Control Statements Control statements are used in programming languages to cause the flow of execution in advance. These are the branch based statements where branches are depend on the state of a program. In Java, control statements can be divided under the following three categories: 1. Selection Statements Selection statements are used in a program to choose different paths of execution based upon the outcome of an expression or the state of a variable. if Statement The if statement is a powerful decision making statement and is used to control the flow of execution of statement. Syntax if (condition) statement ; Here, . * condition is a boolean expression. ‘« if condition is true, then the statement will execute. « if condition is false, then the statement will be by passed. if-else Statement : The if-else statement can be used to route program execution through two different paths. Syntax if(condition) statementl; //if condition is true else statement2; //if condition is false Here, * condition is a boolean expression. * if condition is true, then statement! or if block will execute. * if condition is false, then statement? or else block will execute. : Scanned with CamScannerNested if Statement a ‘The if statement can be nested in Java, which means one if or if else statement inside another if or if else statement ca! be used. Syntax if(conditionl) if(condition2) { statement1: } else { statement2: } } else { if(condition3) { statement3: } else { ” statement4; : ] } Here, * if condition! is true, then condition2 will execute. * if condition2 is true, then statement! will execute, * if condition? is false, then statement2 will execute. + if conditiont is false, then in else block condition3 will be evaluated. + if condition3 is true, then statement3 will execute. * if condition3 is false, then statement4 will execute. if else if Ladder ‘When a series of decisions are involved, we have to use more than one if else statement. An if statement can be followed by an optional elseif. else statement, which is very useful to test various conditions. Syntax if(condition1) statement 1 else if(condition2) statement2; else if(condition3) statement3 else statementn +1; Scanned with CamScannerHere, : top. « ‘The if statements are executed from the top. «As one of the conditions controlling the if is true, nt will be executed. thei cc wil be executed The final ele acts as a default condition all the conditions become false, then it will be executed, switch Statement ; In Java, the switch statement is another selection statement that defines different paths of execution for a program. It can be used in place of chain of if-else statements. the Syntax switch(expression) case valuel: //statement sequence break: case value2: //statement sequence break; case valueN: //statement sequence a break; | default: //default statement sequence — y | Here, i * The expression must be of type byte, short, int or char. + Each case value must be a unique literal (that is, it must bea constant, not a variable). + The break statement is used inside the switch to terminate a statement sequence. * If none of the constants matches with the value of the expression, then the default statement will be executed. Conditional. Operator (?:) Conditional operator is a substitute of normal if else statement, ie, the shorthand form of if else statement is the conditional operator (2). Its also known as ternary operator. eg. if (condition1) expression1: else expression2; Tr can be written as, Conditionl? expressionl : expression? 2. Iteration Statements ‘The most basic method of looping in Java is iteration. The "ePetition of a block of statements either a fixed number of ses OF until a specific condition occurs is called iteration or looping. A looping process includes the followin * Initialisation of expression, * Evaluation of the loop condition, g four steps: Scanned with CamScanner« Execation of the loop when the specified loop condi pseaion ition « Icrementing/Decrementing the expression, Java provides three kinds of loops as follows: for Loop When fixed number of iterations are to be performed, for Joop is used. ' ‘Syntax for(initialisation; condition; increment /decrement) { //body of for loop Here, for loop grouped the following three common parts together into one statement: (@ Inittialisation The control variables is initialise first, using assignment statement such as i= tand count 0, The variables i and count are known as loop-control variables. Initialisation expression is executed only once. (i) Condition The value of the control variable is tested using test condition. If the condition is true, then the body of the loop is executed, otherwise the for loop is terminated and the execution continues with the statement that immediately follows the for loop. (ii) Increment or Decrement When the body of the loop is executed, the control is transferred back to the for statement after evaluating the last statement in the loop. Now, the control variable is incremented/decremented using an assignment ‘statement and the new value of the control variable is again tested to see whether it satisfies the loop condition or not. If the condition is satisfied, the body of the loop is again executed. This process continues till the value of the control variable fails to satisfy the test condition. While Loop The while loop is used to repeatedly execute a block of statements based on a condition. The condition is evaluated before the iteration starts. Syntax while(condition) ; /Iwhile loop -body Here, : * The condition is evaluated and if che condition is true .Pethe body ofthe while loop is executed: en the condition becomes false, the program caf SS to the statement written immediately While loop body. Scanned with CamScannerdo-while Loop The do-while loop always executes its body atleast onte, becatise its conditional expression is at the bottom of the loop. Syntax do { /Tbody of do-while loop }while(condition): Here, * Each iteration of the do-while loop first executes the body of the loop and then evaluates the conditional expression. * If this expression is true, the loop will repeat. * Otherwise, the loop will terminate. 3.Jump Statements Java supports three jump statements, ie. break, continue and return, These statements transfer control to another part of the program. break Statement This statement is generally used to break the loop of while do-while, for or switch statement. It has three uses as follows: + It terminates a statement sequence in a switch statement. + It can be used to exit a loop. + Itcan be used as a ‘civilised’ form of goto statement. By using break, you can force immediate termination of a loop, by passing the conditional expression and any remaining code in the body of the loop. The break statement should be used to cancel a loop only when some sort of special situation occurs. continue Statement In Java, continue statement is used to skip the part of loop. Unlike break statement, it does not terminate the loop, instead it skips the remaining part of the loop and controls go back to check the condition again. Continue statement performs below mentioned actions: * In while and do-while loops, a continue statement causes control to be transferred directly to the conditional expression that controls the loop. * With the break statement, continue may specify a label to describe which enclosing loop to continue. + Itisa jumping statement and is used as keyword. « It skips the loop and re-executes loop with new condition. * In for loop, continue statement takes control to increment/decrement step, i.e. after continue i+/i-- will be get executed. Scanned with CamScanner