Y — For Porter governor (refer Fig.11.6): REVIEW AND SUMMARY. v The Junction of a governor is to maintain the speed of an engine within SPecifieg limits whenever there is a variation of load. The arrangement, working principle and characteristics of gravity controljeg governors (i.e., Porter and Proell governors) and spring controlled governors (i,¢. Hartnell, Hartung, Wilson-Hartnell and Pickering governors) are presented in this chapter. For Watt governor (refer Fig.11.3): () Governor height, h = & where N = Governor speed in.r.p.m.- (i) Range of speed = Maximum speed — Minimum speed = N,—N, Max. speed—Min. speed _ N2—Nj (iii) Percentage increase in speed = ‘Max. speed N; Mgtk)] me+| 2 Ja+o 895 Governor height, h= mg x N = Mass of each ball in kg, M = Mass of the central load in kg, N = Governor speed in r.p.m, F q where = Frictional force acting on the sleeve in newtons, and tan B tan a” Scanned with CamScanner—_ ( For kroetl governor (refer Fig.1] I): M governor height, h = EM aig] *o whore the notations m, M4, and N haye usual hienbe (i) Stiffness of the Spring (op Spring constant), ¢ = 82-8) where §,—S, = a 2 Fo-Foy) t= 3). (2) (ii) Initial compression Of the cen, where ty and-r, = 5S) and 8, = Min, Ss aa ino) tral spring = =! _ Minimum spring force espectively, mor, and Foy = mo, "%, 5 = Stifitess of the spring, @ = Length of the vertical or ball arm of the lever, and Foy = 5 = Length of the horizontal or sleeve arm of the lever, Y For Hartung governor (refer Fig. 11.28): Foxa = Sxa+ ey, where a and b = Length of the vertical and horizontal arm of the bell crank lever respectively, M = Mass of the sleeve, and S_= Spring force. For Wilson-Hartnell governor (refer Fig. 11.30): Safb oy }- _ Fa-Fo to + 3[2 at * =r = Stifness of main and auxiliary springs respectively, ickerit ig. 11.33): For Pickering governor (refer Fig.11.33). Soe (” Deflection of the centre of the leaf spring, 5 ne Grse 92 ET Where . m= Mass attached at the centre of the leaf spring, a = Distance from spindle axis to the C.G. of the mass, when the governor is at rest, and : "1 = Distance between the fixed ends of the spring: : () Empirical relation between the lift ofthe sleeve (2) and the defleciion (6) 2.482 Agra ieb Where sy and s, Scanned with CamScanner414,70) Dynamics of Machinery IN ae Mean speed = _ __N LN +N Sensitiveness of a governor = Rance of speed ~ N,-N, ~ 2(N,—Nj) . 7 a Range of speed _ N2—N; _ 2(N2~N,) Coefficient of insensitiveness = “Viean speed ~~ N= N, +N; The phenomenon of continuous fluctuation of the engine speed above and below the mean speed is termed as hunting. A governor with zero range of speed is known as an isochronous governor. When the graph between the controlling force (Fe) as ordinate and radius of| rotation of the balls (r) as abscissa is drawn, the graph so obtained is called controlling force curve or diagram. Scanned with CamScannerEW AND SUMMARY ___. nd its applications are presented. The effects of ships and automobiles (both two-wheel and four. Rew the gyroscope wroscopic couple on aeroplanes, wheel vehicle) are dealt elaborately. _ Thenever a rotating body changes its axis of rotation, rotating body. This couple is known as gyroscopic couple. a couple is applied on the Gyroscopic acceleration, @, = 0 * Oy where @ = Angular velocity of the disc, and e, = Angular velocity of precession. Gyroscopic couple, C = 1: - a, where I = mk = Mass moment of igertia, a, = wR = Angular velocity of precession, v = Linear velocity, and x R_= Radius of curvature. The effects of the gyroscopic couple on an aeroplane taking a'turn are tabulated (refer Table 12.2) Similarly, the effect of the gyroscopic couple on naval ships during steering and pitching, are also tabulated (refer Tables 12.3 & 12.4) ‘ Gyroscopic effect on pitching: © Maximum gyroscopic couple, Ce = 1° + 0p may max = 9X Oy = $ x2nlt, Gi) Maximian angular acceleration during pitching, Cpa, = 4 0 4s the axis of spin is always parallel to the axis of precession for all position, there is no gyroscopic effect on the ship during rolling. : Stability oF a four wheels automobile moving in a curved path: i Reason due (o weight of the vehicle = W/4 = m «9/4 a 2actic ic ion due to gyroscopic couple, C= wy - , (4 Iy £G«I,) Vertic ¥ i ertical reaction at each ofthe outer‘or inner wheels £ =< % 2x 3.’ Reaction due to centrifugal effect, C = ( my? ) 3 R Vertical reacti ion at each of the 2h outer and inn — my 4. To ensure fro er wheels, 2 ORx than or at leg ret at the inner wheels with the road, WA should be more heel vehicle. tM! "© the sum of P/2 and Q/2, For stabil ofthe O° Wek Fase k 42345Y Stability of a two wheel vehicle: y2 Gyroscopic couple, C; = re (2 IytG +I) cos @ my? Centrifugal couple, C, = \~R~ } cos 0 . vf 2ly+G Tg Total overturning couple, Co = Re >, tm -h \cos 0 Y For stability of the two-wheel vehicle, the overturning couple must be equal to the balancing couple. y?[ 2ly+G Tp | ieee + m-h \cos@=m-g-hsin@ where notations have usual meanings. Scanned with CamScanner