/ruraVindex.php?id=11).
The Union Government in recent years has given emphasis to e-governancein all possible
areas. Accordingly, the Ministry of Rural Development has also initiated action with the
state Governments and LJTs to ensure that information and progress reports completed
by Districts Rural DevelopmentAgencies (DRDAs) are sent through the electronic
medium.About 400 (DRDAs) have started sending their reports through online. Efforts
are king made in this direction to obtain online progress reports from all the remaining
DWAs (Ibidj.

7.3.7 National Rural Health Mission (NRHM)

Public health expenditure in India has declined from 1.3% of GDP in 1990to 0.9% of
GDP in 1999. The Union Budgetary allocation for health is 1.3% while the State's 95
Rural Development Budgetary allocation is 5.5%. Union Government's contribution to public health
expenditure is 15% while States' contribution is about 85%.Vertical Health and Family
Welfare Programmes has limited synergisation at operationallevels. Lack of community
ownership of public health programmes impacts levels of efficiency,accountability and
effectiveness, and they remain the major issues. Lack of integration of sanitation, hygiene,
nutrition and drinking water are the crises in public health. Curative servicesfavour the
non-poor: for every Re. 1 spent on the poorest 20% population, Rs.3 is spent on the
richest quintile. Only 10% Indians have some form of health insurance, mostly
inadequate. Hospitalized Indians spend on an average 58% of their total annual
expenditure.Over 40% of hospitalized Indians borrow heavily or sell assets to cover
expenses. Over 25% of hospitalized Indians fall below poverty line because of hospital
expenses (http://mohfw..nic.in/NRHM/Documents/Missim-Docment.~.
Recognizing the importance of health in the process of economic and social development
and improving the quality of life of our citizens, the Government of India has resolved to
launch the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM)to carry out necessary architectural
correction in the basic health care delivery system. The Mission adopts a synergistic
approach by relating health to determinants of good health, viz. segments of nutrition,
sanitation,hygiene and safe drinking water. It also aims at mainstreaming the Indian
systems of medicine to facilitate health care. The Vision of the National Rural Health
Mission (2005-12)seeks to provide effective healthcare to nualpopulation throughout
the country with special focus on 18states, which have weak public health indicators
andlor weak infrastructure.The Plan of Action includes increasingpublic expenditure
on health, reducing regional imbalance in health infrastructure, pooling resources,
integration of organizationalstructures,optimizationof health manpower, decentdzation
and district management of health programmes, community participation and ownership
of assets, induction of management and financialpersonnel into district health system,
and operationalizingcommunity health centers into functional hospitals meeting Indian
Public Health Standardsin each Block of the Country.
The Goal of the Mission is to improve the availability of and access to quality health
care by people, especially those residing in rural areas, the poor, women and children.
The Mission aims to achieve the following( h t t p : / / w w w . m o h f w . n i c . ~ a s k - g r p l
Mission-kument.pdf):
9 Reduction in Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) and Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR);
9 Universal access to public health services such as women's health, child health,
water, sanitationand hygiene, immunization,and nuhitian;
9 Prevention and control of communicableand noncommunicablediseases including
locally endemic diseases;
9 Access to integrated comprehensiveprimary healthcare;
9 Population stabilization,gender and demographic balance;
9 Revitalize local health traditions and mainstreamAYUSH; and
 Rural lkvelopment
-
Programmes II
Notes: a) Space given below the question is for writing your answer.
b) Check your answer with the one given at the end of this unit under
"Answers to 'Check Your Progress' Questions."
8) What are the components sanctioned under TSC?
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
9) What is the name of the award launched under TSC by the Government of
India? What was the purpose of launching it?
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
10)What are the goals of NRHM?
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
11) Mention the priorities of District Panchayat under PMGSY.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
12)What are the benefits intended to accrue to the rural people under PMGSY?
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
7.3.8 Integrated Rural Energy Programme (IREP)
Integrated Rural Energy Programme (IREP) was launched during the Seventh Five
Year Plan with the aim of developing the planning and institutioi~alcapabilities at the
State, District and Block levels to formulate and implement area-based micro-level
 Rural Development plans to tap in an integrated manner all types of energy sources.Under this programmt:.
planning and implementationof Block level energy plans and projects is king achieved
through the involvement of people's participation, government and non-government
agencies and the panchayats. This also emphasizesthe increase in institutionalcapability
througi, integrated ncal aiergy phns and projecls in order to meet the basic subsistence
and productive levels in the most deprived and back~lrr~rd area, ~f !ire S~atc.The
I
objectives of this programme are ~http:/!imdia.go~i.inlcitirenlagricu!turel
vic,~vscb?eme.php?schemcik 1 269).
I To provide for minimum domestic energy needs for cooking, heating and lighting
a)
purposes to nlral people in TREP Blocks

b) l o provide the most cost-effective mix of various energy sources and ophons for
meeting the requirements of sustainabte agriculture and rural development with
due environmental considerations.
c) To e n s m people's participation in the planning md implerncnbtion of U%Pphs
and projects through thc involvementof panchayats, vo~untaryorganisationsand
other institu5onsat the micra level.

d) 7'9 develop and strengthenmecha.lisms and coordination arrangementsfor linking

micro-level planning for rural energy with National and State level planniplg and
yrogramrtles for efiergy and economic developrncnt so as to ensurc rcgular and
planned flow of energy- inputs for rrneethng the requirements of various end-users
in I M P Rlocks. This scheme is being implemented on 5050 cost-sharingbasis
between the States and the Centre.

7.3.9 Integrated Watershed Management Programme

(OWMP)
Tzchicdl Committeeunder the Chairmanshipof Prof. C. H. Hanumantha Rao (1994)
v;a appointed to assess the Drought-ProneAreas Programme ([DPAP)and the Desert
+ Developrnent Programme (DDP) with the purpose of identifying weaknesses and
suggesting improvements. The Committee, after careful appraisal, opined that the
"programmes have been jmplemented in a fragmented manner t y different departments
through rigid guidelines without any well-designed plans p r e p c d on watershed-basis
and ~vitlo~ltinvolving the Lahabitantswith few exceptions. Ecc $logicaldegradation has
been proceeding unabated in these areas with reduced forest cover, reducing water-
table and a shortage of drinking water, fuel and fodder" (Hanf~r tintha Rao Committee,
1994).The Committee made a number of recomrnendatior, md formulated a set of
guidelines that brought the DDP, the DPAP and the IntegratedWastelands Development
Plopm>rte ( m F )und:~a sjngle ut~~brella The water shed project$ t;rken up b y the
Ministry of Rural Development PloRD) from 1994to 200 1followed these guidelines.
In 2000, the Ministry of Agriculture revised its guidelines for its programme, namely the
National Watershed Development Project for Rain-fed Areas (MVDPRL4),Thesz
guideline3 were jntended to be common guidelines to make the prcprame more
participatory, sustainable and equitable. However, the MoRD revised the 1994
Hanumantha Rao Committee guidelines in 2001 and yet again jn 2003 under the
nomenclahm b'HariyaliGuidelines".
Hariyali was launched on Jairuary 27,2003, which is applicabletoall watershed project\
sanctioned after April 2003 under DPM, DDP and IWDP. Watershed projects
sanctioned prior to April 2003 continualto be implementedas per the R e k i d Guidelines
2001. The challenge in rain-fcd areas reveal that soil and water consenlzition, watershed
98 development and efficientwater management are the key to sustainabledevelopnieint
of the rail i-fed areas and also to improve nuallivelihoodsthrough participatory watershed R u d Ikvelopment
&~g;rammes- I1
developmentwith focuson integrated farming systemsfor enhancingincome, productivity
and livelihood security in a sustainable manner. It is in this context that, in coordination
with the Planning Commission, an initiative has been taken to formulate "Common
Guidelinesfor Wakelied Dcvelopmcnt Projec:s" in order to i:a17:: a unified perspective
by all Ministries emphasizing on: i) Delegating powers to State,ii) FinancialAssistance
to Dedicated Institutions, iii) Enhanceduratiola of programme, iv) Livelihood orientation,
V) Cluster approach, vi) Scientikic Planning, vii) Capacity Building. and viii) Multi-tier
approach.These guidelines are, therefore, applicable to all watershed development
projects in allDepartments /Ministries of Government of India concerned with Wakrsl~ed
Developrtient Projects. With effect from 1st April 2008, Integrated Watershed
Management Programme (IWMP) has been implemented under Common Guidelines
on Watershed Development, 2008.
The main objective of the IWMP is to restore the ecological balance by harnessing,
conserving and developing degraded natural resources such as soil, vegetative cover
and water. The outcomes are prevention of soil mn-off, regeneration of natural vegetzition,
rain water harvesting and recharging of the ground water-table. This enables multi-
cropping and the introduction of diverse agro-based activities, which help to provide
sustainablelivelihoods to the people residing it1the watershed area. In addition, there is
a Technology Development, Extension and Training (TDET) Schemebeing implemented
to promote development of cost-effectiveand proven technologies to support watershed
management.
Check Your Progress
Notes: a) Space given below the question is fbr writing you mts\ 21.

b) Check your answer with the one givea at the m d of this uxi; u~d::
"Answers to 'Check Your IZri~g~-css'
Qlmestior~s."
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13)What are the component5 emphasized in the IRWP Carnr~~jn
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7.3.10 Convergence sf Rural Develsp~nentProgramnmes
The M o m , Go1has made a wbstantial contribr~tiorlto improving n~rallivelihood in
India. Most of the rural people depend on natural resourecs and agriculture for their
livelihoods. Supportivepolicies, robust institutions, and regulatory and incentiveshucme\
that both encourage gmwth and protect the most vulnerable are eqsential to lmprovmg
their livelihoods. This has been mainly achieved by supporting pr.egrammc3led hy the
central and the state governments. These progaanneq have adopted different approaches
from watershed to Self-Help Group3 and otber institution^. A capacity-building
progranlme at all levels - from State to village - is inherent to the success of the
programme. In recent years, substantial public investments are being made for
strengthening of the riral economy and the livelihood-baseof the poor, especially the
marginalised sections like the SCsISTs and women. To maximise outcome of these
inl~estmentsand effectively address the issue of poverty alleviatio~,there is need to
optimize efforts through inter-sectoral approaches.
Rural Development It is noted that many progranlmes planned and executed by different ministries /
departments/ agencies havc almost similar objectives targeting the same groups / mas.
This duplicity of efforts has been resulting in wastage of resources and failure to achieve
synergies.Further,the evaluation studies have been criticd of the leakages, inefficiencies
and inefectil~eness of the programmedesigns and implementationof the ruraldevelopmer~t
programmes. Lack of transparency, use of obsolete technologies, lack of coordination
*
among agencies, non-participationof the target groups in planning and execution, lack
of qualified personnel in adequate numbers and top-down approaches have been
identified as some of the major determinants of the sub-optimal use of the scarce
resources. The present levels of poverty, unemployment, food insecurity and
environmental degradation are the outcomes of non-convergent and non-participaicry
planning processes. Other areas of concern are adoption of less productive technologies
and limited institutional capacities. Development planning process should, therefore. be
sensitive to these challenges.
The convergence planning can achieve multiple goals such as maximization of returns
from the investment,promotion of public-private-community partnerships, sustainable
development, meeting the unmet needs of the community and emergence of good
governance. The instruments include pooling of resources, both human and capital,
transfer of productive and eco-tiiendlytechnologiesandvalue addition through provision
of backward and forward linkages. The process of convergence includes the fc!lowing
(Rao, et al, 2010):

a) goal congruence among the stakeholders,

b) decentralized planning with focus on local needs, problems and other issues -
bottom-up approach,

C) identifying potential areas/activities/schemesfor convergence,

d) technical know-how and administrative guidance - top-down approach in
dissemination of technical knowledge,
e) activity-time chart,
f) role clarity among stakeholders,

g) funds flow consistent with activity-timeframes,

h) consultationswith the stakeholders at various levels, and

3 new activity mapping as per convergence plan.

Convergenceof inter-sectoral programmes with rural development programmes will
enable better planning and effective investments in rural areas. The empowerment,
ducation (capacity-building);and energizingthe Panchayats by invoking convergence
of the development schemes will be crucid for rural development. For this intent,working
for Pmchayats should be made a career option for the rural people. Convergencealso
brings synergy between different governmentprogrammes and/or schemesin terns of
their planning process and implementation. A Task Force has been set up to explore
more comprehensive and effectivepossibilities and to review strategies of convergence,
latent in MGNREGATaskforcereport (www.nrega.net). The MoRD has formulated
convergence guidelines with MGNREGS and line departments like water resources,
ICAR, MoEF, PMGSY, land resources, etc.
 7.3.11 Pradhm Mantri Adarsh Gram Yojana (PMAGY) Rural Development
-
PrOg1rammes I1
t The Pradhm Mantri Adarsh Gram Yojana scheme was launched in 2009- 10, on a pilot
basis, to cover 1000 villages with more than 50 per cent Scheduled Caste population.
Vision of an 'Adarsh Gram' (Model Viiage): Amodel village is one having adequate
physical and institutional infrastructure in which minimum needs of all sections of the
society are fully met; they live in harmony with each other as also with the environments
and a village which is progressive and dynamic. These villages should be covered with
all the facilities necessary for dignified living, creating thereby an environment in which
I all its residents are enabled to utilize their potential to the fullest (Meenu Jain, 201 I).
I
I Objectives: The objectives of the scheme include the following.
To ensure integrated development of the selected 1000villages with more than 50
per cent Scheduled Caste population.
These villages will have all requisite physical and social infrastructures for their
socio-economic development.
Disparity between the Scheduled Caste and Non-Scheduled Caste population in
terms of common socio-economicindicators (e.g. literacy rate, completion rate of
elementary education, IMRIMMR, ownership of productive assets, etc) is
eliminated; the indicators are raised to at least the level of the national average.
All below-poverty-line families,especially those belonging to the Scheduled Castes,
will have food and livelihood security and are enabled to cross the poverty line
and earn an adequate livelihood.
All children complete at least eight years of schooling/education.
Incidenceof malnutrition,especially among children and women is eliminated.
Untouchability, discrimination, segregation and atrocities against the Scheduled
Castes are eliminated along with other social evils like discrimination against girls/ 0

women, alcoholism and substance (drugs) abuse, etc., and all sections of society
are able to live with dignity and equality and in harmony with others.

7.4 LET US SUM UP

The M O P ' ,Go1has made a substantial contribution to improving rural livelihood in
India. Most of the rural people depend on natural resources and agriculture for their
livelihoods. Supportivepolicies, robust institutions,and regulatory and incentive structures
that both encourage growth and protect the most vulnerable are essential to improving
their livelihoods.Initially, main thrust for development was laid on agriculture,industry,
communication,education, health and allied sectors but later on it was realized that
accelerated development can be provided only if governmental efforts are adequately
supplemented by direct and indirect involvement of people at the grassroots level. It is
noted that many programmes planned and executed by different ministries / departments
/agencies have almost similarobjectives targeting the same groups /areas. This duplicity
of efforts has been resulting in wastage of resources and failure to achieve synergies.
Convergence of inter-sectoralprogrammes with rural developmentprogrammes will
enable better planning and effective investments in rural areas. The empowerment,
education (capacity-building); and energizing the Panchayats, will be crucial for the
rural development by invoking convergence of the development schemes. All these
zfforts should finally lead to model villages in India.
 Rural Development
7.5 ANSWERS TO 'CHECK YOUR PROGRESS'
QUESTIONS
1) The four strategies of rural development are:

I a) Growth-oriented strategy,
I b) Welfare-oriented strategy,
c) Responsive strategy, !
d Integrated or holistic strategy.

2) There are totally 12components provided under Minimum Needs F r o g r m e

(MNP).These are: i) Elementary Education,ii) Adult educaticap, iii) RUE$ Health,
I
iv) RuralWater Supply,v) Rural Roads, vi) Rural Housing, vii) RuralElectrification,
viii) EnvironmentalImprovementof Urban Slums,ix) Nutritiar, x) Rural Domestic
Cooking Energy, xi) Rural Sanitation, and xii) Public ~isdbutionSystem (FDS). I

3) Though the TPP was launched by the Government of India in 19115,it was revised
in 1982,1986 and 2006 to enhance the scope ad coverage of the items under the I
initial 20 points. The restructured TPP-2006 consists of 20 Points and 65
monitorable items. The list of 20 Points is as follows.
I
0 Garibi Hatao (Foverty Eradication)- in Rural and Urban areas.

ii) Jan Shakti (Power to People).

iii) Kisan Mitra (Support to Farmers).
iv) ShramikKalyan (Labour Welfare).
v) Khadya Suraksha (Food Security).

I1 vi) Subke Liye Aawas (Housing for All).

vdi &dh Peya Jal (Clean Drinking Water).
viii] Jan Jan Ka Swasthya (Health forAll).
ix) SabkeLiye Shiksha (Education for All).
x) Anusuchit Jaati, Jan Jaati, Alp-sankhyak evarnAnya Pichhra Varg Kalyan
(Welfare of ScheduledCastes, Scheduled Tribes, Minorities and OBCs).
) Mahila Kalyan (Women Welfare).
xi) Bal Kalyan (Child Welfare).
xiii) Yuva Vikas (Youth Development).
xiv) Basti Sudhar (Improvementof Slums).
xv) Paryavaran Sanrakshan evam Van Vridhi (Environment Protection and
Afforestation).
xvi) Samajik Suraksha (Social Security).
xvii) Grameen Sadak (Rural Roads).
xviii) Grameen Oorja (Energization of Rural Area).
 xix) Pichhara Kshetra Vikas (Development of Backward Areas),

I
I
xx) e-Shasan (IT enabled e-Governance).
e pints lie in the fact though these points are not wholly related
The ~ i ~ c a nofcthese
to ruraldevelopment only. Each of the point lays emphasis on integrated and sustainable
development of the nation as a whole, with special focus on rural development or the
rural poor and all weaker sections of the society in rural areas, urban slums and other '

t areas.
4) RIFD is the acronym for Rural InfrastructureDevelopment Fund. It was was set
up by the Go1during 1995-96.
5) TheAccelerated Rural Water Supply Programme (ARWSP) progrmme has taken
I into considerationthe following for rural people:
1 a) 40 litre per capita per day (lpcd) for drinking water for human beings.

b) 30 lpcd of additional water for cattle in areas under the DDP.

c) One hand pump or stand post for every 250 persons.

d) Availability of water source in the habitation or within 1.6km in the plains

and 100m elevation in M y areas.
I
Over 1,00,000villages in India did not have electricity supply prior to 2005.
I 6)
I 7) RGGVY stands for Rajiv Gandhi Grameena Vidyuthikaran Yojana.
t
8) The components sanctioned under Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) projects
include the following.
I
l a) Construction of individual household latrines;

I ' b) Toilets for Schools;

c) Community Sanitary Complexes;
i d) Toilets for Balwadis/Anganwadis; and
rI
j- e) Rural Sanitary Marts /Production Centres.

I <
9) To add vigour to the implementationof TSC, Government of India has separately
launched an award scheme 'Nirmal Gram Puraskar' (NGP) for fully-sanitised
and open- defecation-freeGram Panchayats, blocks and districts.
10) The goals of NRHM are as follows:
I
P Reduction in Infant Mortahty Rate (IMR) and Maternal Mortality Ratio
OMMR);
> Universal access to public health services such as women's health, child health,
water, sanitation and hygiene, i r n r n e t i o n , and nutrition;
P Prevention and control of communicableand non-communicable diseases
including locally endemic diseases;
> Access to integrated comprehensiveprimary healthcare;
> Population stabilization,gender and demographic balance;
Rural Development P Revitalize local health traditions and mainstream AYUSH; and
P Promotion of healthy life-styles.
1I) The District Panchayat priorities under PMGSY are as follows:
Providing new connectivity to unconnected habitations with a population of
500 + (250 + in the case of hill states).
Providing new connectivity to unconnected habitations with population of
250-499 (125-249 in the case of hill stations).

Up-gradation of through routes in the case-network (only rural roads to be

covered).
Up-gradation of link-routes.
12) Following are the benefits intended to accrue to rural community under PMGSY
as a part of an effectivepoverty reduction strategy.

a) Enhancing employment opportunitiesto the rural people iI-~ough new road

construction and maintenance works, which lead to a rise in their income.
b) Increasing agriculturalproduction by making farm-inputs easily available in
the villages.

c) Facilitating output-marketing by reduction in transport costs from rural to

urban areas.

d) Improving the mral mad-connectivity and the quality of life through improving
access to facilities, viz. education,health, transport and market.

e) Generating additional employment directly as well as indirectly through easy

access to the market for the rural produce.

f) Helping in reduction of socio-culturaldifferences between rural and urban

areas.

g) Reducing rural-urban migration with all-weather-road making village a better

place to live.
13) Following are the components emphasisedin IWMP Common Guidelines, 2008:
i) Delegating powers to State, ii) Financial assistance to dedicated institutions, iii)
Enhancing the duration of programme iv) Livelihood orientation, v) Cluster
approach,vi) Scientificplimning, viii) Capacity building, andviii)Multi-tier approach.

7.6 REFERENCES
Gopinath Rao, P. 2006. Rural Development and Sustainable Livelihood S e c u r i ~ .
Delhi: Global Network.
Government of India (GOI). 2008. Eleventh Five Year.Plan 2007-2012. Vul.11.New
D e b : Planning Commission.
Hanumantha Rao. C. H. 1994. Hanumantha Rao Colnti~itteeReport. New Delhi:
MoRD.
http:[email protected]/Education-h-Inda.
 Rural Development
Progl-ammes- 1l

Meenu Jain, 2011. Rural Deve10,~mentPmgarnnzes in India. New Delhi: Deep and
Deep Publications Pvt. Ltd.
Rajakutty, S. 2009. Rural Development Programmes and Right to Information
under Pafichayati Raj. Hyderabad: National Jnstitute of Rural Development.
Rao, M. V., Dheeraja, C., Hanumantha Rao, K., and Saurabh Kumar. 2010. Status
R~jpovron Convergence Initiatives of MGNREGS in India. Hyderabad: National
Institute of Rural Development.
Singh. Katar. 2009. Rural Development Principles, Policies a d Management. New
Delhi: Sage Publications.