Meaning of Foreign Policy: Modern world is a world of nat natural. To manage relations with other States is an i policy adopted by a country regarding the relations wi ‘Article 5I of the Indian Constitution lays down some Directive Principles of State Policy on ‘Promotion of international peace and security” Factors effecting India’s Foreign Policy: International Context: 1. End of Second World War: ‘When India gained independence in 1947, the second world war had ended. With the end of the second world war, the whole political system of the world had transformed. 2. Emergence of 2 power blocs: When India got independence in 1947, the world had been divided into two blocs. In such a situation, in order to protect India’s sovereignty, Nehru decided to stay aloof from the two powers by adopting NAM policy. 3. Faith in United Nations India’s faith in the United Nations has influenced its foreign policy to a great extent. Impressed by the constitution of United Nations, India has included such ideals in the chapter of Directive Principles of State Policy in maintaining peace and security. 3. End of Colonialism: With the end of second world war, the world also saw and end to the imperialism and colonialism, .n states. No nation can exist in isolation. The impact of other nations is important and essential work of every state, The th foreign countries is called the foreign policy. 4. Birth of Smaller nations: With the end of colonialism took birth of so many smaller nations mainly in Asia and Africa. India opted to group these countries to form Non-aligned movement. It also Independence came with the partition of India. 2, Communal violence Because of the partition there was lots of communal violence, which India had to deal with 3 wv iti Tndia’s economy was crippled at the time of independence. One of its main aim was to alleviate poverty. 4. National interest ‘The main reason behind a foreign policy is the national interest of a country «Keeping in view of the national interest India had to sign 20 yrs. of friendship treaty with Soviet Union. «India always supported Arab-Israel dispute, because India depends on Arab countries for the import of Petrol and kerosene oil. + Membership to Common Wealth Nations. ACY ALIGN) NT India’s National movement was not an isolated process. Tt was a part of worldwide struggle against colonialism and imperialism. It influenced the liberation movements of many Asian and African countries,Jers of other colonies, the nationalist leaders of India j¢ against colonialism and imypertabistn. Th Bose during the Hnd WW wa “ontacts betyscen In ders and s independence, there were contacts betwe ther colonies, United as they were in their common strug x yeation of the Indian National Army (INA) by Netaji Subhash: Chand the clear link between India and overseas freedom struggle. id thave of Yefore Ind pternational events. ent of independence coincided sith ma coincided with the beginning of the cold war 2 Iralso witnessed developments ¢ the establishment of UN the emergence of arms race between the power blocs. ‘the emergence of communist China ming of decolonization and emergence of many newly independent states the be: Nehru's Foreign Poli Nehru was the "chief architect” of India's foreign policy. The foundations of India's Foreign policy were firmly laid down by Nehru. ‘Three major objectives of Nehru’s Foreign Policy 1. To preserve the hard-earned sovereignty 2. To protect the territorial integrity 3. To promote rapid economic development ‘The path of non-alignment was adopted to achieve these objectives. Principles of Nehru’s Foreign Policy: Distance from the two blocs: India chose to stay away from the two Promotion of World Peace: India has promoted world peace by reducing cold war tensions. ‘Support to the UN: India was also prepared to support world. power blocs by adopting non-aligned policy. UN peacekeeping operations with human resources for a peaceful ‘Non-alignment: Nehru wanted to keep away from two blocs ~ USA and USSR to follow a free and independent foreign policy called Non-Aligned Movement.US was not happy Criticisms against India’s Non-Alignment Policy. L.India’s Policy being unprincipled. 1. India’s non-alignment was said to be ‘unprincipled’, In the name of pursuing its national interest, India, it was said, often refused to take a firm stand on crucial international issues. Eg. When Britain attacked Egypt over the Suez canal isue (1956), India led the protest against this zneo-colonial invasion. However, when Soviet Union invaded Hungary in the same year, India did not condemn Soviet Union. 2. India’s policy being inconsistent This suggested that India was inconsistent and took contradictory postures. Having criticized others for joining alliances, India signed the Treaty of Friendship in August 1971 with the USSR for 20 years Afro-Asian Unity: India has opposed color process and the anti-it nialism, imperialism and racialism. It has actively supported the decolonization iperialist struggles of Afro-Asian states.jia’s cole inthe Afro Asian Unity; {Given the size, location and power potential India possessed, Netw dreamt of avajor role for fia in wvorld atlas, especially in Asia, Under his leadership, India made contacts with other newly invdopenstent states of Asia and Africa Asian Relations Conferene India under the leadership of Nehru, hosted the Asian Relations Conference in March 1947, five snonths before the attainment of Indepenttence. Vecedom of Indonesia from Dutch India supported the freedom of Indonesia from Dutch colonial during international conference in 1949 Supporter of decolonization: India supported the decolonization and was strongly opposed to the racial discrimination in South Africa Bandung Conference: India took part in the Afro-A: newly attained independents an Conference held in Bandung in 1955 which was the conference of the (es of Asia and Afriea known as the Bandung Conference. ‘The Bandung Conference later led to the formation of NAM. Nehru was one of the founding members AM, NAM brought the Asian and African countries together. The first NAM summit was held in Belgrade in 1961, NO-INDIA RELATIONSHIP. Friendly Relationship: Recognition of the Peoph ‘After the Chinese revolution, India was one of the first states to recognize the PRC in 1948, Border guarded by para-military force. Although Sardar Vallabhai Patel was worried about China’s aggression of India in future, Nehru had full faith in China, Thus, the Chinese border was guarded by para-military force and not the army. Panchsheel: India and China signed Panchsheel or five principles of peaceful co-existence in April 1954 between Zhou Enlai and Nehru followed by the famous slogan “Hindi Chini Bhai Bhai". ‘ensions and Chinese Invasion, 1962: 1. China's annexation of Tibet in 1950; Tndia gave political asylum to Dalai Lama and his fellow Tibetans. The granting of political asylum t0 Tibetans and Dalai lama was described as an enemy like act and it strained Sino-India relationship. China considers Dalai Lama as a splittist and alleges that the government of India was allowing anti- China activities to take place from within India 2.Controversy over Border is “The boundary matter was already decided during the British rule. For eg. Decision over the McMohan Jine 1914 at Shimla, However, China said that any colonial decision did not apply. The main disputes ‘were about the western and the eastern end of the long border. China claimed Aksai Chin and much of the Arunachal Pradesh then called NEFA under its territory, ‘When the Cuban missile crisis was going on, China attacked India in 1962 on both the disputed regions. Chinese forces captured some key areas in Arunachal Pradesh and even reached the plains of ‘Assam. Indian forces could block the Chinese advances on the western front in Ladakh India had to approach the Americans and the British for military assistance. Both US and Britain rushed military help for India, The Soviet Union remained neutral during the conflict. China later announced unilateral cease-fire,result of the Sino-India wars |. India suffered heavy casualties, 2. The China war spoiled India's image and led to humiliation at home and in the international arena 3, Top commanders of army were made to retire or resigned. 4. The then defense minister V.K. Menon, a close friend of Nehru had to leave the Cabinet. 5. Nehru faced severe criticism against his policy towards China and military preparedness. 6. For the first time no-confidence motion was moved against his government. CPI got divided into 2. CPI and CPI (M). Many leaders of CPI (M) were arrested for being pro- China, 8. States reorgar Manipur and Tripura, though Union Territories were given the right to elect their own legi mblies. tion began soon after the China war. Nagaland was granted statehood. and slative INDIA’S RELATIONSHIP WITH USA India’s relation with the USA improved after the « liberalize its economy. Both India and the US have the common belief in freedom, democracy, rule of law and advanced security like defeating terrorism, religious extremism and prevention of the spread of weapons of mass destruction. India and the US are the largest democratic countries in the world. After India gradually liberalized its economy, the US started viewing India as a growing world power. -ollapse of the Soviet Union and after India decided to ‘After the September 111 attack on the US, US started collaborating with India to fight against terrorism ‘and lifted the economic sanction imposed on India’s nuclear test of 1998. ‘On October 2008, India and the US signed a peaceful nuclear cooperation which came to be known as 3.123 agreement” 3. Economic relationshi Tiberalization and India’s impressive economic growth rates, it has become an attractive partner for many countries including US. India export information technology, services, textiles, machinery, ‘gems, diamonds, chemicals, iron and steel products, coffee, tea and so on. 4. logical dimension: The role of Indian -American diaspora is also one of the factors for India’s good relationship with US. ‘« The US absorbs about 65 % of India’s total exports in the software sector. © 35% of the technical staff of Boeing is estimated to be of Indian origin, ‘© 300,000 Indians work in the Silicon Valley. # 15% of all hi-tech startups are by Indian Americans Different views regarding the Indo-US relationshi 1, India should stay away from US: “Those Indian analysts who see international politics largely in terms of military power are fearful of the ‘closeness between Indian and the US and prefer that India stay away from US and focus on increasing its own national power. 2.India should take advantage of the US hegemony: Here, the analysts believe that the growing convergence of interests between India and US is a historic opportunity for India and that India should take advantage of the US hegemony. 3.Jndia should establish a coalition of developing countries: ‘The analysts of this group believe that India should take lead in establishing a coalition of countries from the developing world and that this coalition would become more powerful and may succeed in ‘weaning the hegemon away from its dominating ways. 4fxp1d AND RUSSIA Tyas maintained good relations with all the post-communist countries and especially with Russia. AS ‘12001, India and Russia have signed more than 80 bilateral agreements, 1, Common view on the multi polar world order Rossa and India share a vision of a multi polar world order. A multi polar world means the €- istence of several powers in the international system, collective security, negotiated settlements of ‘aterational conflicts, an independent foreign policy forall countries and decision making throush bodies like the UN that should be strengthened democratized, and empowered. 2, Good trade relationship. Taadiais the second largest market arms market for Russia. The Indian military gets most of its hardware from Russia, Since India is an oil importing nation, Russia is important to India and hs repeatedly rome to the assistance to India during its ol rises. Indias seeking to increase its energy imports from Reraia nd the epubles of Kazakstan and Turkmenistan, Cooperation with these republics icles partnership and investment in oilfields. 3. Economic: Fhe Soviet Union assisted India's public sector companies and gave aid and technical assistance for Stel plants, like Bhilai, Bokaro, Visakhpatnam, and machinery plants like Bharat Heavy Flece y Lid, ote. ‘The Soviet Union accepted Indian currency for trade when India was short of foreisn exchange. 4. Political: te Soviet Union supported India’s positions on the Kashmir issue inthe UN. It also supported India during ts major conflicts, especially daring the war with Pakistan in 1971 and China in 1962, India too supported Soviet foreign policy in some crucial but indirect ways 5. Military: India eveived most ofits military hardware from the Soviet Union and got the technological knowledge regarding military arms and armaments. The Soviet Union entered into various agreements allowing India to jointly produce military equipment. 6. Culture: Hindi films and Indian culture were popular in the Soviet Union. Indian Heroes from Raj-Kapoor to ‘Amitabh Bachan are house hold names in Russia and many post-Soviet countries. A large number of Indian writers and visited the USSR. Is ATIONS: 1. Opening of Israeli Embassy: “The diplomatic relations between India and Israel formally started with the opening of Israeli embassy in India in 1992, after 45 years of Indias independence. 2. Improvement in relations durin ovte “The relations between the two countries started gaining firmness only after the formation of the NDA Government in 1996 and 1998 onwards. 3.Vi aderst With the visits ofthe two leaders ic. Narendra Modi to Israel in 2017 and Netanyahu to India in 2018 the relationship further intensified. : The two nations have started cooperation in various fields like cultural exchange, security and defense counterterrorism, space research, water and energy and agricultural development,5. ‘Net's faith in Scionce and technology: Ne att be hs ity in Science and technology for rapidly building a modern India ‘Under Vas. But he vias aya perth nuclear programme on industrialization plans was initiated in late dicarifeirient: eapons and pleaded super powers for comprehensive nuclear Peace Oriented: India’s nuclear policy has always been peace-oriented, whose clear impressions is reflected in the policy of No First Use. However, Prime Minister Modi has made itclear that fhe policy of no first use tan be reviewed and changed in consonance with India’s regional and national security. Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT): Due to the Chinese nuclear test and rising of nuclear arsenal council tried to impose the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty ( considered NPT as discriminatory and refused to sign it. five permanent members of UN security (NPT) in 1968 to the world. India ive san I: CTBT imposes restrictions on non-nuclear states but does not impose restrictions on nuclear states. It ‘ons. The treaty Was approved in 1996, teven bans the right of states to conduct peaceful nuclear explosi but India has not signed it. India’s Nuclear Test: i Jear Test as peaceful explosion. Tt was termed as peaceful explosion and argues that it was commited to the policy of using nuclear lear test was conducted as a difficult period in ‘aceful purposes. But the period of nu £1973. The entire world was affected by the Oil Homestic politics. It was because of Arab-Israel war o Shock mainly because of massive hike in the oil prices by Arab Nations. It led to economic turmoil in India resulting in inflation. power only for pe iuclear Tests i 3: Tndia conducted a series of nuclear tests in May 1998, demonstrating its capacity to use nuclear energy for military purposes. Pakistan soon followed thereby increasing the vulnerability of the region toa nuclear exchange. India’s nuclear doctriny believes in “no first use” and non- discriminatory nuclear disarmament leading (0 @ nuclear weapon free world. jembership in Nuclear ers Group (NSG): Tndia is commnitted to ensuring its membership in the Nuclear suppliers Group.