International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)

Volume 7 Issue 3, May-June 2023 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470

Quantity and Cost Calculations for Several Reinforced

Earth Wall Types using Various Reinforcing Materials
Roshan Patel1, Mr. Hariram Sahu2
1
M Tech Scholar, 2Assistant Professor,
1,2
Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering Eklavya University, Damoh, Madhya Pradesh, India

ABSTRACT How to cite this paper: Roshan Patel |

Has researched the history and cost analysis of retaining walls. For Mr. Hariram Sahu "Quantity and Cost
all wall heights, it was found that geosynthetic reinforced walls were Calculations for Several Reinforced
the least costly of all wall types. Koernera examined the numerical Earth Wall Types using Various
example (geosynthetic reinforced walls for various heights) and Reinforcing
Materials" Published
established that the modified Rankine method is the most
in International
conservative, followed by the Federal Highway Administration Journal of Trend in
approach method and the National Concrete Masonry Association Scientific Research
approach method. It was. He also demonstrated that the two factors and Development
that contributed the most to the segmental retaining walls' (SRWs') (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456- IJTSRD57560
poor performance were (i) the use of incorrectly draining fine-grained 6470, Volume-7 |
material for backfilling, and (ii) contractor errors that might have Issue-3, June 2023, pp.1129-1139, URL:
been prevented with effective quality control and inspection. www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd57560.pdf

KEYWORDS: retaining walls, reinforced walls, Highway, Concrete Copyright © 2023 by author (s) and
Masonry, segmental, contractor errors International Journal of Trend in
Scientific Research and Development
Journal. This is an
Open Access article
distributed under the
terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution License (CC BY 4.0)
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)

1. INTRODUCTION
With the advent of (MSE's) mechanically stabilised reinforced earth wall is used for a variety of reasons,
earth walls (i.e., reinforced layers of soil allowing for including ease of construction using blocks, ease of
modular sequential construction), which were panel placement using manual labour, ease of
acknowledged as favourable at many locations or in geosynthetic connection to the facing panels, ease of
most cases, a paradigm change occurred in the 1960s. variation in slope and line due to sequential
Steel straps were used as reinforcement at first, but construction, good tolerance for irregularities, and the
later welded wire meshes were used as a substitute. ability to obtain any aesthetic view that was not
RE Wall panels come in a number of materials, possible with retaining walls. MSE walls are not just
including metallic, reinforced concrete, and limited to low and medium heights; with the addition
segmental modules in a range of sizes and forms. The of soil reinforcement, such as geosynthetic
geo-grids, geotextiles, and polymer straps that were reinforcement, these walls may compete in a range of
used as polymeric synthetic reinforcement in the heights and with walls of other types. For instance,
1980s to pioneer this mechanically stabilised earth twelve metre high walls and higher are currently
technology were so effective at the site that they are existing. Taiwan is home to the biggest, which
still used today. The mechanically stabilised earth

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Figure 1 Typical Retaining Walls

The stiffness of the reinforcement is frequently taken impact of uncertainty in the estimation of
into account in analytical solutions for geosynthetic reinforcement stiffness used in analytical solutions for
reinforced soil structures. Examples include the following problems: a) maximum outward-facing
calculations of the tensile loads and wall outward deformations of MSE walls; b) maximum
deformations in reinforced fill over voids, pile- reinforcement tensile loads in MSE walls under
supported reinforced embankments, and shallow operational conditions; and c) mobilised
footings made of reinforced soil. The assumption that reinforcement stiffness in a geosynthetic layer used to
the reinforcing stiffness will never change makes it reinforce a fill over a void. Every one of the
equal to a material that is linearly elastic. But to analytical conclusions is accepted as true. The
varying degrees, these materials are known to be rate- validity of the derived formula
dependent, which means that their stiffness is load-,
1.1. Objective of Retaining Walls
depends on strain, duration, and temperature (for The primary objective of retaining walls is to provide
instance, Greenwood et al. 2012). Using a two- stability and support to soil or other materials,
component hyperbolic secant stiffness model with preventing erosion and controlling the movement of
parameters matched to the outcomes of constant-load land or structures. Retaining walls serve various
creep experiments in a database created for this purposes and can be found in a wide range of
purpose, Bathurst and Naftchali (2021) illustrated this applications, including:
tendency. In the same paper, they showed how the
amount of reinforcement secant stiffness can have a 1. Soil Retention: One of the main objectives of
quantitative impact on the amount of facing retaining walls is to hold back soil and prevent it
deformations, reinforcement loads created in from sliding or eroding. Retaining walls are
geosynthetic MSE walls, and reinforcement loads commonly used in areas with slopes or uneven
created in the geosynthetic layer used to reinforce a terrain to create level surfaces for buildings,
fill over a void. Since every computation was roads, or landscaping.
deterministic, only one value of the reinforcement 2. Slope Stabilization: Retaining walls help
stiffness was used. When a stiffness value is chosen stabilize slopes and prevent landslides or soil
from a) repeated creep experiments on a single movements. By providing structural support and
material, there is uncertainty in the stiffness value. holding back the soil, they can mitigate the effects
Product, b) a product group made up of several of gravity and maintain the integrity of the slope.
reinforcing materials belonging to the same product
type, and c) a compilation of creep test data obtained 3. Erosion Control: Retaining walls can effectively
from materials for reinforcing that are used in all control erosion by preventing soil erosion caused
product categories. The database created by Bathurst by water flow. They act as barriers, redirecting
and Naftchali (2021) produced some useful results, and managing the flow of water to protect the
including information that can be used to measure the surrounding area from damage.
statistical variability in estimates of reinforcement 4. Creating Usable Spaces: Retaining walls can be
stiffness and a linear relationship between used to create terraced or stepped areas on sloping
isochronous secant stiffness and the ultimate strength land, allowing for the creation of usable spaces
of groups of reinforcement products. The current for gardens, recreational areas, or building
study builds on earlier research by examining the foundations.

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5. Aesthetics and Landscaping: Retaining walls 3. Reinforcement Techniques: Retaining walls
can enhance the aesthetics of a landscape by may see advancements in reinforcement
providing visual interest and defining different techniques to enhance their strength and
levels or areas within a property. They can be durability. Innovations in reinforcement materials,
constructed using various materials and designs to such as high-strength geosynthetics or carbon
complement the overall design and style of the fiber composites, could provide increased load-
surroundings. bearing capacity and improved performance.
6. Structural Support: In some cases, retaining 4. Integrated Drainage Systems: Future retaining
walls are designed to provide support to structures walls may integrate drainage systems that
by preventing soil movement that could effectively manage water flow and reduce
compromise their stability. These walls are hydrostatic pressure behind the wall. This can
commonly used in foundation walls or basement help prevent water-related issues, such as
construction to resist lateral soil pressure. seepage, erosion, or frost heave, which can affect
the stability of the wall.
7. Calculation of quantities and cost for various
types of reinforced earth wall with different type 5. Modular and Prefabricated Systems: The use
of reinforcing material. of modular or prefabricated retaining wall
systems may increase in the future. These systems
8. Calculating the cost of Retaining wall at different
offer advantages such as faster construction, cost
heights
savings, and ease of installation. They can be
9. Calculating the Quantity of various components designed to accommodate various site conditions
of the retaining wall and reinforced earth wall and provide flexibility in terms of height,
10. Design of Reinforced Earth wall and R.C.C alignment, and aesthetics.
Retaining Wall for different heights. 6. Sustainable Landscape Integration: Retaining
The specific objectives of a retaining wall project walls can contribute to the overall aesthetics and
depend on factors such as the site conditions, soil ecological balance of a landscape. Future
properties, desired use of the land, and project retaining wall designs may focus on integrating
requirements. Proper design, engineering, and greenery, vegetation, or vertical gardens into the
construction practices are essential to ensure that the structure, enhancing visual appeal and ecological
retaining wall meets its intended objectives and benefits.
performs effectively over its intended lifespan. 7. Climate Change Adaptation: With climate
1.2. Future Scope of Retaining Walls change impacts becoming more prevalent,
The future scope of retaining walls is influenced by retaining walls may need to be designed and
ongoing advancements in materials, construction engineered to withstand changing weather
techniques, and design practices. Here are some patterns, increased rainfall, or more frequent
potential future developments and trends in the field extreme events. Future retaining walls may
of retaining walls: incorporate climate-resilient design features to
ensure long-term performance in a changing
1. Sustainable Materials: There is a growing focus environment.
on sustainable construction practices, and this
applies to retaining walls as well. Future retaining These are just some potential future directions for
walls may incorporate eco-friendly materials such retaining walls. As technology advances and
as recycled aggregates, geosynthetics, or bio- sustainability becomes a greater focus, the field of
based materials to reduce environmental impact retaining walls is likely to see continued innovation
and promote sustainability. and development in the years to come.

2. Smart and Innovative Design: Advancements in 2. LITERATURE REVIEW

technology may enable the development of smart Schmidt and Harpstead (2010) Disconnection
retaining wall systems. These systems could between the members of the design team can be
incorporate sensors and monitoring devices to blamed for the poor performance of mechanically
provide real-time data on factors such as soil stabilised earth (MSE) walls that were developed and
movement, stress distribution, and overall built using the conventional method. The design team
structural health. This information can help with members frequently do not have access to the
early detection of potential issues and facilitate geotechnical studies, which frequently do not provide
timely maintenance or repairs. site-specific design requirements. Designs are created
using usual values that are expected or publicised,

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which leads to subpar performance or, alternatively, study. Triaxial testing in the lab has been used to
the requirement for expensive change orders. We conduct research to evaluate the cohesive soil's
suggest a modification in the design process after strength when combined with flyash. According to
investigating the actions and circumstances that led to the findings, a fly ash and cohesive soil mixture has
multiple MSE walls that performed badly. Prior to the better interface friction, greater strength, and
project being put out to bid, the design should be stiffness. The mixes' technical performance complies
created concurrently with the civil and structural parts with the specifications for geosynthetically reinforced
of it. To ensure that construction meets the required earth retaining walls. As a result, this composite infill
requirements and that every aspect is properly material can be employed in areas where graded sand
recorded, quality assurance and quality control should is either in short supply or unavailable.
be an essential part of the process. Such
Koseki (2012) Junichi Koeski presented the benefits
documentation enables owners to identify, and if
of employing geosynthetics in enhancing the seismic
required seek, solutions for, MSE wall
performance of earth constructions after studying case
underperformance. A case study that supports our
studies from Japan and pertinent model test results.
research findings demonstrates many of the
By concentrating on a number of important elements,
disconnects between members of the design team as
including face stiffness, the arrangement and
well as deficiencies in QA and QC that cause MSE
characteristics of reinforcements, and backfill and
walls to perform poorly.
subsoil conditions, geosynthetic-reinforced soil
Evangelista (2011) With regard to an ideal vertical retaining walls have been researched. Additionally,
plane going through the heel of the wall, several other uses of the geosynthetic reinforcement
approaches are used to assess active earth pressure on technology are discussed, including its conjunction
cantilever retaining walls. According to research by with other reinforcing techniques, use on bridge
Anna Scott, the wall has a long heel and failure abutments and piers, and use on ballasted railway
planes that don't obstruct the vertical stem, allowing lines.
the limit Rankine conditions to develop unhindered in
Peia and Xia (2012) Using automated design and
the backfill. Based on the geometry of the ground
cost-cutting techniques, reinforced cantilever
level and the friction angle, lateral motions along the
retaining walls (RCRW) are the focus of this article.
ideal plane are considered to have an inclination that
Geometrical restrictions and design specifications are
is constant. In his innovative technique, he suggested
applied as design constraints in the analysis. 25
using a pseudo-static stress plasticity solution to
restrictions are created, and 9 parameters are chosen
calculate the active earth pressure coefficient as a
to define the structure. The restricted optimisation
result of seismic loading.
model is solved using three heuristic algorithms: the
Koerner and Koerner (2011) over the past thirty genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimisation
years, the use of geogrids and geotextiles to (PSO), and simulated annealing (SA). By using a
strengthen mechanically stabilised earth (MSE) walls sample design, the calculation programmes have been
has increased significantly. However, this expansion created and verified. Results demonstrate that cost
has also been accompanied by a number of failures, reduction design of RCRW may be successfully
including severe deformation and, in some cases, implemented using heuristic optimisation techniques.
outright collapse. Inappropriate drainage control was It is discovered that no algorithm performs better than
the culprit in 68 instances out of the 82 cases in the others. It is advised to employ PSO in terms of
author's database. As a result, the internal drainage efficacy and efficiency.
problems within the reinforced soil mass (46) and the
Bobet (2012) For sustaining earth fills in civil
exterior drainage problems surrounding the soil mass
infrastructure projects throughout the past three
(22) are the main topics of this work. Some classic
decades, mechanically stabilised earth (MSE)
design components will be shown after a quick
retaining walls have become more popular as design
introduction to the technology. The crux of the study
alternatives to conventional reinforced concrete
will then be the debate between proper and incorrect
retaining walls. MSE walls are more affordable than
drainage management techniques. A synopsis
reinforced concrete walls and are capable of
Vashi et al. (2011) Geosynthetic qualities in supporting surface applied loads and holding back
reinforced earth retaining walls (REW) are strongly substantial heights of earth fills. MSE walls are
influenced by the fill material performance and its particularly ideal for challenging foundation soil
interface friction properties with geosynthetics. The conditions when differential settlements are predicted
effectiveness of cohesive soil and flyash combination since they are flexible and mechanically redundant
as reinforced earth wall fill material is covered in this constructions. MSE retaining walls typically consist

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of structural fill that has been strengthened with reinforcement length, spacing, wall facings, and wall
inclusions that are tensile-resistant and attached to height have all been studied further parametrically.
facing elements. The mechanical interactions of the The primary performance criterion has been identified
reinforced soil structure's three components—fill as the wall displacement. The investigations have
material, reinforcement, and soil—provide internal shown that marginal soil may be utilised as backfill as
stability. long as a stronger geogrid is employed, according to
Kayabekir et al. (2020) The acquisition of the findings. In order to comprehend the deformation
minimising both the cost and the CO2 emission of the behaviour of the wall utilising marginal fills, a real-
reinforced concrete retaining walls in conjunction world case study for various heights of GRS wall
with ensuring stability conditions has been sections has been investigated.
investigated using harmony search algorithm in this J et al. (2023) Using analytical solutions for a) the
study, taking into account the eco-friendly design maximum outward facing deformation in
requirements of reinforced concrete structures. The mechanically stabilised earth (MSE) walls, b) the
contribution rate of each variation to the cost and maximum reinforcement tensile loads and strain in
CO2 emission was determined through the MSE walls under operational conditions, and c) the
application of optimisation studies with two different mobilised reinforcement stiffness in a geosynthetic
goal functions. In addition, multi-objective analysis layer used to reinforce a fill over a void, the paper
was used to determine the integrated relationship investigates the quantitative influence of uncertainty
between cost and CO2 emission in order to find a in the estimate of geosynthetic reinforcement stiffness
design that is both economical and environmentally on numerical outcomes. An isochronous two-
good. The breadth of the foundation and the height of parameter hyperbolic load-strain model is used to
the stem were considered design considerations. In simulate the reinforcement's stiffness. When product-
regard to the modification of the excavation depth, specific creep data are not available at the time of
the fictionalisation of certain optimisation situations design, reinforcement stiffness is estimated using a
system at the backfill side, the backfill soil's unit linear connection between isochronous stiffness and
weight, the prices, and the concrete and reinforcing the ultimate tensile strength of the reinforcement.
bars' combined CO2 emissions. In light of the Results of the solutions are reported in both
comparison of the findings of the defined goal deterministic and probabilistic ways. The statistical
functions, the results of the optimisation analyses relationship between nominal safety factors in
were structured to explore the potential of providing contemporary performance-based design, the latter is
an eco-friendly design of retaining walls with the preferred to measure margins of safety within a
reduction of both cost and gas emission. According to probabilistic framework. The research concludes by
manual calculations and the flower pollination emphasising the practical advantage of utilising data
algorithm, the suggested strategy is successful in on isochronous secant stiffness particular to a product
obtaining both economic and ecological results. when it is available as opposed to predictions of
isochronous stiffness values based on reinforcing type
Majumder et al. (2023) this study examines how
or pooled data.
well geosynthetic reinforced soil (GRS) walls,
sometimes referred to as earth walls and backfilled 3. Design Methodology of Retaining Wall
with marginal soil, perform. Granular soil has been The design methodology for a retaining wall involves
utilised as backfill material most frequently several steps to ensure a safe and structurally sound
throughout the years because of its high strength, wall that can withstand the applied forces and
outstanding drainage properties, and simplicity of conditions. Here is a general outline of the design
compacting. Granular dirt is, however, scarce at many process:
highway project sites due to transportation problems 1. Site Investigation: Conduct a thorough site
and lack of supply. The term "marginal soil" refers to investigation to understand the soil conditions,
soil with particles larger than 15% or with a plasticity groundwater levels, slope stability, and any other
index greater than 6. The use of marginal soil as the relevant site-specific factors. This may involve
GRS wall backfill is subject to significant design geotechnical testing, such as soil borings,
restrictions because to its poor drainage, low shear laboratory testing, and analysis of site data.
strength, and formation of pore water pressure 2. Design Objectives: Define the design objectives,
because of the presence of fines. In this study, including the purpose of the retaining wall,
marginal backfill performance is compared. To do desired height, aesthetics, and any specific
this, a two-dimensional finite element model has been requirements or constraints. Consider factors such
created to investigate the performance of the GRS as the level of retained material, loads on the wall,
wall in a dry state. The effects of surcharge, and potential surcharge loads.

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3. Design Approaches: Determine the appropriate 1. Determine Design Parameters:
design approach based on the site conditions and Identify the purpose and function of the retaining
project requirements. Common approaches wall.
include gravity walls, cantilever walls, anchored Define the height and length of the wall.
walls, or mechanically stabilized earth (MSE)
walls. Each approach has its own design Determine the type of retained material (soil,
principles and considerations. rock, etc.).
Determine the level of surcharge loads and any
4. Structural Design: Perform structural design
other applied loads.
calculations to determine the dimensions and
reinforcement requirements of the retaining wall. 2. Site Investigation:
This includes evaluating stability, analyzing Conduct a geotechnical investigation to obtain
forces and moments, and selecting appropriate information on soil properties, groundwater
materials. Consider factors such as lateral earth levels, and slope stability.
pressure, global stability, bearing capacity, and Perform geotechnical testing, including soil
seismic loads. borings, laboratory tests, and analysis of soil
5. Drainage Design: Incorporate drainage features samples.
into the retaining wall design to manage water 3. Determine Earth Pressure Distribution:
pressure and prevent excessive hydrostatic forces. Determine the type of earth pressure distribution
This may include weep holes, drainage pipes, acting on the wall (active, passive, or at-rest).
geotextiles, or other drainage systems to ensure
proper water management behind the wall. Calculate the magnitude of earth pressure based
on Rankine's theory, Coulomb's theory, or other
6. Construction Specifications: Prepare applicable methods.
construction specifications and drawings that
Consider the effects of water pressure, if
provide detailed information on materials,
applicable.
construction methods, reinforcement details,
backfill requirements, and any special 4. Structural Design:
considerations. This helps ensure that the wall is Select the appropriate retaining wall type based
constructed according to the design intent. on the project requirements and site conditions
7. Safety and Codes: Ensure compliance with local (gravity wall, cantilever wall, anchored wall,
building codes, regulations, and safety standards. MSE wall, etc.).
Consider factors such as seismic design, lateral Determine the dimensions of the wall, including
pressures, soil bearing capacity, and any other height, base width, and toe and heel dimensions.
relevant code requirements. Perform structural calculations to determine the
8. Monitoring and Maintenance: Establish a plan reinforcement requirements, including steel
for monitoring the performance of the retaining reinforcement or geosynthetic reinforcement, if
wall after construction. This may involve regular applicable.
inspections, instrumentation, or maintenance 5. Stability Analysis:
activities to address any potential issues and Perform stability analysis to ensure the overall
ensure long-term stability. stability of the retaining wall system.
It is important to note that retaining wall design can Analyze the global stability, including
be complex and may require the expertise of a overturning, sliding, and bearing capacity checks.
professional engineer specializing in geotechnical Consider the effects of seismic loads, if
engineering or structural engineering. The design applicable.
methodology may vary depending on the specific site
conditions, project requirements, and applicable 6. Drainage Design:
design codes and standards. Incorporate appropriate drainage measures to
manage water pressures behind the wall.
3.1. Design Procedure of Retaining Wall
The design procedure for a retaining wall involves a Design and specify drainage features, such as
systematic approach to ensure the stability, strength, weep holes, drainage pipes, geotextiles, or other
and functionality of the wall. While the specific steps drainage systems.
may vary depending on the project requirements and
design standards, here is a general outline of the
design procedure for a retaining wall:

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7. Prepare Construction Drawings and
Specifications:
Prepare detailed construction drawings and
specifications that include dimensions,
reinforcement details, backfill requirements, and
any special instructions.
Consider construction methods and sequence to
facilitate the construction of the retaining wall.
8. Construction Monitoring and Inspection:
Implement a monitoring and inspection plan
during the construction phase to ensure adherence
to design specifications.
Monitor construction activities, backfill
placement, and compaction.
Conduct inspections to verify compliance with
design requirements.
It's crucial to note that the design procedure for a
retaining wall should be carried out by a qualified
engineer with experience in geotechnical and
structural engineering. The design process may
involve detailed calculations, analysis, and adherence
to local building codes and regulations. Figure: 1 Flowchart of Retaining Wall
3.2. R.C.C. Counterfort Retaining Wall For Height Of 7.0 M
Grade of concrete = 30Mpa
S.B.C. of soil = 140 Kn/Sqm
Density of soil = 20 KN/cum
Height of embankment above GL = 7 m
Grade of steel = 500 Mpa
Density of Concrete = 25 Kn/m
Friction Coefficient = 0.5
Active earth Pressure = 0.33
Angle of wall friction = 20 Deg 0.3491 radians
Angle of internal friction = 30 Deg 0.5236 radians
Coefficient of active earth Pressure (Ka) = 1+sin Ø= 0.33
Ka = 1-Sin Ø
Dimensions of Retaining Wall
Minimum Depth of foundation (y)
Y (min) = qox Ka2 = 0.8 m
γ
Provide minimum Depth of Foundation = 1.0 m
Height of wall above ground level = 7.0 m
Overall depth of Foundation (H) = (7+1) = 8.0 m
Base Width (b) = 0.7 H = 6.2 m
Thickness of base slab = 2lh
Where, = clear spacing of counter fort
= 3.5 m
= H (1/4)
Υ
= 2.78 m
Consider it as = 3.0 m c/c
Thickness of base slab = 2lh = 4.8 m
= 0.5 m
= 500 mm

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Toe Projection = 1 * Base Width = 1.55 m
4
Clear height of Stem = H- thickness of base
= 7.5 m
Thickness of stem = 0.2 m
Heel Projection = B – toe projection – Thickness of stem
= 4.45 m
Horizontal pressure = Ph = 1 * Ka* γ * h2
2
= 213.33 KNm
Bending moment = Mu = Ph * l2
12
= 160 KNm
Factored moment = 1.5 * mu
= 240 KNm
Effective depth = d = √ Mu (Ru = 0.138 fck)
(Ru*b)
= 240.77 mm
Provide 16 mm dia bar and 40 mm clear cover
Overall Depth = D = d + dia of bar + clear cover
2
D = 288.77 mm
Provide over all depth as 300 mm
d= D - dia of bar + clear cover
2
= 252 mm
Area of steel r/f = 0.5 * fck (1- (√1-(4.6*Mu) )*b*d
fy fck*b*d2
= 0.03 * 0.22 * 45000
= 1637.70 mm2
Spacing using 16 mm dia bars = (π * D2 * b)
4 * Ast
= 253.47 mm
Assume spacing as 250 mm c/c.
3.3. Design for reinforced RE Wall with metallic strips for Height of 7.0 m
Height of embankment above GL = 7.0m
The values for Grade of concrete, S.B.C. of soil, Density of soil, Grade of steel, Density of Concrete, Friction
Coefficient, Active earth Pressure, Angle of wall friction, Angle of internal, Coefficient of active earth Pressure
(Ka) is kept same as that for Reinforced RE wall for the height of 4.0m.
Dimensions of Wall
Provide minimum Depth of Foundation = 1.0 m
Height of wall above ground level = 7.0 m
Overall depth of Foundation (H) = 8.0 m
Base Width = 4.9 m
Lateral earth Pressure = 33.33 KNm
Horizontal Pressure = 147.00 KN/m

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Assume horizontal and vertical spacing of strips 1.0m
Width of strips = 0.1 m
Density of material to be used in filling = 18 Kn/m2
Yield strength in steel = 2, 50, 000 Kn/m2
Height of strips to be considered for RE wall
Considering clear cover from foundation = 0.5 m
Considering clear cover from top = 0.5 m
Height in which reinforcement is to be provided = 7.0 m
No of reinforcements = 7.0 m
Force at reinforcement = 72 Kn
Provide thickness as 15.0 m
Stability against sliding
Safe
Stability against Overturning
Safe
Bearing Pressure
Safe
4. QUANTITIES FOR RETAINING WALL AT 7m HEIGHTS
Table 1 RETAINING WALL for 7m Height
Sl. No. Description of works Unit Length Width Height Qty Total Quantity
A Earth work in Excavation
cum 10.000 6.500 1.000 65.000
TOTAL Earth work 65.000 65.000
B PCC M-15 Grade Concrete
M-15 G. Con. cum 10.000 6.200 0.150 9.300
TOTAL M-15 9.300 9.300
C RCC M-30 Grade Concrete
i M-30 .G. con Raft cum 10.000 6.200 0.500 31.000
ii M-30 WALL cum 10.000 0.500 7.500 37.500
iii M-30 Counterfort cum 3.300 0.200 4.73 3.122
TOTAL M-30 71.622 71.621
D TOTAL Quantity of Steel MT 6.30
Table 2 Retaining Wall for 7 m Heigh
Item No as
per SOR Description Unit Rate Quantity Amount
2014
Earthwork in Excavation in ordinary rock by
Manual Means Excavation in ordinary rock
3.2 including loading in a truck and carrying of Cum 226.00 65.00 14,690
excavated material to embankment site with all
lifts and leads
PCC M-15 in Foundation
Plain cement concrete M-15 mix with crushed
stone aggregate 40 mm nominal size
9.1 Cum 4,209.00 9.30 39,144
mechanically mixed, placed in foundation and
compacted by vibration including curing for 14
days.
Plain/Reinforced cement concrete in sub-structure
13.6 complete as per drawing and technical Cum 6,588.00 71.62 471,844
specifications.
TMT / HYSD Reinforcement: in Retaining walls
13.7 MT 75,415.00 6.30 475,320
as per Technical Specification Clause 1600.
Total Amount 1,000,998

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Table 3 Re Facia Wall for 7m Height
Sl. Height/ Total
Description of works Unit Length Width Qty
No. Depth Quantity
A Earth work in Excavation
cum 10.000 5.500 1.000 55.000
TOTAL Earth work 55.000 55.000
B GSB Below Leveling PAD
GSB Below Leveling PAD cum 10.000 5.500 0.150 8.250
TOTAL GSB 8.250 8.250
C PCC M-15 Grade Concrete
M-15 G. Con. Leveling Pad cum 10.000 0.450 0.150 0.675
TOTAL M-15 0.675 0.675
C RE wall Fill And Geo Grid
i RE wall Fill cum 10.000 4.900 8.000 392.000
ii RE wall facia panel Sqm 10.000 1.000 8.000 80.000
iii Geo Grid cum 10.000 4.900 8.000 392.000
864 864

5. Conclusions 6. References
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Counter forts are built to retaining walls to
[2] Boyle, S.R., (1995). Deformation prediction of
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to Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana,
5. The internally stabilised walls, also known as RE
354pp, 1993
walls, can save anywhere between 40% and 65%
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the soil and loading circumstances, several types Reinforced Soil Structures Vol. 1. Design and
of Geo grid and back fill material can be used to Construction Guidelines and Reinforced Soil
create a RE wall that is more cost-effective.. Vol. 2.Summary of Research and Systems
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