REVIEW AND SUMMARY The property of matter offering a resistance to any change of its state of rest or of v uniform motion in a straight line is known as inertia. Y Inertia force is a fictitious force, which when acts upon a rigid body, brings it in equilibrium. Inertiaforce = — Accelerating force = —ma ¥ Inertia torque is a fictitious torque, which when applied upon the rigid body, brings it in equilibrium position. Inertia torque = — Externally applied torque = — Ta - ¥ D’Alembert’s principle states that the inertia forces and torques, and the external forces and torques acting on a body together result in statical equilibrium. ie, ZF=0 and 3M=0 . The D’Alembert’s principle is used to reduce a dynamic analysis problem into an equivalent problem of static equilibrium. Scanned with CamScanner'¥ Velocity and acceleration of the reciprocating parts in engines: 2 @ Displacement of the piston, x. = [a 1-cos 9 + 0] Gi) Velocity of the piston, vp = ro [ sin 9 + sm28 i (iii) Acceleration of the piston, ap = @?r [ cos 9 + £2 28] i it ‘, @ cos 0 (iv) Angular velocity of the connecting rod, ®pc = We —sin? 9? ~ Hc05 8 * n . . = @? sin O(n? -1) (v) Angular acceleration of the connecting rod, apc = (n? — sin? 932 =? sin 8 2 n Y — Klien’s construction for determining velocity and acceleration of the reciprocating parts in engines is also discussed in this chapter. Y Forces on the reciprocating parts of an engine: 1. Piston effort (Fp): (a) For horizontal reciprocating engines: Piston effort, Fp = F,2F, s. (Neglecting frictional resistance) . = FL tF,-Ry _ ...(Considering frictional resistance) (b) For vertical reciprocating engines: Piston effort, Fp = Fi 2F,FWp .. (Neglecting frictional resistance) = F,tF,FWp-Rg _ ... (Considering frictional resistance) _@ To find net load on the piston (F,): x (a) Insingle-acting engine: Fy, = p xg Db? (b) In double-acting engine: F,, = p, Ay- P2A2 =p, A; ~p2 (A, — a where p, A, = Pressure and cross-sectional area on the back end side of the piston. P> Az = Pressure and cross-sectional area on the crank end side of the piston, and a : Cross-sectional areci of the piston rod. (ii) To find the ines force of the reciprocating parts (Fp): cos 26] . n Inertia force, F, = mpapg = mmqa?r | cos 8 + Scanned with CamScanner2. Force acting along the connecting rod (Fg): Fp ¥o ~ cosg 3. Thrust on the sides of cylinder walls (Fy)? : Fy = Fosing = Fptan ¢. 4. Crank-pin effort (Fr): Fr = Fosin (0+ #) = Tg * sin (0+ #) 5. Thrust on crankshaft bearing (Fp): x cos (0+ 9) Fg = Focos (0+ 9) = 6. Crank effort on the crankshaft (1): Fp . sin 20" T = Fypxr= Gos 5 (8+ 9) r=Fp sin 8 + Fn? —sin? 8 7, Y Simple pendulum: Periodic time, tp = 2x L |~ oN see - [z Frequency of oscillation, n tp "De 1 where 1 = Length of the pendulum v Compound pendulum: B+ Periodic time, tp = 2x gh ie i Pe sh Frequency of oscillation, n = 7 = 3--\/ aE, where _h_= Distance of point of sus; nsion. Y » Equivalent length of a simple’ pendulum, : +h compound pendulum, is. L =" which gives the same frequency % St ¥ — Equivalent dynamical system: He gi SES Dato mr +1)? md +p and 1,1, = k2 where m — Mass to be replaced by m, and my ly andl, = Distance from C.G of mass m, and m; respectively, and is , Total distance between the masses m, and m. a Scanned with CamScanner¥ Correction couple (T-) is given by (Refer Fig.2.14), Te = mk} ~B) a = ml, fly-1) a= mi L) a v Inertia Sorce analysis ina reciprocating engine, considering the “weight of | connecting rod, can be determined both graphically and analytically. Both the .__methods are elaborately discussed with sufficient example problems. Y Inertia torque by analytical method: Total torque exerted on the crankshaft, T ~ T, + T;+ Ty in 20 ial Ty, ~ F, in @ 2 (i) Torque due to inertial force, T, vr[ sin yk | (i) Torque due to correction couple, Tz = ~ mel, (tL) one r (iii) Torque due to weight of the connecting rod, T, = ~ me x g x cos @ Scanned with CamScannerREVIEW AND SUMMARY. ; are - Y The turning moment diagram (also known as crank-effor t aoe mee @ ‘aphical __representation of the turning moment (1) for various positions of | f ele (8). “In this chapter, the turning moment diagrams for a single-cylinder double-acting steam engine, a single-cylinder four-stroke IC. engine, a multi-cylinder engine ang __other common type of engines/prime moves are presented. Y Flywheel’s function is to-store the energy during the period when the supply of energy is more than the requirement, and to give away the same when the requirement of energy is more than the supply. Y A flywheel does not maintain a constant speed, it simply reduces the fluctuation of Speed. But the governor regulates the mean speed of an engine when there. are variations in the load. Y Maximum fluctuation of energy (AE) is given by AE = Maximum energy — Minimum energy Coefficient of fluctuation of energy (Cz) is given by C.= Maximum fluctuation of energy nm Work done per eyele Y Relations to find workdone/cycle: 1. Workdone/eycle = Tngon x 8 where Tyran = Mean resisting torque, and 0 = Angle turned in one revolution, = 2n, in case of steam engine and two-stroke IC = 42, incase of four-stroke Ic engines. P x60 n engines, 2. Workdone/eycle where P = Power transmitted in watts, and n = Number of working strokes ‘Per minute, . = N, incase of steam engines and two-stroke IC engines, 2= NZ, incase 0 our-stroke IC en; ‘ines, Scanned with CamScannerPx60_ To find Tea’ Tmean = F— N= 22N where @ = Angular velocity in rad/s = Go + and N_= Speed inr.p.m ¥ Maximum fluctuation of speed (AS) is given by AS = Maximum speed - Minimum speed ¥ Coefficient of fluctuation of speed (Cs) is given by Maximum fluctuation of speed Cs = ¥ Energy stored in a flywheel: The various forms of maximum fluctuation of energy (AE) equation are: i @ AE = 51(a - oh) (i) AE = 10 (w,-0,) i) AB = 18Cy = mB a Cy (vy) 4E = 2EC, () AE = mR OCs = mv Cy where and a, = Maximum and minimum angular speeds, = Mean angular speed, = mk? = Mass moment Of inertia of the Sywheel, = Mass of the flywheel, = Radius of gyration of the flywheel, = Mean radius of the rim, = Peripheral velocity of the rim, and Cs = Coefficient Of fluctuation of speed. ¥ Dimensions of the flywheel tim: The relations used to find the various dimensions e 4 N 60 ~ Linear velocity of the flywheel, P= Density of rim material, 5 Tensile stress or hoop stress due to the centrifugal fore D_= Mean diameter of the rim, wre free an Scanned with CamScanner