LABORATORY MANUAL CHEMISTRY

(h) Be careful while dealing with the explosive compounds, inflammable substances,
poisonous gases, electric appliances, glass wares, flame and the hot substances.
(i) Keep your working surroundings clean. Never throw papers and glass in the
sink. Always use dustbin for this purpose.
(j) Always wash your hands after the completion of the laboratory work.
(k) Always use the reagents in minimum quantity. Use of reagents in excess, not
only leads to wastage of chemicals but also causes damage to the environment.

Discussion Questions

(i) What is the difference between a qualitative and a quantitative analysis?

(ii) Can we use glass rod instead of platinum wire for performing the flame test? Explain
your answer.

(iii) Why is platinum metal preferred to other metals for the flame test?

(iv) Name the anions detected with the help of dilute H2SO4?

(v) Why is dilute H2SO4 preferred over dilute HCl while testing anions?

(vi) Name the anions detected by conc. H2SO4.

(vii) How is sodium carbonate extract prepared ?

(viii) What is lime water and what happens on passing carbon dioxide gas through it?

(ix) Carbon dioxide gas and sulphur dioxide gas both turn lime water milky. How will you
distinguish between the two?

(x) How will you test the presence of carbonate ion?

(xi) What is the composition of dark brown ring which is formed at the junction of two layers
in the ring test for nitrates?

(xii) Name the radical confirmed by sodium nitroprusside test.

(xiii) What is chromyl chloride test ? How do you justify that CrO2Cl2 is acidic in nature?

(xiv) Why do bromides and iodides not give tests similar to chromyl chloride test?

(xv) Describe the layer test for bromide and iodide ions.

82
 SYSTEMATIC QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

(xvi) Why is silver nitrate solution stored in dark coloured bottles?

(xvii) How do you test the presence of sulphide ion?

(xviii) Why does iodine give a blue colour with starch solution?

(xix) What is Nessler’s reagent?

(xx) Why is original solution for cations not prepared in conc. HNO3 or H2SO4?

(xxi) Why cannot conc. HCl be used as a group reagent in place of dil. HCl for the precipitation
of Ist group cations?

(xxii) How can one prevent the precipitation of Group–IV radicals, with the second group
radicals?

(xxiii) Why is it essential to boil off H2S gas before precipitation of radicals of group–III?

(xxiv) Why is heating with conc. nitric acid done before precipitation of group–III?

(xxv) Can we use ammonium sulphate instead of ammonium chloride in group–III?

(xxvi) Why is NH4OH added before (NH4)2CO3 solution while precipitating group–V cations?

(xxvii) Why do we sometimes get a white precipitate in group–VI even if the salt does not
2+
contain Mg radical?

(xxviii) What is aqua regia?

(xxix) Name a cation, which is not obtained from a metal.

(xxx) How can you test the presence of ammonium ion?

(xxxi) Why are the group–V radicals tested in the order Ba2+, Sr2+ and Ca2+ ?

(xxxii) Why does conc. HNO3 kept in a bottle turn yellow in colour?

(xxxiii) Why should the solution be concentrated before proceeding to group–V?

(xxxiv) Why is the reagent bottle containing sodium hydroxide solution never stoppered?

(xxxv) What do you understand by the term common ion effect?

(xxxvi) Why is zinc sulphide not precipitated in group–II?

83
 LABORATORY MANUAL CHEMISTRY

SPECIMEN RECORD OF SALT ANALYSIS

Aim
To analyse the given salt for one anion and one cation present in it.

Material required

• Boiling tubes, test tubes, test tube holder, test tube stand, delivery tube, corks,
filter papers, reagents

Sl. No. Experiment Observation Inference

2+ 2+ 2+ 2+
1. Noted the colour of the given White Cu , Fe , Ni ,Co ,
2+
salt. Mn are absent.
2– 2– –
2. Noted the smell of the salt. No specific smell. S , SO3 , CH3COO
may be absent.
2–
3. Heated 0.5 g of the salt in a (i) No gas was evolved. (i) CO 3 may be
– –
dry test tube and noted the present, NO3 , NO2 ,
–
colour of the gas evolved and Br may be
change in the colour of the absent.
2+
residue on heating and (ii) No particular (ii) Zn may be
cooling. change in colour of absent.
the residue is
observed when
heated and when
cooled.
2+ 2+ 2+ 2+
4. Prepared a paste of the salt No distinct colour of the Ca , Sr , Ba Cu
with conc. HCl and performed flame seen. may be absent.
the flame test.

5. Borax bead test was not — —

performed as the salt was
white in colour.
2– 2– 2– –
6. Treated 0.1 g of salt with 1 mL No effervescence and CO 3 , SO 3 , S , NO 2 ,
dil.H2SO4 and warmed. evolution of vapours. CH3COO absent.
–

– – – – –
7. Heated 0.1 g of salt with 1 mL No gas evolved. Cl , Br , I , NO3 , C2O4
conc. H2SO4. are absent.
3–
8. Acidified 1mL of aqueous salt No yellow precipitate PO4 absent.
solution with conc. HNO 3 .
Warmed the contents and then
added 4-5 drops of ammonium
molybdate solution.

84
 SYSTEMATIC QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

2–
9. Acidified water extract of the A white ppt. is obtained SO4 present.
salt with dil. HCl and then which is
added 2mL of BaCl2 solution. insoluble in conc. HNO3
and conc. HCl.
+
10. Heated 0.1 g of salt with 2 mL Ammonia gas is not NH4 absent.
NaOH solution. evolved.

11. Attempted to prepare original Clear solution formed Water soluble salt is
solution of the salt by present.
dissolving 1g of it in 20 mL
water.

12. To a small part of the above No white precipitate Group–I absent.

salt solution added 2 mL of formed.
dil. HCl.

13. Passed H2S gas through one No precipitate formed. Group–II absent.
portion of the solution of step 12.

14. Since salt is white, heating No precipitate formed. Group–III absent.

with conc. HNO 3 is not
required. Added about 0.2 g
of solid ammonium chloride
and then added excess of
ammonium hydroxide to the
solution of step 12.
15. Passed H2S gas through the No precipitate formed. Group–IV absent.
above solution.

16. Added excess of ammonium No precipitate formed. Group–V absent.

hydroxide solution to the
original solution and then
added 0.5 g of ammonium
carbonate.
2+
17. To the original solution of salt White precipitate. Mg confirmed.
added ammonium hydroxide
solution, followed by disodium
hydrogen phosphate solution.
Heated and scratched the
sides of the test tube.

Result
The given salt contains:
2–
Anion : SO4
2+
Cation : Mg

85