Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents the related literature after the thorough and in – depth search done by

the researcher. This will also present the synthesis for better comprehension of the study.

FOREIGN

Students experienced both traditional and online learning. Due to its unfamiliarity, many

students found it difficult and were unsure of what to do. When the old learning method was

abandoned and online learning became the new sort of modal in education, students went

through a wide variety of emotions including stress, anxiety, and depression. 1Online learning

has become one of the talking points in the 21st century. Online learning is the delivery of

instruction via digital resources. This kind of learning is delivered through the use of electronic

devices. Distance education, computerized electronic learning, and internet learning are other

names used to describe online learning. The introduction of online learning means the students

can now access their learning materials online and anytime. Emergence of technology has

provided the avenue for education to be readily accessible at all levels over the past two decades.

According to Hurlbut, A.R. (2018), The early stage of distance or online education required

usage of access to print materials that were emailed or sent to students and/or teachers. However,

Finger, G., McGlasson, M. and Finger, P. (2007) reported that the development of e-learning

management systems and web resources, as a result of technological advancement, transformed

1
Bernard fentim darkwa & Samuel antwi. From Classroom to Online: Comparing the
Effectiveness and Student Academic Performance of Classroom Learning and Online
Learning(2021)
online education by boosting the pace at which information can be disseminated and digested. In

recent online learning trends, videos and live broadcasting plays an important role.

2
There are many motives behind the implementation of the online learning experience. We

believe that we reached a tipping point where making changes to the current learning process is

inevitable for many reasons. Today learners have instant access to information through

technology and the web, can manage their own acquisition of knowledge through online

learning. As a result, traditional teaching and learning methods are becoming less effective at

engaging students, who no longer rely exclusively on the teacher as the only source of

knowledge. Indeed, 90% of the respondents use internet as their major source of information. So

the teacher is new role is to be a learning facilitator, a guide for his students. He should not only

help his students locate information, but more importantly question it and reflect upon it and

formulate an opinion about it .

3
Furthermore, Traditional classroom learning is a well-established modality. Some students

are opposed to change and view online instruction negatively. These students may be

technophobes, more comfortable with sitting in a classroom taking notes than sitting at a

computer absorbing data. They may see the Internet as an impediment to learning. If not

comfortable with the instructional medium, some students may shun classroom activities; their

grades might slip and their educational interest might vanish. Students, however, may eventually

2
Khaled Hamdan and Abid Amorri. The Impact of Online learning Strategies on students’
Academic Performance, May 18th (2022)

3
Jasmine paul and Felicia Jefferson. A comparative analysis of Student Performance in an
Online vs Face -to- face Environment Science Course From 2009 to 2016, United States.(2019)
adapt to online education. Face-to-face instruction doesn't rely upon networked systems. In

online learning, the student is dependent upon access to an unimpeded Internet connection.
4
In Saudi Arabia, the recent transfer of education to online delivery has not been optional. The

COVID-19 pandemic has, for example, forced educators to convert university courses to online

learning, with the most significant challenge likely being the mass transfer of all students and all

staff to digital platforms on the same day (Chaka, 2020). It was a significant challenge for

universities that urgently needed to prepare the modules that support online teaching and

learning, such as Blackboard and Microsoft Teams, and provide rapid training for staff and

students in using these modules. 5The students also were asked about differences in teacher’s

role when teaching in the classroom and at distance. 28.9% of the respondents answered that

they preferred traditional learning and teaching. 26.3% of the students, which is quite close to the

first group, chose online education environment as preferable. About half of the students (44.7%)

said they would be satisfied with combination of these two and preferred hybrid learning.
6
Furthermore, Online and traditional education share many qualities. Students are still

required to attend class, learn the material, submit assignments, and complete group projects.

While teachers, still have to design curriculums, maximize instructional quality, answer class

questions, motivate students to learn, and grade assignments. Despite these basic similarities,

there are many differences between the two modalities. Traditionally, classroom instruction is

4
M Alzahrani, Traditional Learning Compared to Online Learning During the COVID-19
Pandemic: Lessons Learned From Faculty’s Perspectives 2022
5
Elena MakarovaSHS, Web of Conferences 99, 01019 (2021). Russia
6
Jasmine paul and Felicia Jefferson. A comparative analysis of Student Performance in an
Online vs Face -to- face Environment Science Course From 2009 to 2016, United States.(2019)
known to be teacher-centered and requires passive learning by the student, while online

instruction is often student-centered and requires active learning.

SYNTHESIS

This demonstrates that the two modes of learning can be effective for some students but not

for others. In reality, students' academic performance is determined by their preferred learning

modes. Another factor is that the unexpected pandemic has a negative impact on both students’

performance and their environment. All of these are considered that both online and traditional

affects the mental health of the students.

LOCAL
7
As public administration programs extend their online education offerings to reach more

time- and place-bound students, and as accredited institutions become interested in documenting

teaching and learning effectiveness, the degree to which online students are successful as

compared to their classroom counterparts is of interest to teaching faculty and others charged

with assessment. By comparing student performance measures and assessments of learning

experience from both online and traditional sections of a required graduate public administration

research methods course taught by the same instructor, this paper provides evidence that student

performance as measured by grade is independent of the mode of instruction. Persistence in an

online environment may be more challenging in research methods classes than in other public

administration classes. Furthermore, participation may be less intimidating, and the quality and

quantity of interaction may be increased in online classes. 8Forty percent of students found the

7
Anna Ya Ni,(2018) California State University–San Bernardino
8
Sanjana kumara, ( 2021) Online classes versus traditional classes?Comparison during COVID-
19
online lecture material difficult to understand. 42.6% of respondents found it difficult to clear the

doubts in online teaching; 64.4% of the participants believed that they have learned more in a

face-to-face learning.
9
Many comparative studies have been carried out to prove the point to explore whether face-

to-face or traditional teaching methods are more productive or whether online or hybrid learning

is better (Lockman & Schirmer, 2020; Pei & Wu, 2019; González-Gómez et al., 2016; González-

Gómez et al., 2016). Results of the studies show that the students perform much better in online

learning than in traditional learning. Henriksen et al. (2020) highlighted the problems faced by
10
educators while shifting from offline to online mode of teaching. Within the context of the

COVID-19 pandemic, online learning has taken the status of interim remote teaching that serves

as a response to an exigency. However, the migration to a new learning space has faced several

major concerns relating to policy, pedagogy, logistics, socioeconomic factors, technology, and

psychosocial factors (Donitsa-Schmidt & Ramot, 2020; Khalil et al., 2020; Varea & González-

Calvo, 2020).11 Some investigations report that exam scores are higher for traditional classes

than online classes (e.g., Brown & Leidholm, 2002; Figlio, Rush & Yin, 2010; Parsons-Pollard,

Lacks & Grant, 2008) while others report the reverse, that student performance is higher for

online sections (e.g., Gratton-LaVoie, 2009; Harmon, 2006; Means, Toyama, Murphy, et al.,

2010). Caution needs to be exercised in interpreting the findings in this body of research. For

example, some research compares online classes with traditional classes taught by different
9
R Gopal,Impact of online classes on the satisfaction and performance of students during the
pandemic period of COVID 19(2021)

Jessie S. Barrot, Students’ online learning challenges during the pandemic and how they cope
10

up with them (2021)

11
Steven Stack Dr., Learning Outcomes in an online vs traditional course .Wayne State
University(2015)
instructors. Online classes are thought to provide more opportunities for cheating, a behavior that

can enhance student performance.

SYNTHESIS

There are some incidents that can occur in both online and traditional modes that can have an

impact on students' performance. For example, online students can constantly cheat in quizzes,

tests, and exams, to the point where they don't even learn a short lesson. Students, like in

traditional, can cheat as well. All of these are considered as disadvantages of online and

traditional learning.