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Module 5 - Part 2

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18 views14 pages

Module 5 - Part 2

Uploaded by

SUSEELA V K RSET
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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BASICS OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING

MODULE – 5 PART – 2

AMPLIFIERS

Ms. Neethu Radha Gopan, Asst Professor, Dept. of ECE, RSET


Syllabus
Amplifiers
Vp = 1V
Vp = 10mV

Voltage amplifier

Voltage gain = 100

➢ Voltage Gain= output voltage/input voltage

➢ Applications: Radio or TV Receivers, public address system etc.


Transistor Biasing
Applying KVL in the output loop, we get
Consider Common Emitter
Configuration

Saturation point:
At saturation, VCE = 0

Cutoff point:
At cut-off, IC = 0
This straight line connecting
Vcc and Vcc/Rc is called dc
load line.
➢ To work as an amplifier, transistor must be operated in active region.
➢ The intersecting point between the load line and the output characteristic for a
particular base current is called operating point (Q point).
➢ The Q point are described by the values of VCE and IC .

➢ So biasing is required - setting a transistor’s Q point to the correct level so that any
AC input signal can be amplified correctly by the transistor.

➢ Base – Emitter junction should be forward biased


➢ Base-Collector junction should be reverse biased
Voltage Divider Biasing

➢ R1 and R2 act as a voltage dividing circuit.


VCC

𝑉𝑐𝑐 × 𝑅1 R1
𝑉1 =
𝑅1 + 𝑅2

𝑉𝑐𝑐 × 𝑅2
𝑉2 = R2
DC Voltage to the base of transistor.
𝑅1 + 𝑅2
B – E junction become forward biased
RC Coupled Amplifier

➢ Transistor - Amplification (CE configuration).


➢ Collector resistor RC – To get output in terms of voltage.
➢ Emitter resistor RE - For temperature stabilization (Q
point should be stable, transistor should be always
operated in active region for entire cycle of input).
➢ R1 & R2 - the biasing resistors. This network provides
the transistor’s base with the necessary bias voltage to
drive it into the active region.
➢ CC1 - is the input DC decoupling capacitor which blocks
any DC component if present in the input signal from
reaching the base. If any external DC voltage reaches
the base of BJT, it will alter the biasing conditions and
affects the performance of the amplifier.
➢ CC2 - is the output DC decoupling
capacitor. If this capacitor is not used the
output of the amplifier (Vo) will be
clamped by the DC level present at the
transistors collector.

➢ Emitter bypass capacitor CE - is used to


provide a low reactance path to the
amplified AC signal. If it is not used, then
the amplified AC signal following through
RE will cause a voltage drop across it,
thereby reducing the output voltage.
Input signal

Output signal

The amplified output is 180 degrees out of phase with the input
Frequency Response of RC Coupled Amplifier

➢ Audio signal - Humans can detect sounds in a frequency range from about 20
Hz to 20 kHz.

➢ The amplifier must amplify all the frequency components of the signal equally
well.
➢ Frequency response curve is a graph that indicates the relationship between
voltage gain and frequency of the input signal.
Frequency Response of RC Coupled Amplifier
12

➢ Gain is constant only for a limited


band of frequencies (Mid-frequency
range)

➢ On both sides of the Mid-frequency


range, gain decreases

➢ For very low and very high


frequencies, gain of the amplifier
reduces to almost zero
Voltage gain (Vo/Vin)
➢ Bandwidth of the amplifier = fH − fL
➢ Cut-off frequencies – frequencies at which voltage gain reduces to 70.7% of the maximum
1
( of the maximum or power becomes half)
2
➢ FH - upper cut-off frequency
➢ FL - lower cut-off frequency
➢ In dB scale, this is equal to reduction in power by 3dB. So these frequencies are called
3dB frequencies.
➢ Gain in dB= 20 log (Gain)=20 log (Vout/Vin)
END OF MODULE - 5 PART - 2

THANK YOU!!!!

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