Shri Venkateshwara University,

Rajabpur, NH-24, Venkateshwara Nagar,

Gajraula, Uttar Pradesh 244236

EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF BRAIN TUMOR BASED

ON MEDICAL AI IMAGE ANALYSIS
by M.V. SHEELA DEVI, EN014263
PhD Cdt, Dept of CSE, SVU, UP, India

I. INTRODUCTION
Bio-Image processing plays a very important role in analyzing the images of different standards
on human tissue organs. Image enhancement, image restoration and image compression are the
types of image processing techniques of which image segmentation process under Image
enhancement technique is utilized extensively to analyze the medical images.

An image is composed of several groups of pixels. Segmentation is an image processing

technique, in which different regions of an image are segregated based upon the pixel intensities
available within the image. Boundary and edge based segmentations are the two types of
segmentation procedures, of which, boundary based segmentation is used widely.

In the presence of several medical imaging techniques, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
technique occupies a predominant position in the area of diagnosing the organs of human body.
The functionality of an MRI scanner entirely relies upon the 80% of hydrogen atom present in
our body. The hydrogen atom of our human body is stimulated using resonant radio frequency
signals. The excited hydrogen atom is capable of emitting the absorbed radio frequency signals,
upon which several signal processing operations are done to obtain a clear anatomy of human
organs and tissues.

Cancer cells play a major role in tumor formation inside the human body. A survey made by
“HINDU and Times of India ” has identified that nearly 3 million people living in India suffer
Shri Venkateshwara University,
Rajabpur, NH-24, Venkateshwara Nagar,
Gajraula, Uttar Pradesh 244236

from cancer, out of which 1 million people are registered with new forms of cancer. The effects
created by tumor are extremely pervasive, leading to the formation of lesions and tumors within
the human body.

Tissues in brain are the most complicated part of our body; a clear examination and study are
therefore required by a radiologist to identify the pathologies embed within the tissue of brain.
Normal Magnetic Resonance (MR) scanner is capable of producing brain images with bounded
tissues, where unique and segregated views of the tissues are required. A distinguished view
upon the images is manually impossible and can be subjected to operator - errors. Further,
individual segmentation and identification of tumor affected region in brain are quite unavailable
in a clinical MRI scanner. Due to the presence of afore mentioned hindrances, automated
algorithms capable of both tumor identification and tissue segmentation processes are proposed
through this research work.

With the support of soft computing techniques, automated and unique segmentation upon the
brain tissues, the identification of heterogeneous type tumors can be effectively done. These
functionalities assist the radiologist in diagnosing process, extensively. Large volumes of patient
images can be easily diagnosed with minimal manual intervention and non - invasiveness. The
algorithms also favour pre and post radio therapeutic planning procedures in treating the tumor
region. This research work also focuses upon the separation of tumor and edema regions.
Shri Venkateshwara University,
Rajabpur, NH-24, Venkateshwara Nagar,
Gajraula, Uttar Pradesh 244236

II. IMAGE PROCESSING

Image processing is a methodology which is capable of converting an image into digital form
and it performs certain operations on image, so as to achieve an enhanced image or to extract
some vital information from it. It is similar to digital signal processing. In image processing,
input is an image (may be a video frame or a photograph in any format) and the output may be an
image or the characteristics of the input image. Image processing system usually considers an
image as a two dimensional signal, while processing. It is one among the emerging technologies,
with its branches of application
widespread into several domains of business. Image processing is a core research area in
engineering and it also acts as a thrust area in other disciplines of computer science. Researchers
are in need of image processing; as it offers real time applications and the results derived from
image processing techniques are also made available to the hands of its user.

There are two main methods in image processing and they are:

1. Analog Image Processing

2. Digital Image Processing

1. Analog Image Processing

Analog image processing relates to the modification of an image through analog or electrical
signals. A common example of this process is the television image.

The amplitude levels of the voltage vary to illustrate the brightness of an image. Through the
application of varied electrical signals, the appearance of the displayed image is modified (or)
altered. The brightness and contrast levels in the image are altered with the aid of both the
controls available on amplitude and the reference of the video signals in a television set.
Shri Venkateshwara University,
Rajabpur, NH-24, Venkateshwara Nagar,
Gajraula, Uttar Pradesh 244236

2. Digital Image Processing

Digital image processing generally denotes the procedure of processing a two- dimensional
picture by a digital computer. A digital image is comprised of an array of real numbers
symbolized by a finite number of bits. In digital image processing, digital computers are used to
process the input image. The image would be converted to a digital form using an electronic
device, say scanner, and then the further processing upon the image is done. It can also be
mentioned as the numerical representations of the images to enable a sequence of operations to
derive a desired result. Digital image processing commences the processing with one image and
finally, a reformed version of the same image is obtained.
Shri Venkateshwara University,
Rajabpur, NH-24, Venkateshwara Nagar,
Gajraula, Uttar Pradesh 244236

III. APPLICATIONS OF IMAGE PROCESSING

1. Visualization – To observe the objects that are not visible to the human eye.

2. Image sharpening and restoration - To generate a better image.

3. Image retrieval – To identify and retrieve certain valuable information for the interested
image.

4. Measurement of pattern – Measures various objects of different geometric shapes in an image.

5. Image Recognition – Distinguishes the specific objects present in an image. Some other
applications:

Image processing has a wide range of applications and some of the areas which require it are
mentioned below:

1. Medicine

* Examination and interpretation of images obtained from X-rays, MRI, PET and CT scans.

* Identification of blocks in the image comprising of both arteries and veins.

* Analysis of cell structures and microbial images.

2. Agriculture
* Satellite/aerial views of land, for example to determine how much land is being used for
different purposes or to investigate the suitability of different regions for different crops.
Shri Venkateshwara University,
Rajabpur, NH-24, Venkateshwara Nagar,
Gajraula, Uttar Pradesh 244236

* Inspection of fruit and vegetables distinguishing good and fresh produce from old.

3. Industry

* Automatic inspection of items on a production line.

* Inspection of paper samples.
* Identification of leakage in gas pipe lines.

4. Security and Crime Detection

* Fingerprint and knuckle analysis.

* Sharpening or recovery of de-blurring in speed-camera images.

* Identification of criminals

IV. MEDICAL IMAGE DIAGNOSIS

Generally, medical images obtained from hospitals are in DICOM (Digital Imaging and
Communications in Medicine) format. These image formats are quite large in size and require
higher memory space for storage. For portability of these data, they are converted into JPEG,
JPG, BMP, TIFF, PNG file formats. Analysis of images in DICOM format is a tedious process
and the images are converted into any of the above said file format, and they are used worldwide.
Image processing is extended to such medical image diagnosis so as to identify the pathologies
present in our body, especially the pathologies present in human brain that are difficult to
diagnose. Our work focuses upon this particular issue and is organized to resolve it.
Shri Venkateshwara University,
Rajabpur, NH-24, Venkateshwara Nagar,
Gajraula, Uttar Pradesh 244236

V. TYPES OF IMAGE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES

Image processing techniques are further subdivided into broader subclasses such as image
restoration, image segmentation and image enhancement. Different algorithms are available for
executing these subclasses of image processing and some of the techniques implied and will be
briefed out.

1. Image Enhancement
This process is related to the improvement of an input image, so that the final result obtained
after improvement is more suitable for a specific application. Some of the applications of Image
enhancement are:

1. Sharpening or de-blurring an out focused image.

2. Highlighting edges.
3. Improving the contrast levels or brightening an image.
4. Noise removal.

2. Image Restoration

Image restoration is a process of reversing the damage done to an image by a known source, for
example:

1. Removal of blur created by linear motion.

2. Removal of visual distortions.
3. Removing periodic intrusions.
Shri Venkateshwara University,
Rajabpur, NH-24, Venkateshwara Nagar,
Gajraula, Uttar Pradesh 244236

3. Image Segmentation

This is the process of subdividing an image into essential parts or segregating certain aspects of
an image, so that deeper analysis could be exhibited.

1. Circles or specific shapes in an image.

2. In an aerial photograph, identifying cars, trees, buildings or roads.

3. In identifying the pathologies present in a medical image.

These subclasses are interrelated with each other. A single algorithm can perform both image
enhancement and image restoration. Care and concern should be preserved while applying the
above said techniques to an image, as the algorithms should not deteriorate the quality of the
image, or in other words, the originality of the image should not be disturbed.
Shri Venkateshwara University,
Rajabpur, NH-24, Venkateshwara Nagar,
Gajraula, Uttar Pradesh 244236

VI. MOTIVATION

Automated detection of tumor region and segregation of tumor region from dense edema
portions has not been instantiated. The imaging systems utilized in hospitals do not favor the
following conditions:

1. Normal tissue regions cannot be segmented by a conventional image processing tool available
in a scan center.
2. Tumor region bounded between the tissues of the brain cannot be efficiently segregated.
3. Differentiated view between the tumor infiltration levels and the edema covered portions are
quite impossible.

4. Larger data volumes require maximum time duration and manpower for a better diagnosis.
These conditions prove to be a major challenge for a radio surgeon, in diagnosing patients
suffering from different pathologies, lesions and tumor nature. If an automated view is made
available, a radio surgeon can efficiently plan towards pre and post radio therapeutic procedures.
Further, patient images can be efficiently analyzed within minimum time duration while
reducing the valuable time and energy of a radio surgeon involved in the diagnosing process.

Accurate detection of the tumor region with its exact topology, normally unknown by a
radiologist is also made possible with the application of the proposed soft computing techniques.
The soft computing techniques proposed through this research are capable of performing
segmentation upon both the tissues and identification of the heterogeneous tumor types present
in T1 – w, T2 – W, FLAIR and MPR type MR brain image sequences. Exact segregation
between tumor region and dense edema portion is made available using afore - mentioned
techniques. The research activities so far carried out have addressed two to three types of tumor
identification, tissue segmentation, multiple lesions, and identification of blocks in circle of
Willis and segmentation of two to three modalities of MR brain images. The proposed
Shri Venkateshwara University,
Rajabpur, NH-24, Venkateshwara Nagar,
Gajraula, Uttar Pradesh 244236

techniques through this research have the ability to process multimodal MR brain images with
the identification of heterogeneous tumor regions.

VII. OBJECTIVE OF WORK

The core idea of this thesis is to summarize the selected methodologies for medical image
analysis. It introduces several combinations of C-Mean and Fuzzy and other methodologies to
facilitate tumor diagnosis. The objectives of the work are listed below:

1. To segment the tissues of the brain and to extract the tumor region using C-mean

2. To create a novel combinatory algorithm using Self Organizing Map (SOM) and Fuzzy C-
Mean Means (FCM) algorithm for tumor identification and tissue segmentation in magnetic
resonance brain images.

3. To produce a complete automated algorithm for the segmentation of tissues and identification
of tumor region in T1, T2, MPR (Multiplanar Reconstruction) and FLAIR (Fluid Attenuated
Inversion Recovery) type brain images using Particle Swarm Intelligence Optimization and
Fuzzy C – Means algorithm (PSIO based FCM).

4. To introduce tumor identification in T1, T2, FLAIR and MPR (Multi Planar Reconstruction)
brain images using a combination of Optimization and Fuzzy clustering improved by novel seed
based Region Growing algorithm.

5. Compare the Algorithms with performance measure for efficiency and accuracy.
Shri Venkateshwara University,
Rajabpur, NH-24, Venkateshwara Nagar,
Gajraula, Uttar Pradesh 244236

VIII. BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Advanced AMRF-AEM Based Tumor Detection Colony Technique

- Dr. G Rajesh Chandra, Dr.Kolasani Ramchand H Rao

2. TUMOR DETECTION IN BRAIN USING GENETIC ALGORITHM

- Dr. G Rajesh Chandra, Dr.Kolasani Ramchand H Rao

Websites:

1. Early Diagnosis of Brain Tumour MRI Images Using Hybrid Techniques

between Deep and Machine Learning
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9132638/

2. Artificial Intelligence Approach for Early Detection of Brain Tumors

Using MRI Images
- https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/6/3808