CONNECTIVE

TISSUE PT 2
(Blood, Bone, Cartilage)
 Cartilage
• It is a firm type of connective tissue.
• It is flexible and strong.

Functions of cartilage:
• It facilitates movement of joints.
• It keeps respiratory passages patent day and night.
• It is responsible for the growth of bones in length and width.
• Cartilage gives shape, support, and structure to other body tissues.
 Structures of Cartilages
• Cells :
a- Chondroblasts.
Jboss
b- Chondrocytes. DEJ e
• Fibers : Eros
a- Collagen fibers.
b- Elastic fibers.
• Matrix :
a- Chondroitin sulphate.
b- Chondr-mucoprotein
 Types of Cartilage
There are three types of cartilage:
• Hyaline - most common, found in the ribs, nose, larynx, trachea.
t
To be developed to bone.
O
• Fibro-cartilage - is found in in vertebral discs, joint capsules, ligaments.
• Elastic - is found in the external ear, epiglottis and larynx.
Hyaline Cartilage
• Structure:
It is formed of matrix which is formed by two types of protein with
white and elastic connective tissue fibers which not appear by ordinary
stains.
• Two types of cartilage cells are embedded in the matrix:
a- Chondroblasts under the perichondrium

9
b- Chondrocytes present in the center and in group

The membrane sarrond the

Hyaline Cartilage

erichondrium
 cartilage a

matrix
formcartiks
chondr cytes

Charo
perichon blast
 I
Elastic Cartilage
Chan se to ch onto
dark Cytes
It is similar to hyaline cartilage but:
a- the matrix is rich in elastic fibers which surrounded the cartilage cells
b- elastic cartilage is more flexible

chordto
cytes

MR
G
 White Fibro–cartilage
• It is not surrounded by perichondrium
O
• The Chondrocytes are arranged in row or column
I
chondrocytes
HE
 Bone
• Bone is a specialized connective tissue composed of intercellular calcified
material, the bone matrix, and cells.
• BONE FUNCTION
1. Support
2. Protection (protect internal organs)
3. Movement (provide leverage system for skeletal muscles, tendons,
ligaments and joints)
4. Mineral homeostasis (bones act as reserves of minerals important for the
body like calcium or phosphorus)
5. Hematopoiesis: blood cell formation
6. Storage of adipose tissue: yellow marrow
Bone Matrix

Pteran
• Proteoglycans and glycoproteins.
• It is composed of organic and inorganic materials.
1- The organic material: collagen (type I) .
2- The inorganic material: calcium phosphate.
• 4 cell types make up osseous tissue:
1. Osteoprogenitor cells
2. Osteoblasts
3. Osteocytes doggie
4. Osteoclasts
Et je
 so on
IIE
Osteoprogenitor Cells

t
• Site: They are found on the endosteum and the periosteum
• They have pale oval nuclei and, faintly basophilic cytoplasm.
• Function: These cells are able to proliferate and differentiate into
osteoblasts so they are active during the growth of bone and repair of
bone after its injury.
Osteoblasts
t
• Site: They are present in the substance of bone.
• They are large rounded, oval in shape.
• Their cytoplasm is highly basophilic.
• The nuclei appear irregularly rounded or fusiform and their nuclei are
eccentric in position.
• They contain phosphates enzymes to deposit calcium and
pyrophosphates which inhibit the action of phosphates.
• Function: They are bone forming cells.
Osteocytes 6
• They are small cells
• They can not be divided.
• They maintain bone matrix.
• They form the collagen and proteoglycan substances.
Osteoclasts
6
• They are bone phagocytic cells.
• Osteoclasts occupy pits in the surface of the bone called Howship's
lacunae.
• Osteoclasts have irregular borders.
• Function: Bone reabsorption and remodeling
se
thenot
Ea divies

Laa's
 osteocyte
inside
dong y
singe a
fine
Bone is organized in two forms: Compact and
Spongy Bone I
c
Compact bone irregular regularbon
• Sites : Shaft of long bones, the outer part of the flat bones.
• Structure of compact bone:
1- periosteum surrondwith Bone
covering the long bone, and formed of two layers:-
a- Outer fibrous layer of collagen fibers.
b- Inner cellular layer of osteogenic cells and osteoblasts
 3015122
thot
miFTAM
O

bit
Bone Toned a
canal
 Cel I d d V9
Record 32

osteocyte
compact Bone
 Spongy bone
• Presents in irregular bone such as ribs, skull, hip, mandible,...
• Presences of multiple marrow cavities.
• There is no Haversian system, no bony lamellae
 M
of bone
BLOOD
• Provides a mechanism for rapid transport of nutrients, waste
products, respiratory gases and cells. Powered by the pumping action
of the heart.
• Functions of Blood
1. Transportation - The blood transports dissolved gases, nutrients,
hormones and metabolic wastes.
2. Protection - The blood restricts fluid losses through damaged vessels.
Platelets in the blood and clotting proteins minimize blood loss when a
blood vessel is damaged.
3. Regulation - Blood regulates the pH and electrolyte composition of the
interstitial fluids. -Blood regulates body temperature.