Category Theory in

Geometrical Product Specifications

and Verification (GPS)
Prof Paul J. Scott
Dr Qunfen Qi
Prof Dame Jane Jiang
EPSRC Future Metrology Hub, University of Huddersfield, UK

27th November 2020

What is GPS ?
GPS - A Synergy between disciplines a critical factor

GPS operates on Geometrical Products form:

Design -> Manufacturing -> Metrology -> Product Life -> End of Life
GPS provides a unified system:
Comparison • A common Language
Function
Function
• A common Usage
Designer • A common understanding

Specification
Specification
Real
Real Measured
Measured Amongst Designers, Production Engineers
Workpiece
Workpiece Values
Values
(Drawing)
(Drawing) and Metrologists.
Production Metrologist ISO GPS Standards provide a basis for legal
Engineer
contracts amongst manufacturers, their
Workpiece
Workpiece Extracted
Extracted supply chain, product lifecycle managers
Generation
Generation Data/Signal
Data/Signal
and customers.
 Category Model of Stable
Measurement
A measuring procedure is considered stable if a Not Observable
Abstract Ent ities

POSE T of
Measurands

Knowledge Required
M easurement
Process

Adjoint
Functors

Reconstruct ion
I nverse P roblem
Observable
Real Ent ities

P OSET of
Observable Entities

small difference in the Observed measured value

implies a small difference in the measurand.
In Topology a neighbourhood (open set) can be
used to define a small difference and the above
definition implies that the mapping is a
continuous mapping
There is a one-to-one duality between discrete
topologies and partial pre-order categories
Category theory provides a philosophical
framework and a toolbox of techniques for the
investigation of inverse measurement models.

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Duality Principle
• Duality principle (ISO 8015:2011) Parameterised Design Manufacture Verification of Manufactured
Workpieces for Compliance with
Model
(Specification procedure) Parameterised Model
“a specification operator is independent of (Measurement procedure)

any measurement characteristics; and the Non-ideal Geometric

Real Geometric
Model
specification operator is physically realised in (Skin Model)
Geometrical representation
(Surface Model)
Set of features which
a verification operator, which is intended to (Infinite set of points) physically exists

mirror the specification operator, but

METROLOGY VERIFICATION
independent of such.” FEATURE OPERATIONS FEATURE OPERATIONS

DESIGN SPECIFICATION
• Translation: Ideal and/or non-ideal Ideal and/or non-ideal
features features

−a set of specification operation will Partition

Extraction
Physical partition
Physical extraction
Filtration Filtration
be mapped full faithfully to a set of … …

verification operation.
Determination Evaluation
−Specification ⇒ Verification
Specified characteristics Measured characteristics
Category Concept – Adjoint Functors
Specification Verification Function
conformance
 The GPS Matrix (ISO 14638 )
 
Chain links
The GPS Matrix was an
early attempt to organise A B C D E F G
the standards documents
Symbols Feature Feature Conformance Measurement Measurement Calibration
within the GPS system. and
indications
requirements properties
and non-
equipment
conformance
Size              

Each ISO document is Distance              

allocated to a cell (or a Form              

group of contiguous cells). Orientation              

Location              

This indicates possible Run-out              

missing ISO documents or Profile

surface     •     •  
texture
possible duplicate ISO
Areal 5
documents. surface              
texture
Chain of GPS Standards
Manufacturing Process
• Moulding
Process • Welding
 Complementary specific • Thermal cutting
• Etc.
GPS standards Machine • Screw thread
• Gear
element • Splines
 Modern manufacturing technologies

Specification Verification
0

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Comparison
Flow of information between
ISO documents
ISO/IEC
ISO/IEC ISO 3534
Guide 98
Guide 99
It is proposed that the current 150
ISO documents be partitioned into
four groups that form a hierarchy:
1. Foundational;
2. Fundamental; ISO 17450 -1 ISO 17450-2 ISO 1 ISO 14253-2 ISO 14253-1

3. Matrix documents;
4. Other General documents;
ISO 8015

As can be seen: ISO 25378

• They do not start with a single ISO 22432

document
ISO 17450-3 ISO 17450-4
• Some foundational documents
depend on fundamental
Current ISO GPS structure for Foundational documents (green) 7
documents.
• The information flow is a mess!
Flow of information between
ISO documents
ISO/IEC
Guide 99 ISO/IEC
ISO 3534
Guide 98
As can be seen:
• It starts with a single document ISO 1
ISO 17450-1

• Foundational documents do not ISO 17450 -1 ISO 17450-2 ISO 17450-3 ISO 17450-4

depend on fundamental
documents.
ISO 8015 ISO 14253-2

• The information flow is similar to

a deductive system and takes the ISO 14253-1
form of a POSET

• The structure can be captured in ISO 22432 ISO 25378

the newly developed Category
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Semantic Language (CSL) Proposed ISO GPS structure for Foundational documents (green)
AI Ready Smart Knowledge

Thus it is essential that human knowledge is translated into AI ready smart

knowledge for future AI systems to use, which are:
readable, queryable and interpretable.
Smart Manufacturing
- Informatics GPS System
Smart master controller & interface Measurement data analytics
 Direct access to Library knowledge
& Manufacturing control
Informatics ISO GPS System
Knowledge and measurement analytic results Verification

Standards
 Interactive knowledge interface for

Supporting knowledge retrieval &
reasoning end-users
Related manufacturing ent


materials Production tasks re m ts

e asu resul
etc. M c
lyti


an a

Data analytics
Production line
with embedded Measurement data
metrology and flow and control
control

Category Semantic Language

CSL Syntax CSL Reasoning CSL Algorithms
Any Questions?

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