Flexural Analysis of Beams Na 2.1 Introduction In this section, it is assumed that a small transverse load is placed on a concrete beam with tensile reinforcing and thatthe load is gradually increased in magnitude until the beam fails. As this takes place, the beam will go through three distinct stages before collapse occurs. These care: (1) the janeracked Concrete stage, (2) the Concrete eracked=elastic stresses) slage, and (3) ‘the lalliate-strength stage) A relatively long beam is considered for this discussion so that shear will not have a large effect on its behavior. Uncracked Concrete Stage ‘At small loads when the tensile suesses are less than the fd’ @f Pp|(the bending tensile stress at which the concrete begins to crack), the entire cross section ofthe beam resists ‘bending, with compression on one side and tension on the other, Figure 2.1 shows the variation of stesses and strains for these small loads; a numerical example of this type is presented in Section 2.2. Concrete Cracked-Elastic Stresses Stage As the load is increased after the modulus of rupture of the concrete is exceeded, cracks begin to develop in the bottom of the beam. The moment at which these cracks begin to form—that is, when the tensile stress in the bottom of the beam equals the modulus of rupture—is referred to as the racking moment, M,,. As the load is further inereased, these cracks quickly spread up to the vicinity ofthe neutral axis, and then the neutral axis begins to move upward. The cracks ‘occur at those places along the beam where the actual moment is greater than the cracking ‘moment, as shown in Figure 2.2(a), Now that the bottom has cracked, another stage is present because the conerete in the cracked zone obviously cannot resist tensile stresses—the steel must do it. This stage will in compression cin compresion A Chiswerm's dened for stein taon 7% “Secton?3) intension {fitesson in concrete FIGURE 21. Uncracked concrete stage.36 CHAPTER 2 Flexural Analysis of Seams 5) FIGURE 22 Concrete cracked-clasic stresses stage. continue as long as the compression stress in the top fibers is less than about one-half of the conerete's compression strength, f, and as long as the stecl stress is less than its yield stress. ‘he stresses and strains for this ange aze shown in Figure 2.2(b). In this stage, the compressive stresses vary nearly with the distance from the neutral axis or a a straight line ‘The stiaight-line stress-strain variation normally occurs in reinforced concrete beams under normal service-load conditions because at those loads, the stresses are generally less than O.50f!, To compute the concrete and steel stresses in this range, the transformed-area method (to be presented in Section 23) is used. The service or working loads are the loads that are agsumed to actually occur when a structure isin use or service, Under these loads, moments develop that are considerably Inger than the cracking moments, Obviously, the tensile side ofthe beam will be cracked, You will let to estimate crack widths and methods of limiting their widths in Chapter 6 Beam Failure —Ultimate-Strength Stage As the load is increased further so that the compressive stresses are greater than 0.50f!, the tensile cracks move farther upward, as does the neutral axis, and the concrete compression stresses begin to change appreciably from a straight line. For this initial discussion, it is assumed that the reinforcing bars have yielded. The stress variation is much like that shown in Figure 2.3. You should relate the information shown in this figure to that given in Figure 1.1 in Chapter 1 as to the changing ratio of stress to strain at different stress levels. ‘To further illustrate the three stages of beam behavior that have just been described, a ‘moment-curvature diagram is shown in Figure 2.4.! For this diagram, 0 is defined as the angle " Meregor J. 6, 2005, Renard Concrete Mechanics and Design, hed. (Upper Sade River, NE: tie Hal, p. 108,‘Wher failure ours, concrete i crushed bere. eonspressive NS oh eee z a string (steel esses fas yielded) FIGURE 23. Ulimate-stength stage. failure Mya reinforcing bare yield 7 Norking load range = Moment tenile concrete cracks > Gavatue, 0 FIGURE 24 Moment-curvatute diagram for reinforced concrete beam with tensile reinforcing only change of the beam section over a certain length and is computed by the following expression in which isthe stisn in a Beam fiber at some distance, fom the neutral axis of the ea: ons 5 the fits stage ofthe diagram is for small moments less than the cracking moment, Mj. where the entire beam cross section is avelable to reaist bending. In this range, the strana ar Sell and the dingrem is nearly Vettical and very close toa straight line. When the moment is increased beyond the eracking moment, the slope ofthe curve wil decrease a litle Because the 2.3 Introduction a38 CHAPTER 2 Flexural Analysis of Seams Courtery of EFCO Corp Construction of Kingdome, Seattle, Washington. ‘beam is not quite as stiff as it was in the initial stage before the concrete cracked. The diagram will follow almost a straight line from M,, to the point where the reinforcing is stressed to its yield point, Until the steel yields, a fairly large additional load is required to appreciably increase the beam's deflection. ‘After the steel yields, the beam has very lite additional moment capacity, and only @ small additional load is required to substantially increase rotations as well as deflections. The slope of the diagram is now very flat 2.2 Cracking Moment ‘The ara of reinforcing as a percentage ofthe (tal eress-sectionl area of a beam is quite small (usually 2% ot less), and its effect on the beam properties is almost negligible as long fs the beam is uncacked. Thtefore, an approximate eaealaon the bending suse 18 foch beam can be oblnined based on tbe goss properties of the beams eoss section, The Sues in the concrete at any pein a distance 9 fom the neural ais ofthe coss section can te determined from the following Bure formula Section 9.5.2.3 of the ACI Code states that the cracking moment of a section may be determined with ACI Equation 9-9, in which and Ta this seation, with its equation 9-10, the code states that f, may be taken equal to 7.5i/f. with in ps Or in Stunts with ff in Nim? or MPa, f, = 07277‘The “lambda” term is 1.0 for normal-weight concrete and is less than 1.0 for lightweight cconerete, as described in Section 1.12. The cracking moment is as follows: Side M, = (ACT Equation 9-9) % Example 2.1 presents calculations for a reinforced concrete beam where tensile stresses are less than its modulus of rupture, As a result, no tensile cracks are assumed to be present, and the stresses are similar to those occurring in « beam constructed with a homogeneous material, a {@) Assuming the concrate is uncracked, compute the bending stresses in the extreme fers of the beam of Figure 2.5 for a bending moment of 25 f-k. The normal-weight concrete has an fof 000 psi and a modulus of rupture , = 7.5(1.0)/4000 psi = 474 ps (©) Determine the cracking moment ofthe section, SOLUTION {a} Bending stresses: 1, = Sbh* with b = 12 in. and h = 18 in 1, = (5) (2 ny 181)? = 5832 in* Fa) 2 ing ct9iny 1 tna 25 25000 Next, multiply the 25,000 ft-lb by 12 in/ft to obtain in-lo as shown here: (12 it x 25,000 f-10)(9.00 in) 3832 In ‘Since this stress is lass than the tensile strength or modulus of rupture of the concrete of 474 psi, the section is assumed not to have cracked, (&) Cracking moment ' = 463 psi fly _ (474 psi(s8e2 in v 3.007 Mor 307,152 in-lb = 25.6 ft 309 bars ae (4,=s00in4) FIGURE 25 Beam cross section for Example 2. 2.2 Cracking Moment 3840 CHAPTER 2 Flexutal Analysis of Seams ee (a) Ifthe T-beam shown is uncracked, calculate the stress in the concrete at the top and bottom extreme fibers under a postive bending moment of 80 ft-k (@) If =3000 psi and normal-weight concrete Is used, what Is the maximum uniformly distributed load the beam can carry if itis used as a simple beam with 24-ft span without exceeding the modulus of rupture of the concrete? (6) Repeat part (bf the beam Is inverted. |— 1 ©» ¥ = 1081 in ceatroid 2 on} SOLUTION (2) Locate the neutral axis with respact to the top of the section: oan (*4) =a0-=na(re= 5) Bh OIA y= 27in (G0in)(Siny@8in) + 12n)@7 in) (Sin Wonjein)= enya? my = 10.81 In ‘The moment of inertia is ihe [(p—hey” Bul — ho? > (o=nay PAE yn] (7-H) 4 Pa apn) |[P-r— - (OMIT | goinreiny Sin)? (12 in) (2 in. 5 ny? SEMIEOP , oinisin)(sonrin—S) HAmdeen see (12 ny92 in. 8iny (10.81 in. in. 20) = 60,185 in ‘The stress in the bottom fiber under the given moment of 80 fk i: Me _ (80 fk) (12 int (82 in. ~ 10.81 in} = 0.338 Win? = 338 Io/in? T 60,185 in ‘The stress in the top fiber is: _ Me _ (80 ft-K) (12 Inv (10.81 In) _ op ME a s7albiin? T 60,185 i, h 0.172 kin?23 Elastic Svesses—Conerete Cracked 41 (©) The modulus of rupture, f, of normal-weight concrete with f; — 3000 psi is: 1, = T5iVF = 7.5(1.0) 3000 = 411 lovin? ‘The moment that causes a stress equal to the modulus of rupture is: ly (411 Hof?) (60,185 In’) © ein. T0.8T In) ‘The uniformly distributed load on a simple span that causes this much moment is: BM _ 8I97.28 1K) Fan? {€) Ifthe beam is inverted, then the c term used to calculate M,, is 10.81 in. instead of 21.19 in hence: M, 1167-344 in-tb = 97.28 ft-k ast Wit 351 tev fy _ (411 tof) (60,185 in) a ‘The uniformly distributed load on a simple span that causes this much moment is: aM _ a190.69 4-4) Epa This is almost double the load that the beam can cary if ofented the opposite way. Don't {get the impression that this is the best orientation for a T beam, however. In the next section When we examine reinforced sections, the opposite will be true 2,288,256 in-b 120.69 ft-k = 2.648 Wit = 2648 Ioitt 2.3 Elastic Stresses—Concrete Cracked ‘When the bending moment is sufficiently large to cause the tensile stress in the extreme fibers to be greater than the modulus of rupture, itis assumed that all of the concrete on the tensile side of the beam is cracked and must be neglected in the flexure calculations. ‘The cracking moment of a beam is normally quite small compared to the service load ‘moment. Thus, when the service loads are applied, the bottom of the beam cracks. The cracking ‘of the beam does not necessarily mean that the beam is going to fail. The reinforcing bars on the tensile side begin to pick up the tension caused by the applied moment On the tensile side of the beam, an assumption of perfect bond is made between the reinforcing bats and the concrete. Thus, the strain in the concrete and in the steel will be equal at equal distances from the neutral axis. If the strains in the wo materials at a particular point are the same, however, their stresses cannot be the same since they have different moduli of clasticity. Thus, their stresses ae in proportion to the ratio of their moduli of elasticity. The ratio of the steel modulus to the concrete modulus is called the medular ratio, n If the modular ratio for a particular beam is 10, the stress in the steel will be 10 times the stress in the concrete at the same distance from the neutal axis. Another way of say- ing this is that when n = 10, 1 in? of steel will carry the same total force as 10 in? of conerete For the beam of Figure 2.6, the stcel bars are replaced with an equivalent area of fictitious concrete (nA,), which supposedly can resist tension. This aea is referred to as the transformed) (area, The resulting revised cross section or transformed scetion is handled by the usual methods for elastic homogeneous beams. Also shown in the figure is @ diagram showing the stress variation in the beam. On the tensile side, a dashed line is shown because the diagram is42 CHAPTER 2 Flexural Analysis of Seams FIGURE 26 Cracked, transformed section discontinuous. There, the concrete is assumed to be cracked and unable to resist tension. The value shown opposite the steel is the fictitious stress in the concrete if it could carry tension, Examples 2.3, 24, and 2.5 are wansformed-area problems that ilustate the calculations necessary for determining the stresses and resisting moments for reinforeed concrete beams ‘The first step to be taken in cach of these problems is to locate the neUteal axis, which is assumed fist moment of the compression area of the beam eross section about the neutral axis must equal the first moment of the tensile area about the neutral axis, The resulting quadratic equation can be solved by completing the squares or by using the quadsatie formula, Donovan Reese/Setty nage Bridge construction on an expressway interchange23 Elastic Svesses—Conerete Cracked 43 After the neutral axis is located, the moment of inertia of the transformed section is calculated, and the stresses in the concrete and the steel are computed with the flexure formula, ee Calculate the bending stresses in the beam shown in Figure 2.7 by using the transformed area method, f = 3000 psi,n = 8, and M = 70 tk, SOLUTION Taking Moments about Neutral Axis (Referring to Figure 2.) (12 in) 69 (3) = (918.00 in (17 in. ~ 2) x? = 489 27.00% Solving by Completing the Square 6x? +-27.00x = 459 2 4 4.50x = 76.5 (42.25) e+ 2.25) = 76.5 + (2.25)? x= 2.254 765+ 2.25" x= 6,780 in, Moment of Inertia ' (10.22 in, = 4087 int 1 s (g)remaerenr + Bending Stresses My _ (12)(70,000 fb) (6.78 i 7 4067 in? ‘tops 9y{12170.000 tb) (10.22 in} ® 4087 ins = 18,998 psi To Fb 201, a9 bas NA - 4,=300in in eels [12 in —| FIGURE 2.7. Beam cross section for FIGURE 28 Cracked, transformed section for Bxample 2.3. Example 2.3.44 CHAPTER 2 Flexutal Analysis of Beams fem Determine the allowable resisting moment of the beam of Example 2.3, if the allowable stresses, are f, = 1350 psi and f, = 20,000 psi SOLUTION AJ _ (1850 psi) (4087 in.’) y ‘STEM fl _ (20,000 psi) (4067 in.!) int 4 -% SSE 884,325 in-lb = 73.7 tk Discussion For a given beam, the concrete and steel will not usually reach their maximum allowable "stresses a exaclly the same bending moments, Such is the case for this example beam, where the concrete reaches its maximum permissible stress at 67.5 fk, while the steel does not reach its maximum Value until 73.7 tk is applied. The resisting moment ofthe section is 675 fe-k because if that value is exceeded, the conctete becomes overstzessed even though the steel siress is Tess than its allowable stress fees Compute the bending stresses in the beam shown in Figure 2.9 by using thi method: n = Band M = 110 f-k SOLUTION Locating Neutral Axis (Assuming Neutral Axis below Hole) (181n)@9 (3) —(6iny(6 ny ox -3 in) = 6)(6.08 in) 29 in. —») ox? = 36x + 108 ~ 981 — 40.464 9x? = 4.46e ~ 823 WP +050 — 91.44 +025) (e025) ~ 91.44-+ (0.25) ~91.50 x4-025 = VSTSO=957 32in, > Gin NA. below hole as assumed 1-(2)ienisseinray--(2)temjasein = \s08in5(1a60i 10987 n* Computing Stresses gan 0 fb} (9.32 in) 10,887 1." a 121(110.000 (15.68 iny 10,887 in.* 1130 psi £=€ 19,269 psi283 Elastic Svesses—Conerete Cracked 45 oe I e ; xa] | a | Calculate the bending stresses in the concrete and the reinforcing steel, using the transformed ‘area method: f, = 3000 psi, normal-weight concrete, n = 8, M = 250 ft-k | — in ——| - + Fase a TF | anasin alle tba (2%) Be = nae (0in 12) (x2) ~ _ erinhavin—n Using a calculator with a solver for quadratic equations results in x ~ 5.65 in Since this value fof x exceeds h of in. the assumption thatthe neutral axis isn the web is vali. Ix had been smaller than 5 in, then the value we obtained would not nave been valid, and the preceding ‘equations would have to be rewrtten and solved assuming x <>. (by Bult hy fog = CBee oy gin (x = PPM wan (x8) (60.in. ~ 12 in) (6 in}? (601n.— 12in) 6in9 (5.65in. sey 4 (2215.65 in) + + (9)(4.71 in?) 28 in. —5.65in) = 24,78 ins48 CHAPTER 2 Flexutal Analysis of Seams The T-shaped part of the transformed section could be divided into rectangles in other ways besides the one shown. The resulting answer would stil be the same. ‘The stress in the concrete can now be calculated Mx _ (250 ft-4) (6.65 in.) (12 init) 0,684 k/in.? = 684 Ib/in? Te 24,778 in This concrete stress is well below the allowable values that we! used to be 0.46/. = (0,45) 8000 Ibvin.2) = 1960 Ibvin.?. ‘The strass in the reinforcing steel can now be calculated: ‘once in the ACI Code, They PM =) _ (91250 14) (28 in. = 5.85 in) AZIM — 94 554 pan? — 94,984 Wyn? eT 2aTTBIN* This reinforcing steel stress is slightly greater than the allowable values that were once in the ACI Code. They used to be 24,000 lo/in? for Grade 60 reinforcing steal. This is about a 1.5% overstress in the steel, and many engineers would accept this much overstress as being within the accuracy of ther other assurnpions, This beam would be called "tension controled because the moment capacity is controlled by the steel, not the concrete, This same beam could be compression controlled if alot more steel were used, Tension-controlled beams are preferable to compression-contrlled ones, as willbe discussed lator in this tox Example 2.7 illustrates the analysis of « Qoubly/Fein(ereed COnereE beani—that is, one that has compression steel as well as tensile steel. Compression stel is generally thought to be uneconomical, but occasionally its use is quite advantageous (Compression steel will permit the use of appreciably smaller beams than those that make use of tensile steel only. Reduced sizes can be very important where space or architectural requirements limit the sizes of beams. Compression stel is quite helpful in reducing long-term deflections, and such stel is useful for positioning stirrups or shear reinforcing, a subject to be discussed in Chapter 8. A detailed discussion of doubly reinforced beams is presented in Chapter 5, ‘The creep or plastic flow of concrete was described in Section 1.11. Should the com- pression side of a beam be reinforced, the long-term stresses in that reinforcing will be greatly affected by the creep in the concrete. As time goes by, the compression concrete will compact ‘ore tightly, leaving the reinforcing bars (which themselves have negligible ereep) to carry amore and more of the load, AAs a consequence of this creep in the concrete, the stresses in the compression bars computed by the transformed-area method are assumed to double as time goes by. In Example 2.7, the transformed area of the compression bars is assumed to equal 2n times their sea, A, On the subject of “airsplitting,” it will be noted in the example that the compression steel area is really multiplied by 2n ~ 1. The transformed area of the compression side equals the gross compression area of the concrete plus 2, minus the area ofthe holes inthe concrete (IA;), which theoretically should not have been included in the concrete part. This equals the compression concrete area plus Qn ~ 1)A,. Similarly, 2n ~ 1 is used in the moment of inertia calculations. The stresses in the compression bars are determined by multiplying 2n times the siresses in the concrete located atthe same distance from the neutral axis23 Elastic Svesses—Conerete Cracked 47 se ‘Compute the bending stresses in the beam shown in Figure 2.10; = 10 and M = 118 tk, sowution ain (§) “20 )@00in8\-25in) -10|400'n4/ 475m 9) Txt + 38x — 95 = 700 — 40x xf + 18x = 795 Bs 11dx = 113.57 x4857 = 11857 ~ 657) = 12.02 x= 6.45 in Moment of Inertia (2) oaimessin=20- ya220invaasin# + quoonAroset = 6729 in Bending Stresses 4, = {124118000 RH/64SIM) 457 ng e72gin* (12)(118,000 fs) 8.95 in cay top A2L118.000 R)(8.95 md _ 46.604 psi 8723 1 (118,000 flo) (11.08 in, 6729 in = 28,253, en-DA, i (quay 20% [ on?) jee Lt ——-.. 24ia (@) Actual seton ‘Transformed section FIGURE 210 Beam cross section for Example 2.748 CHAPTER 2 Flexutal Analysis of Seams 2.4 Ultimate or Nominal Flexural Moments In this section, a very brief introduction to the calculation of the ultimate or nominal flexural strength of beams is presented, This topic is continued at considerable length in the next chapter, where formulas, limitations, designs, and other matters are presented. For this discussion, itis assumed that the tensile reinforcing bars are stressed lo their yield point before the concrete on the compressive side of the beam is crushed. You will learn in Chapter 3 that the ACI Code requires all beam designs to fall into this category Alter the concrete compression stresses exceed about 0.50f’, they no longer vary directly as the distance from the neutral axis or as a straight line. Rather, they vary much as shown in Figure 2.11(b). It is assumed for the purpose of this discussion that the curved com- pression diagram is replaced with a rectangular one with a constant stress of O.85/!, as shown in part (c) of the figure, The rectangular diagram of depth a is assumed to have the same cg. (center of gravity) and total magnitude as the curved diagram. (In Section 3.4 of Chapter 3 of this text, you will learn that this distance a is set equal to fc, where B; is a value determined by testing and specified by the code.) These assumptions will enable us to easily calculate the theoretical or nominal flexural strength of reinforced concrete beams. Experimental tests show that with the assumptions used here, accurate flexural strengths are determined, ‘To obiain the Aomiinal Gr theoretical moment stvength Of @ beam) the simple steps to follow are illustrated in Figure 2.11 and Example 2.8. 1. Compute total tensile force T = A, f, 2. Equate total compression force C = 0.85 fab to A,f, and solve for a. In this expression, ab is the assumed area stressed in compression at 85)... The compression force C and the tensile force T must be equal to maintain equilibrium at the section. 3. Calculate the distance between the centers of gravity of T and C (For a rectangular beam cross section, it equals d — a/2.) 4, Determine M,, which equals T or C times the distance between their centers of gravity. (2) Beam (0) Actual compe jon fe} Assumed compressa FIGURE 211 Compression and tension couple st nominal moment2.4 Ukimate or Nominal Flexural Moments se Determine M,, the nominal or theoretical ultimate moment strength of the beam section shown in Figure 2.12, ff, = 60,000 psi and f, = 3000 psi SOLUTION ‘Computing Tensile and Compressive Forces T and T =A, = (8.00 in.?)(60 Win.®) = 180k C= 0.85F,ab = (0.85) (8 Win”) (a) (14 in) = 35.74 Equating T and C and Solving for a T= C for equilibrium 180k = 35.72 a= 5.04 in. ‘Computing the Internal Moment Arm and Nominal Moment Capacity a 5.04 in d-Z=21in = 18.48 in My = (180 K)(18.48 in) = 8826.4 ik = 277.2 fhe oss? 309 bare | 4,=30010°4 coe r Bin | Jev= iin! FIGURE 212 Beam cross section for Example 2.8, In Example 2.9, the nominal moment capacity of another beam is determined much as it was in Example 2.8. The only difference is that the cross section of the compression area (A) stressed at 0.85’ is not rectangular. As a result, once this area is determined, we need to locate its center of gravity. The c.g. for the beam of Figure 2.13 is shown as being a distance F from the top of the beam in Figure 2.14. The lever arm from C to Tis equal tod —F (which corresponds to d — a/2 in Example 2.8) and M, equals A,f,(d —J). With this very simple procedure, values of M, can be computed for tensiely reinforced beams of any cross section50 CHAPTER 2 Flexural Analysis of Seams = FIGURE 213 Beam cross section for Example 2.9. FIGURE 214 Azca under compression siress block for Example 2.9 Calculate the nominal or theoretical ultimate moment strength of the beam section shown in Figure 2.13, if f, = 60,000 psi and f; = 3000 psi. The 6-in.-wide ledges on top are needed for ‘the suppor of precast concrete slabs. SOLUTION fy = (4,00 in.2) (60 Kin”) = 240k £85) (area of concrete A, stressed to 0.85/,) = 0.85f,A, Courtery of EFCO Corp. Finger piers for U.S. Coast Guard bate, Boston, Massachusets.25 SIExample St Equating T and C and Solving for A, T 240 Ac= a = Das ~ (085)(S Win) = 94.12 in? The top 94.12 in.? of the beam in Figure 2.14 is stressed in compression to 0.85f;. This area ccan be shown to extend 9.23 in. down from the top of the beam. Its c.g. Is located by taking moments at the top of the beam as follows: e6h2)ahn) +012) (8m sz) 2 7 = 585i, Bae d-J=21 in. 5.85 in. = 15.15 in 40 K) (15.15 in 1836 in-k = 908 f 25 SI Example In Example 2.10, the nominal moment strength of a beam is computed using SI units. Appendix B, Tables B.1 to B.9 provide information concerning various concrete and steel grades, as well as bar diameters, areas, and so on, all given in SI units feo Determine the nominal moment strength of the beam shown in Figure 2.15 if f, = 28 MPa and f, = 420 MPa. SOLUTION Tec Agfy = 085fab A, _ (1530 mm) (420 MPa) TSM ~ (0-85) (28 MPa) (S00 mm) m-7(0-$)-0(0-$) a4 0-8 =20mm ) (20mm 420 Pa (699mm 220 = 2.474 x 10* N-mm = 247.4 kN-m (lee | — (4, 1530 mm? om Appenx B, Table B 4)52 CHAPTER 2 Flexutal Analysis of Seams 2.6 Computer Examples On the John Wiley website for this textbook, several spreadsheets have been provided for the student to use in assisting in the solution of problems. They are categorized by chapter Note that most of the spreadsheets have multiple worksheets indicated by tabs at the bottom. ‘The three worksheets available for Chapter 2 include (1) calculation of cracking moment, (2) stresses in singly reinforced rectangular beams, and (3) nominal strength of singly reinforced rectangular beams. ee Repeat Example 2.1 using the spreadsheet provided for Chapter 2, SOLUTION ‘Open the Chapter 2 spreadsheet and select the worksheet called Cracking Moment. Input only the cells highlighted in yellow (only in the Excel spreadsheets, notin the printed example), the first six values below. t 4000 psi u 25 tk > 2 in h 8 in no 145 pet aos 1.00 1 = hyt2 = 5832 Int {, =TSKSQRT()= 474 pl f= 463° psi My = 307,373 into Mey 258 tk The last five values are the same as ealeulated in Example 2.1 Repeat Example 2.3 using the spreadsheet provided for Chapter 2, SOLUTION Open the Chapter 2 spreadsheet and select the worksheet callec|Elastié Stfe8Se8! Input only the cals highighted in yellow, the fist seven values below. b= 12 In = 7 In nos 92.6 Computer Examples u To tek t 3000 psi re= 148 pot E,= 3,185,924 psi n= 9.19 np = 0.132 x= 678 in leg = 4087 int f= Mx = 1401 psi t = nMid=x/l= 18.996 psi ‘The last four values are the same (within a small roundoff) as calculated in Example 2.2. ema Repeat Example 2.8 using the spreadsheet provided for Chapter 2. SOLUTION ‘Open the Chapter 2 spreadsheet, and select the worksheet called NoMinial Moment Strath) Input only the cells highlighted in yellow, the fist five values below. t= 3000 psi b = 14 in d= ain A 3 nt 4 60 ks a 5.04 M, 3326.2 = 2772 ‘The third worksheet, called Nominal Moment Strength, can be used to easily work Example 28. In this case, enter the frst five values, and the results are the same as in the example. ‘The process can be reversed if “goal Seok” is used. Suppose that you would like to know how much reinforcing steel, A,, ie needed to resist a moment, M,, of 320 #-k for tho beam shown in Example 2.8, Highlight the cell where M, is calculated in ft-k (cell C11), then leases 4g0 to “Data’” at the top of the Excel window and select “What-l Analysis” and “Goal seek..." The | Set cel Goal Seek window shown wil open. In “Set cal” | 5 vai: G11 appears because it was highlighted when | 2 __ You selected “Goal seek...”. In “To value,” type | SY chanaingcel: — $cg7) ( 320 because that is the moment you are seeking Finly or "By changing cl,” insert C7 because Ca Cea the area of reinforcing steel 's what you want to 5354 CHAPTER 2 Flexural Analysis of Seams vary to produce a moment of $20 fi-k. Click OK, and the value of A, will change to 3.55. This ‘means that a steel area of 3.55 in’ Is required to produce a moment capacity M, of 320 ft-k. ‘The Goal Seek feature can be used in a similar manner for mast of the spreadsheets provided in this text. PROBLEMS Cracking Moments For Problems 2.1 to 25, determine the cracking moments for the Problem 2.4 sections shown iff = 4000 psi and f, = 7.597" Problem 2.1 (Ans. 34.8 f-k) jo hin 26in, os | wlohe + oe Be Ln] | 18 in —| Problem 22 Problem 25. (ans 853 14) | r 18 in, | + hi t oe ; 4 * 3410 f ann t uf ! Problem 23° (ins 31.6 84) ft [ain — vn | — tFFor Problems 2.6 and 2.7, calculate the uniform load (in addi- Problem 2.9 Repeat Problem 2.8 if fo tion (o the beam weight) that will cause the sections to begin to crack if they ate used for 28-ft J, = 15 ff. and seinforced concrs Problem 2.6 simple spans. f! = 4000 psi, weight = 150 Ie ain, 24%, :| [1s in —+| Problem 2:7 (Ans. 0.343 kit) aff rr aot wf. ¢ ofate 38 T2in JHirin] t ‘Transformed-Area Method For Problems 2.8 to 2.14, assume the sections have cracked and ‘use the transformed-area method to compute their fexural stresses Jor the loads or moments given, Problem 2.8 48 a0in, in —T MWe not Problems 16 bars are used, (Ane. f, = 1356 psi, f, = 26,494 psiy Problem 2.10 Problem 2.11 bottom layer, f, (Ane f, [18 in +] 1258 psi f, 889 psi at steel centroid) 14,037 pat in ow [15a —-| Win | 24, Fin Pin Me 106 not ss56 CHAPTER 2 Flexural Analysis of Seams Problem 2.12 1.5 Wi including beam weight) ant |}——_—»4 s —__- | 10 artis a a0, Problem 2.13 (Ans. f, = 2369 psi.f, = 32,574 psi al he steel |~—12in—+| centroid, 36.255 psi in the bottom layer) ao! 2h eluding beam weit) |—10 «| 2 » ——+| 699 [}___—- 0s ____ oe 2k ne Problem 214 Sin Sin in vie oto ain 1 wee fot sia f Problem 2.15 Using the wansformedarea method, compute {he resisting moment of the beam of Prablem 2.10 if J, = 24,000 psi and f, = 1800 psi. (Ane, 258.8 fk) |~—16in —-| Problem 2.16 Compute the resisting moment of the beam. of Problem 2.13 if eight #10 bars are used 10, J, = 20,000 psi, and f= 1125 psi. Use the tansformed- area method, Problem 2.17 Using transformed area, what allowable uniform load can in addition to is own weig ie beam supp for a 28-t simple span? Conerste weight — 150 Ib, peat an coro yoga t 4 Toe wm | aProblems 87 For Problems 2.18 to 2.21, determine the flexural stresses in these members using the tansformed-area method, Problem 2.18 | ano 140 205% n=10 |—:2in—o| Problem 2.19 (Ans. f, — 1374 psi, = 32,611 psi at the steel centroid) 4 f 20% M130 : aa ™ ef sie fap sin fa 2 i ie tute 5 leiomeleomel —w-sons , 3m isin f58 CHAPTER 2 Flexural Analysis of Seams Problem 2.22 Compute the allowable resisting moment of the section shown Using tansformed area if allowable steesses are ‘f, = 1800 psi, f, =f! = 24,000 psi, and n = 8, 2m For Problems 2.23 to 2.25, using the tansformed-area method, determine the allowable resisting moments of the sections shown, Problem 2.23 (Ans, 140.18 tk) 20% 10" ps, fanny tension or eompression = 20,000 psiProblems 58 Problem 2.24 % 108 psi, fn tension or compression in, x9 bn, tel plate wood beams desed dimension {Fi x9 in (B= 1.76% 10, Fan tension or compression = 1875 pi) Problem 2.25 (Ans. 124.4 fk) tin. > Hi. Sn. sel plate (=29% 108 ps fy ension o compression = 24.000 psi) fou wood pas deed dimensions 1a x 11-in ey «, 1.76% 108 pet fgg tension oF compression = 1800 pi) Ts Nominal Strength Analysis For Problems 2.26 to 2.29, determine the nominal or theoretical moment capacity M, of each beam if f, = 60,000 psi and f= 4000 pai Problem 2.26 Problem 2.27 (Ans. 688.2 fk) 30%, a8 f—isin—=| ,60 CHAPTER 2 Flexural Analysis of Seams | 28 Problem 2.28 28in 1 Problem 229° (Ans. 8455 14%) 24in 30% __ is in, For Problems 2.30 to 2.34, determine the nominal moment capacity M, for each of the rectangular beams Problem bin) | di) | Bas | fo) | LOD “An No. 230) 1s 2 388 40 o = 231 16 2 2 40 0 232 4 205 | 440 30 0 — 233 2 2 4410 30 75 a 2 36 oan 30, o = For Problems 2.35 to 2.39, determine M, iff, = 60,000 psi and f’ = 4000 pst Problem 2.35 (Ans. 704 f-k) 4a—I | sw att Problem 2.36 [xtomrfe—isn—sfesou Problem 2.37 Repeat Problem 2.35 if four #11 bars are used (Ans. 865 1) Problem 2.38 six #8 bars are used Compute M, for the beam of Problem 2.36 ifProblem 2.39 (Ans, 76333 -k) Sip Sin Sin. 39m. Smt iin Sin, 240 ant | 4 ai, Prob f, = 60,000 psi and f! = 4000 psi °3 23in “tl fs —-} ££ = 3000 psi and f, smo |—16 in —+| nb en wk a Problems n 240 Determine the nominal uniform load w, (including beam weight) that will cause a bending moment equal to My st Problem 241 Determine the nominal uniform load w, (including beam weight) that will cause a bending moment equal o M, {60.000 psi. (Ans. 6.77 kit)62 CHAPTER? Flexutal Analysis of Seams Problems in SI Units Fe Problems 2.42 to 2.44, determine the cracking moments for the sections shown if? — 28 MPa and the modulus of ruptare is fp = 07K. with fin MPa Problem 2.42 520mm 600 ma am9 ott | ee [+-350mm—| Problem 243 (Ans. 46.30 kN-m) 20mm 500 mn ams 30mm J+ 300 mm—>| Problem 2.46 20 LN incuding beam weigh) (YO, Problem 2.44 | 600 mm ——-| 100 man | Tron For Problems 2.45 to 2.47, compute the flexural stresses {nthe concrete and stel for the beams shown using the Problem 2.45 (Ans. f/ =7.785 MPa, f, = 109.31 MPa) 530mm . Olam M= 130K ans cee e [a J 50mm —>| 406 201mm 00 mm an iProblem 247 (Ans. f, = 1020 MPa, f) = 103.10 MPa, J, = 18856 MPa) 70 an cs ra comm] f For Problems 2.48 to 2.55, compute M, values. Problem | b(am) | dcam) | Bas 7, Pa) ‘An No. 28 300 600 EEG 35 350 = 249 320 600 3886 28 350 560.5 EN 250 350) 330 3925 24 20 = 251 370 330 3925 24 20 313 Em Problem 2.52 f= 420M fa 24 MPa ems [501m —| Problem 2.53 Repeat Problem 2.48 if four #36 hare are used. (Ans. 734 kN-m) Problems64 CHAPTER 2 Flexural Analysis of Seams Problem 2.54 |-—______— 1200» —____.| 28MPs 4,=350 MPa [rom 330mm 500mm 2186 omn |. 250mm Problem 2.55 (Ans. 689.7 KN-m) [/_- 100 mm —___- 560 mm one 100 mm 20 mm Problem 2.56 Repeat Problem 2.27 using Chapter 2 spreadsheets. Problem 2.57 Repeat Problem 2.28 using Chapter 2 spreadsheets. (Ans. 561.9 {Uk) Problem 2.58 Prepare a flowchart forthe determination of M, for a rectangular tensilely reinforced concrete beam.