MATH 2ZZ3: Final Practice Problems

Aug 3, 2022, 7:00 - 9:30 PM EDT

Syllabus: 12.1 - 12.4; 9.1 - 9.17

These are a number of preparatory exercises for the forthcoming exam. It is important to note that
these exercises do not encompass the entirety of the comprehensive list. It is strongly recommended
that you attempt additional practice problems from the prescribed Textbook, the examples done
in the class, assignments etc.

You are also expected to go over problems related to the content up-to midterm-2 from the previ-
ously given Practice Problems, Text Book Problems, Examples done in the class, Assignments etc.

Problem 1
2
Compute the inner product ⟨𝑥, 𝑒 𝑥 ⟩ over the interval [0, 1].

(Hint: Think about the inner product on the Function Space.) Ans: 𝑒 − 1
2

Problem 2
Let {𝜙1 (𝑥), 𝜙2 (𝑥), … , 𝜙𝑛 (𝑥)} be an orthogonal set over an interval [−3, 3] with ||𝜙𝑖 || = 2, where 𝜙 ∶ [−3, 3] →
𝑛
ℝ. Let a real valued function 𝑓 has an orthogonal expansion 𝑓 (𝑥) = ∑𝑖=1 (𝑖 + 1) 𝜙𝑖 (𝑥).
Compute
⟨𝑓 (𝑥), 𝜙2 (𝑥)⟩.
Ans: 12

Problem 3
Suppose that the function 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥 for 0 < 𝑥 < 3 is expanded as a 6-periodic Fourier Cosine series
3 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓 (𝑥) = + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos .
2 𝑛≥1 3

Compute the sum of the series

∞
∑(−1)𝑘 𝑎2𝑘 = −𝑎2 + 𝑎4 − 𝑎6 + ⋯ .
𝑘=1

(Hint: Don’t try to compute the coefficients.) Ans: 0

1
Problem 4
Show that every normal line to the graph of the surface 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑎2 passes through the origin.

Problem 5)
Let 𝑇 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 10 + 5𝑥 2 + 𝑦 be a temperature function on a metallic plate. Find the maximum value of
𝐷u 𝑇 (2, 1). Ans: √401

Problem 6
Let 𝑇 (𝑥, 𝑦) be the temperature function given in the previous question. Determine the path a cold seeking
particle should take, starting at (2,1), as it moves in the direction in which the temperature decreases
rapidly. Use the vector equation −∇𝑇 (𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥 ′ (𝑡), 𝑦 ′ (𝑡)).

Ans: Ans: (2𝑒 −10𝑡 , 1 − 𝑡) with 𝑡 ≥ 0 or 𝑥 = 2𝑒 −10(1−𝑦)

Problem 7
Using double integral in polar coordinates find the area of the region bounded by the curve 𝑥 = √2𝑦 − 𝑦 2 .
Ans: 𝜋
2

Problem 8
Using Green’s theorem compute the work done by a force field F(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 j along the positively oriented
boundary of the region 𝑟 = sin2 𝜃, in the first quadrant. Draw the region along with the correct boundary
orientation. Ans: 2
21

Problem 9
Let F = ⟨𝑥, 𝑥 3 𝑦 2 , 𝑧⟩ be a vector field. Let 𝐶 be the boundary of the surface 𝑧 = √4 − 4𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 in the plane
𝑧 = 0. Using Stokes’ Theorem compute ∮ F ⋅ 𝑑𝑟. Ans: 𝜋
𝐶

Problem 10
Let
𝑑 𝑏 𝑔(𝜙,𝜃)
𝑉 =∫ ∫ ∫ ℎ(𝜌, 𝜙, 𝜃)𝑑𝜌𝑑𝜙𝑑𝜃
𝑐 𝑎 𝑓 (𝜙,𝜃)
denote the volume of the solid in the first octant bounded by the graphs of the following equations:

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 49, 𝑦 = √3𝑥, 𝑥 = 0.

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
Find 𝑐, 𝑑, 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑓 (𝜙, 𝜃), 𝑔(𝜙, 𝜃), ℎ(𝜌, 𝜙, 𝜃) and 𝑉 . Ans: , , 0, , 0, 7, 𝜌 2 sin 𝜙
3 2 2

2
Problem 11
(i) Let F be a smooth vector field on a closed and bounded region 𝐷 in ℝ3 . Suppose, the boundary of 𝐷,
𝜕𝐷 is a smooth surface oriented upwards. Compute ∯ ∇ × F ⋅ n̂ 𝑑𝑆.
𝜕𝐷

(ii) Let 𝑓 be a smooth scalar function on ℝ3 . Define a vector field 𝑓 F as (𝑓 F)(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)F(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)
(multiplying the scalar function f with the vector field F at each point). Use the identity ∇ ⋅ (𝑓 F) =
𝑓 ∇ ⋅ F + ∇𝑓 ⋅ F and show that ∯ 𝑓 (∇ × F) ⋅ n̂ 𝑑𝑆 = ∭ ∇𝑓 ⋅ (∇ × F) 𝑑𝑉 .
𝜕𝐷 𝐷

(iii) Let F = (𝑧, 𝑥, 𝑦) and ∇𝑓 = (1, 1, 1). Compute ∯ 𝑓 (∇ × F) ⋅ n̂ 𝑑𝑆, where 𝐷 is the solid bounded by
𝜕𝐷
3
the planes 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 1, 𝑧 = 𝑥 in the first octant. Ans:
2

(Hint: Use Divergence Theorem)

Problem 12 (Answer the following three questions)

Let 𝑇 ∶ ℝ2 → ℝ2 be a transformation given by 𝑇 ∶ (𝑢, 𝑣) → (𝑥, 𝑦), where 𝑥 = 𝑢 + 𝑣 3 and 𝑦 = 𝑣 3 . The
region 𝑅 in 𝑥𝑦-plane is given by −𝑦 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 − 𝑦, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 8. Let 𝑆 be the corresponding region in 𝑢𝑣-plane
given by 𝑎 ≤ 𝑢 ≤ 𝑏, 𝑐 ≤ 𝑣 ≤ 𝑑. Find 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑. Ans: −2𝑣 3 , 1 − 2𝑣 3 , 0, 2

Problem 13
Compute the Jacobian of 𝑇 i.e., det 𝐽𝑇 . Ans: 3𝑣 2

Problem 14
Using the change of variable formula

∬ 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝐴 = ∬ 𝑓 (𝑥(𝑢, 𝑣), 𝑦(𝑢, 𝑣))| det 𝐽𝑇 | 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣

𝑅 𝑆

find
1
∬ 𝑑𝐴.
𝑅 3𝑦 2/3
Ans: 2

Problem 15
Find the surface area of those portions of the sphere 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 2 that are within the cone 𝑧 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 .
Ans: 4𝜋√2(√2 − 1)

Problem 16
Let F(𝑥, 𝑦) = ⟨0, 𝑦𝑧, 𝑧 2 ⟩ be a vector field. Compute the outward flux of F through the surface 𝑆 cut from
the cylinder 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 1, 𝑧 ≥ 0, by the planes 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 1. Ans: 2

3
Problem 17
Let 𝐷 be the following region: 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ≤ 4𝑎2 , 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 𝑎2 and 𝑧 ≥ 0. Using Divergence theorem and
cylindrical coordinates, evaluate the flux of the vector field
F = (𝑥 + 𝑦𝑧)i + (𝑦 − 𝑥𝑧)j + (𝑧 − 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑦)k

out of 𝐷 through the surface 𝑆. Ans: 2𝜋(8 − 3√3)𝑎3

The problems below are optional.

Problem 18∗
Let 𝑆 be a smooth oriented surface in ℝ3 parametrized by r(𝑢, 𝑣). We know that the surface area element
is given by
𝑑𝑆 = ||r𝑢 × r𝑣 || 𝑑𝐴,
𝜕r 𝜕r
where r𝑢 ∶= 𝜕𝑢 and r𝑣 ∶= 𝜕𝑣 forms a tangent plane of 𝑆 at a point 𝑝 ∈ 𝑆 (usually denoted by 𝑇𝑝 (𝑆). It is a
fact that 𝑇𝑝 (𝑆) is a vector space and is same as ℝ2 .). Denote
𝐸 = ||r𝑢 ||2 , 𝐹 = ⟨r𝑢 , r𝑣 ⟩ and 𝐺 = ||r𝑣 ||2 .
(a) Consider a vector v in the tangent plane. Therefore, v can be written as v = 𝑎r𝑢 + 𝑏r𝑣 , for 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ.
Let 𝐼 ∶= ⟨v, v⟩. Verify that
𝐼 = 𝐸𝑎2 + 2𝐹 𝑎𝑏 + 𝐺𝑏 2 . (1)
Conclude that 𝐼 ≥ 0, and 𝐼 = 0 if and only if v = 0 i.e., 𝑎 = 0 = 𝑏. (Hint: Recall the property of inner
products.)
Show that
𝑑𝑆 = √𝐸𝐺 − 𝐹 2 𝑑𝐴.

(Hint: You may use the identity (a × b) ⋅ (a × b) = (a ⋅ a)(b ⋅ b) − (a ⋅ b)2 ).

(b) We define two functions 𝑑𝑢 ∶ 𝑇𝑝 (𝑆) → ℝ and 𝑑𝑣 ∶ 𝑇𝑝 (𝑆) → ℝ such that
𝑑𝑢(v) = 𝑎
and
𝑑𝑣(v) = 𝑏,
where v is defined in part (a).
Basically, 𝑑𝑢 and 𝑑𝑣 takes a vector from the tangent space and gives the coefficient of r𝑢 and r𝑣 ,
respectively. Let w ∈ 𝑇𝑝 (𝑆) be another tangent vector such that w = 𝑐r𝑢 + 𝑑r𝑣 , 𝑐, 𝑑 ∈ ℝ. Therefore,
v + w = (𝑎 + 𝑐)r𝑢 + (𝑏 + 𝑑)r𝑣 and 𝜆v = 𝜆𝑎r𝑢 + 𝜆𝑏r𝑣 , for 𝜆 ∈ ℝ.
Using the definition of 𝑑𝑢, verify that
𝑑𝑢(v + w) = 𝑑𝑢(v) + 𝑑𝑢(w) and 𝑑𝑢(𝜆v) = 𝜆𝑑𝑢(v), for 𝜆 ∈ ℝ.
This shows that 𝑑𝑢 and 𝑑𝑣 are linear functionals. In Geometry, and as well as in Linear Algebra, the
functions like 𝑑𝑢 and 𝑑𝑣 are called 1-forms or covectors. With the abuse of notation 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑎 and
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑏, (1) becomes
𝐼 = 𝐸𝑑𝑢 2 + 2𝐹 𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑣 + 𝐺𝑑𝑣 2 . (2)
This is called the First Fundamental Form of the surface 𝑆.

4
 (c) Let 𝛾 (𝑡) be a curve lying on the surface 𝑆, i.e., 𝛾 (𝑡) = r(𝑢(𝑡), 𝑣(𝑡)). Show that

𝛾 ̇ (𝑡) = 𝑢ṙ 𝑢 + 𝑣ṙ 𝑣 ,

𝑑 𝑑𝛾 (𝑡)
where is denoted by a dot i.e., 𝛾 ̇ (𝑡) = .
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Verify that the length of 𝛾 (𝑡), 𝑎 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑏 is given by
𝑏
𝑙(𝛾 ) = ∫ √𝐸 𝑢̇2 + 2𝐹 𝑢̇𝑣 ̇ + 𝐺 𝑣 ̇2 𝑑𝑡.
𝑎

𝑔11 𝑔12 𝐸 𝐹
(d) We define a matrix 𝑔 ≡ ( ) ∶= ( ) . The matrix 𝑔, a different way of writing the first
𝑔21 𝑔22 𝐹 𝐺
fundamental form, is usually called the metric.
As a function, 𝑔 is defined as follows: it takes two vectors from the tangent plane of 𝑆 at 𝑝 (i.e., the
plane generated by r𝑢 and r𝑣 ) as arguments and gives a real number i.e., 𝑔 ∶ 𝑇𝑝 (𝑆) × 𝑇𝑝 (𝑆) → ℝ such
that
𝐸 𝐹
𝑔(v, w) ∶= v𝑇 ( ) w, (3)
𝐹 𝐺
where v𝑇 denotes the transpose of the vector v.
𝑣 𝑤
Verify the following: Write v = [ 1 ] , w = [ 1 ] ∈ 𝑇𝑝 (𝑆) i.e., v = 𝑣1 r𝑢 + 𝑣2 r𝑣 and w = 𝑤1 r𝑢 + 𝑤2 r𝑣 .
𝑣2 𝑤2
Using notations introduced for 𝐸, 𝐹 and 𝐺, compute ⟨v, w⟩. Verify that 𝑔(v, w) = ⟨v, w⟩.
This shows that 𝑔(v, w) is basically the inner product on the tangent plane 𝑇𝑝 (𝑆) defined by (3).
𝑑𝑢
Now, write v = [ ]. Verify or realize that 𝑔(v, v) = 𝐼 , where 𝐼 is given by (2). Notice that, with the
𝑑𝑣
matrix representation 𝑔(v, v) = v𝑇 𝑔v, 𝑔(v, v) is a symmetric bilnear quadratic form!
Therefore, norm of a tangent vector v ∈ 𝑇𝑝 (𝑆) is given by

||v|| = √𝑔(v, v) = √𝐼 .

In differential geometry, 𝑔 is called a Riemannian metric on the surface 𝑆 at the point 𝑝 ∈ 𝑆.

(e) Let 𝛾 (𝑡) be a curve on 𝑆 as above. From the discussions above, verify that
𝑏
𝑙(𝛾 ) = ∫ √𝑔(𝛾 ̇ (𝑡), 𝛾 ̇ (𝑡)) 𝑑𝑡.
𝑎

Notice that, the above formula for the length of a curve is similar to what you have learned.
(f) Using part (a) and the matrix representation of 𝑔, verify that

𝑑𝑆 = √det 𝑔 𝑑𝐴. (4)

The upshot of all the discussions above is that: for a general surface, we have found a new inner product
𝑔. The length of a curve on the surface, as well the surface area is dependant on the choice of the inner
product 𝑔.

5
Problem 19∗
Consider the surface ℝ2 , given by r(𝑢, 𝑣) = (𝑢, 𝑣).

1 0
(a) Compute 𝐸, 𝐹 and 𝐺. Verify that the matrix form of 𝑔 is given by ( ).
0 1

𝑑𝑢
(b) Let v = [ ]. Show that ||v||2 = 𝑔(v, v) = 𝑑𝑢 2 + 𝑑𝑣 2 .
𝑑𝑣
(c) Verify that 𝑑𝑆 = 𝑑𝐴.

Therefore, with the metric as in part (a), on ℝ2 , everything reduces to our usual working condition
i.e., Euclidean setting. The matrix given in part (a) is the Euclidean metric, which is an example of a
Riemannian metric on ℝ2 .

Problem 20∗
Instead of parametrizing ℝ2 in the usual way, lets represent ℝ2 in terms of polar coordinates! So, r(𝑟, 𝜃) =
(𝑟 cos 𝜃, 𝑟 sin 𝜃).

1 0
(a) By computing 𝐸, 𝐹 and 𝐺 show that 𝑔 = ( ).
0 𝑟2

𝑑𝑟
(b) Let v = [ ]. Verify that 𝑔(v, v) = 𝑑𝑟 2 + 𝑟 2 𝑑𝜃 2 .
𝑑𝜃
(c) Verify that 𝑑𝑆 = 𝑟𝑑𝐴, using (4). Voila! We have seen this before as well!

(d) Compute the Jacobian matrix, 𝐽 of the polar coordinates from the parametrization above. Verify that
𝑔 = 𝐽 𝑇 𝐽 , where 𝐽 𝑇 is the transpose of the matrix 𝐽 .

Problem 21∗
Consider the unit sphere in ℝ3 . Suppose the parametrization is given by

r(𝜙, 𝜃) = (sin 𝜙 cos 𝜃, sin 𝜙 sin 𝜙, cos 𝜙),

where 𝜙 and 𝜃 are same as described in the class.

(a) Compute the Jacobian matrix, 𝐽 of the parametrization.

1 0
(b) Verify that 𝐽 𝑇 𝐽 is ( ) . Define 𝑔 = 𝐽 𝑇 𝐽 . This is another way of finding the metric 𝑔, which
0 sin2 𝜙
helps us compute 𝑔 easily in higher dimension, as we will see in the problem 19.

𝑑𝜙
(c) Let v = [ ]. Verify that 𝑔(v, v) = 𝑑𝜙 2 +sin2 𝜙 𝑑𝜃 2 . This is called the round metric on the unit sphere.
𝑑𝜃
(d) Verify that 𝑑𝑆 = sin 𝜙 𝑑𝐴.

6
Problem 22∗
Consider a parametrization of a standard cylinder in ℝ3

r(𝑟, 𝜃, 𝑧) = (𝑟 cos 𝜃, 𝑟 sin 𝜃, 𝑧).

1 0 0
(a) Verify 𝐽𝑇𝐽 = (0 𝑟 2 0) . Define 𝑔 ∶= 𝐽 𝑇 𝐽 .
0 0 1

𝑑𝑟
(b) Write v = [ ]. Verify that 𝑔(v, v) = 𝑑𝑟 2 + 𝑟 2 𝑑𝜃 + 𝑑𝑧 2 .
𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑧

(c) Compute det 𝑔. Verify that √det 𝑔 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑧 is the volume element in the cylindrical coordinate system.
Therefore,
𝑑𝑉 = √det 𝑔 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑧.
Notice that, the equation above is the ℝ3 -version of (4).

(d) Consider a curve 𝛾 (𝑡) = r(1, 𝑡, 1) on the cylinder, for 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2𝜋. Compute 𝛾 ̇ (𝑡) and 𝑔(𝛾 ̇ (𝑡), 𝛾 ̇ (𝑡)).
Verify that the length of 𝛾 (𝑡) for 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2𝜋 is 2𝜋, using part (e) of problem 15.