PHYSICS PROJECT
BCM Arya Model Sen Sec School
SUBMITTED BY: Atharav Sharma
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the PHYSICS project titled
“Electromagnetic Induction” has been successfully
completed by Atharav Sharma of class Xll-Med,
BCM ARYA MODEL SEN SEC SCHOOL,
Ludhiana in the partial fulfillment by Central Board
Of Secondary Education (CBSE) leading to the
award of the annual examination of the year 2023 -
2024
INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
“ There are times when silence speak so much more
louder
than words of praise to only as good as belittle a
person, whosewords do not express, but only put a
veneer
over true feelings, which are of gratitude at this
point of time.”
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my physics
mentor for his vital support, guidance and encouragement,
without which this project would not have come forth. I would
also like to express my gratitude to the OTHER staff of the
Department of Physics for their support during the making of
this project.
TO ESTIMATE THE
CHARGE INDUCED ON
EACH OF THE TWO
IDENTICAL STRYO FOAM
(OR PITH) BALLS
SUSPENDED IN A
VERTICAL PLANE BY
MAKING USE OF
COULOMB’S LAW
Coulomb
Coulomb graduated in November
1761 from École royale du génie
de Mézières. Over the next
twenty years he was posted to a
variety of locations where he was
involved in engineering -
structural, fortifications, soil
mechanics, as well as other fields
of engineering. His first posting
was to Brest but in February
1764 he was sent to Martinique,
in the West Indies,
where he was put in charge of building the new Fort Bourbon and this
task occupied him until June 1772.
On his return to France, Coulomb was sent to Bouchain. However, he
now began to write important works on applied mechanics and he
presented his first work to the Académie des Sciences in Paris in 1773.
In 1779 Coulomb was sent to Rochefort to collaborate with the Marquis
de Montalembert in constructing a fort made entirely from wood near
Ile d'Aix. During his period at Rochefort, Coulomb carried on his
research into
mechanics, in particular using the shipyards in Rochefort as laboratories
for his experiments.
Upon his return to France, with the rank of Captain, he was
employed at La Rochelle, the Isle of Aix and Cherbourg. He
discovered an inverse relationship of the force betweenelectric
charges and the square of its distance, later named after him as
Coulomb's law.
COULOMB’S LAW
In 1785 Augustine de Coulomb investigated the attractive and repulsive
forces between charged objects, experimentally formulating what is
now referred to as Coulomb’s Law: “The magnitude of the electric
force that a particle exerts on another is directly proportional to the
product of their charges and inversely proportional to the square of the
distance between them.” Mathematically, this electrostatic F acting on
two charged particles (q1, q2) is expressed as
where r is the separation distance between the objects and k is a constant
of proportionality, called the Coulomb constant, k = 9.0 × 109 N ·
m2/C2. This formula gives us the magnitude of the force as well as
direction by noting a positive force as attractive and a negative force as
repulsive. Noting that like charges repel each
other and opposite charges attracting each other, Coulomb measured
the force between the objects, small metal coated balls, by using a
torsion balance similar to the balance used to measure gravitational
forces.
OBJECTIVE:-
To estimate the charge induced on each of the two identical styro foam
(or pith) balls suspended in a vertical plane by making use of coulomb’s
law.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:-
➢ Small size identical balls (pitch or soft plastic)
➢ Physical balance or electronic balance
➢ Halfmeter Scale
➢ Cotton thread
➢ Stand
➢ Glass rod (or plastic rod)
➢ Silk cloth (or wollen cloth)
THEORY:-
The fundamental concept in electrostatics is electrical charge. We are all
familiar with the fact that rubbing two materials together — for
example, a rubber comb on cat fur — produces a “static” charge. This
process is called charging by friction. Surprisingly, the exact physics of
the process of charging by friction is poorly understood. However, it is
known that the making and breaking of contact between the two
materials transfers the charge.
The charged particles which make up the universe come in three kinds:
positive, negative, and neutral. Neutral particles do not interact with
electrical forces. Charged particles exert electrical and magnetic forces
on one another, but if the charges
are stationary, the mutual force is very simple in form and is given by
Coulomb's Law:
where F is the electrical force between any two stationary charged
particles with charges q1 and q2(measured in
coulombs), r is the separation between the charges (measured in
meters), and k is a constant of nature (equal to 9×109 Nm2/C2 in SI
units).
The study of the Coulomb forces among arrangements of stationary
charged particles is called electrostatics. Coulomb's Law describes
three properties of the electrical force:
1. The force is inversely proportional to the square of the distance
between the charges, and is directed along the straight line that
connects their centers.
2. The force is proportional to the product of the magnitude of the
charges.
3. Two particles of the same charge exert a repulsive force on each
other, and two particles of opposite charge exert an attractive force on
each other.
Most of the common objects we deal with in the macroscopic (human-
sized) world are electrically neutral. They are composed of atoms that
consist of negatively charged electrons moving in
quantum motion around a positively charged nucleus. The total negative
charge of the electrons is normally exactly equal to the total positive
charge of the nuclei, so the atoms (and therefore the entire object) have
no net electrical charge. When we charge a material by friction, we are
transferring some of the electrons from one material to another.
Materials such as metals are conductors. Each metal atom contributes one
or two electrons that can move relatively freely through the material. A
conductor will carry an electrical current. Other materials such as glass
are insulators. Their electrons are bound tightly and cannot move. Charge
sticks on an insulator, but does not move freely through it.
A neutral particle is not affected by electrical forces. Nevertheless, a
charged object will attract a neutral macroscopic object by the process of
electrical polarization. For example, if a negatively charged rod is
brought close to an isolated, neutral insulator, the electrons in the atoms
of the insulator will be pushed slightly away from the negative rod, and
the positive nuclei will be attracted slightly toward the negative rod. We
say that the rod
has induced polarization in the insulator, but its net charge is still zero.
The polarization of charge in the
insulator is small, but now it’s
positive charge is a bit closer to the
negative rod, and its negative charge
is a bit farther away.
Thus, the positive charge is attracted
to the rod more strongly than the
negative charge is repelled, and there
is an overall net attraction.
If the negative rod is brought near an isolated, neutral conductor, the
conductor will also be polarized. In the conductor, electrons are free to
move through the material, and some of them are repelled over to the
opposite surface of the conductor, leaving the surface near the negative
rod with a net positive charge. The conductor has been polarized, and
will now be attracted to the charged rod.
Now if we connect a conducting wire or any other conducting material
from the polarized conductor to the ground, we provide a “path” through
which the electrons can move. Electrons will actually move along this
path to the ground. If the wire or path is subsequently disconnected, the
conductor as a whole is left with a net positive charge. The conductor has
been charged without actually being touched with the charged rod, and
its charge is opposite that of the rod. This procedure is called charging by
induction.
Let the force between two stationary charges be F
The Weight of the ball
W=mg
The restoring force on each ball
sin θ
=mg
From the diagram in the right
In triangle ACB
x
sin θ
= 2l
Let the charge on each ball is
q1=q2=q
Then at equlilibrium
kq×q 2
sin θ x
mg =
=mg x kq2
2l = 2
x
⇨ g= mgx3
2lk
PROCEDURE:-
1) Weight the mass of each identical pitch balls by balance and note
down it.
2) Tie the balls with two silk or cotton threads and suspend at a
point on a stand or a rigid support. Measure the length of threads by
half meter scale. The length of threads should be equal. Note down
the length.
3) Rub the glass rod with silk cloth and touch with both balls
together so that the balls acquired equal charge.
4) Suspend the balls freely and the balls stay away a certain
distance between the balls when they become stationary. Note
down the distance.
5) Touch any one suspended ball with other uncharged third
ball and takes the third ball away and repeat the step 4.
6) Touch other suspended ball with other uncharged fourth ball and
takes the fourth ball away and repeat the step 4.
OBSERVATION:-
1. Mass of each ball,(m) = g.
2. Radius of each ball,(r) = mm.
3. Length of each thread,(l) = cm.
S.NO CHARGE ON BALL CHARGE ON DISTANCE
A BALL B BETWEEN THE
q1 q BALLS
( ) ( 2 )
(x cm)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Calculations:-
By using the relation
mgx3
g= 2lk
Calculate the charge in each case:
RESULTS:-
The charge on each ball = C
PRECAUTIONS:-
1. The suspended balls should not be touched by any
conducting body.
2. Rub the glass rod properly with the silk cloth to produce
more charge.
3. Weight the mass of the balls accurately.
SOURCE OF ERROR:-
1. The balls may not be of equal size and mass.
2. The distance between the balls may be measured
accurately.
