ont [ 374 376 376 377 Differential Calculus-| INTRODUCTION 399 410 | Calalus is one of the most beautiful intellectual achievements of human being, The mathematical 411 | Sosy of change motion, growth or decay is calculus. One of the most important idea of differential saci is derivative which measures the rate of change of a given function. Concept of derivative Sb useful in engineering, science, economics, medicine and computer science 426, ; a e a7 The fist order derivative of y denoted by “, second order derivative, denoted by g ¥ a ix i third order derivative by at and so on. Thus by differentiating a function y = fix), times, a Spo oF Dry ory(s). Thus the process of finding the differential co-efficient of a function again and again is called Successive Differentiation. successively, we get the nth order derivative of y denoted by EU th benivative OF SOME ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS 1. Power Function (ax + 5)" Let y = (arb ma (ax + by m (m-1)a? (ax + by"? a Yq = m(m-1) (m-2) .. (m= i= 1) a (ax + BY" Case I. When m is positive integer, then me (m=1) (mane m= Mn B21 gray + bY fe (m=n)..3-21 [es E ae oo Yo "(ax-+b)Daal -1B00K OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICg A Tex 2 piFFE cose 1 When mi = = 4¥e inte LE mars)” = [na = w= 10 Case Iff, When m = -1, then 1 y = +)" = Gee) y, = (1.2) 3) =) a" (ax + by** at a “ ae" \axvb) Case'IV, Logarithm case: When y = log (ax + b), then a > aeeb Differentiating (n-1) times, we get = (ax +by 2, Exponential Function (0 Consider y =o y, = mat. log.a v5 (og, a)? (ii) Consider Putting a = ein above 3. Trigonometric Functions cos (ax + 5) or sin (ax + b) Let y = cos (ax + b), then y, = ~a'sin (ax +b) = @ cos ax+b+5) = = 0 cos (ax + b) = a? cos (ox+0+28) ° + @° sin (ax + b) Ys cos (ox+0+38) 2ENTIAL CALCULUS: irre d@ 1 § % = Fycos(ax+b) = a cos ax 5, ) | [ da similarly [ x. = Spsincar+t) = atin (arya Ll net 2) | 4, Product Functions e* sin (bx + ¢) or et Consider the function y = cos (by + ¢ sin (bx +0) z Y, = e*b cos (bx + c) + ae" sin (by 4 = © [b cos (bx + 0) +a sin (be + oj} qo rewrite this in the form of sin, put 7 c08 $, b =r sin 6, we get & Ir sin 6 cos (bx +c) +r cos @ sin (ox + 0 y, = re sin (bx +c + 4) met r= Ja? +b? and 6 = tan/a) Differentiating again w.r-. x, we get Ya = rae sin (bx + c+ 4) + rhe cos (bx + c+ 6) Substituting for a and b, we get ¥, = Te. 7 cos @ sin (bx +c + 4) + re" r sin 6 cos (bx + ¢ Fe™ [cos > sin (bx +c + @) + sin 6 cos (bx +c +] = Pe sin (bxtc+ +9) ¥, = F & sin (bx + c+ 24) Similarly, y, = re sin (bx +c + 36) AY ee sin(bx +0) = ret sin (be+ +m) dx" In similar way, we obtain _ te coslbx-t0) = re cos (brte+1) dx" Example 1. Find the nth derivative of 1 Sol. LetA TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATIgg | piFFER 4 cata] fmt) | asf carey? = Ohne . | een |? [Gen ast aa or yee wales at eat nl Example 2. Find the nth derivative of e cos" x sin x (1+c0s2x) Sol. Let jecote wissen ane _ Let sins+ eg (200s2esin2) 2 Settsinat Get (sin(@x)—sinz} or ve fet sina fe* sind y= ore sin (x np)]nalnter sin r+ n0)] wie r= Ja?41; tan o=1/a a Via or Example 3. If'y = tax! 77, find y, ena eolijeaere gauss ae : ee Differentiating y wart. x, we get is ) i 2a-x*)+40 % = CF = eee n ex) +e y= " sal (by Partial fractions) xti Differentiating both sides (n-1) times wr. to ‘x’, we get | sfeorigaey artaedl i ae (x-i" (x+i)" "1 n- aS s 2M" —r9") yl n- pA ED) [r-"(c0s0-isiney” _ré(eou0+ isn i vk x= ron 1218)renenTiat caLeuLus: of Example # sol. We have pifferentiating Differentiating ("-1) a a 8 qe eae " y =x log 4. IF BS Fe (Cay ae Gay" y, = log (x 1) - log @ +) + times with eect o = we pa (x-1)- Slog (e+) + —(=1)" log(x- =) -fisigeasa ei as 1) £3 (2) Se ta cy CaF cayqnenr \ {coon0 + isin 9 ~cosn0 + isinn6) yo neety [ned rt sin, where r= Vi (1) ee) Show that vejpe nae ca =? [ae (wer, 207 xl y = rlog 22h = x flog(t ~1) -log +] gwar to ‘x, we get y, = log = 1) - log @ + D+ x = log (x= 1) = log (« +1) + (+ 4,}(4+5) xt) eat) (Dahesh ae —Nn-1) n=2 ey (x-1)" 21) eels ole ane 7 x ini a = eee wey ey eH yr xtn aun], aya eae ay +1)" Example 5. Find y, Sol. We have “iphias (ify = a1 ad w: LyatertDy ge are Ie!) cart aca scar octlaes SS (e+"—_e—— — i _ —FvwxwKlr TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATa, pirFer Geet) @-DaHD ge 7 bag r-1. x41 9. "| 0 1" |" 0. ems | 2{@=n +I)" Cy"|mp a l | eae ee 2 leis (e+) al [oo ities ay ay x=0,y, (0) = When n is odd, ,(0) = Orn +1]=-[" Stat When m is even, v,(0) = ae aa Ity= ms sy’ find mth derivative of y. (UPTU, 2008 [ans ee ae — ae ae a 2. Find the nth derivative of me : f are [oneal 3. Find the nth derivative of tan! e} A Ee 4 (Ans, (-1)"|n—1sin" Osin n0 where @ = cot] 4. Ify = sin’ x, find y,. 5. Find nth derivative of tan-! (2). ajerivative of log © . Find mth dt ease | [am zt (ety! [Ans. (1)! [n=1-2¢ | aa [a [1-507 contact tan ‘i 2x - cos 3x find Ye 10. IEy= 05 O° [Bint cos x - c0s.2 = COS ax = H(cos 6x-+c08 4x+-cos 2x+1)] 1) gn mn [ane [eof aofscend)o2cofacen3] LEIBNITZ’S* THEOREM Statement. If u and 7 be any two Di(uv) = "%D'w.0+ Proof. This Now, theorem will be proved by D (uv) = D (uv + uDO) functions of x, then %¢ Du). D(o) + "eq DW). (0) + 41D (WD @) +--+ De -O (UPT.U. 2007) Mathematical induction. ic, D (u)0 +e, uD) i) This shows that the theorem is true for n = 1. Next, let us suppose that the D* (uv) = Differentiating w-r to x, we have D™ (uo) But from Algebra we know that ", * et De\(uo) fae ("eetate fo ee 716) was born Leipzi8, 1673 to the Royal is said to have original theorem is also due was editor-in-chief. "c,{D™"() +D"(u):D@) +" {p™wD%(o)+D"* piw}+.tetD me D™(u)-0+1 po") D'1(0)+- theorem is true for, n= m from (9, we have Dr(u)v + "6, D™ (uw) D@) + ce, D*4(u) D? (0) + = #6 Deu) D0) + +t DO) hen {om onDey#D™ O70} w-re\yDrve Dw)" +", (DM) pmo +uD™'oh tga F: = rc, and "y= (rcystepnanvens "a epee Jeqq D™ (As "ew 5 Newton's iv ting machine in a oq =1) al in (Germany) am vas Ns pag ceed Ns IEE nats a ‘sanskrit scholar. The theory of determina ie 2 of Binomial into multinomla! ization © ? : a3. The generalizat ee ema ‘Acta erustorss of which he mostly appearedA TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS s ovrret 5 Deve) = eg" (u)-04" eD™(u) (04 6D" (uy: Do} a eg DW) DI (opt act egg tt: DM (0) mo nerefore, the equation (ii) shows that the theorem is true for 11 = m + 1 also. But from gy that the theorem is true for 1 = Fan ya 1 = 3, and so on. Hence, the theorem is true for all positive integral value ofr, Example 1. If y'" + y""" = 2x, prove that (2 =D vig + Qn 4+ 1) ay, + (=m) y (PTL, 20 Sive ee me eae Sol. Given ta = yim = Day 41 i (ym = 2x(y') 41 = 22a 41 z ly yim 1] a Case I: Taking +ve sign, we get a Differentiating w.rt. x, we get ae ae or WiG2-1) = Case Il: Taking —ve sign, we get y = Differentiating w.rt. x, we get ie.a oarcuLus" oe ¥ rs yee) * my? (ii) « cain care (HD Have came result oe erent ‘any one of them, get the result a suc ta © 2m vy : ya Denny = 0 erensaing * tees yy Leibnitz’s theorem Wt % we get py ena page sade SED AP (yx +%e, D* y) Demy, : 0 1 co ag Dt Ye see Dye 2+ You % ie owat ets 4 (ens namely, = 0 2 aD Yat Ont 1) et (a? — me) y, = 0. Hence proved. sample 2. Find the nth derivative of et log © gol Let u =e and» = 108 * 1) tee 4)" hen D* (u) =e and D* (2) = at pD'(ax+b)" As x (eb 5 theorem, we have "c, D™? (e)D* (log x) Dee log x +", D™ (€) Dilog *) + on + & D" (log *) 4)" | n- oat? 1,0) (4) cele x 2 x = 4 (hy ins = D'(e log») = font ttn 2 a xt e of x sin 3x. By Leibniz’ D*(elog*) = Example 3. Find the nth derivativé Sol. Let u = sin 3x and 0= 7% = Dr (sin 3x) = 3" sin (a+) Dw) Du) = ax, DE(®) = 2, D? @) =9 By Leibnitz’s theorem, we have De (isin 32)" = Dr (in 32 +" p* (sin 3) D(x) +" pein 32) Die) nein Te sain y nt fe sin( a+ |g ai 4 TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING Mary: irrer vist ain (3r4 2%) 4 one a6 sin (342 is) i 2) 2 + 3*nt-1) «sin (3, 9 Brample 4. If y = x log (1+ 3), prove that 2 | (12) n=2¢e4n) eS OPT a Sol. Let = log (1+ 2), o= x pa a” a Dey = “tog (+2) = fog (+x (a=, Gianles, +3) aes O+n) at sd yt BO gad der pe yn = Dw) = Pay and DE) = 1, DX) = 0 By Leibnitz’s theorem, we have an Y= DY (log (1+ 2) = D* log (1 + 0) x 4%, D> (og (1s app Cy | n-1 nay"? | n-2 = (x+1)" (e+ or =x(n=1) | nett) 2] nn |e), niet inc [eamctbane a OU ine lr ee xtn = (ye |[n-2 eee . Hence proved. Example 5. If x = sin (4) then prove that @ (L~ x) nq — Qn +1) xy,,, ~ (0 + @)y, = I Sol. We have x = sin( 84) Differentiating wart. x, we get ae,f=w) 4 alee) = 9 re ogea-*) y Samy aterntiate with respect 10% yy, = 8) - 2h = 20ye » y, 0-3) <3, = ve orang Leibnita’s rule differentiating 1 times witt an(n-1 0-29 a = Rey) ED, — spasms He : (1-2) Yap Qn #1) 24,4 07 +) y, = 0. Hence proved & cample 6 If y = 0-c0s (log x) + b sin (log 2). Show that ay, ty=0 = + Qn +1) xy, + +1) ¥, = 0. (UPT.U, 2003) Sol. Given y = aces (log x) + b sin (log x) 1 ) y, = —a@sin (log 2) (2)+ Pecos (log x) (4) on xy, = — asin (log x) + b cos (log x) Again differentiating w.rt. x, we get - smog (2) rin ay, +, = 4608 (log x) [z) - b sin (og x) (— = wy, + xy, = — (a-cos (log x) + B sin (log x)} = -y 0. Hence proved. 0 > Ty tmtY Differentiating (i) n times, by Leibnitz’s theorem, we have n(n—1) 2 Va OT Yy" 24 Yugi B* MYy + Yu =O = ry, + Qn+1) xy, +P -n+n+1y,=0 = ry, + nt 1) xy, + +1) y, = 0 Hence proved. Example 7. If y = (1 ~ xy* e, show that (1 - x)y,,, — (n+ ox) y, — NOY, = Sol. Given y = (1 - 2)*. €* Differentiating wrt. x, we get ad expen art em as y= = a-a-e=a[ ai ¥e(1 = 2) og Oerexte0ok OF ENGINEERING Marra A e get pnitz’s theorem, we B Ld * noo want. # by Lal reenting cere EIT iy ot) Ys — NOM w 5 = Met s ae ay + (2 + WEY gay + OF + mt (9 tog ( ) , prove that 2'Yy2 Dy Example 8. If cos" (jy mn) : i or 1) ito 2)" = m tog ax untae cor! (2) 008 Ge ' y = bcos (mio) On differentiating, we have eat ely yz bain (06) x = xy, — mb sin (m log ‘Again differentiating w.rt.x, we get sa xy, +, =~ mb cos (tog =) m ear m x (ay, + y,) = — mb cos (m log—| = ney Hy tay, + my = 0 Differentiating n times with respect to x, by Leibnitz’s theorem, we get qe D -2y, +34 + Ny, + Py, = 0 > 2y,.+ Qn + Ixy, + (=n 4n+ my, =0 = xy... + Qn + 1) xy,,, + (w+ m) y,=0. ‘Hence proved. Yu TT My DE + Example 9. If y = (x? - 1)", prove that (UPT.U,, 2000, 20 Wg + 2, —H (n+l)y, = 0 . d" Hence, a a “a if P,= 7 (81); show that Ho-r) iP J. he Sol. Given y = (1p Differentiating w.r to x, we get G2 = ayetax = B=)" (x?-1) 0 y, Ba een ey ferentiating, w.rt. x, we obtain (e- Dy, = (ony aysenenTiaL CALCULUS! ove Now, differentiating " times, want. x by Leibnitz’s theorem : tel. want. + ee y+ ya. + Any, = Amy, + Qny, + 2ny, t= Tala * Bea OT CA Sahai ON o0 Dy + Bua = 8 + My = 0 o NR al a 0 fet y = @@-1)" a" second part: L a Flt- al = =a — 24a =~ [2 Neonat ide fin aay fe ze aaa ile [n(n +1)yn] ie dj aP, or Afar} veg Obie Hence proved. (ULPT.UL, 2009) Example 10. Find the nth derivative of y= x"! log x at * Sol. Differentiating 1 yy = (w- 1) r log e+) Differentiating (n—1) times by Leibnitz’s theorem, we get ay, + Yer = (8 We * [nd eee ae = te = Gabi” aes a At pis a(t) 2 Example 11. If y= (0 ~ yay’? sirc's, when that (1 -2ea 7 On * eS—_—_— A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATIgg ae oF gol. Given y = (1-817 alts Differentiating 5 i in ; (1 = 399 (2x) siecle + (1 = 8 xt_a*) tain 0 sive 6 eyed W *Somcemyy 0 ae) 9 =a7) ‘ y 0-2) = tl Differentiating 1 times w.nt. x, by Leibnitz’s theorem, we get yoy (= 23) + my, (22) + a Vp (2) =3Yy + Ys (1-x)y,,, — Qn + Uay, - OF = 1 + my, = 0 => (1-2x)y,, — Qn + Ixy, - my,, = 0. Hence proved. Example 12. If y = x" log x, then prove that [n { Oma = FY, = Me, + LOD. Sol. (i) We have y = x" log x Differentiating w.r. to x, we get . i tinaeenl tog ot ¥ og x + = ay, = mx". log x +x" : my = yt f Differentiating equation (i) n times, we get ‘ Yous + TY, = ny, + | n Yua = Proved. o a" aula ¥ = Fa (logs) = 2 (fe “logs mleae enTiaL CALCULUS ind the “7th deriva’ f the followin, axe" cy stot ete ate ag ote nates Re ea | Anse? [Ans. e*[x2 +2ne-+n(n-1)] 3. 3 log x y) [nm 0-4) x 5. x sin 3x [ame 2 a «ay aA + Ans. 3°x7 (a0 nm - [ans ata so) ee: an el net sin 3 += 50 a} [ans &[2e+3)+6n (2x43)? +1201) )(2x+3)+8n(n—1 yon—2)}] 6. ¢ (2x + 3). (UPT.U,, 2006) 7. If x= tan y, prove that G+ yt 2nxy, + n(n-1)y, Hy See ree that y'2y + 2y = 0. ; y é . (m sin'x), prove that : Wyuz — (2 + DX Yuu + (MP — Wy 2: i: = : . (UPTU, 2004, 2002) Fe wwe prove that (= Ty, +3y,—"y = O and (2—Tfua* G1 Des ne: (8) (3 i) = log (=) » prove that a + 2 + 1p + 2%, 4 {20 +1) x Agar # HH = 0 ee 12. If : Bs. ee ex, prove that (1 +342 oe y = 2 log (« + 1), show that Dy + Qn + GE + Diya + (+ 44 = 44, fy =C Aas eat)” +C, (x-vx?-1 "prove that (3? = Ma x = 00s flog (yi)], then show that 07 On DM ie., mh Differential tthe nth. derivative nth derivative for the follow! + n+ De (8 + OHe x20 rnin a.compact form ue of x generally Coetticient of ofa given function rr some special vali ing examples 2.1 To Find (y,), metimes we may not r general value of * but we can - 0. The method of procedure W# be able to find ou! find the ill be clear from24 1.1 tant find the value of v, (0) and v, (0) os 2. Ify arts, prove that (I~ *) Y n+ Ixy, ,,- 0 + #) ns. (6 and 0.) pabve oF 9, WN = 0. @) y, = 0 and hence find the ‘Ans. 1 is 044, ¥, (0) = (n—2)° + Sequeay? +e?) [ans 0) = { BY (aca eet) «+e OP Ans 4, = {or 2P a (n+) 3. logy ary, show that (1+) ont -ihy 12 2 +) a Yyait 1 (+1) y, = 0 and hence (UPTU.(C.O), 200 find vy ¥, and Ys at = [ Ans. y, 0) =- 1/4, 0) =- 1 4, Wf @) = tan 2, then prove that PO "ef 2 O +f O- eats Gr) 1 nis even, y, ()=0. ify = sin’, find y, ()- ‘ans. nis odd, y, 0) = (= 27 (= ” ¢. Find y, (0) when y = sit (m Sim Ir). (=) [n-at em} 0-9 7} oe [Ans. nis odd, y, (0) = (Ane seven, y, == 7. Wey = Losier] show that Ynez O odd, ¥, 0, = 9 18 ¥,0 PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION Introduction Real world can be described mathematical terms ust parametric etl ns hich describe cyclic petitive activity: 4 monential olynomial fu as trigonometric functions W be growth and decay and P logistic functions which descril these and most other functions: The problems in. computer science, t variables: Bee Myo or more ndePenacn statistics, uid dynamics ®rere ‘ ‘ ial janv + tany + tan janx + tany + tan fanx + tany + tanz au oe + sin 22 5 sin 2x + in 29 y _ sin 2rsec? x-+-sin2y sec? y-+sir tanx+tan y+ tan: ) 2 (tanx + tany + tanz (tanx + tany +tan 2. Hence proved. au 1. Find 3,902 >. Find the first order derivatives of au _ ay au Ans. = a [as Mo (ylogr +a) 7? ss] @u=™ (i) w= log @riP-¥) | ers) | 3, fu = sin? (4) that x =- ou ou _o, a use @ cosy y any) pee Be cape, au. ou Y), prove that 552 * ay? 5. Ifw =a log (+ ¥) +b tan? (2) az ee thal? ney : z. ou Ow pie mY aoe ed |, poet mitue| > 4A TexTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEY au | Pu find the value Of Set haa 36 sy and at 4 OM ae tt wr ry (oe: ‘Ans. i ayeneeny > 29, find the value OF 9yaz é ju Ot 2 a Ee 10. Ite = fers) then prove that 5, * @y? + ot az ot. i nm. iee-fermre (x = ay), prove that <> ay -e57 ou ya = 0. 12. If w= cost [(e-y)/e+ a], Prove that 52 + 99g 7: au. au Apo . to tnaog 62 +y)-show at 532 3g? the s yO 44, Iw = xy + yz + 2x, Show that oy Rae ee awe i or =a sin br. cos bt satisfies 57 = 3p eu Ou otk fine a OW Bare 15. Prove that f(%, 16. If u = r*, where r= ; (Ans. m 47. If u = (2 Bas sagt Oa ua(P+¥tzy, prove that 57 oF ae of ioe i oe Z 18. If = 1" e #, find the value of n, when a2 (-2)-2 ar) ot” 19. For n = 2 or - 3 show that u = r" 3 cos? @ — 1) satisfies ifferential 2(r#).22 ine = ao \ As & (wos) =0 28 x= eo ag sow tt (2 tat ao) are od ae Yr show that y+ x oa t Sol es Wve for z = (y* - x) log (x - y)}.senmat, CALCULUS! ” au tu ty = cos ax cos dy sinh Se, prove that SF + aye + Sy Wy P at Sa + ay + ar 20. sey ou ox ae eee =o ese prove that ax), du), 2 ay a gs x=rosey=rsin find © (), (2) (2) 3) [Ans. cos 0,~rsin 8, r+ sin 8,1! cos 8,—cot .) HOMOGENEOUS FUNCTION a function f (x, y) is said to be homogeneous if all its terms are of & polynomial in x and y i, homogerieous polynomial in x and y he same degree. Consider a FOG, y) = ag ta ety +a Pet Fa wal C fy = *F & neous function of x and y of degree 1 ca ree of numerator ~ degree of denominator Hence every homoge! wn be written in above form. NOTE: Degree of Homogeneous function = deg pat age age YEH we + axy* Remark 1: If fle, ») ml eee eas 2\e “al = xT Yager yt maly) oly . Lye (2); saree" Remark 2: If pt a é 2). | eee Ls ‘Another forms are als° possible i x\, faye AG ’sexTBOOK OF ENGINEERING tpn, Pes bows agencous function ay 5 - fay = * Fly ot : we get ting pee want. x and y, we BF VO) = we have Multiplying (i) by x and (i) by y and adding, we ha hoy foe (cre Deer Differential aA zB worl = a (from (i). = In general if f (x,, %,, .-, X,) be a homogeneous function in x,, x, .., x, then x, Ri ha oi We tata oy amt Corollary 1. If f is a ee function of degree n, then pete vir ot, Pe cen or Proof. We have Feet Si x ap eovengLy A Differentiating (i) watt. x and y respectively, we get Ne Oe, Of ee a ; Beha ui Sagem tin vy of ie 7 and an Sola ai j om tay YG 5 which Multiplying (ii) by x and (ii) by y and adding, we have a2 fue y paths Sh tig (457 Yu. 4 du = 120, Hence proved. RISB a esc 7 0 theorem Buler Se é xtryt | /[xS4y? a er + Hille y z fi 6 y sie 4. gy tant 4 5 ty) mie ou ow 7 t= og? ) show tat E&Y 5 teeny ie : 17 1) ou pee eee 8. fu=(cisyi) ( ~ Gin 2) 5 (in 22) % + (cin 29) 5 + S y that 2 + n2 = 1, show Pm y+ 2) and + mp (2+ (ie + my + n: =i z = 2t, find log z, where x=3 + Py =s— 2, = 27 + Dy ~y log z, 13. fu = ZH at 1,29, as” OF 1h Iu = 2 du ~# + sin ye, where y = e* and 2 = log x, find 44 dx [Ans Ax-e* )eer cos(e* 1og{logrst 4] show that (x+y) SoG. 4: Mz = xy, v) y ~ 20y - yf ang v=y, 5. = 0 is equivaet we CURVE TRACING Introduction It is analytica) Metho, Which we draw appro ximate Shape of any symmetry Intercepts, *symptotes, tangents, multiple and secong derivatives io Cartesian, Polar ang a aay, We stu a tracing tric form