Energy Equation

for a Control Volume

(Lecture 5)

2021년 1학기
열역학 (M2794.001100.002)
송한호
(*) Some texts and figures are borrowed from Sonntag & Borgnakke unless noted otherwise.
 Energy Equation for a Control Volume

4.1 Conservation of Mass and the Control Volume

è Control volume: space of interest enclosed by control surface

• Size and shape are arbitrary
• Surface may move
• Mass, heat, work transfers
across the boundary
• Accumulation of mass

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 Energy Equation for a Control Volume

è Continuity equation = Conservation of mass

rate of change = + in - out

dmC .V .
= å m! i - å m! e
dt

è For several different states of the mass,

è In case of known velocity and area normal to the control surface,

V! = ò Vlocal dA = Vavg A

m! = ò r local Vlocal dA = r avg Vavg A = Vavg A vavg

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 Energy Equation for a Control Volume

4.2 The Energy Equation for a Control Volume

è Energy equation for a control mass:

è For a control volume, the additional

consideration is needed for energy transfer
associated with the mass flow across the
control surface.

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 Energy Equation for a Control Volume

è The energy per unit mass associated

with the fluid (or the substance):

è There is additional mode of energy

transfer associated with the fluid flow:
(Flow work)

dW flow = Pvdm or w flow = Pv

è Finally, the total energy per unit mass

associated with the flow of mass:

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 Energy Equation for a Control Volume

è Then, the energy equation for a control volume,

dEC .V . !
= QC .V . - W!C .V . + m! i ei - m! e ee + W! flow in - W! flow out
dt
= Q! C .V . - W!C .V . + m! i (ei + Pi vi ) - m! e (ee + Pe ve )
æ 1 2 ö æ 1 2 ö
= Q! C .V . - W!C .V . + m! i ç hi + Vi + gZ i ÷ - m! e ç he + Ve + gZ e ÷
è 2 ø è 2 ø

è For multiple entering and leaving mass flow rates,

dEC .V . ! æ 1 2 ö æ 1 2 ö
= QC .V . - W!C .V . + å m! i ç hi + Vi + gZ i ÷ - å m! e ç he + Ve + gZ e ÷
dt è 2 ø è 2 ø
dEC .V . !
or = QC .V . - W!C .V . + å m! i htot ,i - å m! e htot ,e
dt
1 2
where htot = h + V + gZ (total enthalpy)
2

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 Energy Equation for a Control Volume

4.3 The Steady-State Process

è Steady-state process considers the long-term steady operation of

devices.
è The necessary assumptions are:
1. CV does not accelerate relative to the coordinate frame.
2. The state of the mass at each point in CV does not vary with time.
3. The mass flux and the state of the mass across the control surface
do not vary with time. The rates of heat and work transfers remain
constant.

dmc.v dEc.v
These assumptions lead to = 0, =0
dt dt

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 Energy Equation for a Control Volume

dmc.v dEc.v
= 0, =0
dt dt

dmC .V .
Continuity equation : = å m! i - å m! e ® å m! = å m!
i e
dt

Energy equation :
dEC .V . ! æ 1 2 ö æ 1 2 ö
= QC .V . - WC .V . + å m! i ç hi + Vi + gZ i ÷ - å m! e ç he + Ve + gZ e ÷
!
dt è 2 ø è 2 ø
æ 1 2 ö æ 1 2 ö
® QC .V . + å m! i ç hi + Vi + gZ i ÷ = å m! e ç he + Ve + gZ e ÷ + W!C .V .
!
è 2 ø è 2 ø

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 Energy Equation for a Control Volume

For single in- and out-flow systems:

Continuity equation : m! i = m! e = m!

! æ 1 2 ö æ 1 2 ö !
First law : QC .V . + mç hi + Vi + gZ i ÷ = mç he + Ve + gZ e ÷ + WC .V .
! !
è 2 ø è 2 ø

Rearranging this equation (divide by mass flow),

1 2 1 2
q + hi + Vi + gZ i = he + Ve + gZ e + w
2 2
Q! C .V . W!C .V .
where q = (kJ / kg ), w = (kJ / kg )
m! m!

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 Energy Equation for a Control Volume

4.4 Examples of Steady State Processes

è Energy equation for multiple inlet-outlet systems at steady state:

æ 1 2 ö æ 1 2 ö !
QC .V . + å mi ç hi + Vi + gZ i ÷ = å me ç he + Ve + gZ e ÷ + WC .V .
! ! !
è 2 ø è 2 ø

or for single inlet-outlet systems at steady state:

1 2 1 2
q + hi + Vi + gZ i = he + Ve + gZ e + w
2 2
Q! C .V . W!C .V .
where q = (kJ / kg ), w = (kJ / kg )
m! m!

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 Energy Equation for a Control Volume

Heat exchanger

è A simple fluid flow through a pipe or system of pipes, where heat is

transferred to or from the fluid.
è Only a small pressure drop due to friction in a real device.
è No work transfer.
è Changes in KE and PE negligible.

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 Energy Equation for a Control Volume

Nozzle (↔ Diffuser)

è A steady-state device whose purpose is to create a high-velocity

fluid stream at the expense of the fluid’s pressure.
è No work transfer.
è Change in PE negligible.
è Typically, no heat transfer.
è Inlet velocity usually small, unless otherwise noted.

Pressure: high Pressure: low

Velocity: low Velocity: high

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 Energy Equation for a Control Volume

Throttle

è Throttling occurs when a fluid flowing in a line encounters a sudden

restriction in the flow passage (e.g. plate with a small hole, partially
closed valve, capillary tube, expansion valve, etc.)
è Abrupt pressure drop.
è Change in KE and PE negligible.
è Typically, little heat transfer and no work transfer.
è Constant enthalpy process.
1 2 1 2
q + hi + Vi + gZ i = he + Ve + gZ e + w
2 2
Q! W!
where q = C .V . (kJ / kg ), w = C .V . (kJ / kg )
m! m!

hi = he

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 Energy Equation for a Control Volume

Turbine

è A rotary steady-state machine whose purpose is to produce shaft

work at the expense of the pressure of the working fluid.
è Change in PE and inlet and exit KE’s negligible.
è Little or no heat transfer
è Work output corresponds to the decrease
in enthalpy.

(source: pixabay.com)

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 Energy Equation for a Control Volume

Compressor (gas) or Pump (liquid)

è A rotary steady-state machine whose purpose is to increase the

pressure of a fluid by putting in shaft work.
è Change in PE and inlet and exit KE’s negligible.
è Little or no heat transfer
è Work input corresponds to the increase in enthalpy.
è Working principle is in opposite to the turbine.

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 Energy Equation for a Control Volume

Combination of Components

Simple steam power plant Refrigerator

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 Energy Equation for a Control Volume

4.6 The Transient Process

è Now consider the system with unsteady flows.

è e.g. filling closed tanks with a gas or liquid, or discharging from
closed vessels.
è Simplifying assumptions can be made:
è State is uniform throughout the entire C.V.
è State of mass crossing each of the areas of flow on the C.S. is
constant with time (Mass flow rates may vary with time).

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 Energy Equation for a Control Volume

è Continuity equation (mass conservation):

(Rate basis)

(From state 1à2)

è 1st law of Thermodynamics:

æ 1 ö (Rate basis)
where Ec.v. = mç u + V 2 + gZ ÷
è 2 ø

é æ V22 ö æ V12 öù
(E2 - E1 )c.v = êm2 çç u2 + + gZ 2 ÷÷ - m1 çç u1 + + gZ1 ÷÷ú (From state 1à2)
ë è 2 ø è 2 ø û c .v
with NO state
Vi 2 Ve2 change on C.S.
= Qc.v - Wc.v + å mi (hi + +gZ i ) - å me (he + +gZ e )
2 2

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