Ashwin Jaiswal Classes

Answer Key Business Law

Date 16.06.2023

Answer 1 (a)
1. Nominal Partner is a partner only in name
 The person’s name is used as if he were a partner of the firm, though actually he is not.
 He is not entitled to share the profits of the firm but is liable for all acts of the firm
as if he were a real partner.
 A nominal partner must give public notice of his retirement and his insanity is not a
ground for dissolving the firm.
2. In the instant case, Bohan was admitted as nominal partner in the firm. A creditor of the
firm, Karan has claimed his dues from Bohan as he is the partner in the firm. Bohan has
denied for the claim by replying that he is merely a nominal partner.
(a) Bohan is a nominal partner. Even he is not entitled to share the profits of the
firm but is liable for all acts of the firm as if he were a real partner. Therefore,
he is liable to Karan like other partners.
(b) In case, Karan has filed the suit against firm, answer would remain same.

Answer 1 (b)
1. Responsibility of finder of goods (Section 71 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872): A
person who finds goods belonging to another and takes them into his custody is subject to
same responsibility as if he were a bailee.
2. Thus, a finder of lost goods has:
(i) to take proper care of the property as man of ordinary prudence would take
(ii) no right to appropriate the goods and
(iii) to restore the goods if the owner is found.
(iv) To retain the goods against everybody if owner is not found
3. In the light of the above provisions, the manager must return the wallet to X, since X is
entitled to retain the wallet found against everybody except the true owner.
(Hollins vs. Howler L. R. & H. L)

Answer 1 (c)
1. If the subsidiary is formed to act as agent of the Principal Company, it may be
deemed to have lost its individuality in favour of its principal. The veil of Corporate
Personality is lifted and the principal will be held liable for the acts of subsidiary
company.
2. The facts of the case are similar to the case of Merchandise Transport Limited vs.
British Transport Commission (1982), wherein a transport company wanted to obtain
licences for its vehicles but could not do so, if applied in its own name. It, therefore,
formed a subsidiary company, and the application for the licence was made in the name of
the subsidiary. The vehicles were to be transferred to the subsidiary company. Held, the
parent (holding) and the subsidiary were held to be one commercial unit and the

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 application for licence was rejected.
3. Hence, in this case the parent (holding) and the subsidiary company shall not be
treated as separate commercial units.

Answer 2 (a)
Difference between a contingent contract and a wagering contract

Basis of difference Contingent contract Wagering contract

Meaning A contingent contract is a A wagering agreement is a
contract to do or not to do promise to give money or
something with reference to a money’s worth with reference to
collateral event happening or an uncertain event happening or
not happening. not happening.
Reciprocal Contingent contract may not A wagering agreement consists
promises contain reciprocal promises. of reciprocal promises.
Uncertain event In a contingent contract, the In a wagering contract, the
event is collateral. uncertain event is the core factor.
Nature of Contingent contract may not be A wagering agreement is
contract wagering in nature. essentially contingent in nature.
Interest of Contracting parties have interest The contracting parties have no
contracting in the subject matter in interest in the subject matter.
parties contingent contract.
Doctrine of Contingent contract is not based A wagering contract is a game,
mutuality of on doctrine of mutuality of lose losing and gaining alone matters.
lose and gain and gain.
Effect of contract Contingent contract is valid. A wagering agreement is void.

Answer 2 (b)
1. Condition as to quality or fitness [Section 16(1)]:
 Ordinarily, there is no implied condition as to the quality or fitness of the goods
sold for any particular purpose.
 However, the condition as to the reasonable fitness of goods for a particular
purpose may be implied if the buyer had made known to the seller the purpose of
his purchase and relied upon the skill and judgment of the seller to select the best
goods and the seller has ordinarily been dealing in those goods.
 Even this implied condition will not apply if the goods have been sold under a
trademark or a patent name.
2. In the present case ‘A’ bought a set of false teeth from ‘B’, a dentist. But the set was not fit
for ‘A’s mouth.
3. So based on the abovementioned provisions ‘A’ is entitled for refund of price because the
only purpose for which he wanted the set of teeth was not fulfilled.

Answer 2 (c)

1. Effect of default as to that promise which should be first performed, in contract

consisting of reciprocal promises (Section 54)
When a contract consists of reciprocal promises, such that one of them cannot be
performed, or that its performance cannot be claimed till the other has been performed,
and the promisor of the promise last mentioned fails to perform it, such promisor cannot
claim the performance of the reciprocal promise, and
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 must make compensation to the other party to the contract for any loss which such
other party may sustain by the non- performance of the contract.
2. So based on the abovementioned provisions Mr. Kim cannot claim the performance of
Biden’s promise, and must make compensation to Biden for the loss which Biden sustains
by the non-performance of the contract.
Answer 2 (d)
Revocation of continuing guarantee (Section 38 of the Indian Partnership Act, 1932)
 According to section 38, a continuing guarantee given to a firm or to third party in
respect of the transaction of a firm is, in the absence of an agreement to the contrary,
revoked as to future transactions from the date of any change in the constitution
of the firm.
 Such change may occur by the death, or retirement of a partner, or by introduction
of a new partner.

Answer 3 (a)
1. Dissolution on the happening of certain contingencies (Section 42):
Subject to contract between the partners, a firm can be dissolved on the happening of
any of the following contingencies-
(i) where the firm is constituted for a fixed term, on the expiry of that term
(ii) where the firm is constituted to carry out one or more adventures or
undertaking, then by completion thereof
(iii) by the death of a partner, and
(iv) by the adjudication of a partner as an insolvent.
2. In the present case XYZ & Co. a partnership firm was incorporated in the year 2018 for a
period of 2 years.
So based on the abovementioned provisions partners of XYZ & Co are not bound to dissolve
the firm if they made a separate contract in this behalf.

Answer 3 (b)(i)
1. Minimum number of partners (Section 6):
 Every LLP shall have at least two partners.
 If at any time the number of partners of a LLP is reduced below 2 and the LLP
carries on business for more than 6 months while the number is so reduced, the
person, who is the only partner of the LLP during the time that it so carries on
business after those 6 months and has the knowledge of the fact that it is
carrying on business with him alone, shall be liable personally for the obligations
of the LLP incurred during that period.
2. In the present case ABC a Limited Liability Partnership (LLP) incorporated in the year 2018
with 5 partners Mr. A, Mr. B, Mr. C, Mr. D & Mr. E. On 30th April 2019 Mr. A, Mr. B, Mr. C &
Mr. E become Insolvent. Such date of insolvency of Mr. A, Mr. B, Mr. C & Mr. E i.e. 30th
April 2019 is considered as date of reduction. The LLP continues to carry on its business
thereafter. In December 2019, the LLP borrowed a loan of Rupees 40,00,000 from the
Unique Bank . This loan is borrowed after 6 months from the date of reduction of partners
below 2. Later the LLP was wound up and the assets of such LLP were not sufficient for
payment of its liabilities
3. Hence the only partner Mr. D becomes personally liable for the loan borrowed from
Unique Bank if has the knowledge of the fact that it is carrying on business with him
alone.

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Answer 3 (b)(ii)
Designated partners (Section 7):
(i) Every LLP shall have at least two designated partners who are individuals and at least
one of them shall be a resident in India.
(ii) If in LLP, all the partners are bodies corporate or in which one or more partners are
individuals and bodies corporate, at least two individuals who are partners of such LLP or
nominees of such bodies corporate shall act as designated partners.
(iii) Resident in India: For the purposes of this section, the term “resident in India” means a
person who has stayed in India for a period of not less than 182 days (now 120 days
during the financial year) during the immediately preceding one year
(iv) So only Individuals can become designated partner of LLP.

Answer 3 (c)
Though under the Indian Contract Act, 1872, the consideration for an agreement may
proceed from a third party, the third party cannot sue on contract. Only a person who is
party to a contract can sue on it.
Thus, the concept of stranger to consideration is valid and is different from stranger to a
contract.
The aforesaid rule, that stranger to a contract cannot sue is known as a “doctrine of
privity of contract”, is however, subject to certain exceptions. In other words, even a stranger
to a contract may enforce a claim in the following cases:

(1) In the case of trust, a beneficiary can enforce his right under the trust, though he
was not a party to the contract between the settler and the trustee.

(2) In the case of a family settlement, if the terms of the settlement are reduced into
writing, the members of family who originally had not been parties to the settlement
may enforce the agreement.
(3) In the case of certain marriage contracts, a female member can enforce a
provision for marriage expenses made on the partition of the Hindu Undivided
Family.
(4) In the case of assignment of a contract, when the benefit under a contract has
been assigned, the assignee can enforce the contract.
(5) Acknowledgement or estoppel – where the promisor by his conduct acknowledges
himself as an agent of the third party, it would result into a binding obligation
towards third party.
(6) In the case of covenant running with the land, the person who purchases land
with notice that the owner of land is bound by certain duties affecting land, the
covenant affecting the land may be enforced by the successor of the seller.
(7) Contracts entered into through an agent: The principal can enforce the contracts
entered by his agent where the agent has acted within the scope of his authority and
in the name of the principal.

Answer 4 (a)
(i) According to section 455 of the Companies Act, 2013, an inactive company may make an
application to the Registrar in such manner as may be prescribed for obtaining the
status of a dormant company.
Here, “inactive company” means a company which has not been carrying on any
business or operation, or has not made any significant accounting transaction during
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 the last 2 financial years, or has not filed financial statements and annual returns
during the last 2 financial years.
B. Pharma Ltd., since from last two years is not carrying on business or operations and has
not filed financial statements and annual returns saying it has not made any significant
accounting transaction during the last 2 financial years. Thus, it falls within the
definition of inactive company as stated above and hence is eligible to apply to
Registrar of Companies to obtain the status of Dormant Company.
(ii) According to Explanation to section 455, “significant accounting transaction” means
any transaction other than—
(1) payment of fees by a company to the Registrar;
(2) payments made by it to fulfill the requirements of this Act or any other law;
(3) allotment of shares to fulfill the requirements of this Act; and
(4) payments for maintenance of its office and records.
Thus, B. Pharma Ltd. is still eligible to apply to the Registrar of Companies to obtain
the status of Dormant company even if it has continued ‘payment of fees to Registrar
of Companies and payment of rentals for its office and accounting records’ for last 2
years, as these transactions have been kept outside the purview of significant
accounting transactions.
Answer 4 (b)

Expulsion of a Partner (Section 33 of the Indian Partnership Act, 1932):

1. A partner may not be expelled from a firm by a majority of partners except in exercise, in
good faith, of powers conferred by contract between the partners.
2. The test of good faith as required under Section 33(1) includes three things:
• The expulsion must be in the interest of the partnership.
• The partner to be expelled is served with a notice.
• He is given an opportunity of being heard.
3. If a partner is otherwise expelled, the expulsion is null and void.
4. Action by the partners of M/s XYZ & Associates, a partnership firm to expel Mr. G from
the partnership was justified as he was expelled by approval of the other partners
exercised in good faith to protect the interest of the partnership against the
unauthorized activities charged against Mr. G. A proper notice and opportunity of being
heard has to be given to Mr. G.
5. The following are the factors to be kept in mind prior expelling a partner from the firm
by other partners:
(a) the power of expulsion must have existed in a contract between the partners;
(b) the power has been exercised by a majority of the partners; and
(c) it has been exercised in good faith.

Answer 5 (a)
Coercion (Section 15)
(i) “Coercion’ is the committing, or threatening to commit, any act forbidden by the Indian
Penal Code or the unlawful detaining, or threatening to detain any property, to the
prejudice of any person whatever,
with the intention of causing any person to enter into an agreement.”
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(ii) Definition : According to section 16 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872, “A contract is said
to be induced by ‘undue influence’ where the relations subsisting between the parties are
such that one of the parties is in a position to dominate the will of the other and
he uses that position to obtain an unfair advantage over the other”.
Difference between Coercion and Undue influence:

Basis of difference Coercion Undue Influence

Nature of action It involves the physical force or It involves moral or mental
threat. The aggrieved party is pressure.
compelled to make the contract
against its will.

Involvement of criminal It involves committing or No such illegal act is committed

action threatening to commit and act or a threat is given.
forbidden by Indian Penal
Code or detaining or
threatening to detain property
unlawfully.

Relationship between It is not necessary that there Some sort of relationship

parties must be some sort of between the parties is
relationship between the absolutely necessary.
parties.

Exercised by whom Coercion need not proceed Undue influence is always

from the promisor nor need it exercised between parties to
be the directed against the the contract.
promisor. It can be used even
by a stranger to the contract.

Enforceability The contract is voidable at the Where the consent is induced

option of the party whose by undue influence, the contract
consent has been obtained by is either voidable or the court
the coercion. may set it aside or enforce it
in a modified form.
Position of benefits In case of coercion where the The court has the discretion to
received contract is rescinded by the direct the aggrieved party to
aggrieved party, as per return the benefit in whole or in
Section 64, any benefit part or not to give any such
received has to be restored directions.
back to the other party.

Answer 5 (b)
1. The given question deals with the rule related to transfer of title of goods. Section 27 of
the Sale of Goods Act ,1930 specify the general rule " No man can sell the goods and
give a good title unless he is the owner of the goods". The latin maxim " NEMO DET
QUOD NON HABET". However, there are certain exceptions to this rule. One of the
exceptions is given in Section 30 (1) of Sale of Goods Act,1930 wherein the sale by
seller in possession of goods even after sale is made, is held to be valid. If the
following conditions are satisfied, then it amounts to a valid sale although the seller
is no more the owner of goods after sale.

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 (i) A seller has possession of goods after sale
(ii) with the consent of the other party (i.e. buyer)
(iii) the seller sells goods (already sold) to a new buyer
(iv) the new buyer acts in good faith
(v) The new buyer has no knowledge that the seller has no authority to sell.
2. In the given question, the seller Sohan has agreed to sell the goods to Binod, but delivery
of the goods is still pending. Hence Sohan is in possession of the goods and this is with
the consent of buyer i.e. Binod. Now Sohan sell those goods to Vikram, the new buyer.
Vikram is buying the goods in good faith and also has no knowledge that Sohan is
no longer the owner of goods.
3. Since all the above conditions given under Section 30 (1) of Sale of Goods Act, 1930
are satisfied, therefore the sale made by Sohan to Vikram is a valid sale even if
Sohan is no longer the owner of goods.

Answer 6 (a)
APPLICATION FOR REGISTRATION (SECTION 58):
(1) The registration of a firm may be effected at any time by sending by post or delivering to
the Registrar of the area in which any place of business of the firm is situated or
proposed to be situated, a statement in the prescribed form and accompanied by the
prescribed fee, stating-
(a) The firm’s name
(b) The place or principal place of business of the firm,
(c) The names of any other places where the firm carries on business,
(d) the date when each partner joined the firm,
(e) the names in full and permanent addresses of the partners, and
(f) the duration of the firm.
Note : The statement shall be signed by all the partners, or by their agents specially
authorised in this behalf.
(2) Each person signing the statement shall also verify it in the manner prescribed.
(3) A firm name shall not contain any of the following words, namely:-
‘Crown’, Emperor’, ‘Empress’, ‘Empire’, ‘Imperial’, ‘King’, ‘Queen’, ‘Royal’, or words
expressing or implying the sanction, approval or patronage of Government except when the
State Government signifies its consent to the use of such words as part of the firm-name
by order in writing.

Answer 6 (b)
1. According to section 8(1) of the Companies Act, 2013, where it is proved to the
satisfaction of the Central Government that a person or an association of persons
proposed to be registered under this Act as a limited company—
(a) has in its objects the promotion of commerce, art, science, sports, education,
research, social welfare, religion, charity, protection of environment or any such
other object;
(b) intends to apply its profits, if any, or other income in promoting its objects; and
(c) intends to prohibit the payment of any dividend to its members;
the Central Government may, by issue of licence, allow that person or association of
persons to be registered as a limited liability company.

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2. In the instant case, the decision of the group of individuals to form a limited liability
company for charitable purpose under section 8 for a period of 10 years and thereafter
to dissolve the club and to distribute the surplus of assets over the liabilities, if any,
amongst the members will not hold good, since there is a restriction as pointed out in
point (b) above regarding application of its profits or other income only in promoting its
objects.
Further, there is restriction in the application of the surplus assets of such a company in
the event of winding up or dissolution of the company as provided in sub- section (9) of
Section 8 of the Companies Act, 2013. Therefore, the proposal is not feasible.

Answer 6 (c)
1. Delivery of goods [section 2(2) of the Sale of Goods Act, 1930]: Delivery means voluntary
transfer of possession from one person to another.
As a general rule, delivery of goods may be made by doing anything, which has the
effect of putting the goods in the possession of the buyer, or any person authorized to
hold them on his behalf.

2. Modes of delivery: Following are the modes of delivery for transfer of possession:
(i) Actual delivery: When the goods are physically delivered to the buyer.
(ii) Constructive delivery: When it is effected without any change in the custody or
actual possession of the thing as in the case of delivery by attornment
(acknowledgement) e.g., where a warehouseman holding the goods of A agrees to
hold them on behalf of B, at A’s request.
(iii) Symbolic delivery: When there is a delivery of a thing in token of a transfer of
something else, i.e., delivery of goods in the course of transit may be made by
handing over documents of title to goods, like bill of lading or railway receipt or
delivery orders or the key of a warehouse containing the goods is handed over to
buyer.

Answer 6 (d)
1. Acceptance can be given only by the person to whom offer is made: In case of a specific
offer, it can be accepted only by the person to whom it is made. [Boulton vs. Jones
(1857)]
2. In the present case Mr. C made an offer to Mr. B but no offer was made to Mr. A,
therefore, there is no contract between Mr. A and Mr. C.

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 Part “B”

Answer 7 (a)
Reading comprehension

i. Indicators of reef decay include destabilized herbivore populations and an increasing

abundance of algae and filter-feeding animals.
ii. Algae carry out the process of photosynthesis by using the metabolic wastes of the
coral thereby producing food for themselves, for their corals, hosts, and even for
other members of the reef community.
iii. Man is responsible for decay of reef because activities such as agriculture, slash-
and- burn land clearing, sewage disposal and manufacturing that create waste by-
products all increase nutrient loads in these waters that cause degradation of reef.
iv. Summary of the above passage-
Coral reefs are one of the most fragile and complex, marine ecosystem on Earth. Cells
of algae known as zooxanthellae carry out photosynthesis using the metabolic wastes
of the coral thereby producing food for themselves, for their corals, and for other
members of the reef community. Man on other hand is destroying the coral reefs by
carrying out agriculture, slash-and- burn land clearing etc. Thus the reef
communities are in decline.

Answer 7 (b)
(I) Loc & Origin
1) Built around 1268 AD
2) At Somnathpur.
a) A small village
3) Commsnd by Soma Dandanayaka or Somnath,
a) Mnstr of Hoyasala Kingof Karnataka, Narasimha, III
4) almost in orgnl condtn
5) Houses three shrines
a) Ddictd to three incrntns of Krishna
i. Venugopala,
ii. Janardana
iii. Prasanna Keshava.
(II) Strctrl Details
1) has three Shikaras.
2) stands on a star-shaped-raised platform with 24 edges.
(III) Sclptrl Details
1) Intrct crvngs on outer walls dpctng
a) cprsnd elephants,
b) chrgng horsemen,
c) stylzd flowers,
d) warriors, musicians,
e) crocodiles and swans.
2) Vrtcl pnls dpctng
a) figures of gods & goddesses in many incrntns
i. hvng elbrt ornmnttn
b) nymphs caryng ear of maize – a smbl of prsprty
3) doors and three elgntly carved towers

Key Used:
Loc: location

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Commsnd: commissioned
Orgnl:original
Cndtn: condition
Mnstr: minister
Ddictd: dedicated
Incrntns: incarnations
Strctrl: structural
Sclptrl: sculptural
Intrct: intricate
Crvngs: carvings
Dpctng: depicting
Cprsnd: caparisoned
Chrgng: charging
Stylzd: stylized
Vrtcl: vertical
Pnls: panels
Dpctng: depicting
Havng: having
Elbrt: elaborate
Ornmnttn: ornamentation
Caryng: carrying
Smbl: symbol
Prsprty: prosperity
Elgntly: elegantly

(b) (ii) Summary

The Somnathpur temple, built around 1268 AD, by the Hoysalas of Karnataka is an
epitome of exquisite craftsmanship. Commissioned by the Dandanayak. The temple is
dedicated to three incarnations of Lord Krishna - Venugopala, Janardana and Prasanna
Keshava. It stands almost in its original condition on a star shaped raised platform. It
has three shikaras. The outer walls are replete with intricate carvings of caparisoned
elephants, charging horsemen, stylized flowers, warriors, musicians, crocodiles and swans.
Vertical panels depict figures of Gods and Goddesses in various incarnations and symbols
of , prosperity such as nymphs carrying ear of maize. The beautifully carved three elegant
towers and doors are worth seeing and appreciating.

Answer 8 (a)
Based on Communication channels, there are three kinds of categories:
 Verbal: Verbal communication involves the use of words and language in
delivering the intended message
 Non Verbal: Nonverbal communication is the process of communicating by sending
and receiving wordless messages. These messages can aid verbal
communication, convey thoughts and feelings contrary to the spoken words or
express ideas and emotions on their own.
 Visual: Visual communication through visual aids such as signs, typography,
drawing, graphic design, illustration, colour and other electronic resources
usually reinforces written communication. Visuals like graphs, pie charts and other
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 diagrammatic presentations convey clearly and concisely a great deal of information.
They are an essential part of official presentations these days.

Answer 8 (b) (i)

1. Compound sentence
ii. Compound sentence

Answer 8 (b) (ii)

She asked me how I had done the sum

Answer 8 (c)
Digital Payments: The Flip side (Title)
Although digital payments like Paytm and Google pay took on a fast flight after demonetization,
their presence is not yet complete. Reasons could be many- unaware customers, unwilling
merchants, unreliable infrastructure, lack of interoperability etc. According to data reports,
cash still rules the market with digital payments holding only 10% of share. Also,
recommendations from PCI have not played a major role. Moreover, government regulations
like KYC mandates bring down the implementation and usage of digital payments, thus
discouraging a digitized Indian economy.

Answer 9 (a)
 Star Network: has multiple channels of network in communication.
 This network allows a group communication and is useful especially where
teamwork is involved.
 The members communicate and exchange information with each other freely, and
without hindrance or hesitation.
 The usefulness of all networks depends on the structure and size of the
company, and the manner of communication between the employees.

OR
Answer 9 (a)
Nonverbal communication is the process of communicating by sending and receiving
wordless messages. These messages can aid verbal communication, convey thoughts and
feelings contrary to the spoken words or express ideas and emotions on their own.
Some of the functions of nonverbal communication in humans are to complement and
illustrate, to reinforce and emphasize, to replace and substitute, to control and regulate, and
to contradict the denoted message.
 Physical nonverbal communication: An individual’s body language that is, facial
expressions, stance, gestures, tone of voice, touch, and other physical signals constitute
this type of communication. For example, leaning forward may mean friendliness,
acceptance and interest, while crossing arms can be interpreted as antagonistic or
defensive posture.
 Paralanguage: The way you say something, more than the actual words used, reveal
the intent of the message, The voice quality, intonation, pitch, stress, emotion, tone, and
style of speaking, communicates approval, interest or the lack of it.
 Aesthetic communication: Art forms such as dancing, painting, sculptor, music
are also means of communication. They distinctly convey the ideas and thoughts
of the artist.
 Appearance: Appearance is usually the first thing noticed about a person. A well
dressed and groomed person is presumed to be organized and methodical, whereas a
sloppy or shabby person fails to make a favourable impression. T herefore, dressing
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 appropriately in all formal interactions is emphasized. The dress code in office is
generally formal. It constitutes of formal suits, trousers with plain white or light
coloured shirts and leather shoes. Bright colours, jeans, T - shirts, especially with
slogans and other informal wear are frowned upon. For women formal two-piece
trouser or skirt sets or formal ethnic wear like sarees, is permissible.
 Symbols such as religious and status.

Answer 9 (b) (i)

Compound sentence - independent clause - Anil did his own work,-independent clause-
(he) helped others complete theirs.

Answer 9 (b) (ii)

Many

Answer 9 (b) (iii)

They installed the first fax machines in 1958.

Answer 9 (c)
Minutes of the Meeting
Date: 21st July, 2018
Meeting started at 11: 00 am.
Members in attendance : Head of Sales and Marketing, the Product Head, Product lead, three members of
the Sales team
Mr. Raju Murthy, Head of Sales and Marketing informed the agenda of the meeting i.e . the sales decline in
the product
Mr. Kishore Sandhu, Product Head expressed concern over the matter; discussed a few flaws noticed in
the sales strategy.
Ms. Seema Thakur, Sales Head gave a detailed analysis of the figures observed in the last six months.
Her team including Mr. X, Mr. Y and Mr. Z elaborated on the market trends based on the usage of the
particular product
All the participants agreed to the concern and come back with a detailed report.
Conclusion Stated: ATR to be submitted by 24 th July, 2018 to the Head of Sales and Marketing.

Answer 10 (a)
Written and oral communication comes under the term verbal communication. Written
communication is different from oral communication in terms of the following:
 Written communication: Nowadays writing skills are very important. It includes letters
and documents, e-mails, reports, handbooks, brochures, various chat platforms, SMS and
any form of written interaction between people. The written form of communication is
essential and indispensable for formal business interactions and legal instructions and
documentation. Effectiveness of written communication depends on the writing style,
knowledge of grammar, selection of lexicon and clarity.
 Oral Communication: It refers to communication through the spoken word, either face-
to- face, telephonically, via voice chat, video conference or any other medium. Formal
medium like lectures, meetings, presentations, conferences, seminars, interview etc. are
part of oral communication. Effective of oral communication depends on clear speech
and the tone used by the speaker. Speaking in too high/low volume or too fast/slow can
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 also impair communication between people. Knowledge of paralanguage and use of
paralanguage is desideratum for effective oral communication.
Answer 10 (b) (i)
The government will implement the new tax reforms by July.

Answer 10 (b) (ii)

Costs would be reduced by us if we use less paper.

Answer 10 (b) (iii)

(c) after death

Answer 10 (c)
Article Writing
Hints:
 Causes of health issues: a crisp list
 Office work
 Lifestyle
 Eating habits
 Growing economy
 Money splurge
 Effects: direct effects
 Diseases
 Physical health issues
 Strain on eyes
 Young deaths
Or

Answer Hints for Article

 Social media is a good way to connect with friends and relatives
 A convenient platform for sharing ideas, thoughts and opinions
 Facebook, twitter, instagram, whatsapp are useful when used in a healthy way.
 Getting addicted to them is very easy and effects one’s productivity.
 With the advent of social media in our lives, every movement gets tracked and
reported.
 Technology at its boom, is not safe always. One needs to use it judiciously for good
causes.
 The social media shows a person’s daily movements, tracks your trips; what you see on
your
FB pages is influenced by your past searches, which is probably not right.
 A good balance of technology and mind, with less interference of the social media is
an appropriate approach.

Answer 11 (a)
Paralanguage: It is the manner in which we say something, more than the actual words use,
reveal the intent of the message, the voice quality, volume, intonation, pitch, stress,
emotion, tone.
It communicates approval, interest or lack of it.

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Answer 11 (b) (i)
(d) boisterous

Answer 11 (b) (ii)

Complex sentence - independent clause- He will come – dependent clause-when it suits
him.

Answer 11 (b) (iii)

He says that Kashmir is heaven on earth

Answer 11 (b) (iv)

A movie is going to be watched by us tonight.

Answer 11 (c)

Action Taken Report (ATR)

As per the meeting held on 12th Jan, 2018 at the Southern Region branch office of CP finance
Ltd, following actions have been reported:
 The client had complied to clear the pending dues by 10th Jan, 2018.
 The client has asked for more time. Reason mentioned: losses incurred in business.
 On the basis of being an old client, with no such bad record, order passed to provide
more time for payment.
 Expected payment till 31st January, 2018.

Undersigned
Director, Sales & Marketing
Director, Business

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