Allama Iqbal open university

Student I’d: 0000507400

Course:- Geography of Pakistan -1 (8663)

Spring (2023) Assignment (1)

QUESTION NO:-1

Q:1 Discuss the Mountain lie in the north and west of Pakistan in detail. Also describe the
advantages of these mountain for the citizens of Pakistan?

Answer:- Pakistan is country blessed with a diverse landscapes that includes magnificent
mountains situated in the northern and western regions. These majestic peaks, part of the great
Himalayas and Karakorum ranges , offer breath-taking natural beauty and numerous advantages
for the citizens of Pakistan. Let’s delve into a detailed exploration of these mountain and the
benefits they bring.

In the north of Pakistan, the mighty range stretches across the region, showcasing its grandeur
and splendor. This range is home to some of the world’s highest peaks, including K2, the second
highest mountain on earth. The Himalayas not only provides awe-inspiring scenery but also serve
as a natural barrier, protecting Pakistan from harsh weather conditions and external threats. The
towering mountains shield the country from the cold wind and storm coming from the north,
creating a favourable climate for the inhabitants in the surrounding areas.

Moving toward the west, the Karakorum range stands tall with its jagged peaks and snow-capped
summits. This mountain range is famous for housing the mighty Nanga Parbat, often referred to
as the “Killer Mountain”. The Karakorum range offers an exceptional landscape for adventure
enthusiasts and mountaineers, attracting tourists from around the globe. The presence
opportunities for economic growth through tourism.

The advantages of these mountains extend far beyond their aesthetic appeal and recreation
activities. Firstly, they act as a natural reservoir, a accumulating snow and ice that melt during the
summer season. The resulting meltwater feed into numerous rivers and stream, including the
Indus River which is a lifeline for agriculture and provides water for irrigation purposes. The water
form these rivers is essential for the agricultural sector, contributing to the country’s food security
and supporting the livelihoods of the millions of people.

Moreover, the mountains are a source of valuable minerals resources. The northern region of
Pakistan is known for its rich deposits of precious gemstones, including emeralds, rubies, and
sapphires. These recourse not only generates revenue but also provide employment opportunities
for the local population. Additionally, the mountains house significant reserves of minerals such
as copper, gold, and coal, contributing to the country’s mining industry and economic
development.

Furthermore, the mountains terrain acts as a natural habitat for diverse flora and fauna. The
forests and alpine meadows support a wide range of plant species, some of which possess medical
properties. These natural resources are utilized in traditional medicine and potential avenues for
pharmaceutical research and development. The mountains also serve as a haven for numerous
wildlife species, including endangered ones like the snow leopard and Marco Polo sheep. Efforts
are being made to conserve these ecosystems and promote ecotourism, which not only protects
biodiversity but also generates income for local communities.

Lastly, the mountains offer a respite from the hustle and bustle of urban life, providing a peaceful
retreat for those seeking solace in nature. The serena environment and fresh mountain air have a
rejuvenating effect on individuals, promoting health and wellbeing. The mountainous regions also
have cultural significance, with individuals, promoting health and wellbeing. The mountainous
regions also have cultural significance, with indigenous communities preserving their unique
traditions and ways of life. This cultural heritage contributes to the rich tapestry of Pakistan
diversity and offers an opportunity for cultural heritage contributes to the rich tapestry of
Pakistan’s diversity and offers an opportunity for cultural exchange and tourism. The mountains in
the north and west of Pakistan are a remarkable natural asset, offering a plethora of advantages
for the citizens of country. Form acting as a protective barrier to providing water resources for
agriculture, supporting tourism and economic growth, hosting precious minerals and biodiversity,
to serving as a retreat for relations and cultural preservation, these mountains play a crucial role
in shaping the lives of Pakistanis. The government and local communities must continue to
prioritize the conservation and sustainable management of these invaluable resources to ensure
their long-term benefits for generations to come.

Q:2 Write notes on the following;

1) Mineral resources of Pakistan 2) Sugar cane in industry 3) Small dames for water saving

Answer:-
1:Minerals resources of Pakistan:-

Pakistan is blessed with a diverse range of minerals resources, which play a significant role in
the country’s economy. The country is known to have substantial deposits of various
minerals that crucial for industrial and economic development. Some of the major mineral
resources found in Pakistan include coal, natural gas, oil, copper, gold, iron ore, limestone,
gypsum, and salt.

Coal is one of the most abundant minerals resources in Pakistan and is primarily found in the
Thar desert in Sindh province. The Thar coal reserves are estimated to be one of the largest
in the world, and the development of this resource has the potential to address the country’s
energy needs and reduce dependence on imported oil and gas.

Natural gas and oil reserves are also significant in Pakistan. The country has both
conventional and unconventional gas and oil deposits. The exploration and production of
natural gas and oil contributes to meeting the energy demands of the country and support
various industries.

Pakistan is rich in metallic as well. Copper and gold deposits are found in Baluchistan and
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. The development of these resources can contribute to the
growth of the mining industry and attract foreign investment, iron ore reserves are also
 present in various parts of the country, and their utilized can support the iron and steel
industry.

Lastly, Pakistan is known for its vast salt reserves, particularly the khewra salt reserves,
particularly the khewra salt mine in Punjab. The country is one of the world’s largest
producers and exporters of salt. Salt mining contributes to the local economy and provides
employment opportunities.

2: Sugar cane in industry:-

Sugar cane is an essential crop in many countries, and its utilization in various industries play
a vital role in the economy. Sugar cane is primarily grown for the production of sugar, but it
has crushed to extract juice, which is then processed to produce sugar. The sugar industry not
only provides a valuable sweetener for various food and beverage products but also
generates significant employment opportunities and contribute to the national economy
through export earnings.

Apart from sugar production, sugar cane is also used for the production of molasses, such as
rum, and serves as a valuable feedstock in the production of industrial alcohol.

Additionally, sugar cane can be used as a raw material for the production of ethanol, from
sugar cane offers environmental benefits by reducing greenhouse gas emissions and
promoting cleaner transportation options.
The sugar cane industry also has a significant impact on the agricultural sector. It provides
employment for a large number of farmers and support rural economies. The cultivation of
sugar cane requires careful land management, irrigation, and pest control practices, which
contribute to sustainable agricultural practices.

Q:3 Discuss the seasonal distribution of rainfall in Pakistan. What is the importance of summer
rainfall in the country?

Answer:- The seasonal distribution of Pakistan is characterized by distinct patterns across different

regions of the country. Pakistan experiences a predominantly monsoonal climate, with the monsoon

season playing a crucial role in the overall rainfall distribution. Generally, the country witnesses four

seasons: winter, spring, summer, and autumn. The distribution of rainfall varies significantly across

these seasons.

During the water season, which spans from December to February, rainfall is relatively scarce across

most parts of Pakistan. The northern regions, particularly the mountainous areas, receive snowfall

during this period, which contributes to the water supply for rivers and streams during the

subsequent months. However, the overall rainfall during winter in Limited.

As the winter season transitions into spring (March to May) the weather gradually becomes warmer,

and the rainfall increases across the country. Spring shower are critical for agricultural activities, as
they help in preparing the soil for planting crops. The availability of water during this season is vital

for the growth and development of vegetation.

Summer, which expends from June to September, is the peak monsoon season in Pakistan. The

country receives a significant portion of its annual rainfall during this period. The monsoon winds,

originating from the Arabian sea, carry moisture-laden clouds to the coastal region and then further

inland, resulting in widespread rainfall. The southern and south-eastern parts of the country receive

the highest amount of rainfall during the monsoon season.

The importance of summer rainfall in Pakistan cannot be overstated. Agriculture, which is the

backbone of the country’s economy heavily relies on monsoon rains. The substantial rainfall during

the summer season replenishes water reservoirs, rivers, and streams, which are used for irrigation

purposes. This enables farmers to cultivate crops and sustain agricultural productivity. The

availability of water resources also supports livestock and sustains natural ecosystems.

Furthermore, summer rainfall plays a vital role in maintaining a balanced water cycle in the country.
It helps in recharging groundwater reserves, which are crucial for drinking water supplies and the
overall water security of the both rural and urban areas. Adequate rainfall during this season also
reduces the risk of droughts and water scarcity, which can have severe consequences for agricultural
productivity, food security, and the livelihoods of millions of people.

In addition to its significance for agriculture and water resources, summer rainfall also has important
implications for the climate and environment of Pakistan. The monsoon rains bring relief from the
intense heat of the pre-monsoon summer, cooling down the temperature and improving the overall
living conditions. They also help in washing away pollutants and dust particles from the atmosphere,
resulting in cleaner air and improved air quality.

However, it is important to note that excessive rainfall during the monsoon season can also lead to
challenges such as floods, particularly in low-lying and poorly drained areas. Flooding can cause
damage to infrastructure, home, and crops, as well as results in the country’s water resources and
agricultural sector, proper water management and flood control measures are essential to mitigate
the risks associated with heavy rainfall.

The seasonal distribution of rainfall in Pakistan exhibits distinct patterns, with the monsoon season
being of utmost importance. The summer rainfall plays a crucial role in supporting agriculture,
replenishing water resources, maintaining the water cycle, and improving the overall climate and
environment. However, proper management and infrastructure are necessary to address the
challenges posed by excessive rainfall, such as floods, and sustainable utilization of this vital natural
resource.
Q:4 What do you know about stock, poultry and finding in Pakistan? Discuss it’s most features.

Answer:-

Stokes, poultry and fishing are significant sector in Pakistan’s economy, contributing to food
production, employment opportunities, and export potential. The stock industry primarily refers to
livestock farming, which include the rearing and breeding of animals such as cattle, sheep ,goats,
and poultry. Poultry farming, on the other hand , specifically focuses on raising children and other
poultry birds for meat and egg production. Fishing encompasses both marine and inland fisheries,
exploiting the vast coastline and abundant water bodies within the country.

The stock industry in Pakistan plays a crucial role in providing livelihoods to rule communities and
fulfilling the nation’s meat and dairy requirements. Livestock farming is predominantly carried out by
small scale farmers, although there are also large commercial farms. The sector benefits from the
country’s diverse agro climatic conditions, allowing for rearing of various types of animals. Pakistan
has a significant population of cattle, which are primarily used for milk production, meat, and draft
power in agriculture, Similarly, sheep and goats are reared for meat and wool . The poultry sector
has also experienced rapid growth, with commercial chicken farm production both broiler meat and
eggs.

One of the most important features of the stock industry in Pakistan is its poverty alleviation and
rural development. Livestock farming provides income-generating opportunities for small-scale
farmers, especially in rural areas where alternatives employment options are limited. Additionally,
the sector contributes to food security by ensuring the availability of animal protein for the
population. Furthermore, livestock products such as milk, meat, and hides contribute to the country’s
export earnings, enhancing foreign exchange reserves.

In terms of poultry farming, it has witnessed remarkable growth due to increasing demand for
poultry meat and eggs. The sector has benefited from technological advancements, leading to the
establishment of commercial poultry farms equipped with modern facilities and practices. Poultry
production in Pakistan is characterized by both large-scale integrated operations and small-scale
backyard farming. The sector provides employment opportunities, particularly for women and youth,
as it requires a relatively low investment and has a shorter production cycle compared to other
livestock ventures.

However, the poultry industry has faced challenges such as disease outbreaks, particularly avian
influenza, which have had adverse effects on production. Measures have been taken to strengthen
biosecurity protocols and disease surveillance systems to mitigate such risks. Additionally, concerns
regarding the use of antibiotic in poultry production have been raised, and efforts are being made to
promote responsible use of antimicrobials and enhance food safety standards.

In the fishing sector, Pakistan has a vast coastline along the Arabian sea and several inland water
bodies, including rivers, lakes, and reservoirs. The marine fisheries contribute significantly to the
country’s economy, with an abundance of fish species such as tuna, shrimp, sardines and mackerel.
Coastal communities depend on fishing as a primary source of livelihoods, and the sector provides
employment to a large number of people. Fish products, both fresh and processed, are exported,
contributing to foreign exchange earnings.

However, overfishing, illegal fishing practices, and environmental degradation pose challenges to
sustainable Fisher management in Pakistan. Efforts are being made to promote responsible fishing
practices, improve the enforcement of regulations, and raise awareness about the importance of
conserving fish stocks. Aquaculture, particularly freshwater fish farming, has gained attention as an
alternative to wild-caught fish and a means to alleviate pressure on natural fish stocks.

The stock, poultry and fishing sector in Pakistan are essential components of the country’s economy.
Livestock farming, including cattle, sheep, goats and poultry, contribute to food production,
employment generation, and export earnings. Poultry farming has witnessed significant growth,
meeting domestic demand for meat and eggs, while the fishing industry utilized the country’s best
coastline and inland water bodies to provide livelihoods and contribute to exports. However,
challenges such as disease outbreaks, sustainability concerns, and illegal fishing practices need to be
addressed for the long term growth and development of these sectors.

Q:5 Discuss the water-logging and salinity problem in Pakistan. Also Discuss the measurement
taken by the government to solve these issue .

Answer:-

Water-logging and salinity problem pose significant challenges to Pakistan’s agricultural sector and
overall water management. Water logging refers to the saturation of soil with water, which results
in reduced soil production and crop cultivation. These issues are primarily caused by poor water
management practices, inefficient irrigation systems, and a lack of awareness among farmers.

In Pakistan, water logging is a widespread problem, particularly in the Indus River Basin. The main
cause of water logging is the excessive use of irrigation water and inadequate drainage systems. As a
result, the water table rises, and the soil becomes waterlogged, affecting crop growth and
productivity. Furthermore, the high water table bring salts from the deeper layers of the soil to the
surface, leading to salinity problem.

Salinity is another major issue faced by farmers in Pakistan. It occurs due to the evaporation of
irrigation water, leaving behind salt deposits. The excessive use of groundwater fir exacerbates this
problem as the groundwater often contains high levels of salts. As a result, the soul becomes saline,
rendering it unsuitable for agriculture. Salinity adversely affects crop growth and can lead to the
abandonment of farmland.

The government of the Pakistan has taken several measures to address these water logging and
salinity issues. One of the key strategies implemented is the construction of drainage systems to
improve water outflow. Canal lining projects have been initiated to prevent seepage and conserve
water. Additionally, the installation of tube Tube wells with proper design and management helps
control the rising water table and reduces the impact of water-logging.

To tackle salinity, the government has promoted the use of modern irrigation techniques, such as
sprinkler and drip irrigation systems. These methods minimize water evaporation and reduce the
accumulation of salts in the soil. Moreover, awareness campaigns and training programs have been
conducted to educate farmers about efficient water management practices and the detrimental
agricultural practices and make informed decisions regarding irrigation.
Furthermore, the government has emphasized the importance of research and development in
addressing water-logging and salinity problem. Collaboration efforts with agricultural universities
and research institutions have been established to study soil salinity, develop salt-tolerant crop
varieties and introduce innovative technologies for soil reclamation.

The implementation of the national water policy in 2018 was another significant step taken by the
government to address water management issues comprehensively. The policy focuses on improving
water governance, promoting water conservation, and ensuring sustainable use of water resources.
It encourages the adoption of integrated water resources management approaches, which involve
coordinating between different sectors and stakeholders.

Despite these measures, challenges remain in effectively combating water-logging and salinity. The
lack of financial resources, inadequate infrastructure, and limited capacity at the grassroots level
poses obstacles to the implementation of these initiatives. Additionally, the need for continuous
monitoring and evaluation of ongoing projects is crucial to ensure their effectiveness and make
necessary adjustments.

Water-logging and salinity problems in Pakistan have had severe implications for agricultural
productivity. However, the government has taken various measures to address these issues,
including the construction of drainage systems, promotion of efficient irrigation techniques, and
research and development initiatives. These efforts aims to improve water management practices,
raise awareness among farmers, and foster sustainable agricultural practices. Nevertheless, further
investment, capacity building, and ongoing monitoring are essential to overcome the challenges
posed by water-logging and salinity in Pakistan.