Data Visualization
Data Visualization
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio
Nominal Scale
• “Nominal” scales could simply be called “labels.”
• Examples
• Ordinal scale dealing with relative differences rather than with quantitative differences
Category Level
• Quantitative comparisons are impossible Illetrate 0
Pre Primary 1
• Examples: Primary 2
Educational level, Satisfaction,
Junior High School 3
Happiness, Discomfort
Highschool 4
Intermediate 5
Graduation 6
Post Graduation 7
Likert Scale
Interval Scale
• Possess a constant interval size
- Distance between 940◦C and 960◦C is the same as the distance between 1000◦C and
1020◦C
F = 9/5C + 32
ᵒC 5 10 15 0
ᵒF 41 50 69 32
Circular Scales
• The interval between 2:00 pm (1400hr) and 3:30 pm (1530hr) is the same as the
interval between 08:00 am (0800hr) and 09:30am (0930hr).
• But one cannot speak of ratios of times of day because the zero point (midnight)
on the scale is arbitrary.
• Circular biological data are usually like compass, as the designation of north as 0◦
is arbitrary.
Ratio Scale
• They tell us about the order, they tell us the exact value
between units, and they also have an absolute zero
Examples
• Weight
• Height
• Volume
Qualitative Data
IV 21
Trends in Breast Cancer (per Distribution of marks
III 24 100,000) and study time
40 8
II 9 22
Pattern
Trends
Easy to understand
• Pie-Chart
• Bar chart
• Column chart
• Line Graph
• Histogram
• Box-Whisker Plot
• Scatter Plot
Data Visualization Tools
• Tableau
• Microsoft Power BI
• R (ggplot2…)
• Python(matplotlib)
• Microsoft Excel
Pie Charts
40, 40%
Romantic, 100,
11%
Drama, 170,
A B C 18%
Figure 1: Distribution of grades of 5th grade Figure 2: Type of movie liked by members of a
family
students in a school of state of Bihar
Limitations
Figure 1: Distribution of grades of 5th grade Figure 2: Type of movie liked by youth of
Lucknow
students in a school of state of Bihar
Bar Charts
• Vertical Bar Graph
• They are used to show how a larger category is divided into smaller categories and what
the relationship of each part has on the total amount
Major Flaw
• They become harder to read the more segments each bar has
• Also comparing each segment to each other is difficult, as they're not aligned on a
common baseline
Bar Charts
Simple Stacked Bar Graphs
• Ideal for comparing the total Figure 6: Defining stacked bar graphs
amounts across each
group/segmented bar.
Stacked Bar Diagram Examples
N K Roundof k
Where: 30 5.91 6
k = the number of bins 40
n = the number of observations in 50
the data set. 100
1000
Histogram
• Label Axes
Bibliography
• Jerrold H. Zar. Biostatistical Analysis, Fourth Edition, Pearson Education India, 1999
• S Manikandan. Frequecy Distribution, J Pharmacol Pharmacother.[ cited from 2011 Jan-Mar; 2(1): 54–
56]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3117575/