INTRODUCTION

What is a robot?

● A robot is a machine that's responsible for

performing some sort of task.
● For example my blender in my kitchen that
performs the task of making me a smoothie.
● That's a machine that performs the task, a robot

then?
● Maybe if my blender did all the shopping, bottle its

own fruit and then made me a drink, then we can call it

a blender robot
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What is a robot?

● A robot is a machine that's responsible for

performing some sort of task.
● With some sensors to perceive the world

around it.
● It will have some capability to make a decision.

● Finally, it will take action based on that

decisions or those decisions.
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Videos to watch

1) https://www.wired.com/video/watch/hardwired -so-
what-is-a-robot-really
2) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nlrr5b1XW
oY&t=301s
3) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x1Qu1YKZ
A0Y&t=70s
4) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XDeR1JYX Sy0

5) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6iJu9-8pjc
Q
6) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uoC2ZGRI8
a8
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Isaac Asimov’s Laws of Robotics

First Law:
A robot may not injure a human being, or, through
inaction, allow a human being to come to harm.
Second Law:
A robot must obey orders given it by human beings, except
where such orders would conflict with the First Law.

Third Law:
A robot must protect its own existence as long as such
protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law.
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Classification of Robots

The following is the classification of robots according to the

Japanese Industrial Robot Association (JIRA):
Class 1: Manual Handling Device: A device with multiple degrees
of freedom, actuated by an operator
Class 2: Fixed Sequence Robot: A device that performs the
successive stages of a task according to a predetermined,
unchanging method, which is hard to modify
Class 3: Variable Sequence Robot: Same as in class 2, but easy to
modify
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Classification of Robots

Class 4: Playback Robot: A human operator performs the task

manually by leading the robot, which records the motions for
later playback; the robot repeats the same motions according to
the recorded information
Class 5: Numerical Control Robot: The operator supplies the
robot with a movement program rather than teaching it the task
manually

Class 6: Intelligent Robot: A robot with the means to

understand its environment and the ability to successfully
complete a task despite changes in the surrounding conditions
under which it is to be performed
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Classification of Robots

The Robotics Institute of America (RIA) only considers classes

3–6 of the above as robots. The Association Francaise de
Robotique (AFR) has the following classification

Type A: Handling devices with manual control to tele-

robotics
Type B: Automatic handling devices with predetermined cycles

Type C: Programmable, servo controlled robots with

continuous or point-to-point trajectories
Type D: Same as C but with capability to acquire information from its
environment
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Examples of Robots
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Examples of Robots
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Examples of Robots
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Examples of Robots
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Examples of Robots
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Examples of Robots

Manual tasks that human

don’t want to do

The SCRUBMATE Robot

Advantages and Disadvantages of 15

Robots

● Robotics and automation can, in many situations, increase

productivity, safety, efficiency, quality, and consistency of
products.
● Robots can work in hazardous environments such as

radiation, darkness, hot and cold, ocean bottoms, space, and so

on without the need for life support, comfort, or concern for
safety.
● Robots need no environmental comfort like lighting, air

conditioning, ventilation, and noise protection.

● Robots work continuously without tiring or fatigue or boredom.

They do not get mad, do not have hangovers, and need no medical
insurance or vacation.
Advantages and Disadvantages of 16

Robots

●Robots have repeatable precision at all times unless

something happens to them or unless they wear out.

● Robots can be much more accurate than humans.

Typical linear accuracies are a few ten-thousandths of an
inch. New wafer-handling robots have micro-inch
accuracies.
● Robots can process multiple stimuli or tasks
simultaneously. Humans can only process one active
stimulus.
Advantages and Disadvantages of 17

Robots

● Robots replace human workers, causing economic hardship,

worker dissatisfaction and resentment, and the need for retraining
the replaced workforce.
● Robots lack capability to respond in emergencies, unless the

situation is predicted and the response is included in the system.

Safety measures are needed to ensure that they do not injure
operators and other machines that are working with them. This
includes:
● Inappropriate or wrong responses
● Lack of decision-making power
● Loss of power
● Damage to the robot and other devices
● Injuries to humans
Advantages and Disadvantages of 18

Robots

●Robots, although superior in certain senses, have limited

capabilities in:
● Cognition, creativity, decision-making, and understanding
● Degrees of freedom and dexterity
● Sensors and vision systems
● Real-time response
● Robots are costly due to:
● Initial cost of equipment and installation
● Need for peripherals
● Need for training
● Need for programming
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Robot Components

A robot, as a system, consists of the following

elements, which are integrated together to form a
whole:
Manipulator or the rover: This is the main body of
the robot which consists of the links, the joints, and
other structural elements of the robot. Without other
elements, the manipulator alone is not a robot
End effector: This part is connected to the last joint
(hand) of a manipulator that generally handles objects,
makes connections to other machines, or performs the
required tasks.
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Robot Components

Actuators: Actuators are the ‘‘muscles’’ of the manipulators. The

controller sends signals to the actuators, which, in turn, move the
robot joints and links. Common types are servomotors, stepper
motors, pneumatic actuators, and hydraulic actuators.

Sensors: Sensors are used to collect information about the internal

state of the robot or to communicate with the outside environment.
similar to our major senses of sight, touch, hearing, taste, and
speech, robots are equipped with external sensory devices such as
a vision system, touch and tactile sensors, speech synthesizer, and
the like that enable the robot to communicate with the outside
world.
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Robot Components

Controller: The controller is rather similar to our cerebellum

although it does not have the power of the brain, it still controls
your motions. The controller receives its data from the computer
(the brain of the system), controls the motions of the actuators,
and coordinates the motions with the sensory feedback
information.
Processor: The processor is the brain of the robot. It calculates
the motions of the robot’s joints, determines how much and how
fast each joint must move to achieve the desired location and
speeds, and oversees the coordinated actions of the controller
and the sensors.
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Robot Components

Software: Three groups of software programs are used in a

robot.
One is the operating system that operates the processor. The
second is the robotic software that calculates the necessary
motions of each joint based on the kinematic equations of the
robot. This information is sent to the controller.

The third group is the collection of application-oriented routines

and programs developed to use the robot or its peripherals for
specific tasks such as assembly, machine loading, material
handling, and vision routines.
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References

● Lecture on Introduction to Robotics by Prof. Dr. Syed

Akhter Hossain Sir

● Saeed B. Niku - Introduction to Robotics Analysis,

Control, Applications-Wiley (2010)